7

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INTEGRATION ..

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2008


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- 2.3.
2.3.2. ()
()
2.3.2.

7: .

__________________________________________________________________________________9
________________________________________________________________________ 11

:
1.1.
1.2.

______________________
_______________________________
1.2.1.
.. __________________________________________________________
1.2.2
___________________________
1.2.3.
___________________________________
1.3.
- _________________________________________________
1.4.
_______________________________
1.5.
________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

11
18
21
25
27
31
34
42
46
47

_____________________________________________________________________ 50

,

2.1.

_____________________________________________________
2.1.1.
: ______________________
2.1.2.
____________________________________
2.1.3.

________________________
2.1.4.
________________________________________
2.1.5.
_____________________________
________________________________________
2.2.
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

50
50
51
60
65
69
72
73
79
83

3 ______________________________________________________________________________ 85

...

3.1.
3.2.

________________________________________________
(project) ________________________________________________
3.2.1
(project ______________________________________________
3.2.2
project _______________________________________________

85
88
88
88

3.3.

________________________________________________ 98
3.3.1
__________________________________________________ 98
3.3.2.
_________________________________________________________ 99
3.3.3.
_______________________________________________ 100
3.3.4.
_______________________________________ 101
3.3.5.
____________________________________________________ 104
3.3.6.
_______________________________________________ 104
3.3.7.
_______________________________________________ 105
3.3.8.
____________________________________________________ 106
3.3.9.
____________________________________________________ 107
3.3.10. ___________________________________________________ 110
3.3.11. ________________________________ 111
3.4.
_____ 113
3.4.1.
__________________________________________________________ 113
3.4.2.
______________________ 113
3.4.3.
_________________________________ 115
3.4.4.
- _____________________________ 116
3.4.5.
...__________________ 117
3.4.6.
________________________________________ 117
_______________________________________________________________________________ 131

____________________________________________________________________ 134

...
4.1.
_________________________________ 134
4.2.
____________ 136
4.3.
_______________________________________________ 139
4.4.
________________________ 141
____________________________________________________ 144
_______________________________________________________________________________ 145

____________________________________________________________________ 146

...
5.1.

..________________________________________________ 146
5.1.1.
_____________________________________ 146
5.1.2.
___________________________________________________ 147
5.2.
__________________________________ 149
5.2.1.
__________________________________________________________ 149
5.2.2.
_____________________________________________ 150
5.2.3.
_______________ 152
5.3.
( ) ______ 154
5.4.

________________________________ 155
____________________________________________________ 158
_______________________________________________________________________________ 159

 ________________________________________________________________________ 160

, , ...
6.1.
6.2.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

160
168
170
171

_____________________________________________________________________ 172

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.

7.5.

___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
7.4.1.
__________________________________________________
7.4.2.
__________________________________________________
7.4.3.
___________________________________________________
7.4.4.
_________________________________________________
7.4.5.
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
___________________
_______________________________

_______________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
7.9.

172
173
174
178
178
179
180
180
181
182

183
186
188
190
194
195

_______________________________________________________________________ 198

1 _______________________________________________________________ 198
2 - ..._____________________________________________ 204
_______________________________________________________________________ 209

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.

________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________

____________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

209
210
211
212
215
215

,
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18

ENOTHTA 3

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ENOTHTA 3


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ENOTHTA 3

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23

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24

ENOTHTA 3


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26

ENOTHTA 3



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27

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2000, .1). ,
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telecounseling,
teletherapy
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28

ENOTHTA 3


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29

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ENOTHTA 3

1.3.

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ENOTHTA 3


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ENOTHTA 3

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1972).
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36

ENOTHTA 3

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ENOTHTA 3

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ENOTHTA 3

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42

ENOTHTA 3

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Counsellors EAS),
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: Corep (), ,

43

Canterbury Christ Church University ( ), Forcoop (), Institute of Career

Guidance ( ), Kadis () UNED AEOP ()10. 40 / (Leonardo Da Vinci Project IT/06/C/F/TH-81406) (IAEVG).
. EAS

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1999 (
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44

ENOTHTA 3

. , ,
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() 1960.
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45

9
9
9
9

46

;
;
;

;

