FSc-II / Ex 2.

4 - 1

Exercise 2.4 (Solutions)

MathCity.org

Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

Merging man and maths

Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.4

Question # 1 (i)
1 x
y =
1+ x
1 x
Put u =
1+ x

(1 x ) 2 (1 + x )
=

2 1

1
1 x (1 + x )

Answer

3
2

So y = u
y = u2
Now diff. u w.r.t. u
du
d 1 x
=

dx
dx 1 + x
d
d
(1 + x ) (1 x ) (1 x ) (1 + x )
dx
dx
=
2
(1 + x )

=
=

(1 + x )( 1) (1 x )(1)
2
(1 + x )
1 x 1 + x

(1 + x )

du
2
=
2
dx
(1 + x )
Now diff. y w.r.t. u
dy
d 12
=
u
du
du

1 12
u
2

1 1 x

2 1+ x

dy
1 1+ x
=

du
2 1 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy du
=

dx
du dx

1
2

1 1+ x 2
2
=

2 1 x (1 + x )2
1
2

(1 + x ) 1
1
2
(1 x ) 2 (1 + x )

Question # 1(ii)
y =

x+ x
1

Let

u = x + x = x + x2
1

y = u = u2
Diff. u w.r.t. x
1
du
d
2
=
x
+
x

dx
dx

1
1
1
= 1+ x 2 = 1+
2
2 x
2 x +1
=
2 x
Now diff. y w.r.t. x
dy
d 12
=
u
du
du
1 1
1
1
= u 2 =
=
1
2
2u 2
2 x+ x

dy
1
=
du
2 x+ x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy du
=

dx
du dx
1
2 x +1
=

2 x+ x 2 x

2 x +1
4 x x+ x

Answer

1
2

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 2

Question # 1 (iii)
a+x
y = x
ax
a+x
u =
Put
ax

=
=

a + x)2
(
3 +
1
1
2
a
+
x
a

x
(
) (
)2 (a x)2
ax

ax + (a + x)(a x)

So
y = x u = x (u )2
Diff. w.r.t. x
1
dy
d
=
x (u )2
dx
dx
1
1 d
d
= x (u ) 2 + (u ) 2
x
dx
dx
1
1 1 du
= x (u ) 2
+ ( u ) 2 (1)
2
dx
1
1
dy
x
du

= (u ) 2
+ ( u ) 2 . (i)
dx
2
dx
Now diff. u w.r.t. x
du
d a+x
=

dx
dx a x
d
d
(a x) (a + x) (a + x) (a x)
dx
dx
=
2
(a x)
=
=
=

( a x )( 0 + 1) ( a + x )( 0 1)
2
(a x)
( a x )(1) ( a + x )( 1)
2
(a x)
ax+a+x

(a x)

Using value of u and

dy
xa+ x
=

dx
2 a x

(a x)

du
in eq. (i)
dx
1

2a

(a x)

a + x 2
+

ax
1

( a + x ) 2 ax + ( a + x ) 2
1
2
1
( a x) 2 (a x) (a x)2
1

ax
1

(a + x) 2 (a x)

2 1

dy
=
dx

a + x)2
(
+
1
(a x)2

ax + a 2 x 2
1

(a + x) 2 (a x)2

Question # 1 (iv) & (v)

Do yourself as above
Question # 2 (i)
3x + 4 y + 7 = 0
Diff. w.r.t. x .
d
d
( 3x + 4 y + 7 ) = (0)
dx
dx
dy
dy
3(1) + 4 + 0 = 0 4 = 3
dx
dx
dy
3

=
dx
4
Question # 2 (ii)
xy + y 2 = 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
d
d
xy + y 2 =
( 2)
dx
dx
d
d

( xy ) + y 2 = 0
dx
dx
dy
dx
dy
x + y + 2y
= 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
( x + 2 y ) + y (1) = 0
dx
dy
( x + 2y) = y
dx
dy
( x + 2y) = y
dx
dy
y

=
dx x + 2 y

2a

(a + x) 2 (a x)2

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 3

Question # 2 (iii)
Do yourself

+2 g (1) + 2 f

8 x + 2hx

Question # 2(iv)
4 x 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. x
d

( 4x
dx

+ 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =

d
dx

dy
dy
+ 2hy + 2by
dx
dx
+2 g + 2 f

( 0)

2 ( hx + by + f

d 2
d
d
( x ) + 2h ( xy ) + b ( y 2 )
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
+2 g ( x) + 2 f
( y ) + (c ) = 0
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy

