Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sf So and y2 y1
Reasons for varying depth?
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF): change in WSP is small enough (dy/dx <<1) that its
possible to integrate the differential equation from (1) to (2) to solve for y
y1
z1
V12
2g
hL
y2
V22
2g
z2
h L = Sf L
z = SoL
lim
dy
dx
So
Sf
y
x
dy
dx
1 Fr 2
Sf
y3
y2
Fr2
y1
Fr1
Fr3
So
x1
x1
x1
Normal Depth
Calculated from Mannings Equation assuming Sf = So
For every channel configuration, there exists a yn even though the flow may not
actually be at that depth
Same for critical depth, yc
A comparison of these two theoretical depths gives slope classification (M, S, C, etc)
A comparison of actual depth to yn and yc gives WSP classification (1, 2, 3)
Critical Slope
occurs at Fr = 1
Solve Mannings for Sc
Critical Slope: S c
n 2 gDc
2
Rc 3
Example
B
y
45
Example
A rectangular channel is 6.5 ft wide and carries 25 cfs on a 1% slope. The channel
roughness is given as 0.017. Determine the Critical Slope. What if the width changes?
Steep
Mild
Sluice Gate
Steep
Critical depth
Normal Depth
Example: For the given channel configuration, sketch the WSP and label the profile
types. Identify any controls and hydraulic jumps.
x1
So
E2 E1
1
S f1 S f 2
2
n 2Vi 2
Ri4 / 3
V2/2g
Sf
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Sfavg
So Sfavg
(8)
(9)
E
(10)
dE
(11)
x2
(12)
(13)
z1
y1
V12
2g
H2=H1-hL
Standard Step Procedure:
1. Calculate H1 and Sf1
2. Assume a value for y2
3. From this assumed depth, calculate A, R, V, Sf, and H (=z+y+V2/2g)
4. Calculate Sf-avg
5. Calculate hL=(dx)(Sf-avg)
6. Calculate H2=H1hL (- for supercritical, + for subcritical)
7. Compare H values from steps 3 and 6. If within acceptable limits, continue. If not,
assume new value for y2 and repeat.
Standard Step Method is most popular used in most computer models, e.g. HEC-RAS.
Example: Spreadsheet Setup:
x
(1)
y
(2)
A
(3)
P
(4)
R
(5)
V
(6)
V2/2g
(7)
z
(8)
H
(9)
Sf
(10)
Sfavg
dx
hL
Check
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Example
A 5.5-m wide rectangular channel carries a discharge of 10 cms on a slope of 0.15% with
a Mannings roughness of 0.038. Use the Direct Step Method to determine the Water
Surface Profile. Use the Standard Step Method to determine the depth every 50-m for
300 meters. At x=0, the flow depth is 2.2-m. How far out to normal depth?