ENOTHTA 3

Amatea, E. S., & Cross, E. G. (1980). Going Places: A career guidance program for high school students
and their parents. The Vocational Guidance Quarterly. March: 274-281.
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Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2.aspx
Arici, H. (1972). Laying the groundwork for test application in less-developed countries. In L. J. Cronbach
& P. J. Drenth (Eds.), Mental tests and cultural adaptation. Hague: Mouton.
Axelson, J. A. (1993). Counselling and Development in a Multi-Cultural Society. 2nd Edn. California:
Brooks Cole Publishing Company.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review,
84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey:
Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall Inc.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy Theory. The exercise of control. New York: W.h. Freeman &Company.
Bartz, K. (1978). Selected child-rearing tasks and problems of mothers and fathers. Family Coordinator,
27: 209-214.
Bemak, F., Chung, R. C-Y., & Bornemann, T.H. (1996). Counseling and psychotherapy with refugees. In
P.B. Pedersen, J.G., Dragons, W.J. Lonner & J.E. Trimble (Eds). Counseling across cultures (4th ed.)
(pp. 243-265). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Brown, D., & Brooks, L. (1991). Career Counseling Techniques. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Burkhardt, C., Orletsky, S., Hotchkiss, H. L., Lowry, C., Curry, E., & Cambell, R. E. (1977). Involving significant
others in career planning: A counselors handbook. Columbus, Ohio: Center for Vocational Guidance.
Canfield, J., & Wells, H. (1976). 100 Ways to Enhance Self Concept in the Classroom: A Handbook for
teachers and Parents. N. J.: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
Claiborn, C. D. (1991). The Buros tradition and the counseling profession. Journal of Counseling and
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Coleman, J. et al (1966), Equality of educational opportunity, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
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Cronbach, L. J. (1984). Essentials of psychological testing (4th edition). New York: Harper and Row.
Das, . . (1995). Rethinking multicultural counseling: Implications for councelor education. Journal of
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, . (1990).
. , . 12-13: 10-11.
, . (1999). -. : ( ). : .
, . (1999). -. :
( ). :.
, ., , ., & , . (2006).
, . : .
, ., , ., & , . (2006). , , . : .
, . & , . (2006). . , 12, . 3940: 42-44.
.. (2007).
2.3.2.
. ....
, ., , , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , . , ., , ., -, .,
, ., , , , , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., & , . (2000).
. : , .
, ., & , . (2004). :
, , . 11, . 1: 34-52.
Goleman, D. (1998). ( .). , .

47

Goleman, D. (2006). . , .
Gottman, J. (2000). ( .). , .
Gysbers, N., Heppner, M., & Johnston, J. (1998). Career Counseling: Process, Issues, and Techniques.
MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Hackett, G. (1993). Career Counseling and psychotherapy: False dichotomies and recommended
remedies. Journal of Career Assessment, 1, 105-117.
Hawks, B. & Muha, D. (1991). Facilitating the career development of minorities: Doing it differently this
time. Career Development Quarterly, 39: 251-260.
Herbert, JT., & Cheatham, HE. (1988). Africentricity and the Black disability experience: A theoretical
orientation for rehabilitation counselors. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 19(4): 50-54.
Herr, E. L., & Cramer, S. H. (1992). Career guidance and counseling through the life-span. New York:
Harper Collins Publ.
Herr, E., Cramer, S. H. & Niles, S. G. (2004). Career Guidance and Counseling through the Life Span.
USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Hughes, R. S. (2000). Ethics and Regulations of Cybercounseling. ERIC/CASS Digest. Greensboro NC:
ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services (ERIC Identifier: ED446326).
, ., , ., , ., & , . (2006).
/ /, . : .
Jencks, C. et al. (1972), Inequality: A reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America. New
York: Harper and Row.
International Society for Mental Health Online ISMHO (2001). Myths and realities of online clinical work
(Report). : www.ismho.org/casestudy/myths.html
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Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
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Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
, ., & , . (1991). . : .
, . (1996).
- . , 14, 16- 17.
, . (2000). . , .
, . (2002). .
(. , .) . : ,
. 279-314.
, ., & - . (2002).
. . (. ). (. 73-96). : .
, . (2002). : , . . (. ). (. 43-58) : .
, . (2002). . . (.), (. 367- 391). : .
, . (2003).
. (6/12/2003): 14-21, : .
, . . (1995). , , 2 . : .
- , . (1998). , : .
Kristensen, S. (1997). Transnational mobility in the context of Vocational Education and Training in
Europe. Denmark: PIU Centre.
, . (1995). , . .
, . (2002). : (3 ). , .
Nathan, R., & Hill, L. (2006). : ( : . -).
: .
National oard for Certified Counselors NBCC (2005). Code of Ethics. : http://www.nbcc.
org/extras/pdfs/ethics/nbcc-codeofethics.pdf

