Steel Work design (1) to

BS 5950- 1:2000
Dr Mustafa Batikha
The University of Damascus-Syria

References
BS 5950-1(2000). Structural use of steel work in building, Part 1,
Code of practice for design rolled and welded section, BSI,
London.
Way, A. G. J. , Salter, P. R. (2003). Introduction to steelwork
design to BS 5950-1:2000, the steel construction institute, SCI, UK.
Case, J., Chilver, L., Ross, C.T.F. (1999). Strength of materials and
structures, John Willy & Sons Inc., fourth edition, London.
McKenzie, W.M.C. (2006). Examples in structural analysis, Taylor

and Francis, London.

. .(2003)
. . .(2006)

Dr Mustafa Batikha

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Design of Compression Members

(The concept of stress )

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(Axial stresses)

(Bending stresses)
top
bottom

I
M
M
ytop
: Zt
ytop
Zt
I
M
M
I
ybottom
: Zb
I
Zb
ybottom

Z : Elastic Section Modulus

Dr Mustafa Batikha

I
ymax

M
y
I

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Plastic Section Modulus, S

Fc=FT
Ac.p
py=A
ATpy Ac=A
AT
Mp=pyS

1
A( y c yT )
2

S: Plastic Modulus

Shape Factor f

S
Z

High Shape Factor

Early Yielding
Permanent Deformation

(The concept of plastic hinge)

Mp
My

Wp (L Lp )
4

Wp L
4

Wp

Wp

4M y
( L Lp )

L p L(1
Examples
For rectangular section

1
f 1.5 L p L
3

For I section of f=1.13

f 1.13 L p 0.12 L

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4M p
L
4M p
L

L p L(1

My
Mp

S
1
): f
f
Z

(Shear stresses)

V s
I b

MT
r
J

S =First moment of area

J =Torsion constant.

Final stresses
Normal stress
Shear stress
tan 2

2 xy

xx yy

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My
N Mx

y
x
A Ix
Iy

Principal stresses

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Principal stresses and the failure

Mohrs circle
and cracking

Crack is expected when the principal stresses have reached a critical strength

(The concept of Buckling )

Buckling of columns

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Lateral Torsional buckling of beams

Buckling of Frames

Local Buckling of yielding

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Buckling of plates and shells

Concept of Bifurcation Buckling

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Concept of Snap-Through Buckling

(Buckling of an Euler strut)

P

M P. y
y"

M
P
P
y" y 0 y" K2 y 0: K2
EI
EI
EI

General solution for

the deflected shape

P
Using the Boundary Conditions

y A cos kx B sin kx

x 0 y 0 A 0 y B sin kx
x L y 0 B sin kL 0

If KL0 B=0 always y=0 No Buckling wrong assumption KL=0 or KL=n

kL 0 k 0 Always y 0 kL n k 2 L2 n 2 2

n 2 2
P
n 2 2 EI

PE
2
EI
L
L2

For smallest load (Critical load ) n 1 PE

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2 EI
L2

The concept of restraints

Column types

Horizontal Ties ( 2.4.5.2&2.4.5.3) Figure 1 & Figure 2

N ut max[ 0 . 5 q u ( factored vertical load on Tie ), 75 kN ,

1 % N uc ( compressiv e force of edge column ]
4.7.1.2

Compressed Nrestraint=1% Ncompression member

4.7.3-a

M u 90% M r : M r p y S r
No directional restraint

Nr=3

k r (0.2 1 / N r ) 0.5

Critical buckling load of different deflection modes

Pcr

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n 2 2 EI
L2

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10

Columns under other boundary conditions and the

concept of the effective length
M P. y
y"

M
P
P
y" y 0 y" K2 y 0: K2
EI
EI
EI

General solution for

the deflected shape

y A cos kx B sin kx

x 0 y 0 A 0 y B sin kx
dy
xl
0 BK cos kL 0
dx
B 0, k 0 cos kL 0 kL n

k 2 L2 n 2

2
4

n 2 2 EI
n 2 2
P

Pcr
2
4L
(2 L) 2
EI

Note: The critical buckling load of a cantilever length L is as the critical load
of simply-supported ends of 2L

