ECONOMIC DISPATCH

UNIT-UNIT PEMBANGKIT
TERMAL

INTRODUCTION
Introduce techniques of power system
optimization
Introduce Lagrange Multiplier method of
solution
The system consists of N thermal generating
units connected to a single bus-bar serving
a received electrical load Pload

F1

P1

F2

P2
Pload

FN

PN

The input to each unit, shown as Fi , represents

the cost rate of the unit.
The output of each unit, Pi , is the electrical
power generated by that particular unit.
The total cost rate of this system is, the sum of
the costs of each of the individual unit.
The essential constraint on the operation of this
system is that the sum of the output powers mus
equal the load demand.

Problem Formulation :
The objective function, FT ,, is equally to the total cost
for supplying the indicated load.
The problem is to minimize FT subject to the constraint
that the sum of the powers generated must equal the
received load.
Transmission losses are neglected
FT = F1 + F2 + F3 + ........... + FN
N

F (P )
i

i =1

= 0 = Pload

i =1

LAGRANGE function :

= FT +

The necessary conditions for an extreme value of the

objective function :

L dFi ( Pi )
=
= 0
Pi
dPi
dFi
0=

dPi

, atau

The necessary conditions and inequalities for the existence

of a minimum cost-operating condition :

dFi
=
dPi

N equations

Pi , min Pi Pi ,max

2N inequalities

P = P
i

i =1

load

1 constraint

dFi
=
dPi

for

Pi , min < Pi < Pi , max

dFi
=
dPi

for

Pi = Pi , max

dFi
=
dPi

for

Pi = Pi ,min

START

Economic Dispatch by
Lambda Iteration method

SET

CALCULATE Pi
FOR i = 1 .. N

CALCULATE

= Pload

i =1

FIRST ITERATION?

YES

NO

<

TOLERANCE?
NO

YES

PRINT SCHEDULE

PROJECT
END

Graphical solution to economic dispatch :

dF 2
dP 2

dF 1
dP 1

(R/MWh)

dF 3
dP 3

(R/MWh)

(R/MWh)

P1(MW)

P2(MW)

+ +
+

PR = P1 + P2 + P3

P3(MW)

(1)

Error :
( Pi)-PR

(3)

(2)
(3)
(2)
Lambda Projections

(1)

EXAMPLE 3A :
No.
Unit
Unit 1

System
Input

OutputMax
(MW)

InputMin
(MW)

Fuel Cost
(R/Mbtu)

MBtu
Coal-Fired
H
.0 + 7.2 P1 + 0.00142 P12

=2 510
1
MBtu
MBtu

MBtu

2 2
Steam
H13
.00.+0
P
+3P0+.h
00142
===510
78
+ 7+
7..2797
0+.0
00482
310
.85
.00194
P1 P3P
1P

600

150

1.1

hhh

Input-Output Curve

Unit 2

Oil-Fired
Steam

MBtu
2
H2
= 310.0 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194 P2
h

400

100

1.0

Unit 3

Oil-Fired
Steam

MBtu
2
H3
= 78.0 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482 P3
h

200

50

1.0

Karakteristik Input-Output dalam R/h :

F1(P1) = H1(P1) x 1.1 = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 0.001562P12 R/h
F2(P2) = H2(P2) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194P22 R/h
F3(P3) = H3(P3) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P32 R/h

dF1
= 7.92 + 0.003124 P1 =
dP1

dF2
= 7.85 + 0.00388P2 =
dP2
dF3
= 7.97 + 0.00964P3 =
dP3

= 9.148 R/MWh

P1 = 393.2 MW
P2 = 334.6 MW
P3 = 122.2 MW

P1 + P2 + P3 = 850 MW
Optimal Economic
Solution

EXAMPLE 3B :
No.
Unit

System
Input

Input-Output Curve

OutputMax
(MW)

InputMin
(MW)

Fuel Cost
(R/Mbtu)

Unit 1

Coal-Fired
Steam

MBtu
2
H1
= 510.0 + 7.2 P1 + 0.00142 P1
h

600

150

0.9

Unit 2

Oil-Fired
Steam

MBtu
2
H2
= 310.0 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194 P2
h

400

100

1.0

Unit 3

Oil-Fired
Steam

MBtu
2
H3
= 78.0 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482 P3
h

200

50

1.0

Karakteristik Input-Output dalam R/h :

F1(P1) = H1(P1) x 0.9 = 459 + 6.48 P1 + 0.00128P12 R/h
F2(P2) = H2(P2) x 1.0 = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 0.00194P22 R/h
F3(P3) = H3(P3) x 1.0 = 78 + 7.97 P3 + 0.00482P32 R/h

dF1
= 6.48 + 0.00256 P1 =
dP1

dF2
= 7.85 + 0.00388P2 =
dP2
dF3
= 7.97 + 0.00964P3 =
dP3

= 8.284 R/MWh

P1 = 704.6 MW
P2 = 111.8 MW
P3 = 32.6 MW

P1 + P2 + P3 = 850 MW
P1 > 600 MW (max)
P3 < 50 MW (min)

Unit 1 diset output maximum dan unit 3 output minimum

P1 = 600 MW
P2 = 200 MW
P3 = 50 MW

Peningkatan biaya pada unit 2 :

Peningkatan biaya pada unit 1

dan 3 :

dF 2
=
dP2

dF 1
=
dP1

dF 3
=
dP3

= 8.626 R / MWh
P2 = 200

= 8.016 R / MWh
P2 = 600

= 8.452 R / MWh
P3 = 50

Peningkatan biaya pada unit 1 paling kecil di MAX -kan

P1 = 600 MW

dF 2
= 7.85 + 0.00388P2 =
dP2

= 8.576 R/MWh

P2 = 187.1 MW

dF3
= 7.97 + 0.00964P3 =
dP3

P3 = 62.9 MW

P2 + P3 = 850 P3 = 250 MW

dF1
dP1

= 8.016 R / MWh
P1 = 600 MW

<

dF3
dF2
dan
dP2
dP3

Tugas :
1. Pelajari Bab 3 (sesuai hand out)
2. Pelajari software POWERGEN

N THERMAL UNITS
SERVING LOAD
THROUGH
TRANSMISSION NETWORK
NETWORK LOSSES CONSIDERED