48

ENOTHTA 3

N. (2003). . (6/12/2003): 30-37. : .

, . (1990). , . : .
, . (1993). , 2. : .
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Passow, A. H. (ed.) (1963), Education in depressed areas. New York: Teachers College Record,
Columbia University.
Pedersen P. (1995). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. Alexandria, VA: American
Counseling Association.
Ridley, C. R. (1995). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: A practitioners guide to
intentional intervention. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
-, . (1991).
. , 18-19: 67-80.
-, . (1996). :
; . ( ), , (. 94- 105). : .
-, . (2000). : , . , 94: 66-74.
- , . (2003). .
, 10 (2 & 3): 399-413.
-, . (2004). , :
. , .
-, . (2005). . .
-, . (2006). . Nathan, R. & Hill, L. (2006).
: (. -, - ). : (. 11-30).
-, ., , ., & , . (2008).
:
. :
. . , 15/3/2008.
-, ., , . (2000).
. : -, .
(.) (2000) ( ). : , . 125-144.
- (2008). :
. , 82-83, 163-174.
, ., , ., , ., , ., (1989).
. , : - , , . 13-24.
, . (1999). : ,
. , 1999, .
Watts, A. G., & Van Esbroeck, R. (1998). New skills for new futures. Brussels: Vubress.
, . (2006). , . : .

49

2.1.

2.1.1.

, , .
.

(career development). M

( ) (, & ,
1991). , , ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
(Sears, 1982), (Isaacson, & Brown, 1997). ,

() .
, ,
(Brown, & Brooks, 1991), (career
choice) ,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
, (Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, Lenz, 1996).
,
,
(Gati & Asher, 2001, Harren, 1979,
Tinsley, 2000, . . Germeijs & Verschueren, 2007).

50

ENOTHTA 3

2.1.2.

,
, ,
, ,
(, & , 1991).
, .
,
, .

,
.

,
. Roe
(1956, . . , 2002)
.
,
.
, , ,

. ,
.
,
,

,
.

2.1.2.1. Holland
Holland, ,
. ,
, .

(, 1988).
,
olland : (
,
, ,
), ( , ,

51

 , ,
), (, , , , ),
( ,
,
, , ), (
,
,
, ) (
, , , ,
, ). . ,
(Holland, 1985 & 1991).
,

.



.
Holland. ,
Holland
(.. Hall, Kelly, & Van Buren, 1995. Trice, Hughes, Odom, Woods, & McClellan, 1995).
, Holland,
,
, .

,
, .
,
.
, Holland .
, , (2008)
,
.

2.1.2.2. Super
Super (1953),
,

.
Super
, , ,
. , -

52

ENOTHTA 3

 ,
, (,
2000).
Super
, .
, .
.
, (, 2000).
Super , ,

(, 2000, , & , 1991). .
, Super (1984) 12 /,
:
1. , .
2. .
3. / (pattern) ,
, ,

.
4. , ,
,
.
5. (life stages) (
), , , , .
6. ,
( ),
, ,
.
7. ()
(self-concept).
8.
.
9. , , , , ,
, , .

53

10.
, ,
.
11.
.
12.
, , ,
, .
Super (, 1990. , & , 1991).
, ..., , ,
.
. ,
, (. , ., ,
1991). .
,
Super
, . ,
,
. Super 1984,
, .
.
,
. Leong Brown (1995) . Leong (1993)

. Smith (1983)
. . ,
Fouad (1993) Super . -
. Super .
, ,
.