The Effective Length, LE

LE=Ke.L

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Pcr

n 2 2 EI
2
LE

11

Major and Minor axis of buckling

Pcr

n 2 2 EI
2 EI
2 EI 2 Er 2 2 E
n
P

2
cr
cr
2
2
L2E A
L2E

LE
LE

ry rx I y I x

cr

2E
L
: Slenderness E
2

y is the minor axis

x is the major axis

Buckling about y-axis is more critical than buckling about x-axis for the
same length because the smallest radii of gyration is about y

(Buckling of a perfect column)

Intermediate Element

Slender Element

Short Element

Short

Slenderness
Intermediate
Slender

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Euler stress, E

LE
r

2E
2

12

Empirical buckling of a perfect column

Rankine formula is the simplest safe empirical formula from test data

1
1
1

PF PE PY

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PF = the real buckling failure strength

PE = the ideal Euler buckling load
PY = the squash
q
load

Damascus University

E Y
E Y

13

For less conservative treatments

or F

E Y
n

En Y n

:1 n 3

The effect of material non-linearity on buckling load

The non-linearity of material causes
the drop in results between Euler theory
and experiment data for intermediate
columns
Tangent modulus theory is the
simple safe estimate of buckling
strength in Elastic-Plastic region

L
2 ET
ET
Modified slenderness at position x cr
2

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14

(Buckling of a imperfect column)

Perry Formula (1886)

Perryy Formula (BS

(
5950-1:2000)) Annex C

(E c )(y c ) Ec :
c

Ey
2 Ey

y ( 1)E
2

e0z
r2

,E

2E
2

z: the distance of the extreme fiber from the neutral axis of buckling.
r : Radii of gyration

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15

Perry Factor , a( 0 ) / 1000 0 : a is Robertson constant

0 is the limiting slenderness (short column)= 0.2(2E/py)0.5

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16

(Classification of sections)
(3.5.2)

Local Buckling

Element geometry
(/ )
Stress distribution

Support conditions

Yield strength

Element Geometry : b/T, d/t (Figure 5 & 6)

Stress distribution :r1, r2 (Section 3.5.5)

Table 11&12

Yield strength :
Element Type : Outstand element (External ),
Internal element (( ) 3.5.1)

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17

Example 1:
S275, UB 45715252, Bending moment only about the major axis
( )
UB 45715252 t=7.6, T=10.9 <16mm Table9 py=275Mpa

275
1
275

b/T=6
b/T
6.99
99 < 9 Class1 (Plastic)
d/t=53.6 < 80 Class1 (Plastic)

Plastic section

Example 2:
S275, UB 45715252, Bending moment + Axial compression force 800kN
b/T=6.99 < 9 Class1 (Plastic)

r1

80
80
d
Fc
800 10 3

41

0.94
1 r1 1 0.94
t
dtp yw 407.6 7.6 275

100
100
d

41.5
1 1.5r1 1 1.5 0.94
t

r2

Fc
800 10 3
120
120
d

0.44
Semi-Compact

63.8
Ag p yw 6660 275
1 2r2 1 2 0.44
t

Example 3:
S355,HF RHS 2501505, Bending moment only about the major axis
( )
HF RHS 2501505 t=5<16mm Table9 py=355Mpa

275
0.88
355

b/T=27 >28=25
b/T<32=28 & b/T<62-0.5d/t=54.5-0.547=31 Class2 (Compact)
d/t=47<64=56 Class1 (plastic)

Compact section

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18

Effective section properties

Sections (3.5.6&3.6)
Slender

Semi-Compact
Bending

Doubly symmetric
section

3.5.6

3.6.6

3.6.2
3.6.4

Seff
Pure Bending
Non-slender web
Fig. 8-b (Zeff)

CHS

Equal-leg
angle

Aeff, Zeff

Pure Compression
Fig. 8-a (Aeff)

slender web

Aeff, Zeff

Fig. 9&Fig.8-b if flange is slender as well (Zeff)

Alternative method ( ) for slender section (3.6.5): p yr (

3 2
) py

Notice: Compression + Bending Compression only (Aeff)+ Bending only (Zeff)

