Predrag Komatina - Crkvena Politika Vizantije, Beograd 2014 PDF

I
INSTITUTE FOR BYZANTINE STUDIES

SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
MONOGRAPHS
43
PREDRAG KOMATINA
CHURCH POLICY OF BYZANTIUM

FROM THE END OF ICONOCLASM TO
THE DEATH OF EMPEROR BASIL I
Editor
LJUBOMIR MAKSIMOVI
Director of the Institute for Byzantine Studies
BELGRADE
2014

43
2014

, 26. 2014.
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: 867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
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218
220
III. (867886) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
869/870. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
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229
232
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869/870. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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303
312
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879/880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
320
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879/880. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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341
Aa a a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
344
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348
886. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
352
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
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318
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,
838. .
26
,
, , ,
, Symeon
130.4344; Treadgold, Revival, 326. , 839. 840.
, , H. Grgoire, Manuel et Thophobe ou la
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20672068 (P. Hollingsworth, A. Cutler); PmbZ, no. 8237. , , 838. , Treadgold, Revival, 301, ,
, , 840. , , 319,
, ibid., 326.
,
, Symeon, 130.29.
27
... , ,
..., Vita Theodorae, 10.7273.
28
...
..., Synaxarium CP, 778.14.
25
I. (843856)
35
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839, ,
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(, . ), .32 ,
Treadgold, Revival, 271.
Synaxarium CP, 777.13778.1.
31
La vie dEuthyme de Sardes ( 821): une oeuvre de patriarche Mthode, ed. J. Gouillard,
TM 10 (1987) 18, ll. 339349; Acta Davidis, 238.416; Treadgold, Revival, 277, 435, n. 383.
32
Vita Theodori Grapti, 672 B680 A; Life of Michael, 78.2396.4; Praise of Theodore Graptos, 133146; Symeon 130.3739. O ,
, Life of Michael, 96.34,
836. . , Treadgold, Chronological Accuracy, 187189,
,
838,
839. ,
. , Life of Michael, 1516, n. 51, 836. , Sode, Jerusalem
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14. , Vita Theodori Grapti, 676 C; Life of Michael, 90.3292.1,
. , 839. ,
838. , Theophanes Continuatus, (III, 27) 122.23; Genesius, (III, 15)
29
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50.10; Treadgold, Revival, 301, 443 n. 411. . , Life of Michael, 158159, n. 153,
836, ,
838,
831. , Treadgold, Revival, 277.
33
, Vita Theodori Grapti, 672 B
680 . , Life of Michael, 80.2296.4.
34
Vita Theodori Grapti, 676 ; Life of Michael, 90.2432.
35
Vita Theodori Grapti, 676 .
36
Treadgold, Revival, 311, 447, n. 428.
37
Life of Michael, 92.12.
38
Life of Michael, 92.296.4; Vita Theodori Grapti, 676 C680 A.
39
Vita Theodori Grapti, 680 A.
I. (843856)
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heophanis Oratio, 163 D164 A.
42
Life of Michael, 100.1820; De Theophili absolutione, 21.1522.8.
Vita Theodorae, 10.6164, Georgius Monachus II, 803.1726,

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Vita Theodorae, 10.6168; De Theophili absolutione, 21.2224.

Life of Michael, 100.1823; Acta Davidis, 243.810; heophanis Oratio, 164 A.
45
, ,
( ) , DB I, 540543 (A.
Papadakis, A. Cutler).
46
I . 5, II,124125.
47
Alexander, Iconoclastic Council, 3566.
48
787.
754, 815.
787. 754. , Alexander, Iconoclastic Council, 4041.
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. 49
Vita Theodorae, 10.1423; Acta Davidis, 250.1628; Vita Irenes, 603 A; De Theophili
absolutione, 39.8 sq; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 6) 154.27; Symeon, 131.2; Pseudo-Symeon,
647.1518; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 811.1316.
50
Acta Davidis, 249.11250.28.
51
De Theophili absolutione, 31.1339.29.
52
. 37, II, 50.
53
I . 5, II, 124125. IV . 19, II, 265.
54
. 8, II, 324325; VII . 6, II, 577578.
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Acta Davidis, 244.12.

Life of Michael, 100.2224.
, , Genesius, (IV, 3) 58.2122,
.
57
(843847) , Darrouzs, Documents, 296.56; Darrouzs, Mthode, 54,
no. 1.1113. ,
, Synodikon, 53.128132. Vita Theodorae, 10.2829.
, ,
, , 843.
. De Theophili absolutione, 32.23.
58
O . , cf. PmbZ, no. 3389.
56
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59
Vita Ioanicii B, 431; Life of Michael, 102.2325.

O . , cf. PmbZ, no. 2584. , , .
, . .
61
, cf. PmbZ, no. 7178; Acta Davidis, 218.25242.31; Defenders of
Images, 144145. IX
, V ,
, VI , cf. ODB III, 19851987 (N. Patterson-evenko, A. Kazhdan);
III, 17451746 (. ).
62
Morris, Monks, 1318. O , cf. PmbZ, no. 7574. O , cf. ODB III, 19601961 (A. Kazhdan, A.-M. Talbot, A. Cutler); Janin, I, 444455.
63
O , cf. PmbZ, no. 5230; o A, cf. PmbZ, no. 675. O
, cf. Janin, II, 177181.
64
843. .
65
Acta Davidis, 245.1718; Vita Ioanicii B, 431432, , a .
,
, . .
PmbZ, no. 3219.
60
42
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66
Acta Davidis, 244.1 sq, . a Vita Ioanicii B, 431; heophanis
Oratio, 164 BC. Vita Theodorae, 10.2829, . Vita Methodii, 1253 AB, , ,
. Life of Michael, 104.1026,

.
67
Life of Michael, 100.22 sq, 102.14104.31.
68
Life of Michael, 100.2830; heophanis Oratio, 164 .
69
Acta Davidis, 246.1112; Genesius, (IV, 2) 57.7880; Synodicon Vetus, 156.4.
70
(
), cf. Kanikleios, ODB II, 1101 (A. Kazhdan). , cf.
Defenders of Images, 211, n. 343.
71
Life of Michael, 100.29102.1; heophanis Oratio, 164 .
72
heophanis Oratio, 164 .
73
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74
Alexander, Iconoclastic Council, 4041; P. Alexander, Church Councils and Patristic
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Synodikon, 126; Defenders of Images, 218, n. 373.
76
, Vita Methodii, 1253 .
Vita Ioanicii B, 431.
77
(843847)
, Darrouzs, Mthode, 54. no. 1.1112; Darrouzs, Documents, 296.56;
, Synodikon, 53.132.
78
Acta Davidis, 244.1 sq. ,
843. ,
, cf. Defenders of Images, 143147.
: ) ,
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246.22248.22.
79
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heophanis Oratio, 164 ; Life of Michael, 102.36. heophanis Oratio

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81
heophanis Oratio, 164 ; Life of Michael, 102.69; Acta Davidis, 246.2122.
82
heophanis Oratio, 164 . , Acta Davidis,
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246.2122, , ,
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, Acta Davidis, 249.21250.13.
83
heophanis Oratio, 164 ; Vita Theodorae, 10.3033; Georgius Monachus II, 802.1321;
Acta Davidis, 250.1314; Life of Michael, 102.912; Vita Methodii, 1253 ; Life of Ignatius, 20.811
(= Vita Ignatii, 500 C); De Theophili absolutione, 22.921; Genesius, (IV, 4) 58.28; Theophanes
Continuatus, (IV, 3) 150.21151.17; Symeon, 131.2; Pseudo-Symeon, 647.911; Georgius Monachus
Continuatus, 811.911.
, Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 3) 151.1617, ,
, , cf. Life of Michael, 163, n. 176; anin
I, 290291. O .
84
heophanes Continuatus (IV, 6), 154.912.
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heophanis Oratio, 164 ; Life of Michael, 104.2425; Vita Theodorae, 10.3537; Georgius
Monachus II, 802.2123; De Theophili absolutione, 22.2223.2.
86
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Vita Methodii, 1253 .
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Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 3) 151.922, ll. 1722; Symeon 131.2; .-. , , ,
, Defenders of Images, 221, n. 388.
93
Acta Davidis, 247.2931; 249.1720.
94
Life of Ignatius, 20.1116 (= Vita Ignatii, 500 C).
92
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97
Acta Davidis, 250.1423. De Theophili absolutione, 39.8 sq,

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98
ODB I, 520521 (A. Kazhdan, A.M. Talbot); II, 867868 (A.M. Talbot).
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Georgius Monachus II, 802.1011,
, Vita Theodorae, 10.1920, , .
843. , ,
. () ,
Synodikon, 291298. , , . ,
X , , J. Gouillard, Le dcret du synode
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, Vita
Theodorae, 10.1920, .
103
104
heophanis Oratio, 164 CD. Vita Ioanicii B, 431, ,
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, ,
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107
,
Oikonomids, Listes, 195.415. , D cerimoniis
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, De cerimoniis I, 156.17160.25.
, , ,
. , Theophanes
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109
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110
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106
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843,
111
De Theophili absolutione, 38.139.8.

De Theophili absolutione, 39.818.
113
Vita Irenes, 603 .
114
115
Synodikon, 131.
116
Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 6) 154.39; (IV, 10) 160.49; Genesius, (IV, 5) 60.7583.
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Oikonomids, Listes, 195.415; De cerimoniis I, 156.17160.25; 761.14762.4.
112
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Synodikon, 132133.
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39.1819.
120
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, , , Synodikon, 133134.
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,
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787. ,
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. , Synodikon, 135, , ,

,
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,
. , .
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131
56
.135 ,
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, ,138 ,
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.

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, .139 V
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141
.
135
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843,
,
.142
11. ,
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, ,
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. 6352. , .145 , ,
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,
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Vita Theodorae Thessalonicensis, 17.2325, 100102. . , , 59 Idem,
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.
.
.
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840.
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.
11.
843. . , ,
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.151
, , . , .
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148
. , . 133.
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... , ..., Vita
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... , ,
..., Vita Methodii, 1257 B.
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, .153 , 815.
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787.
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, .
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,
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.
153
, ,
. 1,
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,
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Canon epinicius, 1767 C 1780 B.
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.157 ,
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, ,
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Darrouzs, Documents, 296.2128,
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Zielke, Methodios, 249.
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Life of Tarasius, 1415; Alexander, Nicephorus, 6571; O, , 184, 192.
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Vita Ioannicii B, 405.
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Darrouzs, Mthode, no. I, ll. 105120; 53, no. II, ll. 233249; 56, no. 7.2022.
224
Darrouzs, Mthode, no. I, ll. 116120; no. II, ll. 236238.
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50. , . Vita S. Nicephori ab Ignatio diacono et cimeliarcha
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229
Sermo in translationem S. Nicephori, 232.20233.21; Theophanis Oratio, 164 D 168 A;
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846849. , PmbZ, no. 5576; ODB II, 1471 (A. Kazhdan), ,
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289
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290
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294
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, Mansi, XVI, 452 A; Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez,
Deconstructing Photios, 114115. Grumel, Regestes, no. 445,
847.
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852/853. Dagron, rait, 343,
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304
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Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 115148. . .
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307
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308
Jaff, Regesta, no. 2647; Grumel, Regestes, no. 446.
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309
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310
Nicolai I epp., 499.39500.11; 527.215.
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313
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Dvornik, Schisme, 5153, 5859.
314
Mansi, XVI, 428 C; Deusdedit, 608.24. Liber ponticalis II, 147.2224,
, .
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.
, . Grumel, Regestes, no. 448; Dvornik, Schisme, 59.
315
Nicolai I epp., 499.39500.11; 527.215.
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316
I. (843856)
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,
, Synaxarium CP, 244.1618, Halkin, Trois dates, 1114. . ,
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320
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, 8. 843, Acta Davidis, 253.522. ,
, , ,
ibid. 255.831. , 844. . PmbZ, no. 7178.
321
PmbZ, no. 2161 844. ,
, , . .
322
PmbZ, no. 2584.
I. (843856)
95
, .323
846. (4. ),324
(3. ).325
(14. 847),326 , (14. 848),
.327
,
.

843. . ,

, , , 843. . 843. ,
, IX ,
. ,
,
, ,
.328
,
IX , ,
.329 ,
847. .330
, ,
.
,
843. , . , ,
323
PmbZ, nos. 7526, 8093.

PmbZ, no. 5059.
325
PmbZ, no. 3389.
326
PmbZ, no. 4977.
327
PmbZ, nos. 675, 3219, 5230.
328
. .
329
Efthymiadis, Ignatius, 7383; Pratsch, Ignatios, 82101; Correspondence of Ignatios the
Deacon, 313; Defenders of Images, 3239; Vita des Hl. Gregorios Dekapolites, 322.
330
Life of Tarasios, 46.
324
96
818. . ,
843.331
,
, ,
(784806)
(806815, 828), ,
13. 847.
,
,
. (3. 846), ,
, , .332 ,
, ,
, , .333 , 847. ,
. , , 837. .334
847,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.335
.
,
, ,336 .
331
. Methodii patriarchae Constantinopolitani Vita S. Theophanis Confessoris, ed.
B. Latyev, Petrograd 1918.
332
Defenders of images, 247248; Mango, Two Lives, 393394. , PmbZ, no. 6075.
333
Mango, Two Lives, 394404; Timotin, Visions, 184187. O , cf. PmbZ, no. 6447.
334
Laurent, Pierre dAtroa, 1315; Mango, Two Lives, 394; Timotin, Visions,184185.
335
Nicetae Choniatae Thesauri, 281 D 284 A.
336
Methodios I, ODB II, 1355 (A. Kazhdan).
I. (843856)
97

, . , .
. ,
.

, ,
.
, , 843.
, .337 , , ,
.338 , ,
, .
,
. , , . ,
, ,
843. .339
815. 843.
, -
(813833).340 .
,
,
.341
, cf. ODB II, 12671268 (C. Mango).
Symeon, 130.35.
339
Genesius, (IV, 17) 69.5359; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 26) 184.13185.14.
340
Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 2629) 185.9192.14. , cf.
Lemerle, Premier humanisme, 148165; PmbZ, no. 4440; Varona Codeso, Miguel III, 141152; Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 108111.
341
,
VII ,
, Mango, Homilies, 161162.
337
338
98

, ,
, , , .342 , .
, , : , , .343
,344
,

.
, .
, 25. 858.345
,
, , , , . , , ,
, ,
, , ,
.346
, ,
, . , ywoty,
Konstantyn IV, 11.
343
Genesius, (IV, 17) 69.5870.62; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 29) 192.1420. O
, cf. F. Fuchs, Die hheren Schulen von Konstantinopel, Amsterdam 1964,
1822; Lemerle, Premier humanisme, 158175; Varona Codeso, Miguel III, 141152.
344
, ywoty, IV, 11,
. O , cf. Dvornik, Photius Career, 211216;
Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 110111. Lemerle, Premier humanisme,
183185, , ,
.
.
345
, , 858. , cf. Ahrweiler, Carrire, 348363; Treadgold, Photius, 117; Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 105148.
Treadgold, Revival, 270; Varona Codeso, Prieto
Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 142143. ,
858. .
,
( ), Photii epp., 290.310311, 291.363. I
,
III, Nicolai I epp., 566.1112, . ,
( ).
346
ywoty, K III, 911. ,
, , , 827. , III, 840,
342
I. (843856)
99
,
. , , (), . .
, ,
, , . , .347 . ,
.348
, .
.
, , 856. 867. ,
,

.349

,
,
. ,
IX , .

