STRUCTURE AND

PROPERTIES OF
ORTHODONTIC MATERIALS

Presented by:
DR. HARSHITA DABAS
 - Interatomic bonding
and atomic
arrangement
CONTENTS
- Properties of
orthodontic
materials

Presentation Title 2
INTERATOMIC BONDING AND
ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT

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MODES OF INTERATOMIC BONDING
• Chemical bonding: 3 modes –covalent
-ionic
-metallic
• Physical bonding: also called as ver der waals bonding
-bonding occurs between
atoms or molecules with closed
electronic shells
 ATTOMIC
ARRANGEMENT FOR
METALLIC MATERIALS

• -two types: crystalline and non

crystalline
• -metals always have crystalline
structures
• -crystal structures of materials
are based upon space lattices,
Unit cells for the simple cubic (A), body centered where there is a single atom at
cubic (B), face centered cubic (C ) , and hexa each space lattice point.
gonal close packed (D) structures.
 PROPERTIES OF
ORTHODONTIC MATERIALS
-A material can be subjected to three basic models of force or load application.
• Tensile force
• Compressive force
• Shear force

-The force application causes strain

on the material.
-For relatively small loads, the stress
is below the elastic Limit of the material,
and reversible elastic strain occursThat
disappears completely when specimen is unloaded.

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 Failure Point

3 points on the stress strain

graph can be represented
to explain "STRENGTH"
• Proportional limit
• Yield strength
• Ultimate tensile strength

Presentation Title 8
 • Point at which first deformation is
seen
• Proportional stress can be defined
as the greatest stress that may be
PROPORTIONAL produced in a material such that
LIMIT the stress is directly proportional to
strain
• At this point if the stress is removed
the wire returns back to its original
form

Presentation Title 9
 YIELD
STRENGTH

• The point at which a deformation

of 0.1% is measured
• The limit of tolerable permanent
strain is the yield strength
• It is determined by the
intersection of the curved point
of the stress strain plot with a
construction line that begins at
position of 0.1% strain on the
horizontal axis and is parallel to
the linear portion of the stress
strain plot

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ULTIMATE
TENSILE
STRENGTH
• The maximum load the wire
can sustain and beyond
which it will behave as plastic
• It determines the maximum
force the wire can deliver if
used as a spring
• It is greater than yield
strength and occurs after
some plastic deformation

Presentation Title 11
ELASTIC
LIMIT
• Defined as the
maximum stress that
a material will
withstand without
permanent
deformation, such
that it returns to its
original form.

Presentation Title 12
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
(YOUNG'S
MODULUS)

• Measures the relative stiffness or

rigidity of the wire within elastic
limit
• Modulus of elasticity =
stress/strain
• Hooke's law- stress and strain
are proportional to each other
• It is represented by a straight line
'E'
• it is constant for a given material

Presentation Title 13
STIFFNESS
and springback
• Springiness=1/stiffness
• The more horizontal the slope
the more springier the wire, the
more vertical the slope the more
stiffer the wire.
• Stiffness refers to the resistance
of the wire to deformation, low
stiffness implies that wire will
deliver low forces.
• Spring back is the extent to
which a wire recovers its shape
after deactivation.

Presentation Title 14
RANGE
• It is the distance the wire
will bend elastically before
permanent deformation
occurs (not exceeding the
clinical limits of the wire)
• It is measured up to the
yield strength on X axis
Presentation Title 15
 • Clinically optimal spring back
occurs when the wire is bent
between its elastic limit and
Relationship ultimate strength
between • The greater the springback, the
strength, more the wire can be activated
stiffness and • Ultimate strength= stiffness X
range range
• Strength is defined as the force
required to activate the archwire

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RESILIENCY
• It represents the energy
storage capacity of the wire
• Higher resilient wire will exert
force for a longer time and
sustain activation for long
• Represented by the area
under the stress strain graph
upto the proportional limit

Presentation Title 17
formability

• This property describes the ease

with which a material may be
permanently deformed
• Indication of the permanent
bending the wire will tolerate while
bent into springs, arch forms, etc.
• Also an indication of the amount
of cold work the material can
withstand
• Represented by the area under
the stress strain graph between
the yield strength and fracture
point.

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 • Large deformation with minimal
force, within its elastic limit
flexibility • Maximal flexibility is the strain that
occurs when a wire is stressed to
its elastic limit

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 • An ideal archwire must have poor
biohostability.
• Should not actively nurture nor
passively act as a substrate for
biohostability micro-organisms/spores/viruses.
• Foul smell, discoloration, build up
of material- compromise
mechanical properties.

Presentation Title 20
 • Ability of a material to elicit an
appropriate biological response in a
biocompatibility given application in the body
• Should not cause allergies
• Should have good tissue tolerance

Presentation Title 21
 • Orthodontic wire should provide
least friction at wire bracket
friction interface to avoid undue strain on
anchorage and limitation of tooth
movement

Presentation Title 22
THANK YOU

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