Example:
S275, Welded section , pure Bending , Plastic flange,
slender web

Solution:
fcw=ftw beff=60t=6018=480mm
0.4beff=192, 0.6beff=288

Try x=40mm First moment=aiyi0

Try x=28mm First moment=aiyi0

Ix=95285cm4, ymax=52cm
Zeff=95285/52=1832cm3

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19

Effective length to BS 5950-1:2000

)LE (4.7.3
Generally

Simple structures

Table 22

Angle, Channel or
T sections
)(4.7.10

Continuous
Structures

Annex D

Single Story
)buildings (D1

Supporting
internal platform
)floors (D2

Figures D1,
D2, D3, D4
and D5

Annex E
Single angles,
Double angles,
single channels
or single Tsections

Table D.1
Table 25
)Notes: (4.7.10.1

Slenderness1.2

) (4.7.9&4.7.13 Conditions
LEyy
ryy

Lvv
50
rvv

b 2m 2c 1.4c : m
L
E 180
r

4.7.9

max

) .(4.7.13.1.e
.
.
16mm ).(4.7.13.1.f

) .(4.7.13.1.g 300mm 32t t
.(4.7.13.2.b.1
)4 7 13 2 b 1






300mm 16t t
).(4.7.13.2.b.2

4.7.13

0.25Qc:Q=2.5%Ncu

20

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Dr Mustafa Batikha

Mohrs Circle
Anticlockwise rotation is positive

In Eqs, Ixy is always to be

used as positive. The
clockwise rotation is taken

Compressive strength, pc (4.7.5)

Perry and Robertson formula (Annex C)
The formula was developed by an assumption that practical imperfections may exist

Note (4.7.5): For Welded section in compression only
py= py(table9)-20

Table 23, Figure 14

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21

Compression Design Summary (4.2)

py (Table 9)
Section classification
Rolled Section

Welded Section

py

py=py-20
LE

Non-Slender section

Slender section
Aeff or pyr

LE
r

Pc=min(pcx, pcy) [table 23,24]

Pc=pcAg

LE
r

Aeff
Ag

(4.7.4)

Pc=min(pcx, pcy) [table 23,24]

Pc=pcAeff

Design of Fully Restrained Beams

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22

Lateral Torsional Buckling of beam

Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

Lateral torsional buckling (= )

Lateral deflection ( ) + Twisting ()

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For bending about x axis

M 0 EI x

d 2v
dz 2

For bending about y axis

M 0 EI y

d 2u
dz 2

From Torsion

M L
d T d
GJ

du
dz
d
du
dz
GJ
M0
GJ
dz
dz

M0

d 2
d 2u
d 2
M 02
M0 2 2
0
2
dz
dz
dz
GJEI y
M 02
A cos kz B sin kz : k 2
GJEI y

GJ

z 0 0 A 0, z L 0 kL M o ,cr

GJEI y

Other load cases

M max,cr

1
.M 0,cr
m

In BS 5950-1:2000 for steelwork design

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24

Lateral Torsional Buckling of an I beam

C GJ G

bi ti3
3

Buckling of flange

Pcr

Iy
2
)
2 EI y , flange P
Euler , flange
L2
L2

2E(

The effect of load level

M max,cr

1
.M 0,cr
m

m is dependent on the ratio L2GJ/EIw

Iw I y

D2
4
Example for
concentrated load at
mid span

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25

Fully restrained beams

4.2.2 & 4.3.2.2
The restraint should resist a lateral force more than: 2.5% Ffc
%2.5

Frictional force

Force in compression flange Ffc

Ffc=Mumax/D

q1=2.5%(Load coefficient of friction)/L

q2=2.5% Ffc/L

q=q1+q2

k r (0.2 1 / N r ) 0.5

Nr=3

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26

Restrained beam Design Summary

Rolled section

d
70
t

Welded section

d
62
t

275
py

Rolled section
Welded section

Section Classifications

d
70
t
d
62
t
(4.2.3)

Plate girders (4.4.5)

Av (Shear area, ( ) 4.2.3)