, .
, ,
.350
. , ,
, , . , cf. Dvornik, Lgendes, 184; Tachiaos, Some
controversial points, 4146.
347
ywoty, IV, 1115. , . , , 291297. , . Dvornik, Lgendes,
4267.
348
. , cf. I. Dujev, Costantino Filosofo Cirilo e Giovanni VII Grammatico, ZRVI 12 (1970) 1519; T. pidlk, Linuence
de Gregoire de Nazianze sur Constantin-Cyrille et sur la spiritualit slave, ed. Tachiaos, Legacy,
3948.
349
PG 105, 583842. O , cf. ODB III, 1480
(A. Kazhdan); PmbZ, no. 5505.
350
Photii patriarchae Lexicon I (A ), ed. Ch. Theodoridis, Berlin New York 1982, 3.45.
O , , cf. PmbZ, no. 8474.
100
, ,
,
, , ,
, . ,
, 843.
855. ,
, 856. 866. , .351

,
.

IX . ,
, ,
, . .352
,
, ,
855, .353 351
Lemerle, Premier humanisme, 159160.

, ibidem, 160165.
352
Photius, Bibliothque I, 1.12.24. , cf.
Treadgold, Bibliotheca, 1636; Schamp, Photios, 1593.
353
Ahrweiler, Carrire, 356361, ,
838. , Lemerle, Premier humanisme,
180181. Treadgold, Bibliotheca, 3436,
845. , 855.
. , , 845. , Treadgold, Photius, 914.
,
, ibidem, 36. ,
, ? ,

, , ,
,
, ibidem, 26, 3435, ,
,
Acta Davidis, 252.1921. Dvornik, Photius Career, 216217, ,
855. Schamp, Photios, 1593, 845. ,
, Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 111113, ,
845, 855. .
I. (843856)
101

, 279 , . , .354
.

?
, ,
.
? . 187,
III
., , ,
.355
, ? , ,
,
, .

, ,
( ),
, ,
Markopoulos, New Evidence, 118, nn. 5, 89,
.
229. 230.
, ,
, ibid, 1118,
878/879, Photii epp., 284, 862.
, Darrouzs, Deux lettres, 137139. , , ,
.

855, .
354
, 233 . 234. 279.
,
. , Treadgold, Bibliotheca, 3751.
,
Photius, Bibliothque VIII, 214.122, .
, . Schamp, Photios, 95489.
355
Photius, Bibliothque III, 214.122; Treadgold, Bibliotheca, 28.
102
, .356
.357 ,
, ,
,

. . ,
, 859. , .
, , , ,
.358 ,

,
.359 843.
, .360
.361
, 843. ,
, . ,

. ,
.
356
ywoty, K VII, 27, Metod III, 105. .

IX , cf. Morris,
Monks, 3739.
358
Petit, Euthyme le Jeune, 14, 25.3026.21; , , 5051, 5759;
Morris, Monks, 4344.
359
, , 5773.
360
Genesius, (IV, 3) 58.1924; Morris, Monks, 35, 43; , , 4950,
. , ( 886) 831. 841. ,

, , 5157.
361
, cf. Morris, Monks, 3743.
357
II. (856867)
II. (856867)

856.
III , .
.
. ,
.
. , III Liber pontificalis
,
,
, , 15. 856.
,
. ,
858. ,
: , .1
III
856. .

. .

. ,
1
... , , ...
, Mansi, XVI, 300 B.
104
, , . ,
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. , 6. 858,
, .
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,
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(, excommunicatio)
.4
.
.
, .5
III. , ,

, . .6
. , , , , .7
. , ,
2
Vita Nicolai Studitae, 905 C908 ; Life of Ignatius, 24.2026.10; Mansi, XVI, 3 BC, 296
CD; Genesius, (IV, 18) 70.7786; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 30) 193.1418; Symeon, 131.28;
Pseudo-Symeon, 667.6668.14; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 826.314; Grumel, Regestes, no.
449; Jenkins, Nicetas David, 245246; Dvornik, Ignatius and Bardas, 722; PmbZ, no. 791.
869/870.
.
, ,
.
3
Mansi, XVI, 3 B.
4
ODB I, 768 (A. Papadakis).
5

, Symeon, 131.28; Pseudo-Symeon, 667.713; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 826.414; Varona Codeso, Miguel III, 152158.
6
7
Mansi, XVI, 3 BE, 296 CD; Life of Ignatius, 26.1228.12; Symeon, 13122; PseudoSymeon, 657.18658.23; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 822.19824.2; Bury, History, 188189;
Varona Codeso, Miguel III, 123128.
II. (856867)
105
.8 .
, ,
, . ,
858.
o , .9
III,
, . ,
.10 ,
, ,
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858.
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.11 , , ,
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,
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, ,
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.13 ,
,
Life of Ignatius, 26.2028.1; Mansi, XVI, 3 CD.
,
861. , Deusdedit, 604.2628. O , cf. Life of Ignatius, 28.1214; Mansi,
XVI, 3 CD; Synodicon Vetus, 157.58. Life of Ignatius, 28.117,
- ,
, , cf. PmbZ, no. 1942.
10
Deusdedit, 604.35, 2128.
11
Mansi, XVI, 3 E.
12
, Mansi, XVI, 3 E.
13
8
9
106
. , ,
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Vetus IX , ( ).17
.

856.
. ,
14
. .
Life of Ignatius, 32.24; Mansi, XVI, 297 BD.
16
Life of Ignatius, 32.2430. ...
, ,
, ..., ,
.
17
Synodicon Vetus, 157.810.
15
II. (856867)
107
. , ,
.
, .
, . ,
, :
...,
. Libellus Ignatii,
861.
I,
, , ,
,
( ) ,
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.18
, , .
861. , ,
,
.19 , , .
, III ,
,
.20 23.
Mansi, XVI, 300 C.
Libellus Ignatii, Mansi, XVI, 297 ,
.
, .
IX , Mansi, XVI, 441 BC.
20
Synodicon Vetus, 157.810. X ,
. , , ,
, , ,

, , Petit, Euthyme le Jeune, 24.2232.
, Dvornik, Schisme, 7789,
. ,
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,
,
j 860,
.
18
19
108
858. .21
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858.
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. 20. 858,
. ,
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. , 25. 858. . , ,
,
. ,
, 21
Life of Ignatius, 84.713, 23.
867. , .
Synaxarium CP, 160.59.
, .
22
Mansi, XVI, 300 C, 416 AC, 441 C; Life of Ignatius, 38.2023.
23
Mansi, XVI, 416 C
II. (856867)
109
, , .24
.

.
858. .
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24
Life of Ignatius, 32.3036.15, 38.1416; Mansi, XVI, 3 DE. , ,
Mansi, XVI, 300 C.
863. , I, Nicolai I epp., 519.5 sq, 557.20
sq. . Dvornik, Schisme, 9296.
25
Mansi, XVI, 416 CD.
26
Mansi, XVI, 4 .
27
Mansi, XVI, 300 , 416 CD; Life of Ignatius, 38.23 sq. Synodicon Vetus, 158.18,
, . Dvornik, Schisme, 101107,
, , , .
28
ansi, XVI, 4 A, 300 CD, 416 CD, 441 CD; Life of Ignatius, 40.2642.14. Dvornik,
Schisme, 107, , .
110
,
.
,
,
.29
. , ,
, .
, 859. (),
.30
,
860/861. , ,
.31 .32
T , ,
, ,
, ,
, . , . .

. , (
).33 A , ,
ansi, XVI, 300 C 301 .
ansi, XVI, 301 , 416 D; Synodicon Vetus, 158.18. Life of Ignatius, 40.125,
, , , .
859. , ,
858, , ,
. , ,
, Life of Ignatius,
40.2629, 859. , , 861. , , ,
. O , cf. Hergenrther, I, 392405; Dvornik, Schisme, 107115.
31
869/870.
,
875. , Anastasii Bibliothecarii epp., 437.518.
32
Dvornik, Schisme, 107108.
33
Mansi, XVI, 416 AB.
29
30
II. (856867)
111
,
.34

.35
,
,36
,37
.38 860. , , I
, ,
, .
,

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.40 ,41 . ,
.
, .
,
.
,
, ,
Mansi, XVI, 3 DE, 441 BC.
36
37
(...
...), Life of Ignatius, 48.3050.1.
38
Dvornik, Schisme, 9196, 858.
homo novus,
,
, . ,
,
, ? Varona Codeso, Prieto Domnguez, Deconstructing Photios, 138139,

, .
39
Photii epp., 288.1521; 289.4860.
40
Photii epp., 288.910, 2021.
41
Photii epp., 288.1517.
34
35
112
858. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,42
, ,
.43
,
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.44 , , , ,

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860. ,
,
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861. . , 861, ,
25. 860,
. , , , ,
.
42
Photii epp., 288.4647; 289.6566.

44
Photii epp., 288.4760; 289.7072.
45
46
Photii epp., 288.6170; 289.7287.
47
43
II. (856867)
113
, , , , ,
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,
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48

50
51
49
114
.
,
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856, ,
857. 858. , , ,
, .
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, 859. ,
, ,52
Photii epp., 3; Hergenrther, I, 388392; Grumel, Regestes, no. 470; Dvornik, Schisme,
9697. 859. ,
III , ODB I, 255 (P. A.
Hollingsworth, A. Cutler); PmbZ, no. 791.
52
II. (856867)
115
, , , ,
, .53

. .54
, . ,
,
.

. , .
.
, .
,
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(pervasor), (, adulter).55
859.
,

, ,
.56

, , 858,
, .57 , , .
, ,
.58
.

. ,

,
53
Photii epp., 3, ll. 67, 2829.

55
Mansi, XVI, 416 A. Cf. Dvornik, Schisme, 153154.
56
Mansi, XVI, 416 CD.
57
Mansi, XVI, 300 BC.
58
. .
54
116
. ,
,
,
, , , . ,
.
I, 25. 860. ,
, 861.
343. ,
,
, .59 .

859. 860. , III
, I (858867).60
, ,
, , , . ,
.61 , , 25. 860. ,
I Liber
pontificalis.
,
59
Nicolai I epp., 434.30436.21; 440.716. , , ,

, . 10, III, 256257. , ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, . . , II, 117119.
, ,
, ,
, .
60
O
860. , ,
, Dvornik, Schisme, 117.
61
Liber ponticalis II, 154.21155.10, 158.1527; Life of Ignatius, 42.1531; Mansi, XVI, 4
BC; Photii epp., no. 288; Nicolai I epp., 458.36459.4, 505.3134, 513.1319; Dvornik, Schisme,
116124.
II. (856867)
117
, .62 ,
,
Synodicon Vetus,
, .63 ,
.64 , Liber
pontificalis ,
. ,
, , ,
.65 To je , ,
(epistula inauguralis),
, .66
. ,

.67 , ,
,
, .68 ,
,
, ,
, 62
Liber ponticalis II, 155.15; Nicolai I epp., 433.15438.24. Dvornik, Schisme, 122123,

,
, ibid, 116; Idem, Photius and Iconoclasm, 6897.
,
, .
. , ,
, -
. , cf. II, 647704. 860/861, , 869/870. , ,
.
63
Life of Ignatius, 42.1921; Synodicon Vetus, 159.15.
64
Mansi, XVI, 4 BC.
65
66
Photii epp., 289,195.
, , , ,
.
67
Photii epp., 288.4647, 289.6566.
68
118
. 25. 860. ,
,
, .69
je 859/860.
, ,
, . ,
.

,
859. ,
, .
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,
,
Liber pontificalis . 3.
343. , ,
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I 859/860. ,

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.
,71
.
, 25. 860. , . ,
,72
. , , , .73
5. 10. 343. 5. ,
69
Nicolai I epp., 440.122.

III, 233234.
71
Liber ponticalis II, 155.56.
72
73
Nicolai I epp., 434.30436.21; 440.716.
70
II. (856867)
119
,
.74
,
, ,
419.
.
, I,
.75 10. ,
,
,
, .76
,
. ,
, .
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.
.

, .77 , ,
, , ,
. , 869/870. ,

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,
,
, 74
. 5, III, 239240.
, II, 112113.
76
. 10, III, 256257.
77
Nicolai I epp., 436.2237, 439.1224, 440.1721; Liber ponticalis II, 155.58, 158.2327;
Life of Ignatius, 42.2931; Mansi, XVI, 4 BC.
78
Mansi, XVI, 58 CD. Dvornik, Schisme, 118121, , ,
. , , ,
869/870.
.
75
120
I (772795) 787.79 ,
, ,
, .
.
, .
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,
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732. .81
, ,
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, , 864866, . , , 860. , ,
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861.

861. . , .82 . , , ,
XI .83
79
Nicolai I epp., 436.37437.10.

Nicolai I epp., 438.25439.11.
81
V. Grumel, Lannexion de lIllyricum oriental, de la Sicile et de la Calabre au patriarcat de
Constantinople, Recherches de sciences religieuses 40 (1952) 191200; M. Anastos, The Transfer
of Illyricum, Calabria and Sicily to the Jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 732/33,
Studi bizantini e neoellenici 9 (1957) 1431.
82
, Deusdedit, 606.3132,
6. . O . Dvornik, Schisme, 124143.
83
Deusdedit, 603.1610.5.
80
II. (856867)
121
.84 ,
, ,
Libellus Ignatii, ,
, Vita Ignatii .
.
, ,
.
, .
.85 ,
, .
,
.86 ,
.87 , , .88 , , , ,
,
.89

.
,
, , , , ,
.90
.
, ! ,
.
84
Dvornik, Schisme, 6263, 125. 869/870, , cf. loc. cit.
85
Deusdedit, 603.47.
86
87
, , ,
Life of Ignatius, 46.59. ,
( , ), Mansi, XVI, 297
BD.
88
Deusdedit, 604.2930, 606.3536, 608.13, 609.12, 25. , cf. PmbZ, no. 3315.
, Photii epp., 5, 61, 94,
155.
89
Life of Ignatius, 46.948.4. , cf. PmbZ, no. 719, , PmbZ,
no. 4455, , PmbZ, no. 7896.
90
Deusdedit, 603.1014, 1720, 605.1416, 2022, 2633, 606.13, 2426, 608.2932,
609.1620. , cf. PmbZ, no. 5865; , PmbZ, no. 7726;
, PmbZ, no. 223.
122

859. . ,
,
.91 , .92 ,
,
859.
. , ,
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.
3, 4. 5. 343. ,
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.

