Conduct Preliminary Layout Design of Earthing

Electrode Configuration & Size & Earthing Conductor Size

Determine Maximum Fault Current flowing through the Earthing System

Modify Design

No
No
 Proposed Design Procedure of Earthing Systems for Low-voltage Installations

Start

Conduct Soil Resistivity Test on Accessible Field in Installation Site

Review Client Design Specification if available

Review National Requirements Documentation

Conduct Preliminary Layout Design of Earthing

Electrode Configuration & Size & Earthing Conductor Size

Calculate Earthing Resistance using this Template

Determine Maximum Fault Current flowing through the Earthing System

Analyse Step & Touch Voltages

Are the Values of Step & Touch

No Voltages & Resistance Acceptable?
 Are the Values of Step & Touch
No Voltages & Resistance Acceptable?

Yes

Proceed for Final Detailed Design

 

End
Earthing Resistance Calculations based on BS 7430

Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:
Vertical electrodes arranged in a hollow square

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:
R1 the resistance of one footing in ohms (Ω)

n the number of footings used as electrodes (up to 20)

p the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm)

s the spacing of footings, in metres (m)
λ the factor for vertical electrodes (fixed value)
 Remarks

input values Output Value: Resistance

8.00
1.0058 ohm (Ω)

8.00
Satisfactory for R<5 ohm, continue with initial desig

0.4

10

2.00 7.3

1.8

3
ontinue with initial design
Size of the Earthing Conductor

The average fault current in A (R.M.S)

Fault current duration in seconds

Metal Material

Maximum Temperature (°C)

R.M.S Current density for 1 second duration, k (A/mm²) with initial conductor temperature

initial conductor temperature conductor is 30°C

T1 the initial temperature in °C

T2 the final temperature in °C

new k value in (A/mm²)

Type of joint suitable for use at the temperature selected

Corresponding conductor cross-sectional area in (mm²)

The average value of fault current in (kA)

Material of the strip

Duration of fault current in (seconds)
Maximum conductor Temperature
Size of conductor

The average value of fault current in (kA)

Current density at the surface of earth electrode

t the duration of earth fault in seconds

p the resistivity of the soil in ohm metres (Ωm)

The current density at the surface of earth electrode in (A/m²)

Selection of the material for an earthing conductor with respect to corrosion and mechanical s

Material
Configuration

minimum size of the earthing conductor

Remarks
 800.00

1.00

Copper

300

190

NO

14

69

97.6428

Welded or Brazed

8.1931

Copper
1
200
38 x 6

36.3000
 10
50

339.7058

t to corrosion and mechanical strength

Copper
Solid round

50 mm², 8 mm diameter

50 mm² (8 mm diameter) may be reduced to 28 mm² (6 mm diameter) in certain applications where mechanical stre

Applicable for air termination rods only. For applications where mechanical stress such as wind loading is not critica
pplications where mechanical strength is not an essential requirement. Consideration should in this case, be given to reducing

such as wind loading is not critical, a 10 mm diameter, 1 m long maximum air termination rod may be used. Applicable for eart
his case, be given to reducing the spacing of the fasteners.

y be used. Applicable for earth lead-in rods only.

39.3999
Earthing Resistance Calculations based on IEEE Green Book

Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:

Two ground rods s<L

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells: input values
p the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm) 8
a the radius of the rod, in metres (m) 4
L the rod length, in metres (m) 1.5
s the spacing between adjacent rods, in metres (m) 1
0.0001
3

Case where a typical electrode of 3 m long is used

Diameter in (mm) 12.7

Soil Resistivity in (ohm-cm) 8

Number of rods 3

Resistance value in ohm (Ω) 0.0358

Satisfactor, continue with initial design
 Remarks

Output Value: Resistance

0.2136 ohm (Ω)
Satisfactory for R<5 ohm, continue with initial design

tor, continue with initial design

IEC 60364 Conductor Selection
Earthing Electrode
Material
Surface
Shape

Minimum Size

Remarks

Earthing Conductor (buried in the soil)

Corrosion Protection
Material
Mechanical Protection

Minimum cross-sectional area:

Supplementary Equipotential Bonding Conductor

Connection
Protection Preference

Minimum cross-sectional area

Protective conductors

A) Method 1

Cross-sectional area of line conductor (mm²)

Is the protective conductor is of the same materia
Material of Line Conductor
Factor "k" value of the line conductor
Material of Protective Conductor
Protective Conductor Type
Conductor Insulation

