Taman Putra Permai Earthing Report

dcs
ENGINEERING
PROJEK MASS RAPID TRANSIT LALUAN 2:

SG BULOH-SERDANG-PUTRAJAYA (SSP)
EARTHING DESIGN REPORT

(Taman Putra Permai Station)
Completed: 13th November 2018

Prepared by: Ir. Dr. Aziz Marzuki Ahmad Marican
DCS Engineering Sdn Bhd

B-03-08 Tamarind Square
Persiaran Bestari
63000 Cyberjaya
Selangor
Malaysia
Tel: +60 (0) 3 8688 4895
Fax: +60 (0) 3 8688 4896
Email: enquiries@dcsesb.com
Taman Putra Permai Station Earthing Design Report
Executive Summary
The earthing system for the proposed Taman Putra Permai Station has been designed and
validated against IEEE Std. 80 requirements. The design has been checked using the specialist
earthing software package (CDEGS). The designed earthing system for the station is found to
be safe against touch and step potential hazards.
i
Table of Contents
Executive Summary i
1. Introduction 1
2. Soil Resistivity 2
2.1 Introduction 2
2.2 Results 2
3. Tolerable Touch and Step Voltages 4
4. Earth Resistance Calculation 5
5. Fault Current 6
6. EPR, Touch and Step Voltage Calculations 8

6.1 EPR calculation 8
6.2 Touch voltage calculations 8
6.2 Step voltage calculations 8
7. Conclusion and Recommendations 10

7.1 Conclusion 10
7.2 Recommendations 10
Appendices 11
Appendix A – Soil resistivity measurement results

Appendix B – Earth electrode sizing
Appendix C – Tolerable touch and step voltages – crushed rock condition
Appendix D – Tolerable touch and step voltages – soil surface condition
Appendix E – Tolerable touch and step voltages – dry concrete condition
Appendix F – Surface potential plot
Appendix G – Effect of a higher fault level
Appendix H – Earth resistance calculation results
Appendix I – Colas Rail Consortium fault level data
Appendix J – Fault current distribution calculation results
Appendix K – Resistivity of elevated/dry concrete
Appendix L – Earthing layout drawing
ii
1. Introduction
A new MRT station, Taman Putra Permai, has been proposed to be constructed as part of the
Mass Rapid Transit 2 development in the Klang Valley. DCS Engineering Sdn Bhd have been
engaged by GLT Rail Sdn Bhd to design and validate the earthing system for the proposed
station.
The following steps have been derived to carry out the present work:
i. Establish the electrical soil model from the measurements data provided by the purchaser.
ii. Calculate the tolerable touch and step voltages.
iii. Develop a computer model of the proposed earthing design incorporating the derived
electrical soil model.
iv. Establish the net earth fault current flowing in the station earth by performing the fault
current distribution calculations.
v. Calculate the earth potential rise (EPR), touch and step voltages of the substation and
compare the results with the allowable limits.
vi. Recommend changes and mitigative actions on the present design if necessary.
The following documents are referred for the earthing design work:
 Preliminary Design – 33kV Cable Calculation Notes, Doc. No. SSP-CRCO-SS05-

SYSW-CAL-00004, by Colas Rail Consortium.
 HV Modelling Report – Power Supply & Distribution System, Doc. No. SSP-CRCO-
SS05-SYSW-REP-00045, by Colas Rail Consortium.
 Taman Putra Permai Station - Electrical Services Site Plan, Drawing No. SSP-W-
KCSB-STP8-EQPS-ELE-SIP-051005, by Khairi Consult Sdn Bhd.
The proposed work utilise the specialist earthing software package, CDEGS, developed by Safe
Engineering Services (SES), Canada. The CDEGS software package is also used by TNB for
their substation and transmission line design work. Other than TNB, the CDEGS software is
also used by many other utilities around the world, including National Grid Transco (U.K.),
ESKOM (South Africa), National Energy Production Corporation (NEPCO, U.S.A.),
Electricite de France (EdF, France) and Central Electricity Authority (India). The full updated
users’ list can be viewed at SES’ website (www.sestech.com).
1
2. Soil resistivity
2.1 Introduction
The soil resistivity measurements data were provided by GLT Rail Sdn Bhd, where the
measurements were conducted prior to any civil work being conducted on the proposed site.
The locations where the measurements were carried out are shown in Figure 1.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1: Soil resistivity measurements traverses at (a) UB20 and (b) the station
2.2 Results
The measurement results are shown in the appendices. The measured apparent resistances, R,
are then converted to their apparent resistivities, ρ, using the following formula:
ρ = 2π.R.a
where a is the Wenner spacing.
2
The CDEGS software package is used to derive the electrical soil model for the measurements
data acquired. The plot of the measurements data and the derived electrical soil model is shown
in Figure 2 and the derived multilayer electrical soil model is shown in Table 1.
Metric/Logarithmic X and Y LEGEND
10 3
Measured Data
Computed Results Curve
Soil Model
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm-meters)
10 2
10 1
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 RESAP <Taman Putra Permai >
Inter-Electrode Spacing (meters)

