Fayoum University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

CE 402: Part A
Shallow Foundation Design

Lecture No. (4): Combined Footing

Dr.: Youssef Gomaa Youssef

The most important thing is to keep the most

important thing the most important thing

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Combined Footing

A combined footing is a long footing supporting two

or more columns in (typically two) one row.

A combined footing is a rectangular or trapezoidal

shaped footing.
P2

P1
P2

P2

P1

P1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Using of Combined Footing

Construction practice may dictate using only one

footing for two or more columns due to:

a) Closeness of column (for example around elevator shafts and

escalators); and
b) Due to property line constraint, which may limit the size of
footings at boundary. The eccentricity of a column placed on
an edge of a footing may be compensated by tieing the footing
to the interior column.
Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

(CONVENTIONAL METHOD)

DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS BY RIGID METHOD:

The rigid method of design of combined footings assumes that:

1. The footing or mat is infinitely rigid, and therefore, the deflection
of the footing or mat does not influence the pressure
distribution,
2. The soil pressure is distributed in a straight line or a plane
surface such that the centroid of the soil pressure coincides with
the line of action of the resultant force of all the loads acting on
the foundation.

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

(CONVENTIONAL METHOD)
The design of combined footing requires that the centroid
of the area be as close as possible to the resultant of the
two column loads for uniform pressure and settlement (if
possible).

i.e.: eccentricity, e = 0.0

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Combined Footing
a1

a2

b2

B1 B

b1

L
a2

L2

L1

C2

t1

a1

C1

t
A1
A

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Plain Concrete Footing (P.C.)

P2

For uniform stress, Resultant

should be at mid of ( A )

L2

A
a
a
X C 1 1 L1 X C 2 2 L 2
2
2
2

Assume thickness of P.C.:

t = (0.25 to 0.50)

P1

C2

L1
a1

a2

C1

t1
t
A1

X= (0.80 to 1.0) t

Assume C2 = 0.50m
Area A * B

R (P1 P2 )

L2 * R L * P1
A
a
X C 2 2 L2
2
2

1.15(P1 P2 )
qa

Get (B)

Get (L2)
Get (A)

Dim. of P.C. = A * B * t

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)

P2

A1 A 2X

L2

B1 B 2X
pn
w

C2

1.50R
A1 * B1

P1

R
L1

a1

a2

C1

t1

Mmax

1.50R
A1

C
w 1

M1

C 2

M 2 w

M2

M1
Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)

wZ P2 0.0
M max

wZ 2
a

P2 Z (C 2 2 )
2
2

d C

M
b * Fcu

P2

Get
(Z)

L2

C2

P1

R
L1

a1

a2

C1

t1

t1 d cov er

Mmax

Steel cover=5.0 to 7.0cm

M2

Dim. of R.C. = A1 * B1* t1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

M1
10

Shear Stress
P2

Q1 w *C 1

L2

Q 2 P1 w *(C1 a1 )
C2

Q3 w *(C 2 a2 ) P2

Q 4 w *(C 2 )

L1

a2

a1
C1

t1

Qs Q 2 wd

pn

Qs

Q2

Q4

Q
q s s q su
b *d
q su 0.75

P1

f cu

Q3

Q1

If qs > qsu , Increase d

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

11

Punching Stress
P1

Column(1):

a1

Q p P1 p n *(a1 d )*(b1 d )

A p1 d *2*(a1 d ) (b1 d )

G.S

t1
pn

qp

Qp
Ap
d/2

qcup 0.5 (a / b ) f cu / c f cu / c
If qp > qcup , Increase d

a1 d/2

d/2
b1
d/2

Repeat Check for column (2)

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

12

Footing Reinforcement
Which is required?

a2

a1

Top or bottom RFT

why?

Atop

t1

Mmax

M max
f y *d * j

Abot

M1
f y *d * j
M2

M1
Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

13

Design of Hidden Beams

b1

b1

P1

G.S

G.S

Main bot RFT

As (HB 1)

t1

t1

B1

w1
B1
B.M.D

d1 C

+
+

b b1 d

d 1 d safe

P
w1 1
B1

d1 d take d d1

(B1 b1 ) / 2

M HB 1 w 1

M
b * Fcu

AsH 1

2
Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

MI
f y *d * j
14

Design of Combined Footing

Example(1):
Make a complete design for a combined footing for the two
columns shown in figure (1). The net allowable pressure is 1.10
kg/cm2 and the foundation level is 2.0m below ground surface

a1 = 0.90m. b1= 0.30m P1=140t

a2 = 0.50m
0.50

0.90
140t

90t
0.30

b2= 0.30m P2=90t

qa = 1.10kg/cm2 = 11.0t/m2.

