10/14/2016

SinglePhaseInductionMotor|Electrical4u

SinglePhaseInductionMotor
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Singlephasepowersystemiswidelyusedascomparedtothreephasesystemfordomestic
purpose, commercial purpose and to some extent in industrial purpose. As the single phase
systemismoreeconomicalandthepowerrequirementinmostofthehouses,shops,offices
are small, which can be easily met by single phase system. The single phase motors are
simpleinconstruction,cheapincost,reliableandeasytorepairandmaintain.Duetoallthese
advantages the single phase motor finds its application in vacuum cleaner, fans, washing
machine, centrifugal pump, blowers, washing machine, small toys etc.The single phase ac
motorsarefurtherclassifiedas:
1.Singlephaseinductionmotorsorasynchronousmotors.
2.Singlephasesynchronousmotors.
3.Commutatormotors.
This article will provide fundamentals, description and working principle of single phase
inductionmotor.

ConstructionofSinglePhaseInductionMotor
Like any other electrical motor asynchronous motor also have two main parts namely rotor
andstator.

Stator:
Asitsnameindicatesstatorisastationarypartofinductionmotor.Asinglephaseacsupplyis
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giventothestatorofsinglephaseinductionmotor.
Rotor:
Therotorisarotatingpartofinductionmotor.Therotorisconnectedtothemechanicalload
throughtheshaft.Therotorinsinglephaseinductionmotorisofsquirrelcagerotortype.
Theconstruction of single phase induction motor is almost similar to the squirrel cage
three phase motor except that in case of asynchronous motor the stator have two windings
insteadofoneascomparetothesinglestatorwindinginthreephaseinductionmotor.

StatorofSinglePhaseInductionMotor
Thestatorofthesinglephaseinductionmotorhaslaminatedstampingtoreduceeddycurrent
lossesonitsperiphery.Theslotsareprovidedonitsstampingtocarrystatorormainwinding.
In order to reduce the hysteresis losses, stamping are made up of silicon steel. When the
statorwindingisgivenasinglephaseacsupply,themagneticfieldisproducedandthemotor
rotatesataspeedslightlylessthanthesynchronousspeedNs whichisgivenby

Where,
f=supplyvoltagefrequency,
P=No.ofpolesofthemotor.
Theconstructionofthestatorofasynchronousmotorissimilartothatofthreephaseinduction
motor except there are two dissimilarity in the winding part of the single phase induction
motor.
1.Firstly the single phase induction motors are mostly provided with concentric coils. As
thenumberofturnspercoilcanbeeasilyadjustedwiththehelpofconcentriccoils,the
mmfdistributionisalmostsinusoidal.
2.Exceptforshadedpolemotor,theasynchronousmotorhastwostatorwindingsnamely
the main winding and the auxiliary winding. These two windings are placed in space
quadraturewithrespecttoeachother.

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RotorofSinglePhaseInductionMotor
The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel
cagethreephaseinductionmotor.Therotoriscylindricalinshapeandhasslotsalloverits
periphery.Theslotsarenotmadeparalleltoeachotherbutarebitskewedastheskewing
prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of induction
motormoresmoothandquieteri.elessnoise.Thesquirrelcagerotorconsistsofaluminum,
brass or copper bars. These aluminum or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are
placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently
shortedbythecopperoraluminumringscalledtheendrings.Inordertoprovidemechanical
strengththeserotorconductorarebracedtotheendringandhenceformacompleteclosed
circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor. As
thebarsarepermanentlyshortedbyendrings,therotorelectricalresistanceisverysmall
and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted. The
absenceofslipringandbrushesmaketheconstructionofsinglephaseinductionmotorvery
simpleandrobust.