Figure 2: Computed apparent resistivity plot against inter-electrode spacing
Table 1: Derived electrical soil model

Layer Resistivity (-m) Thickness (m)
Top 117.6 1.1
Middle 108.8 1.6
Bottom 88.3 
3
3. Tolerable Touch and Step Voltages

The tolerable touch and step voltages are calculated using the IEEE Std.80-2013 routines. The
following parameters are used in the calculations:
Duration of shock: 0.5s

Crushed rock resistivity: 3000Ωm
Top layer soil resistivity: 117.6Ωm
Thickness of crushed rock layer: 0.15m
Body weight: 50kg
In addition to the crushed rock and soil surface conditions, the following tolerable touch and
step voltages also apply:
i) Concrete in the soil - This is applicable for the analysis of the lowest floor of the
building, where the floor slab is in contact with the soil. Concrete is hygroscopic,
and will absorb the moisture in the soil it is in contact with. Therefore for this
condition, the resistivity for concrete on the ground floor is taken as that of the
native soil, i.e. the top layer soil resistivity.
ii) Dry concrete - For the upper floors of the building, the tolerable touch and step
voltages for dry concrete are used in the analysis. IEEE Std.80-2013 Clause 13.1
suggests a resistivity of 1 x 106 Ωm for dry concrete (see Appendix K).
The calculations for the allowable touch and step voltages for all the conditions described above
are shown in Appendix C – Appendix E.
The calculated touch and step voltage limits, together with those for shock durations of 0.2s
and 1.2s, are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Calculated allowable touch and step voltages

Shock duration (fault clearance time)
0.2s 0.5s 1.2s
Touch Step Touch Step Touch Step
Surface layer
voltage voltage voltage voltage voltage voltage
resistivity
limit (V) limit (V) limit (V) limit (V) limit (V) limit (V)
Soil surface
305.1 442.4 193.0 279.8 124.6 180.6
(ρ=117.6Ωm)
Crushed rock
1168.0 3893.0 738.6 2462.0 476.8 1589.0
(ρ=3000Ωm)
Dry concrete
3.9 x 105 1.6 x 106 2.5 x 105 9.8 x 105 1.6 x 105 6.4 x 105
(ρ=1MΩm)
4
4. Earth Resistance Calculation

The earthing system design for the proposed station is shown in Appendix L. To validate the
design, a computer model of the earthing system has been developed, and shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Computer model of the earthing system of the station
The model shown in Figure 3 is the minimum earth electrodes considered in order to calculate
the prospective earth resistance of the station. This is done in order to be conservative with the
overall calculation results. The overall earth resistance is expected to be lower with the
connection of the 33kV cable circuits.
Using the electrical soil model derived in Section 2, the earth resistance of the earthing system
shown in Figure 3 is calculated as 0.70Ω (the calculation results are shown in Appendix H).
5
5. Fault Current
When a single-phase-to-earth fault occurs at the substation, the fault current will return to the
source via the substation earth and the incoming cable sheaths or earth-wire. This is illustrated
in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Distribution of fault current at the substation during a single-phase-to-earth fault
The LV supply to the station originates from the utility building, which is located within the
designed earthing system. Therefore during a single-phase-to-earth fault in the LV system, the
fault current will return to the neutral point of the transformer, located at UB20, through the
earth conductors. LV earth faults will not therefore cause a rise in earth potential at the station.
However, the utility building (UB20) has a highest system voltage of 33kV which originates
from a remote source, which in this case is UPM 132/33kV BSS. Hence for a 33kV single-
phase-to-earth fault at UB20, an EPR will result, and therefore this is the fault condition which
needs to be considered.
To perform the fault current distribution calculations, the source substation and the circuit
parameters linking it to the substation will need to be identified. The single-phase diagram from
the source substation to the proposed station is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Single-phase diagram showing the interconnection between UB/station and its source
substation
6
The source substation is UPM BSS which is located 20855m from UB20. The fault current
distribution calculations were performed, based on a 33kV circuit made of a 300mm2 copper
single-core cable with 245mm2 aluminium sheath.
A computer model consisting of the circuit shown in Figure 5 was established, where the 33kV
cable was modelled. The calculated self-impedance of the cable’s core and sheath are as
follows:
Zcore = 0.10275 + j0.73242 Ω/km