0.30
3.20

fcu = 250kg/cm2.

fy =3600kg/cm2

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

15

Plain Concrete Footing (P.C.)

P2

For uniform stress, Resultant

should be at mid of ( A )

L2

A
a
a
X C 1 1 L1 X C 2 2 L 2
2
2
2

Assume thickness of P.C.:

t = 0.30

P1

C2

L1
a1

a2

C1

t1
t
A1

X= t = 0.30

Assume C2 = 0.50m
Area A * B

R (P1 P2 ) 140 90 230t

L2 *230 3.20*140

L2 = 1.95

1.15(P1 P2 ) 1.15*230

24.10m 2
qa
11

B = 4.02 = 4.05m

A
0.50
0.30 0.50
1.95 3.00m
2
2

A = 6.00m

Dim. of P.C. = 6.00 * 4.05 * 0.30

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

16

Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)

P2
L2

A1 A 2X 6.00 2*0.30 5.40m

C2

B1 B 2X 4.05 2*0.30 3.45m

R
1.50*230
pn

18.52t / m
A1 * B1 5.40*3.45

a1
C1

t1

pn

R 1.50*230

63.90t / m 2
A1
5.40

C
w 1

M1

L1

a2

Mmax
w

P1

0.902
63.90*
25.88m .t
2

C 2

M 2 w

0.50

M2

63.90

8.00m .t

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

M1
17

Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)

wZ P2 63.90* Z 1.50*90

Z=2.11

P2 =135
L2=1.25

M max

wZ 2
a

P2 Z (C 2 2 )
2
2

0.50

P1 =210

R
L1

= 1.95
a1

a2

0.90

t1

M max

63.90*2.112
0.5

1.50*90* 2.11 (0.50

) 41.36m .t
2
2

Mmax

pn

M
41.36*105
d C
5*
34.6 35cm
b * Fcu
345*250

t1 d cov er 35 5 40cm
M2

Dim. of R.C. = 5.80 * 3.20* 35

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

M1
18

Shear Stress
Q1 63.95*0.90 57.55t

P2=135

P1=210

R
L2

L1

Q2 210 63.95*(0.90 0.90) 95.89t

d

0.50

Q3 63.95*(0.50 0.50) 135 71.05t

Q4 63.95*(0.50) 31.98t

0.90

35

Qs 95.89 63.95*0.35 73.51t

73.51*103
qs
7.10kg / cm 2
345*30
q su 0.75

f cu

0.75

0.90

0.50

250
9.68
1.50

pn

Qs

Q2

Q4

Q3
Q1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

19

Punching Stress
P1 =210

Column(1):

0.90

Q p P1 p n *(a1 d )*(b1 d )

G.S

Q p 210 18.52*(0.90 0.35)*(0.30 0.35) 194.95t

A p1 d *2*(a1 d ) (b1 d )

0.40

A p1 0.35*2*(0.90 0.35) (0.30 0.35) 1.33m 2

194.95*103
qp

15.98kg / cm 2
4
Ap
1.33*10
Qp

Pn =18.52

d/2 0.90 d/2

qcup 0.5 (b / a) f cu / c f cu / c
qcup 0.5 (0.30 / 0.90) 250 /1.50 10.75kg / cm

qp > qcup , Increase d= 45cm

d/2
0.30
d/2

Repeat Check for column (2)

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

20

Design of Hidden Beams

b1

B1=0.30

G.S

P1=210

G.S

Main bot RFT

As (HB 1)

t1

50

B1

w1

b b1 d 0.30 0.30 0.65

B1= 3.45
B.M.D
+

+
+

w1

75.50*105
d1 5
100.3 105cm
75*250

d1 d take d 105

P1 210

60.87t / m '
B1 3.45

(3.45 0.30) / 2
60.87

AsH 1

M HB 1

75.50m .t

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

MI
75.5*105

24.2cm 2
f y * d * j 3600*105*0.826

7 22
21

Footing Reinforcement
0.90

0.50

Atop

110

M1
25.88*10

8.30cm 2
f y * d * j 3600*110*0.826

Mmax= 40.36

5 12 / m '
Abot

M max
40.36

12.93cm 2
f y * d * j 3600*105*0.826

5 12 / m '

M2=8.0
0
M1=25.88
Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef

22