4(2 x) + 2h x + y (1) + b 2 y
dx
dx

dy
dx

+ 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g ) = 0

2 ( hx + by + f )

Question # 2 (v)

dy
= 0
dx

dy
= 2 ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx
dy
( hx + by + f ) = ( 4 x + hy + + g )
dx
dy
4 x + hy + + g

=
dx
hx + by + f

x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy
+0 = 0
dx

x (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 = 0

1
1
d
d
d
x (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 =
(0)
dx
dx
dx

1
1 dx
1
1 dy
d
d
(1 + y ) 2 + (1 + y ) 2 + y (1 + x ) 2 + (1 + x ) 2 = 0
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1 dy
1
1
1 dy
1
x (1 + y ) 2
+ (1 + y ) 2 (1) + y (1 + x ) 2 (1) + (1 + x ) 2
= 0
2
dx
2
dx
1
1 dy
x
dy
y
2 +
2

+
1
+
y
+
1
+
x
= 0
(
)
(
)
1
1
dx
dx
2 (1 + y ) 2
2 (1 + x ) 2

1 dy
1
x
y
2
2

= (1 + y ) +
1 + (1 + x )
1
2 (1 + y ) 2
dx

2
2 (1 + x )

x + 2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12 dy
2 (1 + x ) 12 (1 + y ) 12 + y

=

1
1

dx

2
2
2
1
+
y
2
1
+
x
(
)
(
)

x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) dy
2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y

=

2 1+ y
2 1+ x

dx

2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y
2 1+ y
dy

dx
2 1+ x
x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y )

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 4

(
(

1 + y 2 (1 + x)(1 + y ) + y
dy
=
dx
1 + x x + 2 (1 + x)(1 + y )

)
)

Answer

Question # 2 (vi)

y x2 1 = x x2 + 4

Differentiating w.r.t x
1
d
d
y x2 1 = x x2 + 4 2
dx
dx
1
1
d 2
dy
d 2
dx
y
x 1 + x2 1
=x
x + 4 2 + x2 + 4 2
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
1

dy
1
y ( 2 x ) + x2 1
= x x 2 + 4 2 (2 x) + x 2 + 4 2 (1)
dx
2
1
dy
x2
2
2
2
2 xy + x 1
=
+
x
+
4
1
dx
x2 + 4 2

) (

(
(

x2 1

)
)

dy
x2
=
dx
x2 + 4

) (

dy
x2
x 1
=
dx
x2 + 4
2

)
)

1
2

1
2

+ x +4

+ x2 + 4

Question # 3 (i)
1
Since x = +

x = + 1

Differentiating x w.r.t.
dx
d
=
+ 1
d
d

= 1

d
2

= 2
dx
1
Now y = + 1

= 1

2 1
=
2

)
)
2

1
2

1
2

2 xy

2 xy

dy x + x + 4 2 xy x + 4
x 1
=
1
dx
2
x +4 2
2

1
2

dy 2 x 2 + 4 2 xy x 2 + 4
=
dx
x2 1 x2 + 4

Diff. w.r.t.
dy
d
dy
=
= 1
( + 1)
d
d
d
Now by chain rule
dy
dy d
=

dx
d dx
dy d
2
=

= 1 2
d dx
1

dy
2
= 2
1
dx

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 5

Question # 3 (ii)
a 1 t2
Since x =
*Correction
1+ t2
Diff. w.r.t. t
dx
d 1 t2
= a

dt
dt 1 + t 2
d
d
1+ t2
1 t2 1 t2
1+ t2
dt
dt
= a
2 2
1+ t

= a

) (

(1 + t
a

) (

) (

( )
) ( 2t ) (1 t ) ( 2t )
(1 + t )
2

2 2

2t 2t 3 2t + 2t 3
2 2

(1 + t )

1+ t2

dx
4at
dt
=

=
2
2
dt
dx
1+ t

2 2

2b + 2bt 2 4bt 2
2 2

(1 + t )
2b (1 t )
(1 + t )
2 2

Now by chain rule

dy
dy dt
=

dx
dt dx

2 2

2at

Question # 4
1 t2
Since x =
1+ t2
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve
yourself as above)
dx
4t
dt
1+ t2
=

=
dt
1+ t2
dx
4t
2bt
Now y =
1+ t2
Differentiating w.r.t. t , we get (solve
yourself as above)
2 1 t2
dy
=
2
dt
1+ t2