Zsheath = 0.12800 + j0.66707 Ω/km
The earth resistance of the source substation is assumed to be 0.1Ω, which is a conservative
value, as a low earth resistance at the source substations will result in a higher net earth fault
current (Ig). The computer model is shown in Figure 6.
6
GRND_6
0.00+j0.00
1
0.305E-01+j0.159 0.00+j0.00
0.167+j-0.125E+05
5
GRND_5
0.00+j0.00
0.305E-01+j0.159 0.00+j0.00
0.167+j-0.125E+05
4
GRND_4
0.00+j0.00
0.305E-01+j0.159 0.00+j0.00
0.167+j-0.125E+05
3
3
-9.53+j16.5
0.245E-01+j0.174 21.2+j0.00
0.100E+08+j0.00
2
2
-9.53+j-16.5
0.245E-01+j0.174 21.2+j0.00
0.100E+08+j0.00
1
1
19.1+j0.00
0.245E-01+j0.174 21.2+j0.00
0.100E+08+j0.00
Terminal 1
0.100+j0.00
UPM BSS
Central Site
0.450+j0.00
Figure 6: Computer model for fault current distribution calculations between source substation
(Terminal 1) and UB20 (Central Site)
The largest possible single-phase-to-earth fault current magnitude at UB20, as provided by

Colas Rail Consortium, is 1.90kA (shown in Appendix I). With these parameters, the sheath
current (Ish) and the earth return current (Ig) are calculated. The calculation results are shown in
Appendix J, and summarised as follows:
Earth return current (Ig) = 88.95  -79.1° A

Current in the cable sheaths (Ish) = 1878.0  -2.0° A
This earth return current magnitude (88.95A) is to be used in the subsequent calculations of
EPR and touch and step voltages.
7
6. EPR, Touch and Step Voltage Calculations

6.1 EPR calculation
The earth resistance for the substation, Rg, has been calculated to be 0.70Ω. The largest
calculated earth return current, Ig, is 88.95A, as established in the previous section. The
prospective EPR of the substation is therefore:
EPR = (Rg)(Ig)
= (0.70)(88.95)
= 62.27V
6.2 Touch voltage calculations

The touch voltages are calculated for the station, assuming an EPR of 62.27V. The touch
voltage plot is shown in Figure 7.
Single-Electrode/Touch Voltages/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]
200 LEGEND
Maximum Value : 46.676

Minimum Value : 0.171
150 46.68
42.03
37.37
100
Y AXIS (METERS)
32.72
28.07
50
23.42
18.77
0 14.12
9.47
4.82
-50
-40 10 60 110 160 210
X AXIS (METERS)
Figure 7: Touch voltage plot
Figure 7 shows that the largest prospective touch voltage within the earthing system is 28.07V.
This magnitude is much lower than the touch voltage limit of 193.0V for natural soil surface,
as shown in Table 2.
This magnitude of touch voltage is also smaller than the touch voltage limit for soil surface
condition for a fault clearance time of 1.2s, which is 124.6V, also as shown in Table 2.
The earthing design therefore meets the touch voltage requirements based on the parameters
used in the calculations.
6.3 Step voltage calculations

The step voltages are calculated for the station, assuming an EPR of 62.27V. The step voltage
plot is shown in Figure 8.
8
Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]
200 LEGEND