2.1.2.3. Bandura. (self-efficacy)

Bandura (1971, 1977)
, ,
. Bandura
,
.
, -

54

ENOTHTA 3

, ( ) ,
, , , ,
, .
,
.
. Bandura
(vicarious learning),
, (models).

.
-, .
-
. ;
- ,
, . , , ,
.
Bandura (selfefficacy),

(Bandura, 1977, .3). ,

. ,
,
.


.
, , , Bandura (1986, 1997),
, .
, o
. :
) (past performance accomplish-ments)
. (Bandura, 1977, 1997),
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, .

,

55

 (Swanson, & Woitke, 1997), , .

) (vicarious learning)
, (Bandura, 1997; Betz, & Hackett, 1986). - ,
. ,
(.. ),
( ) .
) (verbal persuasion) ,
.
. , . ,
( )
, . Bandura,
, ,
,
, .
) (physiological and emotional states)
.

. .
, (Caine, & Caine, 1990).
. ,
(Bandura, 1997. -, 2002).
Bandura (1997)
. , , , ,
. , , ,
. ,

,
. ,


. Bandura (1986) :
. ,

. ,
,
.

56

ENOTHTA 3

 Bandura (1977)
.
,
. , (Pintrich, & Schunk,
1995). , .
,
(Lent, & Hackett, 1987).

(Ashton, & Webb, 1986).
, .
, , , .

2.1.2.4. Krumboltz
,

, (Krumboltz et al, 1978, . 100).

: () :

. , , , ,
, , , ()
: ,
, , ,
(.. ). , , , ,
, ., () :
, . : (, ,
,
), ( )
( ).
:
1: (Mitchell, & Krumboltz, 1996)

&

57

 . .
,
. (..:
. ,
(Mitchell, &
Krumboltz 1984).
/
, .

. ,
.
(.. ). :
, (, & , 1991).

(.. )

1: (Mitchell, & Krumboltz, 1996).

() : . ,

. ( .. , )
.
.
:
. , ,
. , (
) ,
, (, & , 1991).

58

ENOTHTA 3


,
.
1.

.)
,
. :

. ..
,
(Krumboltz, 1983 . . Zunker, 1998, . 483)
(.. )
(.. )

.

(K, & , 1991).
)
. ,
(..

).
2.

( ,
, )
.
:
)
)

)
)
) (Krumboltz, &
Baker, 1973 . . Mitchell & Krumboltz, 1996).
3.

..
. (

59

 .
, .
, , Krumboltz,
.

, (/ , , , /
, , ..).
,
.

2.1.3.

,
(Arbona, 1996. Hackett, & Byars, 1996. Leong, & Brown,
1995, Osipow, & Littlejohn, 1995).
,
. ,
Leong Brown (1995),
, -, -
- (. 146).
, ,
.
Gottfredson (1986)
.

. Gottfredson,
,
.

/ .
.
(Brooks, 1980).


(Arbona, & Novy, 1991. Dunn, & Veltman, 1989). Smith (1983)
. (Poole & Cooney,
1985)
- .

60

ENOTHTA 3

 Osipow Littlejohn (1995),

. , ()
, ()
()
.
Arbona (1990)
.

.

, - ,
.
Cheatham (1990) -
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,

- -
(Arbona, 1990, Astin, 1984, Betz & Fitzgerald, 1987,
Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994). Astin (1984)
,
-
.
Lent (1994)


. ,

, ,
, . ,

-.
, ,
. ,
.

61

 Swanson Tokar (1991a, 1991b)

, . ,

.
Burlew Johnson (1992)

,
, . Slaney (1980),

. , Luzzo (1993)
, , ,
, .
Rivera, Aderson Middleton (1999),
,
,
.
.
.
(..
, ) . ,
,

. (, ..) .
,
.
.
Cook, Heppner OBriens (2002),

,
. ,
, / / ,
,
. Cook (2002) ,
:
, ,
, (.
296).
(.., Bronfenbrenner, 1977), , ,

62

ENOTHTA 3

 ,
,
. ,
, , ..
, , . Lundberg et al. (1997)

. O West (1998), .
Frost Diamond (1979) ,


. . Dawkins (1981)

. Chester (1983)

, .
.
,
(Lawrence, & Brown, 1976,
Luzzo, 1992, McNair, & Brown, 1983, Westbrook, & Sanford, 1991).