(1 + t ) 2b(1) 2bt ( 2t )
(1 + t )
2

Now by chain rule

dy
dy dt
=

dx
dt dx

dy
d 2bt
=

dt
dt 1 + t 2
d
d
1+ t2
2bt 2bt
1+ t2
dt
dt
=
2 2
1+ t

dy
dx

) (1 + t )

(1 + t ) 4at
b (1 t )
=

2bt
y
1+ t2
Diff. w.r.t. t

4at

Now y =

2b 1 t 2

2b 2bt 2
2 2

(1 + t )

2 1 t2

) (1 + t )

2 2

(1 + t )

4t

dy
1 t2

=
dx
2t
Multiplying both sides by y
dy
1 t2
y
= y
dx
2t
2t 1 t 2
=

1 + t 2 2t
dy
1 t2
y
=
dx
1+ t2
dy
1 t2
y
= x
Q x =
dx
1+ t2
dy
y
+x = 0
Proved.
dx

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 6

Question # 5(i)
Suppose y = x 2

1
and u = x 4
2
x

Diff. y w.r.t x
dy
d 2 1
=
x 2
dx
dx
x
d 2
=
x x 2 = 2 x + 2 x 3
dx
1

= 2 x + 3
x

x4 + 1
dy

= 2 3
dx
x
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d 4
=
x
dx
dx
du

= 4 x3
dx
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du
dy 1
=

dx du
dx
4
x +1 1
dy

= 2 3 3
du
x 4x

( )

dy
x4 + 1
=
du
2 x6

=
=

dx 1
=
du 2 x

Now by chain rule

dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du
n 1
dy
1

= 2nx 1 + x 2

du
2x
n 1
dy

= n 1 + x2
du

Question # 5 (iii)
x2 + 1
x 1
Let y = 2
and u =
x 1
x +1
Diff. y w.r.t x
dy d x 2 + 1
=

dx dx x 2 1
= Solve yourself =

4x

x2 1

Now diff. u w.r.t x

du
d x 1
=

dx
dx x + 1
2

= Solve yourself =

( x + 1)

and u = x 2

Differentiation y w.r.t x
n
dy
d
=
1 + x2
dx
dx
n 1 d
= n 1 + x2
1 + x2
dx

= 2x

dx
( x + 1) .

=
du
2
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du

Question # 4(ii)
Let y = 1 + x 2

du
d 2
=
x
dx
dx

( ) (
n (1 + x ) ( 2 x )
2nx (1 + x )

2 n 1

2 n 1

Now differentiating u w.r.t x

4x

(x

( x + 1)

2x
2

( x 1) ( x + 1)

dy
2x
=
2
dx
( x 1)

( x + 1)

FSc-II / Ex 2.4 - 7

Question # 5(iv)
ax + b
ax 2 + b
Let y =
and u = 2
cx + d
ax + d
Diff. y w.r.t. x
dy d ax + b
=

dx dx cx + d
d
dx

d
dx

( cx + d ) ( ax + b ) ( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
=

( cx + d )

=
=

( cx + d )( a ) ( ax + b )( c )
2
( cx + d )
2

dy
ad bc
=
2
dx
( cx + d )
Now diff. u w.r.t x
du
d ax 2 + b
=

dx
dx ax 2 + d

( ax

+d

2ax ax 2 + d ax 2 b

( ax

+d

2ax ( d b )

( ax

+d

( ax

2ax ( d b )

dy
4
=
dx
3x x 2 1

+d

Now diff. u w.r.t x

du d 3
= x
dx dx
= 3x 2
dx
1

= 2
du 3 x
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du
4x
1
=
2
2
x 2 1 3x

Question # 5 (v)
x2 + 1
Let y = 2
and u = x3
x 1
Diff. y w.r.t x

dx
=
du
2ax ( d b )
Now by chain rule
dy
dy dx
=

du
dx du

+d

+ d ( 2ax ) ax 2 + b ( 2ax )

( ax
=

+d

( ad bc ) ax 2 + d
dy
=
2
dx
2ax ( cx + d ) ( d b )

d ( ax 2 + b ) ( ax 2 + b) d ( ax 2 + d )
( ax 2 + d ) dx
dx

( ax

( cx + d )

dy d x 2 + 1
=

dx dx x 2 1
= Solve yourself
4x
=
2
x2 1

acx + ad acx bc

( cx + d )

ad bc

( ax

---- The End ---

Error Analyst
Irfan Mehmood - Fazaia Degree College,
Risalpur
Asma Mussarat - Fazaia Degree College,
Risalpur

------------------