, ,93
, .94

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, .
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, 91
Deusdedit, 603.610.
Deusdedit, 603.1014, 1720.
93
Deusdedit, 603.1416, 605.2226,
94
95
96
92
II. (856867)
123
. ,
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99
100
101
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98
124
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IV .
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Deusdedit, 603.3031; Mansi, XVI, 297 AD.
Deusdedit, 607.1428, 33.
104
Deusdedit, 608.710. I (337352)
.
105
Deusdedit, 604.614.
106
Deusdedit, 603.2930, 604.15, 2128, 607.2932.
107
108
Deusdedit, 606.31608.26.
102
103
II. (856867)
125
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13.
110
Deusdedit, 609.2132; Life of Ignatius, 46.3148.4, ; Synodicon Vetus, 159.517.
112
113
Deusdedit, 610.15; Life of Ignatius, 50.516. , , Mansi, XVI, 4
CE, 416 E 417 B, Synodicon Vetus, 159517.
114
Liber ponticalis II, 155.510; Mansi, XVI, 4 CE, 417 ; Life of Ignatius, 58.2127.
115
Mansi, XVI, 4 C.
111
126
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Life of Ignatius, 52.715; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 31) 193.21194.6; Pseudo-Symeon,

667.1319.
122
869/870, Mansi, XVI, 88 BD, , ,
, ibid., 85 B, 345 DE, 349 CD. Dvornik, Schisme, 8089.
123
124
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Photii epp., 290.123384.
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134
Photii epp., 290.419480.
135
136
Liber ponticalis II, 158.28159.10; Nicolai I epp., 441.1451.4.
137
Nicolai I epp., 441.1442.31.
138
139
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Nicolai I epp., 448.24449.4.
142
Mansi, XVI, 296 A.
143
Mansi, XVI, 293 .
144
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145
. 4, III, 238; Mansi, XVI, 297 D.
146
Mansi, XVI, 297 D.
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Mansi, XVI, 297 D 300 C.
1. 868,
II (867872) , Hadriani
II epp., 748.410, 749.1525.
149
863. , cf. Dvornik, Schisme,
149157.
150
Nicolai I epp., 519.4522.39; 557.19560.29; Liber ponticalis II, 159.1118; Synodicon
Vetus, 160.19; Dvornik, Schisme, 151157.
151
Nicolai I epp., 519.4522.39; 557.19560.29.
152
Nicolai I epp., 454.25487.24; 487.31488.18.
147
148
132
865. , .153
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153

155
Nicolai I epp., 459.1921. . Fgen, Reanimation of Roman law, 1722.
156
S. Hilarii Pictaviensis episcopi Tractatus super Psalmos, PL 9, 241242; S. Eusebii
Hieronymi Strydonensis presbyteri Epistolae, LX, 4, PL 22, 591; S. Eusebii Hieronymi Strydonensis
presbyteri Commentariorum in Isaiam prophetam, VII, 19.1921, PL 24, 257; S. Aurelii Augustini
Hipponensis episcopi Enarrationes in Psalmos, Psalmi LVIII enarratio I, 1, PL 36, 692; S. Aurelii
Augustini Hipponensis episcopi In Joannis Evangelium Tractatus, CXVII, 4, PL 35, 1946.
157
Sacrae legis lingua triplex est, Hebraea, Graeca, et Latina, S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi
Liber numerorum qui in Sanctis Scripturis occurrunt, PL 83, 182 C.
, , ,
, S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi tymologiae, IX, 1.34, PL 82, 326. .
evenko, Three Paradoxes, 222, n. 8.
158

Thomson, Trilinguism, 8097. O,
154
II. (856867)
133
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160
Photii Homiliae, 71.3172.12; Mango, Homilies, 123124.
161
III
26. 862. , cf. ODB I, 255256 (P. Hollingsworth, A. Cutler);
PmbZ, no. 791.
134

843. ,

IX .
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, , , , ,
Genesius, (IV, 15) 67.6669.41, 3.
863. () ,
Photii Homiliae, 100.414, 863.
, Jenkins, Mango, Tenth Homily, 130, 12. 864. .
, , : Imperante domno nostro piissimo perpetuum augusto
Michelio porfirogenito a deo coronato pacifico; magno victore imperatore anno vicesimo quarto;
nec non et Barda felicissimo Cesar anno secundo; die quinta decima mensis ianuarii indictione
quarta decima, Codex diplomaticus Cajetanus I, Montecassino 1887, 20.1621. 15.
866. , III ( 20. 842),
, 12. 864.
162
- IX X , Vasiliev, Arabes
III. - . , , 125 .
- , cf. M. Canard, Les relations politiques et
sociales entre Byzance et les Arabes, DOP 18 (1964) 3356; . Grabar, Islamic Art and Byzantium,
DOP 18 (1964) 6788; G. E. von Grunebaum, Parallelism, Convergence, and Inuence in the
Relations of Arab and Byzantine Philosophy, Literature, and Piety, DOP 18 (1964) 89111.
163
O - , , , cf. Meyendorff, Byzantine Views, 115132, ; M. de
Epalza, Notes pour une histoire des polmiques anti-chrtiennes dans lOccident musulman, Arabica
18/1 (1971) 99106; . . Khoury, Les thologiens byzantins et lIslam: textes et auteurs(VIIIe XIIIe
s.), Louvain 1969; Idem, Polmique byzantine contre lIslam (VIIIe XIIIe s.), Leiden 1972; ODB II,
10171018 (A. Kazhdan).
II. (856867)
135
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,
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164

IX , cf. Versteegh, Mission,
234262.
165
(847861), cf. Versteegh, Mission, 239242; Dvornik, Lgendes, 9192, 100103.
166
850855.
, Grousset, Histoire de lArmnie, 355371; Armenian People I, 140141 (N. Garsoan);
Greenwood, Armenian Neighbours, 349351.
167
Versteegh, Mission, 243.
168
ywoty, K VI, 1921.
169
170
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 669 A 841 D.
171
ywoty, K VI, 1925.
136
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172
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807.

ywoty, K VI, 19 .
174
Dvornik, Lgendes, 9398. , . , III, 534536 (. ).
175
ywoty, K VI, 19. O , cf. PmbZ, no. 2257.
176
Vasiliev, Arabes I, 222226; , ibid., 317318.
177
. , () ,
16 (1965) 98; Versteegh, Mission, 243, 255256.
178
Versteegh, Mission, 243, 255257.
179
ywoty, K IIIIV, 913.
173
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180
ywoty, K VI, 19.

Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807.
182
Vasiliev, Arabes I, 222226.
183
Vasiliev, Arabes I, 226; , ibid., 318. Treadgold, Bibliotheca, 34.
184
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 669 B.
185
ywoty, K VI, 19.
181
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III
856. , ODB I, 255 (P. A. Hollingsworth, A. Cutler);
PmbZ, no. 791.
187
ywoty, K VI, 19.
188
ywoty, K VI, 19.
189
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807 821 C.
190
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 669 A 701 D.
191
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 701 D 805 D. . Meyendorff, Byzantine Views,
121 sq.
II. (856867)
139
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(Confutatio et eversio secundae Agarenorum epistolae,
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Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807 A 821 C.

Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 821 D 841 C.
194
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 669 A.
195
Nicetae Refutatio epistolae ab Armeniae principe, 587 A 665 C.
196
Meyendorff, Byzantine Views, 121122, ,

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197

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, Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807.
198
O , cf. ODB III, 1768 (A. Shboul).
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Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 808 A 821 C.

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Refutatio Mohamedis, 809 .
201
Versteegh, Mission, 241 sq, (Briefe
Mutawakkils).
202
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 808 B, 821 D.
203
ywoty, K VI, 21; Versteegh, Mission, 244253.
204
ywoty, K VI, 19.
205
Versteegh, Mission, 246249, 254255.
200
II. (856867)
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Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 823 C 832 A.
211
Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 832 841 C; ywoty, K VI, 23.
212
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Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 829 C; ywoty, K VI, 21; Versteegh, Mission, 246247.
ywoty, K VI, 19.
215
ywoty, K VI, 19.
213
214
II. (856867)
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ywoty, K VI, 19.
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218
ywoty, K VI, 1925.

220
ywoty, K VI, 21.
221
222
- , 848.
851. , J. D. Hoag, Islamic Architecture, New York 1975, 2829.
223
ywoty, K VI, 25. , . - = , .
224
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, cf. ODB III, 18181820 (S. Franklin).
226
I, 2122.
227
Photii Homiliae, 33.5 sq, 34.2436.22, 40.144.31; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 33) 196.6
10; Symeon, 131.2930; Vasiliev, Attack, 150165. .
, Mango, Homilies, 7482. , A. A. Vasiliev, The Russian Attack
on Constantinople in 860, Cambridge/MA 1946, e .
228
Life of Ignatius, 44.1046.2, 68.57.
229
Photii Homiliae., 44.3246.3. ,
Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 33) 196.1012.
146
.230 ,
.

860. .231
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230
, Theophanes
Continuatus, (IV, 33) 196.1012. , , ,
, ,
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, , cf. Mango,
Homilies, 7681.
231
,
, , , (... , ...), Photii
Homiliae, 40.1341.3, 45.3435. . Mango, Homilies, 81,
23. 860. ,
, , .
, Vasiliev, Attack, 203218, , ,
861. , 861. .
,
861, Life of Ignatius, 46.350.25, , 861,
, Deusdedit, 603.1610.5,
, ywoty, K VIII, 2729, ,
860. ,
.
232
Photii Homiliae, 45.3646.1.
233
II. (856867)
147
, , , o
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867. .
IX ,
VII ,
,
, I (867886) ,
867. 877.236 ,
867,
.237 860,
V. Lamanski, The Slavonic Life of St. Cyril, Petrograd 1915, 130131; Vasiliev, Attack, 219.
Photii pp. I, 2.293305.
236
Vita Basilii, 97.146.
237
. .
: . , , 5 (1930) 5172, 122143; K.
Ericsson, The Earliest Conversion of the Rus to Christianity, The Slavonic and East European Review 44/102 (1966) 98121; A. A. , IX ., ed. Vavnek, Beitrge,
301315; LHuillier, Hierarchical Status, 282; Seibt, Chronologie, 291; , , 163
186, 219222; , , 169172.
234
235
148
867. .
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.

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, .240 ,

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VIII IX .241

238
, VII .
, X
he World of the Khazars. New Perspectives.
Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium, edd. P. Golden, H. BenShammai, A. Rna-Tas, Leiden Boston 2007.
239
ywoty, K VIII, 2729.
240
Golden, Conversion of the Khazars, 130136. -
, cf. R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, New Jersey 1970,
84, 86, 219220. () , . . ,
VIIIX , 2008, 292302.
241
O - VIII IX , cf. ODB II, 1127 (O. Pritsak);
, , 207214.
II. (856867)
149
.
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,243

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.
, .
, 965. , , .244 I, 1621; Vernadsky, Origins of Russia, 9297, 174226.
Photii Homiliae, 42.810.
244
Vernadsky, Origins of Russia, 273277.
242
243
150
860,
.
,
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245
ywoty, K VIII, 27.

ywoty, K VIII, 29.
247
Ibid.
248
Ibid.
246
II. (856867)
151
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. , .250
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. .251 ,
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30. 6369. , . 861. .253 ,
, , 860. . ,

860. .

, ,
, ,
. , 30. 861.
249
, , ,
, Ibid.
250
I (98117) , , cf.
Dvornik, Lgendes, 190197.
251
ywoty, K VIII, 31.
252
Butler, Sermon on the Translation, 1539.
. 869870. ,
, , , ,
. ,
875. , Anastasii Bibliothecarii epp., 436.5438.14; Butler, op. cit., 1920.
253
Butler, Sermon on the Translation, 22, 28, . 3.
152

. :
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,
. , , 869. 882. ,258
, 860861, .
254
ywoty, K VIII, 31.

Dvornik, Slaves, 139, n. 3; Idem, Lgendes, 184188; Vasiliev, Goths, 113114.
256
ywoty, K XVI, 7577. A. Vaillant, Les lettres russes dans
la Vie de Constantin, RES 15 (1935) 7377; R. Jakobson, Saint Constantin et et la langue syriaque,
Annuaire de Philologie et de lHistoire Orientales et Slaves 7 (1944) 181186.
S. Patri, Les sources des Lettres syriaques de la Vita
Constantini vieux-slave et les gurations littraires du Logos de la Rvlation, BSl 51 (2003) 8394.
O . Tachiaos, Some Controversial Points, 6171. . ,
, III, 500503 (. ),
.
.
257
G. Phillips, A Syriac Grammar, London 1866, 7.
258
H. Birnbaum, The Lives of Sts. Constantine-Cyril and Methodius, Cyrillomethodianum
1718 (19931994) 7.
255
II. (856867)
153
, VII
.259

,
(Nordmanni) .260
838. 839. o ,261
860. . , 869. 882. ,
860861. .
,
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(futhark).
IX
XI , .262
.
Abecedarium Nordmanicum. ,
848. 856, D inventione linguarum,
, , , , ( ,
).263 Abecedarium Nordmanicum, .
, , ,
. 878, IX .264
259
DAI I, 9.165.
O IX X
, cf. Vasiliev, Attack, 35.
, , (.
) (...Rusios, quos alio nos nomine
Nordmannos apellamus...), Liutprandi Antapodosis, (I, 11) 9.27, . (V, 15) 137.29138.1.
261
Annales Bertiniani, 434.1839.
262
O , cf. F. J. Laut, Das germanische Runen Fudark,
Mnchen 1857; . . , , 1965; Cambridge
History of Scandinavia I. Prehistory to 1520, ed. K. Helle, Cambridge 2003, 132134 (E. Roesdahl,
P. Meulengracht Srensen).
263
B. Rabani De inventione linguarum, PL 112, 15811582.
264
G. Scherrer, Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothek von St. Gallen, Halle
1875, 307309.
260
154
,
,
.
IX , .

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.
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860/861?
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860/861,
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863867.
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266

ywoty, K XIV, 67.
II. (856867)
155
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267
ywoty, M XV, 119.

, . 117:1; 2:11; .
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ywoty, K XIV, 6567.
270
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Photii epp., nos. 284, 298, 299.
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Photii epp., no. 285.
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Photii epp., 298.160161; Dorfmann-Lazarev, Armniens et Byzantins, 8485.
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Photii epp., 284.31913197.
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Photii epp., 285.3236, 61 sq, 91 sq, 127134, 146149; -,
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369

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. . . , Photii epp. III, p. XI.
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370
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365
366
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Photii epp. III, no. 284, p. 3. Dorfmann-Lazarev, Armniens et
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Photii epp., 284.1520, 31913197.
394
Nicetae refutatio epistolae ab Armeniae principe, 587.
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Grumel, Regestes, no. 516; Dorfmann-Lazarev, Armniens et Byzantins, 8687.
397
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406
407
, ywoty, K XIV, 73,
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417
ywoty, M V, 107.
418
ywoty, K XIV, 65.
419
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422

, . . , - IX .
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VIIIX , cf. G. Ostrogorsky, The Byzantine
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, , , ,
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.428

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.
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869/870. .433 , ,
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? , . Excerptum de Karentanis,
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870. ,
, ab Hystriae et Dalmatiae partibus, .
.435

. ,
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e . . , , , , , .
, , . ,
: , .436 .437
. .438
Liber ponticalis II, 184.2431; Dvornik, Missions, 310311.
ywoty, K XVXVI, 7375.
435
De conversione, 15.
436
ywoty, M XV, 119.
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ywoty, K XV, 69.
438

, cf. Dvornik, Missions, 105118; , , 3137; ,
, 114154.
Vavnek, Introduction, 264275, , , , , ,
. .
, .
433
434
192
, .439

, ,
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.441
, , .442 ,
,
, 865. 867, ,
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. , .444
.
, ,
. ,
439
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ywoty, K XV, 71.
441
ywoty, K XV, 7173.
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, , 7682, 8691, 107115.
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,
. , . , , 725; , , 1640;
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863.