150 13.04
11.75
10.46
100
Y AXIS (METERS)
9.17
7.87
50
6.58
5.29
0 4.00
2.70
1.41
-50
-40 10 60 110 160 210
X AXIS (METERS)
Figure 8: Step voltage plot
As shown in Figure 8, prospective step voltages are highest at the edge of the grid, where step
voltages of up to 13.04V are predicted. However, this magnitude of step voltage is much smaller
than the allowable limit of 279.8V for natural soil surface, as shown in Table 2.
This magnitude is also lower than the step voltage limit of 180.6V, which is for a fault clearance
time of 1.2s and natural soil surface condition.
The earthing design therefore meets the step voltage requirements based on the parameters used
in the calculations.
9
7. Conclusion and Recommendations
7.1 Conclusion
The earthing system of the proposed Taman Putra Permai Station has been designed and
validated. An electrical soil model has been developed using the soil resistivity measurements
data and fault current distribution calculations have been performed. A suitable computer model
has been developed based on the earthing design, the electrical soil model and the calculated
fault current.
The analyses using computer modelling and simulations have shown that the proposed design
is adequate for handling touch and step potentials for a prospective earth potential rise of
62.27V.
Conservative assumptions have been used in the analyses. Among these assumptions are:
 The earth resistance of the station has been assumed to be the magnitude calculated for
the designed earth electrodes only. Further to that, the 33kV cable networks will have
their sheaths earthed at this substation and at the other remote substations. This will
result in this substation having a much lower earth resistance, hence EPR and touch
and step voltages, than that used in the calculations.
 A fault clearance time of 0.5s has been assumed in the calculations. A high reliability
protection system should be able to clear the fault at a faster time, e.g. within 0.2s. A
faster fault clearance time will result in higher tolerable touch and step voltages.
7.2 Recommendations
i) Install the earth electrode as shown in the earthing layout drawing in the
Appendices.
ii) Bond the substation fence’s earth to the main substation earth. Should a separately
earthed fence is desirable, a 2m minimum distance between the fence and any
metallic object in the substation, e.g. lamp posts, has to be observed.
10
Appendices
11
Appendix A – Soil resistivity measurements results
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Appendix B – Earth electrode sizing
The short-time rating for 33kV equipment is given as 25kA for 3s (ref: Table 8-1, Doc. No.
SSP-CRCO-SS05-SYSW-REP-00045). The short-time rating for LV are not made available,
but the calculated LV 3-phase short-circuit current for Taman Putra Permai Station is given as
23.2kA (ref: Table 8-2, Doc. No. SSP-CRCO-SS05-SYSW-REP-00045). The minimum cross-
sectional areas for these conditions are calculated, together with that for a 31.5kA current for
3s. The calculations, based on the routines given in the IEEE Std.80, are shown in the following
pages. The summary of results are shown in Table B1.
Table B1: Summary of results for minimum conductor cross-sectional areas

Short-time rating Minimum conductor cross-sectional area (mm2)
23.2kA, 3s 188.67
25kA, 3s 203.31
31.5kA, 3s 256.17
For the present work, copper earth conductor of 50mm x 6mm (i.e. 300mm2) size will be used,
which is larger than all the minimum sizes shown in Table 3.
20
Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 23.2kA and 3s.
21
Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 25kA and 3s.
22
Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 31.5kA and 3s.
23
Appendix C – Tolerable touch and step voltages – crushed rock condition
24
Appendix D – Tolerable touch and step voltages – soil surface condition
25
Appendix E – Tolerable touch and step voltages – elevated concrete (dry concrete)
condition
26
Appendix F – Surface potential plot
Single-Electrode/Scalar Potentials [ID:Taman Putra Permai h]

LEGEND
MAXIMUM VALUE : 94.34074

1000 MINIMUM VALUE : 2.433139
500 Level 3 ( 10.0000 )
1
Y AXIS (METERS)
Level 2 ( 7.00000 )
0
Level 1 ( 5.00000 )
-500
-500 0 500 1000
X AXIS (METERS)
Figure F1: Surface potential plot as a percentage of the EPR
27
Appendix G – Effect of a higher fault level
Requests have been made for additional investigations to be carried out for a single-phase-to-
earth fault current of 2.5kA (1.90kA magnitude used in the calculations in the report). The
analyses are shown below.
Fault current distribution calculations:
Earth return current (Ig) = 117.03  -79.08° A

Current in the cable sheaths (Ish) = 2471.1  -2.05° A
Earth potential rise calculations:
EPR = (Rg)(Ig)
= (0.70)(117.03)
= 81.92V
Touch voltage calculations:
Based on the calculated EPR of 81.92V, the resulting touch voltage plot is shown in Figure G1.
Single-Electrode/Touch Voltages/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]

200 LEGEND

150 61.41
55.29
49.17
100
Y AXIS (METERS)
43.05
36.93
50
30.82
24.70
0 18.58
12.46
6.34
-50
-40 10 60 110 160 210
X AXIS (METERS)
Figure G1: Touch voltage plot for an EPR of 81.92V
The plot in Figure G1 shows that the largest prospective touch voltage within the earthing
system is 36.93V. This magnitude is smaller than the touch voltage limit of 193.0V for natural
soil surface, as shown in Table 2.
This magnitude of touch voltage is also smaller than the touch voltage limit for soil surface
condition for a fault clearance time of 1.2s, which is 124.6V, also as shown in Table 2.
The earthing design therefore meets the touch voltage requirements based on the parameters
used in the calculations.
28
Step voltage calculations:
Based on the calculated EPR of 81.92V, the resulting step voltage plot is shown in Figure G2.
Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]
200 LEGEND