Fv Pv

Pv 0.6 p y Av Shear verification

Yes

Webs vary in thickness

No

To be continued

Section is not ok on shear

max

Fv S
0. 7 p y
I b

Restrained beam Design Summary-continued

Yes on shear

Fv 0.6 Pv

Sv=Dt2/4 for equalled-flange sections

High shear (4
(4.2.5.3)
2 5 3)

Sv=S-Sf (or for Av)

Slender

Low shear (4
(4.2.5.2)
2 5 2)

[ 2(

Fv
) 1] 2
Pv

Semi-compact

Plastic

M c p y ( S eff S v )

or

M c p y ( Z eff

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S v
1.5

Slender

Semi-compact

Plastic

M c p y Z eff

M c p y S eff

or

Or
p yr Z

Or
pyZ

Mc

Mc

Compact
Mc pyS

Compact

Or
M c p y (Z

Fv 0.6 Pv

S v
1 .5

Conservatively
)

M c p y ( S S v )

M c 1.5 p y Z

M c 1.2 p y Z

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4.2.5.1

27

unrestrained beams ( 4.3)

Destabilizing load ( =) increasing the twist ()
Effective length LE (( ) 4.3.5)
Cantilevers

Beams

b)

Llt

a)
Llt

Llt

c4 or d4 (Table 14)

Llt

Table 14
Normal load

LE=Llt
Destabilizing load

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LE=(case a+ case b)/2

T bl 13
Table

Note: Bending at tip

Normal load LE = 1.Llt

LE =max (1.3 Table14,

Table14+0.3L)

Destabilizing load LE = 1.2Llt

Table 14 for L

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LE=1.2Llt

28

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29

Unrestrained beam Design

275
py

Section classification
CHS&SHS

Single angles
(4.3.8)

I, H, Box,
Channel, T and
plate

RHS

L=Lv-v
LE
Table 15
ry

Continued

Bending only around

minor axis (
)

equal legs

Unequal legs

( 4.3.8.3)
(4 3 8 3)

No lateral torsional buckling

((( )) 4.3.6.1))
(

B.2.9.3

Mx Mcx

b/t15

Heel

Heel

Heel in compression

Heel in tension
Mb pyZx (

1350 L E / rv
) 0 .8 p y Z x
1625

M b 0.8 p y Z x

I, H, Box, Channel, T and plate sections

B.2.6

LE
Table15
ry

Ratio w ( 4.3.6.9)

RHS

Plastic or compact: w=1

Semi-compact:
Zx in use w=Zx/Sx

T Section

Plates and flats

B.2.8

B.2.8

LT 2.8
LT L 0 0.4

2E
py

pb Table 16 or 17(B.2.1)
Slender
M b p b Z x,eff

Semi-Compact

M b pb Z x
M b p b S x,eff

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I, H and Channel

w LE d
t2

Sx,eff in use bw=Sx,eff/Sx

Slender: w=Zx,eff/Sx

LE
ry

u
(4.3.6.8)

(Table 19)
(4 3 6 7)
(4.3.6.7)

Rolled: u=0.9

LT uv w

I yc
I yc I yt

Equal flanges:
=0.5
05

x=D/T (4.3.6.8)

Plastic or Compact

M b pb S x

welded: u=1

LT L 0 0.4

2E
py

Restrained beam Mx Mcx

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Compared between the design curve and research data

Mb
mLT (4.3.6.6)

Others

Plates and flats

Cantilevers without
intermediate lateral
restraint

Table 18

mLT=1

Destabilizing loading

mLT=1

mLT=1

Mx

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Mb
m LT

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31

Web subject to concentrated load

Web Bearing ( 4.5.2.1)

K=T+r
K=T

Rolled

At the end

Figure 13

Welded

n 2 0 .6

Away from the end

Pbw ( b1 nk ) tp yw Concentrat

be
5
k

n5

ed load

Web subject to concentrated load

Web Buckling ( 4.5.3.1)