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.448 .
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, , , op. cit., 9899. , , , .
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194
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449
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,
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,
olog dialog, ywoty, K XVI, 75, . 394. ,
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M$ ` tri tkmo z$k$ vm, imi` dostoit v knigah slaviti Boga,
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, , , Thomson, Trilinguism, 9899, : We know of only three peoples for whom it is fitting
to praise God in alphabets: the Jews, Greeks (and) Latins. z$k$
(peoples), a knigi (alphabets), ,
imi`, a im`e, ...z$k$... imi`
dostoit v knigah slaviti Boga... : ......
, : ...languages... by which it is fitting to praise God in
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, , op. cit., 98, n. 199.
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ywoty, K XVI, 7577. .
, Thomson,
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,
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457
. 117:1; 2:11; . 2:11; 1. . 14:4.
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199202, 215.19223.15; Acta Davidis, 252.1531; Vasiliev, Arabes I, 249255; G. Huxley, The
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Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 15) 163.19165.10. ,
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, cf. PmbZ, no. 7723.
472

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: A. Vogt, Basile Ier, empereur de Byzance
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I (590604),
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572

O Responsa ad consulta Bulgarorum I, cf. I. Dujev,
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Responsa Nicolai, c.13, 575.1015; c. 19, 578.3743; c. 21, 579.1220; c. 26, 580.59; c. 84,
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573
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I
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, 418432.
gentis Bulgarorum apostolus.
577
578
Annales Fuldenses 380.15.
579
580
Responsa Nicolai, . 7273, 592.27593.17.
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220
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Liber ponticalis II, 165.1722. , ,
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I . 15, ibid., 145; IV . 5, ibid., 229.
582
VII, 186, . 1.
583
584
II. (856867)
221
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, , op. cit., 2.293305,
.
, cf. M. Hurbani, The Byzantine Missionary Concept and its Revitalisation in the 9th
Century. Some Remarks on the Content of Photius Encyclical Letter Ad Archiepiscopales Thronos
per Orientem Obtinentes, BSl 63 (2005) 103116.
586
587
Photii epp., 2.65100, 205276.
588
Photii epp., 290.200240.
589
222
,
.590

.591
II (855869) , . ,
863. ,
. ,
. II , II
(850875), ,
864, .592 , , . , .593
.
867. ,
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869/870, , , ,
I,
.
, , ,
867.
, ,
590
Photii epp., 2.277292. ,

787. , , , , ,
op. cit., 2.349387.
591
592
- IX , cf.
Alexander, Papacy, 273283.
593
.
, Alexander, Papacy, 276277; Hergenrther, I, 540551.
594
Mansi, XVI, 5 BE, 417 CE; Life of Ignatius, 76.728; Synodicon Vetus, 161.19. 867. , . Hergenrther, I, 639666; Hefele, Leclercq, IV, 442449;
Dvornik, Schisme, 181186. . Mango, Homilies, 299306.
II. (856867)
223
, !595
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, .600
.
,
23. 867.601
,
, ,
Mansi, XVI, 5 BD.
Mansi, XVI, 417 D. , Life
of Ignatius, 76.2328.
597
Photii Homiliae, 173.1180.11; Mango, Homilies, 298299. , ,
, ibid., 302304.
598
Mansi, XVI, 384 BC; Mango, Homilies, 299.
599
Mansi, XVI, 417 ; Life of Ignatius, 76.1632.
600
601
595
596
224
, .602

.603
,
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867.

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23. 24. 867. ., , ,
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.
(867886) , .606
.
602
Nicolai I epp., 603.23604.7.

604
605
606
Bury, History, 176179; , , 229230; Varona Codeso, Miguel III,
178181.
603
III. (867886)
869/870.
III. (867886)
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(867886) .
.
.
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.1
23. 867. ,
, .2 , ,
.3
,
.4 , 11. 868. I, , 867.
1
Mansi, XVI, 6 BE; Life of Ignatius, 78.2224; Vita Nicolai Studitae, 913 B; Vita Basilii,
32.118; Symeon, 132.5; Pseudo-Symeon, 688.22689.6; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 841.16;
2
Life of Ignatius, 84.715; Synaxarium CP, 160.78.
3
O , cf. Hergenrther, II, 183258.
4
226
, II (867872), ,
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, .
,
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.5
VI,
, VII , Vita
Basilii , , , . .6
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.9

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,
II
.11 , II
I,
Mansi, XVI, 46 AE.
Oraison funbre, 62.664.24; Vita Basilii, 32.118; , , 5556.
7
Vita Nicolai Studitae, 913 B.
8
Life of Ignatius, 78.2229. O , cf. OBD II, 1283 (C.
Mango, A.-M. Talbot).
9
Symeon, 132.5; Pseudo-Symeon, 688.22689.6; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 841.16.
10
11
, , 233; Dvornik, Schisme, 203204.
5
6
III. (867886)
227
. , II .
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868,
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.

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12
II , , cf. Ludwig II, Kg. v. Italien, Ks.,
LdMA V, 2177 (H. Zielinski).
13
, , 5156.
14
15
Photii epp., 86.1619; 98.5761.
228
. ,
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,
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866. ,
III, a .17
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16
17

Symeon, 131.40; Pseudo-Symeon, 679.1517; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 832.15
833.9.
18
Vita Basilii, 28.15; Symeon, 132.1; Pseudo-Symeon, 687.67; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 839.57.
19
20
Photii epp. 98.1656. , ,
868. , 867.
21
Photii epp., 115.118. To , , 867871,
869. .
III. (867886)
229
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pontificalis, , ,
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867. II
,
.24
, , ,
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22
Life of Ignatius, 84.715; Synaxarium CP, 160.710.

Liber ponticalis, 165.2731.
24
23
230

.
.
868. ,
II
1. 868.25 ,
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Hadriani II epp., 749.3540.

27
28
Hadriani II epp., 748.31749.14.
29
Hadriani II epp., 748.122, 749.1540.
30
26
III. (867886)
231
.31 , 869/870.
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847848. ,
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31

Mansi, XVI, 46 A 49 D; Life of Ignatius, 86.211.
33
11. 867. , Dvornik,
Schisme, 206207, 11. 868,
E. Kislinger, Eildiplomatie in der photianischen Kontroverse? Zur Datierung von Kaiserregest 474 sowie blockierten und wieder nutzbaren Verkehrswegen, JB 62 (2012) 1927. .
ibidem, 27,
867869.
34
868, 867. , , ,
, , ,
,
, 868. .
35
32
232
, . ,
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867. 863. .

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.37 , , 10. 869.
,
I 863.
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867. .38
869/870.
, 869. , ,
, , , .39 ,
, 5. 869. . I. .
, ,
- .40
36

38
Hadriani II epp., 750.13754.5; 754.15758.34.
39
Life of Ignatius, 86.1221; Synodicon Vetus, 162.112.
40
, Mansi, XVI, 308409, , , , Mansi,
37
III. (867886)
233

. , , ,
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, 863. 869,
, .
.
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. ,
, 843. .42
869/870.
. , ,
XVI, 13207. O , cf. Hergenrther, II, 63132; Hefele,
Leclercq, IV, 481545; Dvornik, Schisme, 213221.
41
Mansi, XVI, 34 36 E. , , 58.
42
869870, Mansi, XVI, 160 A 178 E.
234

IX . 860.
.43 869/870.
,
,
.44
Vita Basilii 869/870. , ,
.45 ,
, , ,
.46
843. . , 861.
, , .
.47 , 869/870.
, . IX .
, , . , ,
, 843. .48 ,
. ,
. ,
843. , , 858,
.
843. ,
, , .49 ,
43
Nicolai I epp., 436.17438.24; Liber ponticalis II, 155.13.

Mansi, XVI, 6 BC.
45
46
47
Dvornik, Photius and Iconoclasm, 7980,
861. , .
48
Mansi, XVI, 139 C sq. O 843. 869, cf
Gouillard, Deux gures, 387394, 400401; Dvornik, Photius and Iconoclasm, 7984.
49
, Dvornik, Photius and Iconoclasm, 83. -
III , Pseudo-Symeon, 681.49.
44
III. (867886)
235
.
III . V ,
, VII ,
843, . , 861,
, (
).50 () .51
.
III ,52 12. 864,
, 21. 866. , .53

,
, . 864. .54 ,
864. .
, ,
. 861. 862. ,
, III
862. 863. .
I. 869/870.
.
, , . , , 843. .
, .
860.
,
843. , 843.
, .
50
Pseudo-Symeon, 681.412.
Photii Homiliae, 99.1104.27; Jenkins, Mango, Tenth Homily, 123140; Mango, Homilies,
177183; , , 269271.
52
Photii Homiliae, 99.22100.19, 103.28104.16.
53
Jenkins, Mango, Tenth Homily, 130131; Mango, Homilies, 180.
54
Jenkins, Mango, Tenth Homily, 130131; Mango, Homilies, 180
51
236
, , . 869/870.
. 7. 869. ,
,
, ,
.55
869/870.56

.
, ,
,
. , 867. , e ,
. 869.
, .57
, ,
, 866,
, ,
.58

. ,
.59
.
, , , ,
.60
Mansi, XVI, 139 C 143 C.
Mansi, XVI, 161 C 162 A.
57
58
59
, 869.
. Dvornik, Schisme, 211.
, .
60
55
56
III. (867886)
237
.
, , , .61
.
869. .62
, .

, . ,

.
.
.
869/870.
II Liber Pontificalis , ,
,
.63 ,
,
. ,
.64
. ,
,

.
. ,
61

63
64
Anastasii Bibliothecarii epp., 411415,
,
.
62
238
,

.
. , 870.
, .
,65 . eoj 28. 870.
. ,
, .66 , 4. , ,
, ,
.67
,
.
.
,
; ,
; , . .
, .
.

.68 ,
a. ,
, , .
,
65
ansi, XVI, 389 E 392 A,
, 12. 870, II,
, . ,
, ,
.
66
Mansi, XVI, 157 CD, 158 B.
67
Liber ponticalis II, 182.1231. 867. 870.
869/870, . Simeonova, Diplomacy, 248270.
68
,
, .
III. (867886)
239
. ,
( , ,
, , , ,
, ). , ,
, ,
.69 , , ,
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.

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. ,71
, , .
III (717741) V (741775),
( )
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, .72
, , , IX
.73

, terra infidelium , ,
.74
.75
69

IV . 17, II, 258259; . 38, II, 392.
71
, , 172, 189.
72
, 178.
73
,
, cf. Komatina, Slavs, 5582.
74
75
Liber ponticalis II, 183.26184.1.
70
240
. , .
: ... ...
.76
O , , . , ,
. ,
, ,
. . , . , 22.
870. .77 ,
.78 .

. 867,
,
. ,
, , , .
I , III, .
I. , .

. . , ,

76
Quaprotper Vulgarum patriam ex Grecorum potestate dudum fuisse et Grecos sacerdotes
habuisse comperimus, sanctae ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae a qua per paganismum recesserat
nunc per Christianismum restitui iudicamus, Liber ponticalis II, 184.111.
77
. , , Liber ponticalis II, 184.24185.3.
78
, , 133; , , 232, . 1, , .
III. (867886)
241
,
. ,
,
, ,
( ?) ,
.79
,
,
, ,
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... , :
,
.
.
I, 869870.
, 864866. , ,
.
870.
,80 . , .

, .
.81 ,
, ,

.
79
Anastasii Bibliothecarii epp., 413.2227.

Anastasii Bibliothecarii pp., 413.2235.
81
80
242
870. 866. . , ,
, . , ,
.

870. ,
, ,
:
,
.82 .

, , .
.83
,
870. .
VIII , 872. 873,
(Graeca falsitas) ,
,
.84 , ,
, 871. , ( ), .85 ,
() ,
,86
( ).87 ,
, VIII, 879. , , 229.
, , 229;
II, . . , . , 1981, 229230, ... //, ... (. ); Dvornik, Slves,
248251; , , 4041. , , , 115;
, , 226232; , , 3842,
, . , ,
, 99103, 870,
879/880. . . , , 363364.
84
...quemdam scismaticum sub nomine archiepiscopum destinavit, Johannis VIII epp., 278.717.
85
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 7, 11.1. ,
( ), ibid., 7.3,
, , cf. Lemerle, Pauliciens, 20.
86
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 2, 7.1113.
87
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 6, 9.28.
82
83
III. (867886)
243
, , ,
, (archiepiscopo, .) (episcopis, .),
, .88
, , . , ,

(877886) ,
- (886893). ,
877/878. ,89
870877.
. Vita Basilii , ,
,
,
.90 . , , . ,
, ,
,
,
, .91

869/870. ? Vita Basilii 96.
. . I,
867. 886. , ,
, 864889. , Vita Basilii 96. ,
.
, 870.
, 879. . ,
870. 886.
,
.
88
...ibidem sunt inlicite ordinati episcopi vel sacerdotes ab archiepiscopo vel episopis, qui
ibidem videntur existere, nec sacrum pallium,... ipse patriarcha mittere presumpserit, Johannis VIII
epp., 173.43174.5.
89
, , , 7981.
90
91
, , 89.
244
, 872/873.
879. , . ,

. (),
, .92 ,
() . , ,
VIII
872/873. , ,
.
, 879. ,
,
. , , 871872.
, . , .
. , , , , .
,
870.
, , , , .
. 3
.93 3 787. , IX .94 , 92
Oikonomids, Listes, 51.13,14; 143.28,29; 249.1,2; 269.18,19,
, (. ) .
(. )
. , , 879. ,
.
, , 899. , Oikonomids, Listes, 137.17, .
8. (, 431. ),
, III . 8,
II, 203204.
93
Notitiae, 3.1779.
94
Notitiae, pp. 3233. . ,
(IXX ), , , ,
, 18, IX . VIII ,
III. (867886)
245
, (. 2, 4, 5, 6),
. , ,
, , IX ,
870. 879. .

, (, ) ,
( . 1, 2, 4, 5, 6),95 . 3
, ,
7, .
.96 ,
, ,
.
(), , () (. ) (. ) .
.97 ,
.98
, . ,

. 1, 2, 4 5, , , .99
787, , , cf. G. Konidars,
I, Athen 1934, 2585.
95
. 1, VII VIII , ,
. . 2 (806814. ) ,
(. ) , Notitiae, 2.1013, 3841, 79, 8687, 207243. . 4, 5. 6
, ,
Notitiae 4.39a, 483492; 5.3443; 6.3746.
96
Notitiae, 3.49, 603610, 642656.
97
Parthey, 636.1637.17.
98
Ibid.
870. .
99
. 1
, 680. , cf. Notitiae, 1.3940, 2.4243, 4.4041, 5.4445.
, , .
, ,
.
246
, . 3
,100
. . 3 , 36.
(?) : , , , , , .
40.
, 14 : , , , , ,
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.101 , , , ,102
IX . , . 3 .

IX , ,
.103
. 3. ,
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.
.
,
4. 870. .
. ,

. .
100
Notitiae, 3.5594.
Notitiae, 3.603610, 642656.
102
. Parthey, 636.1637.17.
103
. 3
. ,
. IX
.
101
III. (867886)
247
. , ,
. ,
,
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, . 870.
,

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.

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.104

. .105

,
879/880.
.106 , 879/880.

. ,

, .
879/880. . .
, , 871. 872.
?
, ,
: , , .107 II
10. 871. ,
antistes,
, I2, 202218, IX
, .
105
Omophorion, ODB III, 1526 (N. Pattersonevenko).
106
, , 102103; , , 364. . .
107
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 2, 6, 7; 7.1113, 9.28, 11.1.
104
248
.108 , ,
, ,
880. ?
,
.109 (civitates) ,
, ,
; / .
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
.110
, () (vicarius).
, , III
;111 , ,
, . ,
,
, ,
antistes, praesul.112 , ,
, .

, .
,

.113
...Ignatius in Vulgarum regione consacrare praesumpsit antistitem, Hadriani II epp.,
760.1415.
109
IV . 17, II, 258259; . 38., II, 392.
110
, I, 189199.
111
III . 8, II, 203204.
112
113
IV . 17, II, 258259.
108
III. (867886)
249
,114
, ,
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.
, VIII, dioecesis Bulgariorum.115
, . 3,
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879/880. .
, , 870. , ,117 , ,
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,
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879/880. ,
.
114
. 38, II, 392.

Johannis VIII epp., 66.38, 173.34.
116
Oikonomids, Listes, 137.17; 245.17.
117
. 37, II, 388,
.
115
250
,
, 870.
,
, ,
870.

.
. , ,
,
, IX , . . 3
, , ,
, ,
, 732. ,
, (
) .