(Powell, & Luzzo, 1998).

.
(.. Arbona, & Novy, 1991, Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 1993)
. Smith (1980),

Holland ,
.

: , ,
,
.
,
.
, , . Bandura (1997),
:

63

,
,
,
.

(, & , 2005. , 2005. , 2001),

(
). ,

,
. , ,
( .., 2000),
.


. ,
(2000), ,
, :

, ,
, ,

.

(, , , , , & , 2000. , , , , , & , 2000), :

, ,
,
.

(2007)
, .
, (
)
(. ,

64

ENOTHTA 3

2001. , & , 2005).

.

.

. ,

.


. ,

, , , ,
( ) - ,
.

(Smith, 1983). ,


, .

2.1.4.

, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, (, 1997).
Hilton (1962, . . , 2003)
(rational choice ), Simon 1955 Festinger (1957, . . , 2003). ,

, .

,
, .
Gelatt .
. ,
, ,
. . , ,

65

 , (, 1994).
Katz (1966, . . , & , 1991)

. : ,
, minimum
. ,
.

, .
. .
Kaldor & Zytowski (1969, . . , & , 1991)
,
.
. .
( ),
.
.
.
Vroom (1964, . . , & , 1991)
: )
)
.

.
. , ,
, ,
.
. Vroom
.
, Harren (1979, . . AU Chung-Park & CHUNG Choi-Man, 1988)
(17 22 )
: , , .

, Harren . ,
: ) :
,
.
, ,

66

ENOTHTA 3

 . ) :
.
, . ) :
,
.
(Argyropoulou, & Sidiropoulou - Dimakakou, 2003). .
Tinsley, ., Tinsley, D., & Rushing, J. (2002)
,
,
.
,

.
,

(Singh & Greenhaus, 2004).

, , .

(Osipow, 1990). ,
,
(, & , 1991). Krumboltz
.
, ,
( ,
, ..) (Bright, Pryor, Wilkenfeld & Earl, 2005).
,
,
.
Brown (1996)
. ,
, , . ,
,
.
,
. .
. ,

.
. , ,

67

 .
.
. ,
.
,
.

(Kelly & Lee, 2002).

, , ,
. ,
, ,
, , (Mann,
Harmoni, & Power, 1989, Osipow, 1999).

. (Gati, Krausz, & Osipow, 1996, Osipow, Carney, & Barak,
1976, . . Saka, & Gati, 2007).
career indecision indeciseveness. ,
.

(Kelly, & Lee, 2002). Holland & Holland (1977) ,
. (indecisive disposition), . ,
,
.
,
, ,
(Forner, 2001). ,
,
. ,
,
(Gaffner, & Hazler, 2002). , ,



.
Savickas Jarjoura (1991, . . , 2004)
: )

68

ENOTHTA 3

 , )
, -
, , )
,
, )
) .
Rojewski (1994, . . , 2004), ,
: ) ,
,
, )
)

.
, - (2007)
: ) , .
: , , , .
, .

.
.

2.1.5.

. : ()
, () , (, 1998).
.

2.1.5.1.

, ,
. Betz, Heesacker Shuttleworth (1990),

, ,
.
(Gutek, & Larwood, 1987): ()

69

 , ()
, ()
()
.
. ,

.
(Gati,
Osipow, Krausz, & Saka, 2000). ,
(Gati & Saka, 2001, Lease, 2004, Zhou, & Santos, 2007),
. Feldman (2003)

.
, .
Albion & Fogarty (2002)
, .

, ,
. Patton & Creed (2001) ,
, , ,
, ,
.

(Bailey, & Stadt, 1973). (Super, 1957): () ,
, () ,
() ,
.

. Gottfredson Becker (1981, , & ,
1991), () ,

, () , ,
() .

2.1.5.2.
.

.

70

ENOTHTA 3

 (Isaacson & Brown, 2000). ,

, , (Seligman, Weinstock & Owings, 1991). ,
,
(-, & , 2003).
, -
.
, -
(Thompson, & Subich, 2006),
,

(, 1995).
.
,
,
. , ,


,
(, 1995).
, , .
,
. , ,
(, 2004).