PVC insulated conductors of cross-sectional area

Factor k value of the protective conductor

Minimum cross-sectional area of the correspondi

B) Method 2

Value of fault current (r.m.s) in A

Operating time of the protective device for autom
Conductor Material

Minimum cross-sectional area of the correspondi

 Copper.
Tin.coated
Rope

25 mm²) ,,Diameter = (1.8 mm) for individual strands of wire ,,Thickness of coating/sheathing Indivi

Protected against corrosion

Copper
Mechanically protected

2.5 mm²

ing Conductor
Two (2) Exposed– conductive– parts
Sheathed or Mechanically Protected

≥ ½ of the smaller protective conductor connecting to the exposed–conductive–p

16
YES
 Copper
226
Copper
insulated protective conductors not incorporated in cables and not bunched with other cables
70 °C PVC

YES
Polyethylene
Visible and in restricted area
90 °C PVC
133
103

128
16.0000

1000
3
Copper

7.6639
l value = (1 µm), Average value = (5 µm)
Common Earthing Practices in Malaysia

Step 1. Select the type of earthing from the drop-down list below:

Single Rod Electrode

Step 2. Select the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:

R the target earthing resistance, in ohm (Ω) 5

ρ the soil resistivity, in ohm metres (Ωm) 30
d the diameter of each rod, (mm) 25

Output Data:

Total length of rod required in metres (m)

Total length of rod required in metres (m) 6.313

*

*
*

*
The Use of Concrete Enclosed Reinforcing Rods as Grounding Electrodes

Step1. Select the type of concrete-encased grounding

Multiple concrete-encased rebar grounding electrodes in Hollow rectangular configuration

Step 2. Enter the values of the parameters below in the highlighted cells:
ρₒ the resistivity of surrounding medium (Ω-m)
L the length of rod in (m)
r the radius of the rod (m)
r1 the outer radius of rod (m)
ρ1 the higher resistivity of (earth) in (Ω-m)
r the radius of equivalent hemisphere
d the spacing of electrodes
N the total number of rods
k given in graph
M multiplier to obtain array resistance from single electrode reistance

Grounding resistance in ohms (Ω)

EQUIVALENT EQUATION OF EARTH RESISTANCE FOR RING ELECTRODE OF WIND TURBINE

Propose novel equivalent equation by author

p the soil resistivity in (Ω-m)

a the radius of a cross-section of the ring in (mm²)
d the burying depth of the ring in (m)
re equivalent radius in (m)
α improvement constant (fixed value)
β improvement constant (fixed value)

Earth Resistance (Ω)

Earthing System’s Design in Presence of Non-uniform Soil

proposed a practical method for earthing systems’ design in presence of two-layer soil

pk the uniform soil with resistivity (Ω-m)

h the depth of the earth electrode (m)
LT the total buried length of conductors (m)
A the area occupied by the earth electrode (mm²)
Earthig Resistance (Ω)

A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE IMPULSE RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL GROUNDING R

due to the low current resistance of the grounding rod

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

re effective radius varying with the current crest value impulse current (m)
l the length of rod (m)

Impulse Resistance (Ω)

A Systematic Approach to Safe and Effective Earthing System Design

Resistance of a single vertical earth electrode to achieve R<=5 ohms

p the soil resistivity (Ω-m)

a the nominal diameter of earthing electrode (m)
N the number of joint electrodes (vertically installed) for individual point P
Ln the nominal length of earthing electrode (m)
Lr the total length of vertical earthing electrode (m)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE

Buried straight rod or wire

r resistivity (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

Case where a vertical rod is driven through a high-resistivity superficial layer into a lower resistivity subsoil
r1 the resistivity of the upper layer (Ω-cm)
r2 the resistivity of the subsoil (Ω-cm)
h depth of burial (cm)
L total length of the rod (cm)
d diameter of the rod (cm)
L' effective length of the ground rod (cm)

Earthing Resistance (Ω)

 200
1.5
0.016
0.2
150
2.5
3
10
6
0.6000

WIND TURBINE

300
0.4
4
0.1
1.85
3.82

60
5
4.5
0.5
ERTICAL GROUNDING RODS

42.3
0.025
1

100
0.016
10
1.5
15

Satisfactory, continue with initial design

1000
180
150
0.016

tivity subsoil
 3000
2000
80
60
0.5
33.33333
Three Parallel aligned rods
Copper Plate

Copper Strip

Two Parallel aligned rods

Reinforced Concrete Foundation