. 870,
. , ,
,
. , ,
870. 879. ,
. 879.
, , ( ?),118
VIII 878. .119 , , ,
, .120 , , Mansi, XVII, 373 D, 373 E 376 A, 376 B. /
, cf. D. Cheshmedjiev, Notes on the Cult of the Fifteen Tiberioupolitan
Martyrs, Studia Ceranea. Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and
Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe 1 (2011) 143156. , . , : , 45, 7787,
XI .
. , IX , 64 (2011) 257276,
.
119
Johannis VIII epp., 58.2460.31.
120
, , 359363. . . ,
VII , 36 (1997) 179180, 187188, 191192.
118
III. (867886)
251
IX .121
, . ,
.122
870. 880. ,
. I
873. .123

.
,
. ,
, , ,
. , .124
879.
() , 26. 877, ,
,
.

. , ,

, ( 597.
VIII ),
,
, , ,
.125 , ,
,
.
Komatina, Slavs, 7478.
, , 364366.
123
Annales Fuldenses, 387.2325; , , 362363, 366.
124
, , 366367.
125
Responsa Nicolai, . 7273, 592.27593.17.
121
122
252

4. 870. , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
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II, ,
.
,
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II
. ,
10. 871. , ,

.127 ,
,
.128
M,
. , VIII (872882). , , , ,
,
,
.

126

843,
, Anastasii Bibliothecarii pp., 403.22415.26.
127
128
III. (867886)
253
, ,
, , , ,
, , .
.129

VIII .
, 872. 873. .
VIII . 14. 13. 872.

.
.

870. .
.
. ,
.
. , ()
.130
870,
871. II,
. II 871.
, VIII 872/873.
.
, . , .
, ,
,
.131 ,
,
,
,
.
129
870. 882. ,
cf. Simeonova, Diplomacy, 296330.
130
Johannis VIII pp., 277.2339.
131
Johannis VIII pp., 278.1317.
254

, , . ,
, .
. 873. /
, , .132
,
,
.
,
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() ,
VIII .
, , IV ,
(
V ). ,
866. , , 869.
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, 873.
, , , ,
.133

, , ,
873,
, , , , , ,
.134

. 874.
132
Johannis VIII epp., 281.1 286.10.

Johannis VIII epp., 282.2430.
134
. .
133
III. (867886)
255
875, .
. . 872/873. .
, , ,135 . .
,
, ,
,
.136 ,

, .137
872/873. ,
874/875.
870.
,
.
, , , .
,
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866. 869. .
870. 877.
. .
869/870, , ,
. , 870. ,
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.
. 871. 135

137
136
256
II , 875. ,
, .138
.

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876. 877. .
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. . 877. , , ,
.
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.139 , ,
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870,
. . ,
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. .
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. 35.
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DAI I, 29.233235. , DAI I, 29.5456, , . 31. 32. .
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VII . . , , 353, . 1162.
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,
: ...Histriam quoque et Liburniam atque Dalamciam, exceptis maritimis civitatibus, quas
ob amicitiam et iunctum cum eo foedum Constantinopolitanum imperatorem habere permisit...,
Einhardi Vita Caroli Magni, MGH SS rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi
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187
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189
190
...dux Dalmaciae atque Liburniae..., Ann. inh., 208.1.
191
192
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193
...In Sclavorum deducti Domagoi manus pro dolor! inciderunt..., Liber ponticalis II, 184.2431.
270

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Chronicon Salernitanum, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH, SS III, Hannoverae 1839, 525.48526.6.
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, 365, . 1225. ,
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198
DAI I, 32.3538, IX ,
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685) ,
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,
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S. Agathonis papae epistolae, PL 87, 1226 A.
. - 691/692. ,
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CD I, 8. O , cf. Klai, Povijest, 232239; , , 111.
, Z. Strika, Poetci i razvoj ninske Crkve do dolaska franakih misionara u hrvatske
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274
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, IX 891.
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213
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215
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216
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874. , , 163,
IX
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VIII 873. .
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220
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221
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, DAI I, 32.5762. , 855/856.
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(1) Presbiteri illic absoluti et vagi ex omni loco adventantes quaedam

ecclesiastica contra canones ocia peragunt, immo numerosa, cum sint
ascephali, scelera contra Dei precepta committunt.
(2) Quapropter ammonemus te, ut progenitorum tuorum secutus morem
quantum potes ad Pannonnsium reverti studeas diocesin. Et quia illic iam
Deo gratias a sede beati Petri apostoli episcopus ordinatus est, ad ipsius
pastoralem recurras sollicitudinem.223
,
, ,
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acephali, .
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, .
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. , cf. L. Margeti, Utjecaj Rakoga na hrvatsku historiograju, Problemi
sjevernog Jadrana 9 (2008) 2832. T. Vedri, Gdje ive Mirmidonci? Prilog raspravi o znaenju
pojmova Mirmidones i Marab u zadarskoj legendi o prijenosu moi sv. Krevana, Povijesni prilozi
41 (2011) 63, . ,
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I, 152, . 29 (). , , 6869, 163,
.
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Idem, Missions, 156,
838. , 861. .
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epp, 282.915, 283.610, , ,
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278

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, , ,
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IX ,229
.230
VIII
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S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi De ecclesiasticis ofciis, PL 83, 779 AB.

Concilium Moguntinense A. 813, c. XXII (De clericis vagis), ed. A. Werminghoff, MGH
Conc. II/1, Concilia aevi Karolini (742842) I, Hannoverae Lipsiae 1906, 267.822; Mansi, XIV,
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230
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AB. IX acephali,
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, , 369371,
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252
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III. (867886)
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29. De adminstrando
imperio 52. 54. Vita Basilii, . , ,
I .

. .

I.
, 870.
. .
.
-
286
.
, I
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VI (886912), ,
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,
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,
.
,
, , VII ,
.255
,
I
.
VII .256 VIII
(766780).257 ,

, 253
Taktika, 18.453460.

VIIIX , , ,
, , , , , . ( ).
, cf. ODB III, 1910 1911 (O. Pritsak); LdMA VII, 1988 (J. Koder).
255
, ,
, . , , 43262.
256
Dvornik, Slaves, 235; , , 1015. . I, 268, . 6 ( , . ),
. . , , 9799.
257
Theophanis Chronographia I, ed. C. de Boor, Lipsiae 1883, 440.1113.
254
III. (867886)
287
783. , 805.258
IX ,
.
.259
,
.
I
. ,
, VII
VIII .260 , VIII
,
.
, , ,

, .261
, IX
. , ,
, ,
, .262

I 867.263

.
258
Dvornik, Slaves, 240248; , , 1516; . ,
, 46 (2009) 4647.
259
La vie de Saint Grgoire le Dcapolite et les Slaves Macdoniens au IXe sicle, ed. F. Dvornk, Paris 1926, 3536, 61.2062.4; Vita des Hl. Gregorios Dekapolites, 49.115.
260
, . , , 208219, 231239.
261
, , 231239.
262
ywoty, M II, 105; Tachiaos, Some Controversial Points, 4661,
. . , , 256257.
263
III
( ),
, De cerimoniis I, 634.9635.6; II, 76 (. ). T

.
288
, ,
. , ,
.264 , , ,
I ,
.265
,
I. ,
. ,
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a
I. ,

894/895. , ,
, , ,
.266
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.267 ,
, , .268
I
.
879/880. , , ,
, .269 .270
, 7 89, IX X ,
.271
, , 134136, , .
264
Taktika, 18.441449.
265
Taktika, 18.454456.
266
, , 39.
267
, , 3940, . 39.
268
,
, Ioannis Caminiatae De expugnatione Thessalonicae, d. G. Bhlig, Berolini 1973 (CFHB 4), 9.23, ,
, cf. ibid., 6.68, 8.6, a ,
I, 268, . 6 (. ).
269
Mansi, XVII, 376 A.
270
Dvornik, Slaves, 235236; , , 252253.
271
Notitiae, 7.299; 9.185; 10.218; 13.228.
III. (867886)
289
, , , , IX
X ,
. ,272
, ,273
.274
879.
, .
, 732. .
IX . ,
,
I ,
.275
,
VI. ,
, ,
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(). .
*,
, , ,
.276
,
.277 ,
272
Notitiae, 7.569; 9.440; 10.519; 13.568.

Notitiae, 7.586, 593, 594; 9,457, 464, 465; 10.544, 551, 552; 13.594, 601, 602.
274
Notitiae, 7.616, 618; 9.490, 492; 10.580, 582; 13.630, 632.
275
Dvornik, Slaves, 233239; , , 2223; , , 251253, 255256. ,
879/880,
. ,
, ,
.
, , , , ,
, .
.
276
Lexikon II, 328. VI, . Tsaras,
, 135157.
277
,
Procopius III: Bella IVIII, ed. J. Haury, Lipsiae 1963, IV, 27.38; V, 18.40, 29.11; VII, 9.12, 21.4,
12, 14; VIII, 23.25; Procopius III: Historia arcana, ed. J. Haury, Lipsiae 1963, 24.7.
,
273
290

.
.
, , .
, , 783, I 805.
,
. .
.278 ,
, .279 Vita
Basilii, I
, .280 , ,
I.281

I. 50. De administrando imperio,

, VII
,
, . , , (), heodori
Studitae epp., 145.19, 419.30, 458.2728. , VII ,
I, 805. , DAI I, 49.46.
869/870. , Mansi,
XVI, 376 B. , cf. Lexikon II, 328.
I (772795) 787. , ,
Graecia, , Mansi, XII,
1059 D, 1062 A, 1071 B. Tsaras, , 144148,
, , . ,
, 124, . 280,
,
, .
278
, , 3238, 4647.
279
DAI I, 50.170.
280
281
D. Zakythnos, , Athnai 1945, 95. no. 2.
III. (867886)
291
, , ,
, .
.282 . , , . ,
, . (), ,
400 .283

218 ( 587. 805), ,
,
.284 , .
400 . , ,
,
, ,285 , ,
, ,
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( ).286

VI VII .
, ,
, . . ,
282
DAI I, 50.7176.
DAI I, 50.7682.
284
Cronaca di Monemvasia, 141144; S. Kougeas,
, 9 (1912) 474475 (= Arethas of Caesareia, Athens
1985, 192193).
285

. , ,
, , , .
, ,
, .
, ,
Cronaca di Monemvasia, ll. 90133. , ,
, , , cf. S. C. Caratzas, Les Tzacones, Berlin New York 1976. (Supplementa Byzantina 4).
286
Cronaca di Monemvasia, ll. 8890.
283
292
.287 ,
.
.
, . , ,
VI VII .288
,
, VII VIII ,289
IX X , .
7. 89, ,
.290

, .
, 7.
.291
.

, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
287
Lexikon III, 484485; Tsaras, , 144148; A. Kaldellis, Hellenism in Byzantium. The
Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition, Cambridge 2007,
115117, 120131.
288
( 932),
,
, . ,
(
), ( ).
, ,
, , .
O VI , cf. A. Bon, Le
Ploponnse byzantin jusquen 1204, Paris 1951, 49.
289
, , 37, . 50, 4345.
290
Notitiae, 7.495; 9.378; 10.448; 13.444; , , 4345.
291
Notitiae, 7.491.
III. (867886)
293
. ,
,
, .

, . ,
, ,
.292
783. 805,
,
. , ,
.293
VIII IX
,
,294
. , ,
783. 805. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
IX , I,
.

I ,
873/874. . , , .
, , .295
292
DAI I, 29.7981; 50.7678.

, , 4047.
294
, , 4050.
295
. F. Cumont, La conversion des juifs byzantins au IXe sicle, Revue de
linstruction publique en Belgique 46 (1903) 815; Sharf, Byzantine Jewry, 8294.
293
294
. , 6382. ,
.296 6382. , ,
1. 873. 31. 874.
, VI , . 55,
I , ,
() , , ,
, ,
, .297
, , VII ,
95. Vita Basilii,
,
,
. ,
, , .298

,
.
, ,
, ,
878. , , 878/879.299 ,

, . ,300 ,301 .
. .
, () , ,
296
... , , ..., Kleinchroniken, 45.21; PseudoSymeon, 691.810, ,

872/873. 873/874, ,
866. , 873/874. 874/875, 867. . , . ,
- , ,
.
297
Novelles, no. LV, 211.39.
298
Vita Basilii, 95.16. , - , Symeon, 132.10; Pseudo-Symeon,
691.810; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 842.1216.
299
Dgron, Trait, 313357.
300
Dgron, Trait, 319.
301
Dgron, Trait, 327.
III. (867886)
295

, ,
.302 . 55. VI ,
.303 ,
, Sefer Yuhasin XI , I
. , .304

,
.

.305 ,
( . 912), (per vim
baptizari fecit).306

,
, ,
.307
,
. ,

, .308
,
,
. , .309
302

304
305
. rait, 352.
306
Auxilius und Vulgarius, 109.
307
Dgron, Trait, 319; Vita Basilii, 95.1216; Pseudo-Symeon, 691.810; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 842.1216.
308
309
. Dgron, Trait, 350352.
Kohen, History of the Byzantine Jews, 4250.
o VII X , cf. ODB II, 10401041 (S. B. Bowman); Sharf, Byzantine Jewry,
61105; Kohen, op. cit., 5161.
303
296
(610641) III (717741)

I .310 ,

,
.
,
,
. , .
.
, 877. ,
21. 878.
.311 , 878/879.
.

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.312
.
.
, .
, .313 , . ,
,
, ,
.
787. , ,
, ,
,
,
. .314 ,
,
I,
. ,
Dgron, Trait, 347.
. 7, , 8.
, 13, cf. Notitiae, 7.8, 13, 232238, 274287.
312
. . , Dgron, Trait, 340357.
313
314
Dgron, Trait, 325327; VII . 8, II, 583.
310
311
III. (867886)
297
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.315
, .
.
. ,

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.317 ,
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.318

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, . ,
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, 873/874. , ( , 867877).

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.
,
.
877. . , 879/880,

.
Dgron, Trait, 327329, 354356.
317
Dgron, Trait, 335337; . 64, II, 453454.
318
Dgron, Trait, 337339; . 15, II, 2021; A. 39, , 54; IV . 5, 13, ,
229230, 250; . 17, 31, , 343, 371; . 9, III, 140141; . 57,
III, 222.
315
316
298
,

,
,

, , , 885. 886.
.319
, ,
.
.320 ,
I
.
, 873/874. I,
. 886.
.
, .321

,
.322 ,
VI , ,

.323 , 55.
, ,

.
,
.324 894. ,
Schminck, Studien, 15.
, cf. Dgron, Trait,
356357. , Idem, Empereur et prtre.
321
322
Auxilius und Vulgarius, 109110.
323
324
Novelles, no. LV, 211.1622. Sefer Yuhasin XI , VI
, Dgron, Trait, 349350. ,
.
319
320
III. (867886)
299
I .
.
. , ,
, I
.325

95. Vita Basilii, I
,
,
,326
873/874. . , Vita Basilii
( 96)
( 97),327
,
, , , .
I ,
.

, I, ,
.
VII ,
IX . ,
-
,
. ,
, 863. ,
, -
IX
.328 ,
325

327
Vita Basilii, 96.113, 97.146.
328
cf. Lemerle, Pauliciens, 1144, .
, . 115; , , 124212.
- 843867, cf. Vasiliev, Arabes I, 227
326
300
.329 ,
.
I, ,

, .330 ,
, . : , , ,
, , . ,
.331
,332

, ,
.333 ,
, , .334
, , 6. 870,335
6. 871. 5. 872. .
,
871. .336
257; Lemerle, Pauliciens, 8596; Varona Codeso, Miguel III, 108112. O
IX , cf. C. Ludwig, The Paulicians and the ninth-century Byzantine thought, 2335.
329
.
, Acta S. Macarii monasterii Pelecetes Hegumeni, ed. . van den Gheyn, AB
16 (1897) 159.819.
330
Genesius, (IV, 35) 86.6772.
331
Genesius, (IV, 35) 86.7283.
332
Vasiliev, Arabes II1, 2632.
333
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 367. , cf.
Lemerle, Pauliciens, 1726.
334
Pierre de Sicile, Histoire des Pauliciens, 39.1741.6; 67. 2535.
335
DB II, 1210 (A. Kazhdan, A. Cutler)
336
Vasiliev, Arabes II1, 2632,
, 872,
,
869. , 870.
Lemerle, Pauliciens, 19,
, .
, 869, 870,
,
. , ,
.
, , ,
III. (867886)
301

871. ,
.337 . ,
871. 872, ,
. , , .338 ,
871, 872. ., ,
.339 .
, . .
, , .340
. , ,
, ,
. , .341
,
, , .
,
.342
. ,
III, 866. . -
(23. 877) .
24. 867,
, . -
866. .
337
Genesius, (IV, 35) 86.8384.
338
Symeon, 132.7.
339
Genesius, (IV, 36) 86.8590.
340
Genesius, (IV, 3637) 86.8588.65; Vita Basilii, 41.143.41.
Symeon, 132.7,
, Lemerle, Pauliciens, 104, .
258. ( ,
, ),
18. 871. 6. 872. , Vasiliev, Arabes II2, 6 (M. Canard).