71

1.
.
2.
7 23
.
, .
, 25 ,
,
. , .
30
.
;
;
3.
, ; ;
4.
;
5.
;
6. ;
;

72

ENOTHTA 3

2.2.

, .
,
.
. ,

(-, 2004).
:
9
9
9
9
9
9

.
,
, . :
:
.
: , , ,
.
:
.
,
.
: , .
,
, ,
.
:

( ,
).

73

 - ,
. ,
, .
(..
, , ). ,
, , , ;, !, , .
,
, .
:
1.
2.
3. ()
, , .
,
.

. .
.

. ,
.
: ,
. ,
.
.
,

. .
:
, ,
. ,
,
. , , . , ,
,
.
: .
.
.

74

ENOTHTA 3

 ,
.
,
.
: .
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
. .

.
.
.
, , .
(.. , ,
). ,
,
,
.
.
.

.
. .
:
1.
2.
3. , .

75

 .
:

( , .. )
( , ..
, .
( ,
,
)
( ,
)
(
.
,
) (Nathan & Hill, 2006).

,

(Ivey, Gluckstern & Bradford, 1996. Ivey & Gluckstern, 1995. -, 2004).
:

/
,
. .

.. ..... , , .
. .
.
,
.
. , , .
, ,

.

76

ENOTHTA 3


, .

.
,
. ,
, .. .

.
.
. .
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
:

.
.

. ,
.
,
.

.
. ,
, ,
,
, .

,
, .

77


.

.
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
;
.
,
.
. ,
. .
.

,
.
,
,
. .

78

ENOTHTA 3

1:
.
,

:
.
: .
.
: . , ;
.
: ,
: , ;
:

: . ; ( )
: ,
.
: . ( )
: , . .. .
,
.
: ( ).
: , .
: ;
: , ,
. , ,
.
: . .................( )
: ,
. ,
..
: .()
: , .
.
.

79

()
: -, .
: -
.
. ,
.
: .
:
: , ;
: , .
: . .
: ..

: .
...
...
() ,
;
: , ..
. ..
. .
: . ( )
:
.
: .. ( )
. , .
, .
: , .
: , . ,
.
: ..
...
()
: , .

80

ENOTHTA 3

: , .
, .
: , ,
.
: , , .
: , .
: , .
: , .
: .
:
: , ..
...
...
...()
;
: , .
:
:
: ; ;
:
: .

.

.. ()
, , ;
: !
. ,
: ;
.
: . ;
:
:
.

81

: .
: .
: ,

2:
17 . .
.
.
.
, . ,
.
.
, . -
.
;
;
;

(-)
;

82

ENOTHTA 3

, . (2004).
. - - : .

, . (2004). .
, . (2004). : , :

, . (1990). . :

, . (1994). (5 ).
:

, .. (2003). . . :

, , & , . (1991). . , :

, . (1997). (). : .

, . (1995). - - , : .

-, ., , . & , . (2003).
.
, 64-65, 95-108.

-, . (2004). . . : .

-, . (2007). .
. : .

Argyropoulou, ., & Sidiropoulou - Dimakakou, D. (2003). Applications of Self Efficacy Theory to the
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Bailey, L.J.., & Standt, R. (1973). Career Education. New Approaches to Human Development, Illinois:
Mcnight

Bandura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory, N.Y.: General Learning Press

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review,
84, 191-215

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. A Social Cognitive Theory, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall

Bright, J., Pryor, R., Wilkenfeld, S., & Earl, J. (2005). The Role of Social Context and Serendipitous Events in
Career Decision Making. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 5, 19 -36.

Brown, D, & Brooks, L. (1991). Career counseling techniques, Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Brown, D. (1996). Browns Values Based, Holistic Model of Career and Life Role Choices and
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Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers

Farmer, H.S. (1985). Model of career and achievement motivation for men and women, Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 32, 353-390

Feldman, D.C. (2003). The antecedents and consequences of early career indecision among young
adults. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 499-531

Forner, . (2001). Quelle place pour l indecision dans l education l orientation. L orientation Scolaire
et Professionnelle, 30, 305-310

Fouad, N. A. (1993). Cross-cultural vocational assessment. Career Development Quarterly, 42, 4-13.

