The Use of Concrete Enclosed Reinforcing Rods as Grounding Electrodes

Step1. Select the type of concrete-encased grounding

Multiple concrete-encased rebar grounding electrodes in Hollow rectangular configuration

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:
ρₒ the resistivity of surrounding medium (Ω-m)
L the length of rod in (m)

r1 the outer radius of rod (m)

ρ1 the higher resistivity of (earth) in (Ω-m)
r the radius of equivalent hemisphere
d the spacing of electrodes
N the total number of rods
k given in graph
M multiplier to obtain array resistance from single electrode reistance

Grounding resistance in ohms (Ω)

EQUIVALENT EQUATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE FOR RING ELECTRODE OF WIND TURBINE

Propose novel equivalent equation by author

p the soil resistivity in (Ω-m)

a the radius of a cross-section of the ring in (mm²)
d the burying depth of the ring in (m)
re equivalent radius in (m)
α improvement constant (fixed value)
β improvement constant (fixed value)

Earth Resistance (Ω)

Earthing System’s Design in Presence of Non-uniform Soil

proposed a practical method for earthing systems’ design in presence of two-layer soil

pk the uniform soil with resistivity (Ω-m)

h the depth of the earth electrode (m)
LT the total buried length of conductors (m)
A the area occupied by the earth electrode (mm²)

Earthig Resistance (Ω)

A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE IMPULSE RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL GROUNDING R

due to the low current resistance of the grounding rod

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

re effective radius varying with the current crest value impulse current (m)
l the length of rod (m)

Impulse Resistance (Ω)

A Systematic Approach to Safe and Effective Earthing System Design

Resistance of a single vertical earth electrode to achieve R<=5 ohms

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

a the nominal diameter of earthing electrode (m)
N the number of joint electrodes (vertically installed) for individual point P
Ln the nominal length of earthing electrode (m)
Lr the total length of vertical earthing electrode (m)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE

Vertical rod

r resistivity (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

Case where a vertical rod is driven through a high-resistivity superficial layer into a lower resistivity subsoil

r1 the resistivity of the upper layer (Ω-cm)

r2 the resistivity of the subsoil (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length of the rod (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)
L' effective length of the ground rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

 300
2
0.02
0.03
200
2.5
4
11
6
0.4318

77.1683

D TURBINE

300
0.4
4
0.1
1.85
3.82

43.99514761

300
4
5
 0.4

476.3104244

CAL GROUNDING RODS

42.3
0.025
1

25.00071074

200
0.02
6
2
12

8.996530269

2000
80
60
 0.5

71.81046918

3000
2000
80
60
0.5
33.33333333

174.5265741
Proposed Design Procedure of Earthing Systems for Low-voltage Installations

Start

Conduct Soil Resistivity Test on Accessible Field in Installation

Site

Review Client Design Specification if available

Review National Requirements Documentation

Conduct Preliminary Layout Design

of Earthing Electrode Configuration & Size &
Earthing Conductor Size

Calculate Earthing Resistance using this Template

 Determine Maximum Fault Current flowing through the Earthing System

Modify
Design Analyse Step & Touch Voltages

No Are the Values of Step &

Touch Voltages &
Resistance Acceptable?

Yes

Proceed for Final Detailed Design

 

End
Earthing Resistance Calculations based on BS 7430

Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:
Three strips set at 120° meeting at the star point all of equal length

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:
ρ the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm)

L the total length of the strip, in metres (m)

h the depth of burial, in metres (m)

d the diameter of round conductor or diameter of equivalent cross sectional area of the strip, in
Select the
earthing type

Remarks

Enter the value

to each
parameter in the
cells below

input values Output Value: Resistance

30.00
2.3841

20.00 Satisfactory for R<5 ohm, continue with initial

1.5

0.016

2.00 Select number of

rods
1.80

3
Value: Resistance

ohm (Ω)

for R<5 ohm, continue with initial design

Size of the Earthing Conductor

The average fault current in A (R.M.S)

Fault current duration in seconds

Metal Material

Maximum Temperature (°C)

R.M.S Current density for 1 second duration, k (A/mm²) with initial conductor temperature

initial conductor temperature conductor is 30°C

T1 the initial temperature in °C

T2 the final temperature in °C

new k value in (A/mm²)

Type of joint suitable for use at the temperature selected

Corresponding conductor cross-sectional area in (mm²)

The average value of fault current in (kA)

Material of the strip

Duration of fault current in (seconds)
Maximum conductor Temperature
Size of conductor

The average value of fault current in (kA)

Current density at the surface of earth electrode

t the duration of earth fault in seconds

p the resistivity of the soil in ohm metres (Ωm)