, 872, 6. .
, . Vasiliev, Arabes II-1, 3242; Lemerle, Pauliciens, 96103.
341
Pierre lHigoumne, Prcis sur les Pauliciens, d. Ch. Astruc, TM 4 (1970) 6997.
, cf. Lemerle, Pauliciens, 2631.
342
Photius, Rcit de la rapparition des Manichens, d. W. Conus-Wolska, J. Paramelle, TM
4 (1970) 99173. Treadgold, Photius, 89,
302
, , .
, ,
. - , ,
. . , 873. ,
, .

. ,
. .
.343 876/877. , , .344
, 21. 878, , , , . ,
.
, , . ,
.345
, . ,
, .
.
.346
,
, VI.347 ,

, 843,
IX . . Markopoulos, New Evidence, 910.
343
heophanes Continuatus (V, 3740), 266.13271.10; Vasiliev, Arabes II2, 6 (M. Canard);
Lemerle, Pauliciens, 98100, 104105.
344
Symeon, 132.15.
345
Symeon, 132.17.
De cerimoniis I, 498.14503.16.
Vita Basilii, Vita Basilii, 46.149.28.
III. (867886)
303
, , , .348
IX
,
870. , . . 3 . .
870.
, 3,
. I,
,
, a,
,
. ,
I,
.
I
,
,
I 861. .349

3 , ,

Lemerle, Pauliciens, 103108. . Vasiliev, Arabes II1, 4349, 7094.
346
Les formules dabjuration, d. J. Gouillard, TM 4 (1970) 185207.
347
Genesius, (IV, 37) 88.5863.
348
, cf. Lemerle, Pauliciens, 108110;
, , 188199.
349
Photii epp., 290.385418.
304

.350 37. (
, 38) :351
, 47. ,
37,
( = 37, a 47),352 . :353

,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,354 .
,
, ,355
, , , ,
, ( ,
).356 1, 2, 4. 5.

, , , ,
, .357
350
Notitiae, 3.611618, 777779;

Notitiae, 3.611618.
352
47. . 3 .
, .
353
Notitiae, 3.777779.
354
: Vasiliev, Goths.
355
Vasiliev, Goths, 35 sq.
356
Notitiae, 3.611618; Vasiliev, Goths, 97104; Dvornik, Lgends, 160168.
357
Notitiae, 1.6264, 2.6668, 4.6365, 5.6769;
351
III. (867886)
305
1 730. ,358
2. (806815), , 806. 814,359
4. 5. IX .360 . 3
VIII , . ,
787. ,
.361

VIII . .
, ,
VIII ,362
(815843) , .363
, , 787.
, , ,
, .364 , . 3

1, 2, 4, 5. 6, VIII
IX . , .

,365
358
Notitiae, 79.
Notitiae, 1819; , , 2930, . 8.
360
Notitiae, 4245, 4748.
361
Dvornik, Lgendes, 160168; Vasiliev, Goths, 97,
(730787),
VIII .
, , 210211.
. 3 787. , Notitiae, 3233,
VIII IX , Zuckerman,
Pontic Policy, 214218.
362
Auzepy, Vie de Jen, 6985 (
7885).
363
Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 69.
364
Mansi, XII, 994, 1095, 1154; Mansi, XIII, 137 (, , ,
), 365 (, , ), 384 ( ,
, ); Darrouzs, Listes, 11, 1921;
. 6268, ll. 26 A, 30 B, 39 D, 38 E, 36 F.
365
. , () , Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 4, 81.5059.
. , , ,
, 787. , Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 4, p. 81.5053, ,
,
. , , , , ,
792. Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 48, 75, 81.5085.117; Zuckerman, Pontic Policy, 216217.
359
306

. 3.
VIII IX
, . ,
.366
,
37. 3, VIII IX ,
. ,
, .367 ,
, .
. ,

.
366
. , 754. ,
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( ) () . ,
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(... ...),
Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 2, 79.2021. Synaxarium CP, 772.32773.1.
, ,
, , ,
(),
-, ! 754.
, ,
, Vasiliev, Goths, 90. , , , Synaxarium CP, 773.13, . , B. Martin-Hisard, La vie de Georges LHagiorite (1009/1010 29 juin 1065). Introduction.
Traduction du texte gorgien. Notes et claircissements, REB 6465 (20062007), 51.10781081,
76, , . ( 765),
IX , , , ,

, La Vie dEtienne le Jeune, ed. M. F. Auzepy, Birmingham 1997.
(BBOM 3), 125.1625; Vasiliev, Goths, 88.
367
Cf. Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 2, p. 79.13, 15,
. , , Mansi, XII, 994, 1095, 1154; Mansi, XIII, 137, 365 , 384, Zuckerman,
Pontic Policy, 218,
, ,
. 3.
III. (867886)
307
,
3,368 . , ,
, 3. ,369
.
37. 3,
,
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. 1, 2, 4. 5, , , , : , ,
.370 3. :
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,372 ,
().373 , (. ,
).374
( , . ,
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, VIII , , .
,375
787.376 , .
.377 368
Notitiae, 3.611.
Notitiae, 3.612618.
370
Notitiae, 1.6264, 2.6668, 4.6365, 5.6769.
371
Notitiae, 3.8283.
372
... (i.e. ), () ..., Notitiae, 3.84;
373
Notitiae, 3.89.
374
Notitiae, 1.72, 2.76, 4.74, 5.77, 3.94.
375
A. Bozoyan, Vie Armnienne, 87107; Ivanov, Slavonic Life, 109167,
, 165167. Idem, 110, ,
, VIII IX , ,
, .
376
Mansi, XII, 994 E, 1095 E; XIII, 137 E, 365 D, 384 B; Darrouzs, Listes, 1920;
. 6268, ll. 58 A, 56 B, 41 D, 40 E, 37 F.
377
Ivanov, Slavonic Life, 31.9891051, , .
, Bozoyan, Vie Armenienne,
104106.
369
308
. ,
.378
,379
,380 IX .

860/861. .
,
. , ,
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.381 ,
. .382 ,
. , :
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,
...383
, ,
, , , ,
378
, 821. 826, , , Theodori Studitae epp., 486.177.
, ,
, , Theodori
Studitae epp, 486.1418; Vasiliev, Goths, 104105.
379
833. (829842)
. , ,
. ,
,
, DAI I, 42.2055.
, Vasiliev, Goths, 108112; Dvornik, Lgends, 173174,
, , ,
, , Dvornik, Lgends, 176.
380
, , , . , ywoty, K VIII, 3133.
381
ywoty, K XI, 59.
382
ywoty, K XI, 59.
383
ywoty, K XI, 59.
III. (867886)
309
.
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. ,384

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, 3,385
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3.388 , ,
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(), ,390 (), ,391 (),
.392
().393 , 3, ,
384
ywoty, K XIII, 63.

Notitiae, 3.613, 778.
386
, ,
, , Zuckerman, Pontic Policy, 214.
, cf. Gy. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica II, Berlin 19582, 7879.
387
Notitiae, 3.618.
388
Notitiae, 3.612, 778; Vasiliev, Goths, 98; Zuckerman, Pontic Policy, 214, 223226.
. Dvornik, Lgends, 160168.
389
ywoty, K XII, 6163.
390
Notitiae, 3.614; Vasiliev, Goths, 99; Zuckerman, Pontic Policy, 214.
391
392
393
Notitiae, 3.616; Vasiliev, Goths, 100,
, ; Dvornik, Lgends, 162.
385
310
, .394 ,

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3. , .
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, , . ,

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IX .
394
Notitiae, 3.611, 777.

ywoty, K XI, 59.
396
Notitiae, 3.83.
397
Notitiae, 3.84.
398
, S. A. Ivanov, Mission Impossible: Ups and Downs in Byzantine Missionary
Activity from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century, ed. J. Sheppard, The Expansion of Orthodox
Europe, Aldershot 2007, 256.
395
III. (867886)
311
3.
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925), . Nova Tactica,
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11 .404 , ,
399
Notitiae, 3.777779.
Dvornik, Lgendes, 180181,
879/880, , a ,
Mansi, XVII, 377 A.
401
Auzepy, Vie de Jean, 8.108111, 85; ywoty, K XII, 6163.
402
Notitiae, 7. 7.97, 99; 8.113, 115; Georgii Descriptio, 1212, 1214.
403
Notitiae, 7.72, 90, 98; 8.86, 105, 114; Georgii Descriptio, 1187, 1205, 1213.
879/880. , Mansi, XVII, 377 C,
.
404
Notitiae, 11.132, 134 (, ), . 11.106, 125, 133 (, , )
11.139 ()
400
312
X .

.
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III,
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. , 860.
, 867. ,
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I - .
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VII .
.407
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,
,
, .408 ,

, . ,

Nicholas I Patriarch of Constantinople, Letters, ed. R. H. J. Jenkins, L. G. Westerink,
Washington 1973, nos. 68, 106.
, cf. Zuckerman, Pontic Policy, 218229.
406
407
Vita Basilii, 97.57. LHuillier, Hierarchical Status, 282; Seibt, Chronologie, 291,
,
.
408
405
III. (867886)
313
, . 867. 877,
,
867. .
Vita
Basilii. , 95. ,
, ,
,

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. 873/874,
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.

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.410
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.
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880. .
,
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.

409

, cf. ODB I, 155156 (A. Papadakis).
LHuillier, Hierarchical Status, 282.
410
314
,
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.
860. , ,

.
860.
. 882.
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. .411 ,

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.412
. ,
, , , 988.
.413

. 3.
.
411
I, 23.
I, 2224.
LHuillier, Hierarchical Status, 283.
413
, cf. V. Vodoff, Naissance de la Chrtient russe,
la conversion du prince Vladimir de Kiev (988) et ses consquences (XIe XIIIe sicle), Paris 1988,
62107.
412
III. (867886)
315
, , ,
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, , , , , , , , ,
, , , .414
.
688.
,415 , , .
431.
.416

,
.
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thematibus,
I.
, ,
.417
, , I, ,
, ,
.418 , , .419
,
I. ,
,
. . .
.
872. 873.
, 878,
414
Notitiae, 3.8, 143159.

, , 145. VII X
, cf. Chatzpsalts, , 327341; R. J. H. Jenkins, Cyprus between
Byzantium and Islam, A. D. 688965, Studies presented to D. M. Robinskon II, SainLouis 1953,
10061014; K. Chatzpsalts, , , 20 (1956)
1529; H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la Mer, Paris 1966, 7173, 100101, 115, 121; ,
199208 (Ai. Asdracha), 235291 (R. Browning).
416
III . 8, II, 203204.
417
De thematibus, XV.1820.
418
419
415
316
. , ,
, , , .420
, , , (877886), (858867)
,421 ( []
),422
, 877. ,
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, .423 I
,
877, ,
870. .424 869870.
,
. :
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.

. , ,
.425 870.
,
(
),
, .
, 867. 870. .
Vasiliev, Arabes II-1, 6465.
Chatzpsalts, , 331335,
III .
422
423
,
, Oikonomids, Listes, 51.2526. . , ibid., 343,
, .
424
Chatzpsalts, , 335,
,
I.
420
421
III. (867886)
317

,
.

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,

787. ,
.
,
, a
, .426 ,
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, De thematibus,428
,

VI .429
IX .430
De thematibus,
I, 886. Mansi, XVI, 308 BD.
Mansi, XII, 994 AB, 1087 CD, 1147 AB; XIII, 133 E, 365 B, 380 E; Darrouzs, Listes,
3132, . 62, l. 3 ABDEF. , , ,
, Mansi,
XIII, 388, .
, 141143 (A. Mitsids),
. 3,

787. .
427
Notitiae, 3.143159.
428
429
Parthey, 706.3707.8.
430
,
, , , ,
Darrouzs, Listes, 3132.
425
426
318
,
, .
.

I, , ,
, .
870. ,
. 872.
873, VIII
(graeca falsitas),
.431
,
.432
431

III 732.

,
, cf. F. ii, Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih dana do potkraj 1918. I. Za narodnih
vladara, Zagreb 1925, 681689; A. Dabinovi, Kada je Dalmacija pala pod jurisdikciju Carigradske
patrijarije?, Rad JAZU 239 (1930) 242. Goldstein, 131; I.
Prlender, Totius gentis metropolim, HZ 51 (1998) 46; , , 5657.
754,
787. ( , , ), cf. Mansi, XIII,
140 , 141 , 368 B, 373 A, 388 B; Darrouzs, Listes, 2425, 5960,
, 6268, ll. 62 D, 61 E, 106 F (); 72 D, 71 E, 107 F (); 77 D, 76 E, 108 F (); 327
(). , ,
, , , ,
.
,
, , ,
,
, Mansi, XIII, 388 A sq. , , ,
,
.
, ,
. , Notitiae, 1.68, 73122; 2.13, 88141; 4.68, 82131; 5.13; 6.13; 7.13, 103169; 8.13;
9.165; 10.166; 11.13; 12.13; 13.170. .
432
III. (867886)
319
,
872/873. ,
878. ,433
,
. To ,

. 7. 879.

.434 , 10. 879,
,
, , ,
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I ,
870,
. ,

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.436 , 870. ,
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.
878. . ,
. , 879. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
. , I
VIII IX .
V. Koak, Pripadnost istone obale Jadrana do splitskih sabora 925928, HZ 3334 (1980
1981) 291355; L. Margeti, Marginalije uz rad V. Koaka Pripadnost istone obale..., HZ 36
(1983) 261264, 284, I .
433
Chronicon Venetum, 21.68.
434
435
436
. 3
.
320
879/880.
IX ,
I, . ,
,
, , , , ... 869870.
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. 869/870.

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, , .439
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437
Mansi, XVI, 97 D 99 E.
438
Mansi, XVI, 55 AB.
439
Mansi, XVI, 413 E.
440
Mansi, XVI, 86 D, 96 , 134 D.
III. (867886)
321
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, 872873.
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,
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872/873. , .
je o 877.
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, 871. 878/879.
441
, cf. PmbZ, no. 7237.