Gaffner, D. C., & Hazler, R. J. (2002). Factors related to indecisiveness and career indecision in undecided college students. Journal of College Student Development, 43, 317-326.

Gati, I., Osipow, S. H., Krausz, M., & Saka, N. (2000). Validity of the career decision-making difficulties
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Gati, I., & Saka, N. (2001). High school students career-related decision-making difficulties. Journal of
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Germeijs, V., & Verschueren, K. (2007). High school students career decision making progress: Consequences for choice implementation in higher education. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 2,223-241
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: .
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84

ENOTHTA 3

...

3.1.

(...),
, 21 .
,
, .
, . , , ,
, , ,
, . , :
) ( , jobrotation, , , .), , ,
, ,
(Nova-Kaltsouni & Kassotakis, 2004).
) ,
.
, , , , , ,
()
.
) - ( ) ,
. , /
(, 2005). , , , , , ,
, (Commission of the European Communities, 2000, CEDEFOP, 2003,
. . & , n.d, Yannakourou & Hallas, n.d).
) ,
, ,
,
.

85

 , ...,
. ....
, ,
, . ,
... , , ,
,
(- , 2002).
,

, ,
. , ... :

,
.
,
, , , - .
, ,

.
,
.
( , 2006).

. , ...
:

86

,
,
- ,

,
, ,
,
, ,
,
,

ENOTHTA 3

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.

...
, .
- . (project)
.
(case study), , , ,
, . ,
,
.
,
,
, .

87

3.2.

(project)

3.2.1.

(project)

project projicere, , ,
. Project
, , ,
. , . (project)
- , -. ,
.

3.2.2.

project

project , ,
,
. ,
.
- (, 2000).
project ,
.
(project) , ,
, . ,
, . , , , ,
, , . , , ,
. ,
.
/ ,
, , ,
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88

ENOTHTA 3

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89

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90

ENOTHTA 3

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92

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96

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97

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98

ENOTHTA 3

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101

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102

ENOTHTA 3

 ( , ,
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managers . ,

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103

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104

ENOTHTA 3

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105

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106

ENOTHTA 3

 . Drucker (1985)
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107

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108

ENOTHTA 3


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109

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110

ENOTHTA 3

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(, 2005).
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111

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112

ENOTHTA 3

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113

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114

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ENOTHTA 3

marketing .
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116

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ENOTHTA 3

3.4.5.

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117

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118

ENOTHTA 3

 0-5 (0= , 5= )
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119

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120

ENOTHTA 3

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1.
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(, 2006)

121

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122

ENOTHTA 3


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123

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124

ENOTHTA 3

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126

ENOTHTA 3

1. / / /

2.
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127

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128

ENOTHTA 3

 3:
(
PEST Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technological).
PEST

4: SWOT
SWOT

(Strengths)

(Weaknesses)

(Opportunities)

(Threats)

(, 2006)
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129

, :
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(Deakins & Freel, 2007).
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2. .
3.
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, ..).

130

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, . (2006). .
.
, . (2007). . ... .
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Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
. (2001), . ,
UNESCO: E Gutenberg
Byers, T., Kist, H., & Sutton, R. (1997). Characteristics of the Entrepreneur: Social Creatures, Not Solo
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Cromie, S. (1991). The problems experienced by young firms. International Small Business Journal, 9, 3,
43-61.
, . (2005). .
, http://www.epyna.gr (28/08/08).
Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (2007). . : . .
Diaz, F., & Rodriguez, A. (2003). Locus of control, nAch and values of community entrepreneurs. Social
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Dollinger, M.J. (2003). Entrepreneurship. Strategies and Resources. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Drucker, P. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. U.S.A.: HarperBusiness.
EuroBarometer (2004). Entrepreneurship. European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu
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, . (2003). . : . .
Filinov, N. B. (n.d). Business Decision-Making in the Era of Intellectual Entrepreneurship,
http://www.wspiz.pl(9/10/2007).
Frey, K. (1999). project.
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Fried-Booth, L.D. (2002). Project Work. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Hansemark, O.C (1998). The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on Need for Achievement and
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.... - , http://www.pi-schools.gr (28/08/08).
, . (1987). - . (
). : .
, . (1999). . : . Interbooks.
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, . (2002).
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, K., , T. & , I. (2001). , , : . , 6, 190-204.
, . (2005).
... . ... ,
, http://195.251.20.34/programs.asp
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, ., & , . (n.d). :
., http://cosy.ted.unipi.gr (13/08/08).
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Challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 5, 577-598.
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, http://www.pi schools.gr (7/9/2008).
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. : .
Mazzarol, T., Volery T., Doss, N. and Thein, V. (1999). Factors influencing small business start-ups: A
comparison with previous research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 5,
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Morrison, A. (2000). Entrepreneurship: what triggers it? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour
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.
Nova-Kaltsouni, Ch., & Kassotakis, M. (2004). Promoting new forms of work organization and other
cooperative arrangements for competitiveness and employability. Proceedings of the 1st international conference, Athens 23-25-1-04.
, . (2002). . :
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DArdenne, P., & Mahtani, A. (1999). Transcultural Counselling in Action. UK: SAGE Publications.