Rotation

Fl
Flanges

LE=0.7d

Movement

No rotation and no movement

Px

25t
(b1 nk ) d

Pbw

275
p yw
ae0.7d

ae<0.7d
Px

a e 0. 7 d
Px
1 .4 d

Rotation or movement
Pxr

Px or Pxr Concenrated load

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0.7d
Px
LE

Damascus University

Px=Px
LE=d

LE (Table 22)

32

Deflection ( 2.5)
Serviceability loads

a) LL
b) 0.8LL+0.8WL
c) WL

Deflection limits ( Table 8)

d) 0.8LL+0.8CL
0 8LL+0 8CL
e) CV

ML2
Table 8

EI

f) CH

Members with Combined Moment

and Axial force

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33

Tension members with moment ( 4.8.2)

a d neglected moment

pure tension design

a 10%d neglected tension
load
Pure bending design

Tension members with moment design

275
py

Section classification

For plastic& compact sections

General Case

More exact method (4.8.2.3)

Simplified method (4.8.2.2)

Tension with
biaxial
moments

Continued

Tension with minor

axis moment only

Tension with major

axis moment only

M ry p y S ry

M rx p y S rx

M ry

M x M rx

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My
Ft
Mx

1
Pt M cx M cy

34

Tension members with moment design-continued

Tension with biaxial moments
I and H sections
with equal flanges

All others
Z1=Z2=1

Z1=Z2=2

Z1=Z2=5/3

Z1=2
Z2=1

Mx

M
rx

Z1

My

M ry

Note: In all cases of tension members with

moment, lateral-torsional buckling should be
checked ( 4.8.2.1)

Z2

Mb
m LT

Compression members with moment ( 4.8.3)

a d neglected moment
pure compression design
a 10%d neglected compression load
Pure bending design

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35

Compression members with moment design

275
py

Section classification

For plastic& compact sections

General Case

More exact method (4.8.3.2)

Simplified method (4.8.3.2)

Compression
with biaxial
moments

Compression with
minor axis moment
only

Compression with
major axis moment
only

M ry p y S ry

M rx p y S rx

M ry

M x M rx

Continued

My
Fc
Mx

1
Ag p y M cx M cy
Slender section: Ag=Aeff

Compression members with moment design-continued

Compression with biaxial moments
I and H sections
with equal flanges

All others
Z1=Z2=1

Z1=Z2=5/3

Z1=Z2=2

Z1=2
Z2=1

Mx

M
rx

Z1

My

M ry

Z2

Note: In all cases of compression members with moment, member buckling

resistance should be checked ( 4.8.3.3)

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36

Compression members with moment design-continued

Member buckling resistance ( 4.8.3.3)

Flexural buckling:
( )

Lateral-torsional buckling:
)
(

Compression members with moment design-continued

Member buckling resistance ( 4.8.3.3)
x ( Lx) ( Mx) : mx
Mxmax=Mx ( Table 26) .(pcx)
( Ly) ( My) : my
Mymax=My ( Table 26) .(pcy) y
( Lx) ( My) : myx
.(myx:To be used with out-of-plane buckling) (Table 26) .(pcx) x
mLT(unrestrained beam), Pc=Min(pcx,pcy), MLT=Mxmax in the segment where Mb occurs
For plastic& compact sections
More exact method (4.8.3.3.2-4)

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Simplified method (4.8.3.3.1)

Minor axis buckling

General buckling

Fc mLT M LT m y M y

1
Pcy
Mb
pyZ y

Fc m x M x m y M y

1
Pc
pyZ x
Py Z y

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37

Notes
Slender Section: Z=Zeff
Ft=Fc=0,
=0 Mx0 and My0 Biaxial moments (4
(4.9)
9) The design
is according to compression with moments case with Fc=0
In sway mode : mx,my and myx 0.85

Columns in simple structures ( 4.7.7)

Simple structures= pinned columns + bracing or shear wall for horizontal resistance

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Columns in simple structures

100mm
Nominal moment=M

Note :

I i / Li

/ Li

max
1.5 M 1 M 2 M / 2
min

LE (Table 22), Typically=(0.85L or L)

Pc=min(Pcx, Pcy)

My
Fc M x

1
Pc M bs Py Z y

Mbs as unrestrained beam, LT=0.5L/ry for simplicity

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