WorkingPrincipleofSinglePhaseInductionMotor
NOTE:WeknowthatfortheworkingofanyelectricalmotorwhetheritsacorDC
motor,werequiretwofluxesas,theinteractionofthesetwofluxesproducedthe
requiredtorque,whichisdesiredparameterforanymotortorotate.
Whensinglephaseacsupplyisgiventothestatorwindingofsinglephaseinductionmotor,
the alternating current starts flowing through the stator or main winding. This alternating
currentproducesanalternatingfluxcalledmainflux.Thismainfluxalsolinkswiththerotor
conductors and hence cut the rotor conductors. According to the Faradays law of
electromagneticinduction,emfgetsinducedintherotor.Astherotorcircuitisclosedoneso,
the current starts flowing in the rotor. This current is called the rotor current. This rotor
current produces its own flux called rotor flux. Since this flux is produced due to induction
principleso,themotorworkingonthisprinciplegotitsnameasinductionmotor.Nowthere
aretwofluxesoneismainfluxandanotheriscalledrotorflux.Thesetwofluxesproducethe
desiredtorquewhichisrequiredbythemotortorotate.
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WhySinglePhaseInductionMotorisnotSelfStarting?
Accordingtodoublefieldrevolvingtheory,anyalternatingquantitycanberesolvedintotwo
components,eachcomponenthavemagnitudeequaltothehalfofthemaximummagnitude
ofthealternatingquantityandboththesecomponentrotatesinoppositedirectiontoeach
other.Forexampleaflux,canberesolvedintotwocomponents

Each of these components rotates in opposite direction i. e if one m / 2 is rotating in

clockwisedirectionthentheotherm/2rotatesinanticlockwisedirection.
Whenasinglephaseacsupplyisgiventothestatorwindingofsinglephaseinductionmotor,
it produces its flux of magnitude, m. According to the double field revolving theory, this
alternating flux, m is divided into two components of magnitude m /2. Each of these
components will rotate in opposite direction, with the synchronous speed, Ns . Let us call
thesetwocomponentsoffluxasforwardcomponentofflux,fandbackwardcomponentof
flux,b.Theresultantofthesetwocomponentoffluxatanyinstantoftime,givesthevalue
ofinstantaneousstatorfluxatthatparticularinstant.

Nowatstarting,boththeforwardandbackwardcomponentsoffluxareexactlyoppositeto
each other. Also both of these components of flux are equal in magnitude. So, they cancel
each other and hence the net torque experienced by the rotor at starting is zero. So, the
singlephaseinductionmotorsarenotselfstartingmotors.
MethodsforMakingSinglePhaseInductionasSelfStartingMotor

Fromtheabovetopicwecaneasilyconcludethatthesinglephaseinductionmotorsarenot
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selfstartingbecausetheproducedstatorfluxisalternatinginnatureandatthestartingthe
twocomponentsofthisfluxcanceleachotherandhencethereisnonettorque.Thesolution
tothisproblemisthatifthestatorfluxismaderotatingtype,ratherthanalternatingtype,
which rotates in one particular direction only. Then the induction motor will become self
starting. Now for producing this rotating magnetic field we require two alternating flux,
having some phase difference angle between them. When these two fluxes interact with
each other they will produce a resultant flux. This resultant flux is rotating in nature and
rotatesinspaceinoneparticulardirectiononly.Oncethemotorstartsrunning,theadditional
fluxcanberemoved.Themotorwillcontinuetorunundertheinfluenceofthemainfluxonly.
DependinguponthemethodsformakingasynchronousmotorasSelfStartingMotor,there
aremainlyfourtypesofsinglephaseinductionmotornamely,
1.Splitphaseinductionmotor,
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2.Capacitorstartinductormotor,
3.Capacitorstartcapacitorruninductionmotor,
4.Shadedpoleinductionmotor.
5.Permanentsplitcapacitormotororsinglevaluecapacitormotor.

ComparisonbetweenSinglePhaseandThreePhaseInductionMotors
1.Single

phase induction motors are simple in construction, reliable and

economicalforsmallpowerratingascomparedtothreephaseinductionmotors.
2.Theelectricalpowerfactorofsinglephaseinductionmotorsislowascomparedto
threephaseinductionmotors.
3.Forsamesize,thesinglephaseinductionmotorsdevelopabout50%oftheoutputas
thatofthreephaseinductionmotors.
4.Thestartingtorqueisalsolowforasynchronousmotors/singlephaseinductionmotor.
5.Theefficiencyofsinglephaseinductionmotorsislessascompareittothethreephase
inductionmotors.
Singlephaseinductionmotorsaresimple,robust,reliable&cheaperforsmallratings.They
aregenerallyavailableupto1KWrating.

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Types of Single Phase Induction

Motor | Split P...

SinglePhaseInductionMotor|Electrical4u

Working Principle of Three Phase

Induction Motor

Speed Control of Three Phase

Induction Motor

Circle Diagram of Induc

Motor

Types of Three Phase Induction

Motor

Synchronous Motor Wo
Principle

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Construction of Three Phase

Induction Motor

Servo Motor Control

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