DeMateo, S. (1987). Multicultural considerations: Working with families of developmentally disabled and
high risk children, Eric, 297-298.

Dyche, L., & Zayas, L.H. (1995). The Value of Curiosity and Naivet for the Cross-Cultural Psychotherapist, Family Process, 34(4), 389-399.

Fouad, N. A. (1993). Cross-cultural vocational assessment. Career Development Quarterly,42, 4-13.

Leong, F. T. L. (Ed.) (1995). Career development and vocational behavior of racial and ethnic minorities.
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Mardiros, M. (1989). Conception of childhood disability among Mexican-American parents. Med Anthropol, 12(1), 55-68.

Pulvino, C.H., & Lee, L.L. (1979). Financial counselling: Interviewing skills. Dubuque IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Smart, J. F., & Smart, D. W. (1993). The rehabilitation of Hispanics with disabilities: Sociocultural
constraints. Rehabilitation Education, 7, 167-184.

Smith, E. J. (1983). Issues in racial minorities career behavior. In W. B. Walsh, & S. H. Osipow (Eds.),
Handbook of Vocational Psychology: Vol 1. Foundations (pp. 161-222). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
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Sue, D.W. (1981b). Evaluating process variables in cross-cultural counselling and psychotherapy. In A.J.
Marsella & P. Pedersen (Eds), Cross-cultural counselling and psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon.

Thompson, C.E., & Jenal, S.T. (1994). Interracial and intraracial quasi-counselling interactions when
counsellors avoid discussing race : Qualitative research in counselling process and outcome, Journal of
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-, . (2006). ,
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Ball, B. (1984). Careers Counseling in Practice. Philadelphia, PA: The Farmer Press.
, . (2006). . .
Drummond, R.J. (1995). Career Counseling: A developmental approach. Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall.
Hayes, J. (1971). Occupational Perceptions and Occupational Information. Institute of Careers Officers.
Herr, E., Cramer, S. H. & Niles, S. G. (2004). Career Guidance and Counseling through the Life Span.
USA: Pearson Education Inc.
Gysbers, N.C., Heppner, M.J., & Johnston, J.A. (1998). Career Counseling: Process, Issues, and
Techniques. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Isaacson, L.E & Brown, D. (1997). Career Information, Career Counseling, and Career Development.
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194

ENOTHTA 3

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. , 107, 147-159.
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. : /.. .
, N., . (2000).
. : /.. .
, N., . (2000).
. : /.. .
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1.1.: , 1.1..: , , .
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(.....).
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, 50-51.

195

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, . (2005).
- , -
. . , & , , .
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. .
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. .
, . (2008). . .
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- , . (2003).
: Workable. : , ., ,
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, (. 262-273). : .
-, . & , . (2007).
. , 80-81, 231-255.
-, ., , . & , . (2003).
. , 107, 160-179.
-, ., , ., & , . (2008).
:
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ENOTHTA 3

-, . & , . (2008). & : . 1 .

(). , 29/5-1/6/2008.
, .. (2003).
: . , 64-65, 109-119.
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197

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Mc Leod, J. (2003). Doing counselling research. London: Sage.

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215