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Joe Crispino - Surge Presentation PDF
Joe Crispino - Surge Presentation PDF
Lightning Protection
EPOW 6860
Surge Phenomena
Fall 2007
Joe Crispino
Design Problems
The unpredictable, probabilistic nature of lightning.
Lack of data due to infrequencies of lightning strikes in
switchyards.
Complexity in analyzing system in detail ($$$).
No known practical method of providing 100%
shielding.
Design Procedure
Risk Assessment
Evaluate the importance and value of the facility.
Consequences of a direct lightning strike.
Location
Frequency and severity of thunderstorms in area.
Exposure due to surrounding area.
Method of protection (surge arrestors, shielding).
Evaluate the effectiveness and cost of design.
3
Design Methods
Empirical Design Methods (Classical)
Assume that the shielding device (wire or mast) can
intercept all the lightning strokes arriving over the
subject area if the shielding device maintains a certain
geometrical relation (separation and differential height)
to the protected object.
Design Methods
Electrogoemetric Design Methods (EGM)
Attractive effect of the shielding device is a function
of the amplitude of the current of the lightning stroke.
Less intense strokes get by.
More intense strokes get intercepted.
Only allow strokes that will not cause flashover
or damage to protected object.
5
Design Methods
Empirical Design Methods (Classical) - 69kV & below
Fixed Angles Method (32.5%)
Empirical Curve Method (12.6%)
Electrogeometric Methods (EGM) - 345kV & above
Rolling Sphere Method (16.3%)
Mousas Software Subshield (21.1%)
/000*8)7*--CD,--.
Independent of
voltage, BIL, surge
impedance, stroke
magnitude, GFD,
insulation flashover,
etc.
is commonly 45.
is usually 30-45.
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Electrogeometric Model
1950s - First 345kV transmission line.
Protection utilized empirical methods.
Outages due to lightning were much higher than
expected.
Led to extensive amount of research.
E. R. Whitehead - EGM
10
Electrogeometric Model
1963 - Young, et al. - EGM
1973 - Whitehead & Gilman
Most significant research.
Only for transmission lines.
1976 - Mousa - Subshield program
Integrated substations into EGM.
1977 - Lee - Rolling Sphere
11
12
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14
S. This
15
Surge Impedance
RC = Corona radius
r = radius of the condu
uctor
h = Average height of conductor
VC = BIL
E0 = Limiting corona gradiant, 1500 kV m
16
Stroke Current
17
Sm = 8 kI 0.65
S f = 26.25 kI
0.65
k = 1 Ground or Wirres
k = 1.2 Lightning Masts
18
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BUT WAIT!!!!!
What if the actual
stoke current is
greater than
calculated?
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References
IEEE Std. 998-1996. IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning
Stoke Shielding of Substations.
Greenwood, A. Electrical Transients in Power Systems.
Abdel-Salam, M., et al. High Voltage Engineering Theory and Practice.
Zipse, D. Lightning Protection Systems: Advantages
and Disadvantages. IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, Vol. 30, No. 5, September/October 1994.
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