, ,
, (314. , ). ,
, , . ,
, , , .
. ,
, Life of Ignatius, 118.11120.26; Pseudo-Symeon, 689.5690.3.
443
Markopoulos, Laudatory Poem, 226229.
444
Markopoulos, Laudatory Poem, 229230, . .
442
322
877. . ,
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?
III
. ,

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.
,
447
heophanes Continuatus (V, 44), 276.11277.4; Hergenrther, II, 258278; Dvornik,
Schisme, 236240; , , 235; , , 6267.
,
873. , Dvornik, Schisme, 236237, 875.
, , . .
448
Dvornik, Schisme, 240246,
,
.
445
446
III. (867886)
323
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.
.

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, ,
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, , ,
, 869/870.
. 879. ,

.
Commonitorium.452
879. .453
,454 ,455 ,456 Mansi, XVII, 424 BE.
Oraison funbre, 6264.
451
Johannis VIII epp., 64.3139; Mansi, XVI, 461 CD. . Dvornik, Schisme, 245246.
452
453
,
454
455
456
449
450
324
, ,
,
,457
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.

.
. , 879,
.
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,
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. , , .460

879/880. .461
, , 879,
. ,
.
. 879. .
, .462

.
, 3. 879,
457

, cf. Johannis VIII epp., 188.912, 189.14, 190.14; Commonitorium, cf. ibid.,
188.1744, 189.541, 190.2238. Commonitorium, . Mansi, XVII, 468 C 473 D.
459
Johannis VIII epp., 173.32174.5, 179.2945, 185.26186.2.
460
461
462
Mansi, XVII, 369527. , cf.
Hergenrther, II, 449528; Hefele, Leclercq, IV1, 585606; Dvornik, Schisme, 258283.
458
III. (867886)
325
.
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, 3. 880, . .463
.
, .
.
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, .464
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869/870. , 879/880.
,
,
.

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17. 879.
, ,

.
. ,
, 877. ,
.465
,
, 877,
, , ,
.466 ,
, .
ansi, XVII, 512 C 519 B.
, ansi, XVII, 373
377 .
465
Mansi, XVII, 417 DE; Dvornik, Schisme, 270.
466
463
464
326
,
, 24. 879.
Commonitorium- .
, Commonitorium-, : .467
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,
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880. ,474
, . , ,
.
Mansi, XVII, 488 A.
Mansi, XVII, 488 BD; Dvornik, Schisme, 272.
469
Mansi, XVII, 497 D 512 C; Dvornik, Schisme, 272283.
470
Mansi, XVII, 512 BC.
471
Mansi, XVII, 517 CD.
472
Johannis VIII epp., 227.4228.16, 229.4230.7.
473
474
467
468
III. (867886)
327
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. , .
475
476

328
IX , 16. 882. ,
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,
.
(877886)

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I

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. 879/880.
,
. ,
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I
, .477 , , , .478
Vogt, Basile Ier, 5859; Halkin, Trois dates, 1417; P. Karlin-Hayter, Quel est lempereur
Constantin le Nouveau commmor dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?, Byz 36 (1966) 624626;
ODB I, 498 (A. Kazhdan, A. Cutler).
478
, , 237; , , 67.
477
III. (867886)
329
.
,
.479

, .480
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.
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= ), ,
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, ;
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. .
Dgron, Trait, 317.24; , , 69.
481
,
( = ). , , cf.
Schminck, Studien, 1215. . J. Scharf, Photios und Epanagoge, BZ 49 (1956) 385400; Fgen,
Reanimation of Roman law, 1112.
482
Epanagoge, 2.112, Jus Graecoromanum II, edd. J. Zepos, P. Zepos, Athnai 1931, 240242.
483
Epanagoge, 3.17, 242.
479
480
330
, .
:
, , ,
;
( ) .484 , ,
() , , ,
,
.485
, .

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.
885. 886,
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. ,
(, 553. ). , ,
, . ,
, ,
861.
.487

.
,
,
,
.488 ,
( ),
VI
(886912), .489
484
Epanagoge, 3.8, 242.

Epanagoge, 3.911, 242243.
486
I, 5335. , ibid., 9.
487
I, 59.
488
Epanagoge, Jus II, 236242.
489
, , 235241; Fgen, Reanimation of Roman law, 1122.
485
III. (867886)
331
,
, , .
, 1. 880.490

, , ,
. ,
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. , .493
490
Symeon, 132.19; Pseudo-Symeon, 692.1819; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 845.14;

, , 6768. O , cf. Vita Basilii, 78.194.29;
Symeon, 132.1214; Pseudo-Symeon, 691.177; Georgius Monachus Continuatus, 843.3844.2.
491
Oraison funbre, 64.1324; Vita Basilii, 35.79.
, Vita Basilii, 35.916. . , , 6970,
7578.
492
Vita Basilii,
, , , . , , 230, . 2, ,
A I, . , , 6970, . 108.
493
VIII
879/880. , ,
332
,
. , VIII, 16.
882, , , I (882884). , ,
I 866. ,
II,
869/870. , 880. , .494
,
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.496 , VIII
879. ,
869/870. .497
.
, V (885891)
885/886. , ,
, ,
.498
, ,
III (884885), , .
,
, V. ,

,499 , . . , .
885886. , 886.500 ,
. . , cf. Dvornik, Schisme, 302328,
.
494
I, cf. Liber ponticalis II, 224.
495
A. 14, II, 18; I . 15, ibid., 145; IV . 5, ibid., 229.
496

, , cf.
Liber ponticalis II, 224, n. 1.
497
Grumel, tienne V, 133136.
498
44. , V
, Grumel, tienne V, 144, 58.
, . , ibid., 146.
499
Grumel, tienne V, 144 ( 48).
500
Grumel, tienne V, 137, 147 ( 1, 63). V 885. ,
()
, ibid., 147 ( 61),
III. (867886)
333

.501 . , ,
,

.
V
,
I
V.502 , .503 , ,
, .
,

, .504 , ,
,
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.506 .
, ,
,
.507 ,
.
886, 29. . O ,
. B. Blysidou, Nochmals zum Brief des Papstes Stephan V. an den Kaiser Basileios I. als Zeugnis
fr die Datierung des Feldzuges Nikephoros Phokas des lteren in Kalabrien, Byz 78 (2008) 1112.
501
502
503
Grumel, tienne V, 137144 ( 143).
504
Grumel, tienne V, 144146 ( 4950, 56).
505
Grumel, tienne V, 133136,
.

869/870, 879/880.
V
. ,
879/880. ,
, ibid., 144 ( 49).
506
... ;..., V, Grumel,
tienne V, 144 ( 48).
507
Grumel, tienne V, 145, 147 ( 53, 61).
334
, , .
I ,
879/880. . ,
.
.

867. 880. ,

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.508

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, . 14. 869, .
, ,
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.509
, , ,
, II,
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508
509
ywoty, XIII, 117.

ywoty, VII, 109.
III. (867886)
335
.
, ,
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.
,
.
.510
,
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. , .511
. , ,
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,
, , , . , . .512 ,
582. . 796,
.513 , () ,514
.
,
, .
510
ywoty, VIII, 109111.
II . , cf.
Grivec, Tomi, Constantinus et Methodius, 225228.
511
ywoty, VIII, 111. .
, I, 28.
512
. , ,
2004, 49; Bubalo, Jurisdikcija, 1819.
513
. .
514
, Johannis VIII epp.,
281.2223, 282.2830, 285.1, 36 ( 873. ), ,
Johannis VIII epp., 286.1921 ( 873), 160.28, 161.6 ( - 879), 222.2829, 223.6, 27
( 880), 243.32 ( 881). , ,
, ,
, . ,
, -.
880. , ,
,
, , , ,
, Johannis VIII epp., 223.2129.
336
,
.515
, (859873), (866874)
(854875),516 , : . ,
,
,
, .517
870, .518

.519
, , ,
.
(De conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum).

VIII ,
798. .520
, 796.
,
, . , (796871)
515
,
Bubalo, Jurisdikcija, 3235, . . Tpkova-Zaimova,
Du Cange Catalogue, 221222.
516
, ywoty, X, 113,
, . , ,
873. 875.
517
ywoty, IX, 111113.
VIII 873, Johannis VIII epp., 284.21285.13, 285.34286.2. , cf.
Dvornik, Missions, 151157. O
, cf. Alexander, Papacy, 266293.
518
Annales Fuldenses, 383.1216. , ywoty, IX, 113,
, , 873, , Johannis VIII epp., 284.21285.4.
519
873. , VIII
, Johannis VIII epp., 283.1720.
520
De conversione, 111.12.
III. (867886)
337
. ,
, .521 ,
De conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum,522 , , , ., , .
, VIII
873. .523
VIII
(872882). 873. , ,
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.
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,
.528
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,
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521
De conversione, 11.1314.27
De conversione, 11.2632, 12.314.21.
523
524
525
, ywoty, X, 113.
526
527
528
529
Johannis VIII epp., 285.33286.10, 286.1736, 287.1026.
522
338
, 873. , , , ,
.530
I ,
. , , 380.
,531 .
, , , , ,
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873. ,
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, . , , (870894), III ,
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867. ,
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530

Bubalo, Jurisdikcija, 2122.
532
533
ywoty, X, 113.
531
III. (867886)
339

, 875. ,534
.
,
.
.
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, . , . , .539
, ,
. , .540
Kocel, LdMA V, 1244 (Ch. Lbke).
Johannis VIII epp., 281.3, 2223, 282.2830, 284.23, 286.2021.
536
537
538
Galuka, Christianity, 161180; Bubalo, Jurisdikcija, 3435.
539
ywoty, XV, 119.
540
, cf. Dvornik,
Missions, 174185; , , 3751. O , cf. Zstrov, Zwei
grossmhrische Rechtsdenkmler, 361384; ,
I, 8082 (. ); Ch. Papastathis, The procedural principles of Methodius Anonymous
Homily, 4 (1987) 272273. .
, , . , 26. , , II, 215217
(. ); . , , 4 (1987)
534
535
340

, , , .541
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879.542 , ,
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, 117.
259264. , , , 130131,
873,
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541
ywoty, XI, 115.
542
543
544
III. (867886)
341
(. 117:1).
, ,
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II
, .545
, ,
, .

, . , ,
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.546 ,
,
880. , .
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880.
.547
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23. 881.
.548 882.
, VIII. VIII
IX , , I
II, .
.

.
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545

ywoty, XII, 115117.
547
548
546
342
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869/870, ,
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.551 ,
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549
ywoty, XIII, 117.

882. , cf. Dvornik, Missions, 170174.
551
ywoty, XIII, 117.
550
III. (867886)
343
, , ,552
,
.
.
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III ( 881888),
884. , .553
, , ,
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.
6. 885. .
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. 885.
, ,
, . . , ,
, ;
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, . , ,
.556 ,
, ,
,
.557
552
ywoty, XIII, 117.

, ywoty, XVI, 119.
, III, 884. , , Annales Fuldenses, 401.2129; V. Vavnek, Ugrskyj korol dans la
vie vieux-slve de Mthode, BSl 25 (1964) 266267.
554
ywoty, XVII, 119.
555
ywoty, XVII, 121; Galuka, Christianity, 176178.
556
Fragmenta registri Stephani V papae, ed. . Caspar, MGH, Epp. VII, 352.17353.26.
557
Stephani V papae epistolae passim collectae, quotquot ad res Germanicas spectant, ed.
G. Laehr, MGH, Epp. VII, 355.1358.5.
, VIII 880, Grivec, Tomi,
Constantinus et Methodius, 7577.
553
344
.
, .
,
, 870.
, 880. . ,
.
,
.558
AA A A
879/880.
,
.
,
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,
. ,
864866. , . 866, .
, 4. 870.
, . , . II
VIII ,
. 879.
,
, ,
.
, .559 , 558
559
Dvornik, Missions, 189193.

ohannis VIII epp., 173.32174.5.
III. (867886)
345

.560 , ,
, ,
, .
.
,
869/870,
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CHURCH POLICY OF BYZANTIUM FROM THE END

OF ICONOCLASM TO THE DEATH OF EMPEROR BASIL I
CHURCH POLICY OF BYZANTIUM FROM THE END OF ICONOCLASM
SUMMARY
I. Orthodoxy re-enthroned (843856)
The Iconoclast era of Byzantine history ended with the death of Emperor
Theophilus on January 20th, 842. His wife Theodora, who took power in the name
of their young son Michael III, devoted to Orthodoxy even during Theophilus life-time, immediately began preparing the ground for the restoration of the veneration
of icons. With this aim, she rst held counsel with her associates in the state leadership the Logothete Theoctistus, Sergius Nicetiates and her brothers Bardas and
Petronas. At that meeting of the state leadership, the decision was made to renew
the cult of icons, and the Empress released from imprisonment and persecution all
monks, priests, bishops and lay people who had been persecuted for their veneration
of icons. Next she convened the Council in Constantinople where the icon veneration would again be declared the ofcial dogma of the church. The Council was held
in early March 843. Participants included representatives of state authorities, priests
and monks from the Constantinopolitan and provincial monasteries. The monks of
the Capital were led by Hilarion of the Dalmatou, and a major gure among provincial monks was Simeon Stylite the Younger. The spiritual patron of them all was the
famous ascetic Joannicius. Only the Studites represented a particular fraction. At
the Council a valid Definition of faith was read and proclaimed, that is, the Horos
of the Seventh Ecumenical Council of Nicaea 787, which had restored the veneration of icons after the rst iconoclast period. The Council of 843 merely recalled the
decisions of the Iconoclast Council of 815, and restored the decisions of the Council
of 787. At the same Council the iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople John VII the
Grammarian was ousted, and the monk Methodius, a candidate of the provincial
monks who also was in the Empresss favor was chosen for the patriarchal throne.
After his election, the people gathered spontaneously in front of St. Sophia and, led
by the monks, conducted a procession that carried the icon of the Virgin and the
Christ Child to the Bronze gates. This was a symbolic act, since the absence of Icon
of Christ from the Gate had symbolized the supremacy of iconoclasm. This spontaneous procession was the forerunner of the later Procession of Orthodoxy. That day,
which was the Sunday of the rst week of Lent and which fell that year on March
11th, became known as the Sunday of Orthodoxy.
Patriarch Methodius faced a difcult task in re-organizing the situation of the
church after the re-establishment of Orthodoxy. All the iconoclast bishops had been
356
overthrown and replaced by orthodox ones. In addition, all the priests ordained by
iconoclast bishops after 815 had been deposed. Another problem arose with regard
to those priests who had been ordained prior to 815 and then fallen into the heresy
of iconoclasm. Methodius determined that such priests should be received back to
the church, if they would repent and anathematize heresy. However, for three years
after 843 very few such priests chose to take that step. On the other hand, the orthodox priests who were ordained instead of the iconoclasts after 843 protested against
the policy, because they did not want those former iconoclasts to have the same
treatment and rights as they did. Eventually, the problem of those priests resolved
itself, as that generation passed away. The Studite monks had been opponents of
Methodius already at the Council of 843, when he had been elected patriarch, rather
than someone from their ranks. However, during the rst two years after the Council, relations between them and Methodius had been correct. After the transfer of
the relics of Theodore the Studite, in January 845, they began to openly attack
Methodius and to insult the memory of Patriarchs Tarasius and Nicephorus, whose
great opponent was their abbot and teacher Theodore the Studite. Thus began the
Studite schisme. The Patriarch asked for the support of the authority of St. Joannicius and the imperial power, and he subsequently vanquished the leaders of the
Studites Naucratius and Athanasius, by condemning them to imprisonment in the
second half of 846. Next, the Patriarch crushed the Studite movement canonically,
composing, to mark the fourth anniversary of the re-establishment of the cult of the
icons, at the end of February 847, the famous Synodicon of Orthodoxy, by which
the Church condemned not only all former heresies, but all that had been written
and said against the saint Patriarchs Tarasius and Nicerphorus, a provision aimed
directly against the Studites. During the entire time of the ponticate of Methodius,
the imperial government did not interfere in church affairs and consented to the
decisions of the Patriarch.
Patriarch Methodius was succeeded in July 847 by the Patriarch Ignatius.
He was the son of the former orthodox Emperor Michael I, and he had long been a
monk, but was not prominent in the events surrounding the re-establishment of the
Icon veneration and the struggles during the ponticate of Methodius. He was later
accused by opponents of having become patriarch only by the will of the empress
and of not being canonically elected by the clergy. The real causes and circumstances of his election are uncertain, except that at the beginning of his service he
provided a written pledge that he would never take part in any conspiracy against
the imperial power. The Studite question faded during his ponticate. As Patriarch Ignatius, he maintained very good relations with the Studites. At that time
the rst steps were made towards revising history and deleting any indication of
Studite guilt for the schism during the time of Patriarch Methodius. A new Life of
St. Joannicius was written without the anti-Studite position of the rst version, and
changes made to the anti-Studite provisions of the Synodicon of Orthodoxy, in order
357
to provide them with a general anti-iconoclastic character. The Studite question was
soon overshadowed by a new schism, which occurred at the very beginning of Ignatiius ponticate. It was the schism of Gregory Asbestas, Archbishop of Syracuse.
Throughout the time of Ignatius ponticate between 847 and 858, Gregory worked
openly against the patriarch, accusing him of betraying the memory of Patriarch
Methodius and his policies. Gregory attracted to his side many notable and inuential gures, including Photius, a learned teacher at the School of Magnaura, and his
family. Both sides in the dispute brought the case of Gregory Asbestas before the
Pope, and thus the Roman Church interfered in the internal affairs of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
The rst years after the turning point of 843 marked the beginning of a new
spiritual vitality in the Byzantine Empire. The generation of monks who had borne
the burden of opposition and struggle against the iconoclasts of the second Iconoclast era vanished in coming years. A number of hagiographies and other liturgical
writings were written to honor them. However, the monks would not represent the
strength of the new era. Instead, it was the intellectuals with a rich secular education, along with the holders of temporal power, who would plan and implement
the Church policy of the Empire in the coming years. They were educated at the
renewed School of Magnaura, initiated by the Empresss brother Bardas, and led, in
the intellectual sense, by a former iconoclast Leo the Mathematician. That school
in the mid-ninth century gathered and educated men such as Leo the Mathematician, Photius, Constantine the Philosopher, Nicetas of Byzantium and whose work
we have to thank for the emergence of such pieces as the Library of Photius. In the
middle of the ninth century, besides the renewal of old monastic centers, new ones
were formed. The most famous is certainly Mount Athos, which was rst mentioned as an important monastic center in 859.
II. The expansion of the Byzantine Church (856867)

