Time Rate of

Consolidation

Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS
Rebound COMPRESSION INDEX

VOID RATIO

Cr

H =

H*C
1 + eo

Log (

2
1

LOG EFFECTIVE STRESS

PRECONSOLIDATION
PRESSURE( pc)
COMPRESSION INDEX

1
Cc

Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL STRESS

LOG TOTAL STRESS

VOID RATIO

FINAL STRESS

UNDRAINED LOADING:
PORE PRESSURE GENERATION
NO CHANGE IN EFFECTIVE STRESSES
NO SETTLEMENT

Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL STRESS

LOG TOTAL STRESS

VOID RATIO

FINAL STRESS

DRAINED LOADING:
PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATION
INCREASE IN EFFECTIVE STRESSES
SETTLEMENT

Terzaghis 1D Theory

Flow of Water under Stress

Terzaghis 1D Theory

Terzaghis 1D Theory

Excess PWP Variation with Depth

Two way drainage

Hdr
z

open
clay
open

z=0 top open

z=1 middle
z=2 bottom open

Excess PWP variation with Depth

One way drainage

open
Hdr
z

clay
closed

z=0 top open

z=0.5 middle
z=1 bottom closed

Excess PWP variation with Depth

Time Factors for constant

Excess pwp with depth

Average Degree of Consolidation

Average Degree of Consolidation

wrt Time

Excess pwp Distributions

Open drainage

Hdr=H/2

Tv =

Cv t
H 2 dr

Open drainage

Open drainage

Hdr=H

H
Closed drainage

1D Average Degree of Consolidation across

a layer

Time Factor Tv

t=1, ue=100%

Oedometer Test

t=2, ue=50%

=P/A

hw = /w

t=0, ue=0%, t=

Record for each stress

increment ():

Change in height of
specimen with time

Determining Cv using Log Time Method

Tv =
TV 50 H 2 dr
Cv =
t50

Cv t
H 2 dr
H
0.196
2
=
t50

Determining Cv using Root Time Method

Tv =
TV 90 H 2 dr
Cv =
t90

Cv t
H 2 dr
H
0.848
2
=
t90

Settlement Magnitude wrt Time

U=

S c (time )
Sc

Sc(time)=U Sc
Where U is degree of consolidation

10

Settlement Magnitude wrt Time

How good are predictions

12

Fill Height
m

10
8
6
4
2
0
1-Oct-00

30-Nov- 29-Jan- 30-Mar- 29-May- 28-Jul00

01
01
01
01

26-Sep- 25-Nov- 24-Jan01

01
02

Settlement, mm

0
200
400

SR-WBL
SR-EBL
Predicted Lower Bound
Predicted Upper Bound

600
800

11

How good are predictions

settlement (m)

ESTIMATED SETTLEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION

VERSUS FILL HEIGHT
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

MEASURED

ESTIMATED

10
fill height (m)

100

Time Rate Predictions

Fill Height, m

12
10
8
6

February 2001

4
2
0

August 2001

100
Excess P. P.
kPa

80
EBL-m

60

WBL-m

Predicted

40
20
0
24-Jan-02

25-Nov-01

26-Sep-01

28-Jul-01

29-May-01

30-Mar-01

29-Jan-01

30-Nov-00

01-Oct-00

-20

12