The current density at the surface of earth electrode in (A/m²)

Selection of the material for an earthing conductor with respect to corrosion and mechanical s

Material
Configuration

minimum size of the earthing conductor

Remarks
 Enter the value
of average
Select the RMS
(fixed
value of
maximum value)
fault
This table
current in is
Temperature (A)only
applicable
value for the for
the case of 1
conductor
1000.00 Select
second
It shouldthebe
material of the
verified that the
conductor
material is likely
1.00 to be in the
same location as
Copper This is a fixed
the conductor
value
will not be
350 damaged or
Is the initial
present a fireof
temperature
risk conductor
the at the =
201 temperature
30°C ?
selected.

NO

38

69

71.7878
Ensure that you
select the nearst
standard value
which is higher
than this
Welded or Brazed calculated value

13.9299

Select the
Select
materialthetype of
Select
durationthe(in
the strip
maximum
seconds) of the
temperature
fault current (in
Copper Select the
°C) of the
1 conductor size
200
38 x 6

Err:514
Err:514
 Err:514

Enter the
Enter thevalue
duration valueof
of thefaults
earth soil in s
resistivity in
ohm-m
10
50

339.7058

Select the
material of the
Select the
earthing
corrosion and mechanical strength configuration
conductor of
the earthing
conductor
Copper Allowable
tolerance: −3%
Solid round

50 mm², 8 mm diameter

50 mm² (8 mm diameter) may be reduced to 28 mm² (6 mm diameter) in certain applications where mechanical stre

Applicable for air termination rods only. For applications where mechanical stress such as wind loading is not critica
ations where mechanical strength is not an essential requirement. Consideration should in this case, be given to reducing the sp

as wind loading is not critical, a 10 mm diameter, 1 m long maximum air termination rod may be used. Applicable for earth lead
n this case, be given to reducing the spacing of the fasteners.

may be used. Applicable for earth lead-in rods only.

39.3999
Earthing Resistance Calculations based on IEEE Green Book

Select the
earthing type

Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:

One ground rod

Enter the
on the ora
cells belo

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells: input values
p the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm) 20
a the radius of the rod, in metres (m) 0.008
L the rod length, in metres (m) 1.5
d the depth of burial, in metres (m) 1
0.0001
3
Commonly used
rod with length
of 3 metres
Select the
diameter
Enter the
rod
Case where a typical electrode of 3 m long is used resistivity
in (ohm-c
Select the
Diameter in (mm) 12.7 number o
used
Soil Resistivity in (ohm-cm) 43000

Number of rods 3

Resistance value in ohm (Ω) 192.6042

Does not comply for 5 ohms. Revie
ct the
hing type

Remarks

Enter the values

on the orange
cells below

Output Value: Resistance

11.9262 ohm (Ω)
Does not comply for 5 ohms. Review and modify design

monly used
with length
metres
Select the
diameter of the
Enter the
rod
resistivity value
in (ohm-cm)
Select the
number of rods
used

comply for 5 ohms. Review and modify design

IEC 60364 Conductor Selection
Earthing Electrode
Material
Surface
Shape

Minimum Size

Remarks

Earthing Conductor (buried in the soil)

Corrosion Protection
Material
Mechanical Protection

Minimum cross-sectional area:

Supplementary Equipotential Bonding Conductor

Connection
Protection Preference

Minimum cross-sectional area

Protective conductors

A) Method 1

Cross-sectional area of line conductor (mm²)

Is the protective conductor is of the same material a
Material of Line Conductor
Factor "k" value of the line conductor
Material of Protective Conductor
Protective Conductor Type
Conductor Insulation

PVC insulated conductors of cross-sectional area >

Factor k value of the protective conductor

Minimum cross-sectional area of the corresponding

applicable only
for a
disconnection
time not
exceeding 5 s
B) Method 2

Value of fault current (r.m.s) in A

Operating time of the protective device for automati
Conductor Material

Minimum cross-sectional area of the corresponding

 Copper.
Tin.coated
Rope

= (25 mm²) ,,Diameter = (1.8 mm) for individual strands of wire ,,Thickness of coating/sheathing Ind

Protected against corrosion

Copper
Mechanically protected

2.5 mm²

g Conductor
Two (2) Exposed– conductive– parts
Sheathed or Mechanically Protected

≥ ½ of the smaller protective conductor connecting to the exposed–conductive

16
YES
Copper
 226
Copper
insulated protective conductors not incorporated in cables and not bunched with other cables
70 °C PVC