150 17.16
15.46
13.76
100
Y AXIS (METERS)
12.06
10.36
50
8.66
6.96
0 5.26
3.56
1.86
-50
-40 10 60 110 160 210
X AXIS (METERS)
Figure G2: Step voltage plot for an EPR of 81.92V
As shown in Figure G2, prospective step voltages are highest at the edge of the grid, where step
voltages of up to 17.16V are predicted. However, this magnitude of step voltage is much smaller
than the allowable limit of 279.8V for natural soil surface, as shown in Table 2.
This magnitude is also lower than the step voltage limit of 180.6V, which is for a fault clearance
time of 1.2s and natural soil surface condition.
The earthing design therefore meets the step voltage requirements based on the parameters used
in the calculations.
Conclusion:
The additional analyses into the effect of a higher fault current magnitude, i.e. 2.5kA instead of
1.90kA, show that the prospective touch and step voltages are still smaller than their respective
allowable limits.
29
Appendix H – Earth resistance calculation results
Figure H1: Result of the earth resistance calculation (circled in red)
30
Appendix I – Colas Rail Consortium fault level data
31
Appendix J – Fault current distribution calculation results
Figure J1: Result of the net earth return current calculation (circled in red)
32
Appendix K – Resistivity of elevated/dry concrete (From IEEE Std.80)
33
Appendix L – Earthing layout drawing
DCS Engineering Sdn Bhd 34

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dcs

PROJEK MASS RAPID TRANSIT LALUAN 2:

EARTHING DESIGN REPORT

Completed: 13th November 2018

DCS Engineering Sdn Bhd

3. Tolerable Touch and Step Voltages 4

4. Earth Resistance Calculation 5

6. EPR, Touch and Step Voltage Calculations 8

7. Conclusion and Recommendations 10

Appendix A – Soil resistivity measurement results

 Preliminary Design – 33kV Cable Calculation Notes, Doc. No. SSP-CRCO-SS05-

where a is the Wenner spacing.

Metric/Logarithmic X and Y LEGEND

Inter-Electrode Spacing (meters)

Table 1: Derived electrical soil model

3. Tolerable Touch and Step Voltages

Duration of shock: 0.5s

Table 2: Calculated allowable touch and step voltages

4. Earth Resistance Calculation

Figure 3: Computer model of the earthing system of the station

Figure 4: Distribution of fault current at the substation during a single-phase-to-earth fault

Zcore = 0.10275 + j0.73242 Ω/km

The largest possible single-phase-to-earth fault current magnitude at UB20, as provided by

Earth return current (Ig) = 88.95  -79.1° A

6. EPR, Touch and Step Voltage Calculations

6.2 Touch voltage calculations

Maximum Value : 46.676

6.3 Step voltage calculations

Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]

Maximum Value : 13.044

7. Conclusion and Recommendations

Appendix A – Soil resistivity measurements results

Appendix B – Earth electrode sizing

Table B1: Summary of results for minimum conductor cross-sectional areas

Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 23.2kA and 3s.

Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 25kA and 3s.

Minimum earth conductor size calculations for 31.5kA and 3s.

Appendix C – Tolerable touch and step voltages – crushed rock condition

Appendix D – Tolerable touch and step voltages – soil surface condition

Appendix F – Surface potential plot

Single-Electrode/Scalar Potentials [ID:Taman Putra Permai h]

MAXIMUM VALUE : 94.34074

500 Level 3 ( 10.0000 )

Figure F1: Surface potential plot as a percentage of the EPR

Appendix G – Effect of a higher fault level

Fault current distribution calculations:

Earth return current (Ig) = 117.03  -79.08° A

Earth potential rise calculations:

Touch voltage calculations:

Single-Electrode/Touch Voltages/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]

Maximum Value : 61.405

Step voltage calculations:

Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Taman Putra Permai]

Maximum Value : 17.160

Appendix H – Earth resistance calculation results

Figure H1: Result of the earth resistance calculation (circled in red)

Appendix I – Colas Rail Consortium fault level data

Appendix J – Fault current distribution calculation results

Appendix K – Resistivity of elevated/dry concrete (From IEEE Std.80)

Appendix L – Earthing layout drawing

DCS Engineering Sdn Bhd 34

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