YES

Polyethylene
Visible and in restricted area
90 °C PVC
133
103

128
16.0000
applicable only
for a
disconnection
time not
exceeding 5 s

1000
3
Copper

7.6639
 Select the type
of material of
the electrode
Select the
surface type
Select the shape
of the electrode

alue = (1 µm), Average value = (5 µm)

Select the
protection
Select the type
against
materialcorrosion
Select theof the
conductor
mechanical
protection
preference

Select the type

of connection
Select the
protection
preference for
the conductor

Enter the value

of the cross-
sectional
Are the area of
the line
materials
conductorsimilar
for both
Select the line
protective
conductor and
material
line conductor?
Fixed
Selectvalue
the
protective line
material
Select the
Is the cross
conductor
sectional area >
insulation
300 mm² for type
the
PVC insulated
conductor ?
Fixed
Selectvalue
the
protective line
material
Select the
Is the cross
conductor
sectional area >
insulation
300 mm² for type
the
PVC insulated
conductor ?
Select the type
of Cable
Select the
Covering
Select the type
condition
of Cable
Insulation

Enter the (r.m.s)

value of theonly
applicable fault
current
for
disconnection
Select the
times not
material
exceedingof5the
s
conductro
Common Earthing Practices in Malaysia
Select the type
of earthing
Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:

Single Rod Electrode

Select the
earthing
resistance
Step 2. Select the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells: Select soil
resistivity
Select rod
R the target earthing resistance, in ohm (Ω) 5 diameter
ρ the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm) 30
d the diameter of each rod, (mm) 25

Output Data:
Total length of rod required in metres (m)

Total length of rod required in metres (m) 6.313

Total length of rod required in metres (m)

2m - 4m
1.5
Select the
earthing
resistance
Select soil
resistivity
Select rod
diameter
*

*
*

*
The Use of Concrete Enclosed Reinforcing Rods as Grounding Electrodes

Step1. Select the type of concrete-encased grounding

Multiple concrete-encased rebar grounding electrodes in Hollow rectangular configuration

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:
ρₒ the resistivity of surrounding medium (Ω-m)
L the length of rod in (m)
r the radius of the rod (m)
r1 the outer radius of rod (m)
ρ1 the higher resistivity of (earth) in (Ω-m)
r the radius of equivalent hemisphere
d the spacing of electrodes
N the total number of rods
k given in graph
M multiplier to obtain array resistance from single electrode reistance

Grounding resistance in ohms (Ω)

EQUIVALENT EQUATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE FOR RING ELECTRODE OF WIND TURBINE

Propose novel equivalent equation by author

p the soil resistivity in (Ω-m)

a the radius of a cross-section of the ring in (mm²)
d the burying depth of the ring in (m)
re equivalent radius in (m)
α improvement constant (fixed value)
β improvement constant (fixed value)

Earth Resistance (Ω)

Earthing System’s Design in Presence of Non-uniform Soil

proposed a practical method for earthing systems’ design in presence of two-layer soil

pk the uniform soil with resistivity (Ω-m)

h the depth of the earth electrode (m)
LT the total buried length of conductors (m)
A the area occupied by the earth electrode (mm²)

Earthig Resistance (Ω)

A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE IMPULSE RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL GROUNDING R

due to the low current resistance of the grounding rod

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

re effective radius varying with the current crest value impulse current (m)
l the length of rod (m)

Impulse Resistance (Ω)

A Systematic Approach to Safe and Effective Earthing System Design

Resistance of a single vertical earth electrode to achieve R<=5 ohms

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

a the nominal diameter of earthing electrode (m)
N the number of joint electrodes (vertically installed) for individual point P
Ln the nominal length of earthing electrode (m)
Lr the total length of vertical earthing electrode (m)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE

Buried straight rod or wire

r resistivity (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

Case where a vertical rod is driven through a high-resistivity superficial layer into a lower resistivity subsoil

r1 the resistivity of the upper layer (Ω-cm)

r2 the resistivity of the subsoil (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length of the rod (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)
L' effective length of the ground rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

 200
1.5
0.016
0.2
150
2.5
3
10
6
0.6000

70.3748

D TURBINE

300
0.4
4
0.1
1.85
3.82

43.99514761

60
5
4.5
 0.5

94.1462051

CAL GROUNDING RODS

42.3
0.025
1

25.00071074

100
0.016
10
1.5
15

3.835374769
Satisfactory, continue with initial design

1000
180
150
 0.016

19.31793368

3000
2000
80
60
0.5
33.33333333

174.5265741
Three Parallel aligned rods
Reinforced Concrete Founda
Copper Plate

Copper Strip
Two Parallel aligned rods
ced Concrete Foundation