Empress Theodora, who for almost a decade and a half ruled both the state
and the church, was overthrown in early 856 after the murder of her closest associate, the Logothete of the Drome Theoctistus. The young Emperor Michael III took
over the factual government, and he would rule for the next decade with the help
of his uncle Bardas. The change in state leadership did not initially affect religious
matters, and Patriarch Ignatius had a good relationship with the new rulers. However, he soon came into conict with Bardas. Disapproving of Bardas shameful
relationship with his daughter-in-law, the Patriarch withheld communion and sentenced him to excommunication. Bardas then joined Ignatius opponents gathered
around Gregory Asbestas. However, the Patriarchs position was not threatened until he came into direct conict with the Emperor himself. This occurred when he
358
refused to tonsure the emperors mother, Theodora, and the Emperors sisters. He
was then banished from Constantinople to the Princes Islands in the Sea of Marmara. Since he didnt yield to the pressure to resign, a council was convened on 23
November 858, at which he was deposed on charges that he came to the patriarchal
throne uncanonically, without election. A month later, on 25 December, Photius was
appointed in his place, a layman who passed all the six required ranks of hierarchy
in just six days, and was ordained a Patriarch by Gregory Asbestas. Contrary to the
later accusations of his opponents, Photius didnt desire that position, but he was
forced to accept it by the Emperor and Bardas. In February 859 the first council
was held in the Church of the Holy Apostles, where Ignatius was condemned and
anathematized. The emperor and Photius then sent a mission to Rome, to Pope
Nicholas I, notifying him of the changes in Constantinople and urging him to send
his legates to the council that was planned to address the case of Ignatius. The Pope
learned that Ignatius had been uncanonically overthrown and that Photius, a layman, had been appointed, and he sent his legates, bishops Zacharias and Radoald
to investigate the case, but not to participate in the decision-making. In the spring
of 861, in the presence of the papal legates, the second council in the church of the
Holy Apostles was held (the First-Second Council). Ignatius attitude towards the
Roman envoys was arrogant and full of disregard, which created a problem for him,
as they began to speak out against him, rather than to represent the attitude of the
Pope, that had been favorable to him. For these reasons, at this council Ignatius
was again convicted and anathematized, and the legates of the Roman high priest
conrmed the verdict. Realizing his mistake and that the Pope had in fact been on
his side, Ignatius changed his policy and petitioned the Pope for help, sending the
monk Theognostus to Rome. At the Council of Rome in 863 the Pope condemned
the actions of his legates in 861, declared Photius deposed and Ignatius restored to
the patriarchal throne of Constantinople. Relationships between Constantinople and
Rome fell to their lowest point.
During this time the Byzantine church achieved remarkable successes in foreign policy. Near the end of 857 or early 858, Constantine the Philosopher traveled
to the Caliphs palace in Samarra, where he participated in a theological debate with
Muslim theologians. His mission was a consequence of a substantial theological
dispute between the Christian and Muslim empires that arose when the Caliph had
sent the emperor a letter full of challenges to the Christian faith. At the emperors
command, the leading theologian of Constantinople of the time, Nicetas of Byzantium, compiled several theological treatises in which he rejected the claims of the
Muslim epistles and the entire teachings of Islam. The arguments that Nicetas had
made in his writings, Constantine the Philosopher presented in direct discussion
with Muslim theologians in Samarra.
The mission to Samarra was the rst major endeavor of Constantine the Philosopher and although new challenges soon emerged for him,, the foreign policy
359
of the Byzantine church of that time was conducted regardless of his activity. The
Scandinavian Varangians Russians attacked Constantinople in the year 860. The
attack was unsuccessful, but it had a great impact on further relations with the
Russians. In fact, shortly after the attack, Russian envoys appeared in Constantinople and asked that their people be baptized. The ruling circles of Constantinople
immediately sent missionaries to the land of the Russians north of the Black Sea,
who started to convert that nation. Basic Christian liturgical writings Psalms and
the Gospel were soon translated into the Russian language and alphabet, the wellknown Scandinavian runes. By the end of the rst ponticate of Photius in 867, the
process of Christianization of the Russians was well under way, although the church
organizations had not yet been established.
At this time the second major mission of Constantine the Philosopher also
occurred. Shortly after the Russian attack and the arrival of the Russian envoys,
envoys of the Khazars appeared in Constantinople, asking in the name of their
Khagan that the emperor send men to their court to argue with Jewish and Muslim
scholars who had already presented themselves among the Khazars. On the way to
the Khazar court in the steppes between the Black and Caspian Sea, Constantine
stopped in Kherson in the Crimea, where he learned the Jewish and the Samaritan
language. There he encountered the activity of the Byzantine mission among the
Russians, along with the translation of the Psalms and the Gospel in Russian. His
path to Khazaria then took him from Kherson through the Cimmerian Bosporus.
After a successful debate at the Khazar court, Constantine succeeded in converting
many Khazars to Christianity, a good number of whom had already belonged to the
faith of Moses. During the mission he was in communication with the archbishop of
Bosporus, who wrote about it in Constantinople. The reply of the Patriarch Photius
to a letter of the Archbishop of Bosphorus on this topic is the only, albeit indirect,
testimony in contemporary Byzantine sources of the activity of Constantine the
Philosopher in general.
The seventh decade of the ninth century was a time of a great deal of Byzantine activity, primarily that of Photius,, directed towards the Armenians, so that
they be brought to the Orthodox form of Christianity and leave what the Byzantines
viewed as their Monophysite heresy, in which they had persisted for centuries. The
most accurate testimony on that activity is to be found in the extensive correspondence between the Patriarch Photius and Nicetas of Byzantium, on behalf of the
Byzantine emperor, on the one side, and the Armenian government and church
leaders Prince Ashot Bagratuni and Catholicos Zachariah, on the other. This correspondence belongs to the time when Photius occupied the patriarchal position for
the rst time, between 858 and 867, more precisely, to the time between 862 and
867. However, Byzantine activity in the eld of spiritual conversion of the Armenians began earlier, before the middle of the year 861, when Photius wrote about it
for the rst time in a letter to Pope Nicholas I, inspired by the great success of the
360
Byzantine army led by the emperors uncle Petronas, on the eastern border. In those
circumstances the Armenian province of Taron came under stronger Byzantine inuence and it was the Taronites who, of the Armenians, most readily embraced Orthodoxy. Byzantine efforts did not stop there they aimed at converting the whole
of Armenia. At the Council of irakavan in 862, canons were adopted by which
the Armenians fully accepted the orthodox view of Christs nature formulated in
Chalcedon in 451. However, the canons of irakavan remained little more than a
dead letter, because no one in Armenia intended to truly and earnestly accept and
implement them. The struggle continued through the aforementioned correspondence between the Byzantine and Armenian churches and state authorities, with
the participation of leading theological experts from both sides, such as Nicetas
of Byzantium and Master Sahak. Finally, beyond the conversion of the Taronites,
Byzantine efforts did not achieve greater success among the Armenians.
The last and most famous mission of Constantine the Philosopher was in
Great Moravia. In 863 the Moravian Prince Rastislav, trapped between the Franks
and Bulgarians, addressed Emperor Michael III asking him to send teachers for
his already baptized people in the native Slavic language. Constantine was more
than suited for that task. As a native of Thessalonica, he had perfect knowledge of
the Slavic language. Before he set off for Central Europe, he compiled the Slavic
alphabet and began to translate liturgical books into the Slavic language. He and his
brother Methodius stayed in Moravia for a little more than three and a half years,
until the end of 866 or early 867. During that time he developed a Slavic liturgy, but
also helped the Moravians develop their state, creating for them the oldest Slavic
juridical monument the Law for the Judgment of people, based on the Byzantine Ecloga. In addition to the Moravian Prince Rastislav, Constantines activity
was supported by the Prince of the Pannonian Slavs Kocelj. However, his activity
caused resentment among the Frankish and Latin bishops who openly attacked the
Slavic liturgy, basing their views on the ideology of Trilinguism that the liturgy
was allowed only in three languages, Hebrew, Greek and Latin which was revived
in the West exactly at that time, as a consequence of the open attacks of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III against the Latin language, expressed in a letter from the
emperor to the pope between 862 and 865. Returning from Moravia, Constantine
and Methodius, via Venice, went to Rome, where they were warmly received by the
new Pope Hadrian II, who allowed and blessed the use of the Slavic language in
liturgy. It was there that Constantine the Philosopher ended his life, in 869.
During Constantines stay in Moravia, the Byzantine authorities organized
and conducted the mission of the Christianization of the Bulgarians. Bulgarian
Prince Boris wished to be baptized in 864 and wrote about it to the East Frankish
King Louis the German, his ally in the ght against Rastislav of Moravia. At the
height of the conict with the Church of Rome, Byzantium could not allow a single
nation at the doorstep of Constantinople to be converted to Christianity thanks to
361
Rome and to come under the popes inuence. After its great victory over the Muslims in 863, the Empire possessed sufcient military force to pressure the Bulgarian
prince. Unable to confront them militarily, Prince Boris was forced to ask for the
baptism from the Byzantines. He was baptized and named after his godfather, the
Byzantine Emperor Michael, Byzantine missionaries came to his country and began to teach the people. He himself had the best teacher of religious education the
Patriarch Photius, who sent him a famous epistle in which he explained the basics
of the Christian faith, as well as the task of a Christian ruler.
With its missionaries in Bulgaria, among the Russians, the Khazars, in Great
Moravia, and with the Muslims defeated and the Armenians compelled to at least
partially and temporarily abandon their heresy, Byzantine church policy was in
864866 at the height of its power. However, much of it soon went downhill. Bulgaria was the rst to slip from the hand of Byzantine church politics, when Prince
Boris addressed the pope, in response to the revolt of the boyars who sought the
restoration of the pagan religion. Pope Nicholas I sent his missionaries to Bulgaria
in November 866 and with them one hundred six answers to the questions of Boris.
When they arrived in Bulgaria, Boris drove all the Byzantine missionaries out of
the country, and the Roman missionaries continued their work among the Bulgarians. Provoked by this, Photius deepened his conict with Rome and the pope. In
the summer of 867 he held a council, designed as an ecumenical one, in which Roman interference in Byzantine affairs in Bulgaria was convicted, but also, for the
rst time, certain aspects of the rites of the Roman church were labeled as heretical.
The addition of the filioque in the Creed, which was used sporadically in the West,
was taken as an unforgivable heresy of the entire Roman Church. Finally, the Pope
himself was anathematized and declared overthrown. These decisions were sent to
the Frankish emperor Louis II, who was then in conict with the pope himself, in
order that he conquer Rome and expel the pope. Photius then tasked himself and
his church with regaining Bulgaria. This, however, he was not able to accomplish,
because he soon fell victim to new political realities.
III. The Emperors Church (867886)

Substantial changes at the top of state government in Constantinople decisively inuenced the churchs policy, at least in terms of internal policy. Emperor
Michael III fell under the inuence of the capable Basil the Macedonian. During
the invasion of Crete in April 866 the two eliminated the emperors uncle, Bardas,
and upon the return to Constantinople, Michael crowned Basil emperor and his
co-ruler. While Michael was alive, Basil was unquestionably to follow his policy
on church plans. However, on the night of 23/24 September 867, Basil murdered
his benefactor and took over the supreme authority. This immediately affected the
362
church. Patriarch Photius condemned Basils act and, calling him a thief and a murderer, refused to give him communion. In this, he repeated what Ignatius had done
to Bardas, and shared his fate. The emperor swiftly deposed Photius and sent him
under guard to the monastery Skepis. Ignatius was brought back to Constantinople,
but was not restored to his throne until two months later, on 23 November 867,
on the ninth anniversary of his deposition. In the meantime, the emperor and the
most distinguished state dignitaries met to decide what to do about the issue of the
leader of the church. The restoration of Ignatius was the only logical choice in the
circumstances of the emperors conict with Photius, but it was not an act that had
been planned for. Renewal of friendship with the Roman Church was not the reason
for Basils act, nor did he need an alliance with the western emperor more urgently
than the western emperor needed the help of the Byzantine eet in the ght against
the Arabs in southern Italy. The emperor addressed the Pope at the beginning of
868 only to report the changes within the Church of Constantinople. It was only
at the instigation of Patriarch Ignatius, who wanted Photius to be canonically, by
the church, and not only by the emperor, punished for his transgressions, that the
emperor approached the Pope with a desire that he send his deputies to a council
which would debate the issue of Photius. With the same intention the emperor also
approached the Eastern patriarchs. The council was held in Constantinople between
October 869 and February 870, in the presence of Roman and Eastern legates. It
was presided over either by the emperor, or by some of his dignitaries, who regularly attended each session of the council. The Emperor did not want the council to
simply adopt the conclusions of earlier councils of Roman and Eastern churches on
the condemnation of Photius, but insisted that Photius be brought before the council, have his case fully investigated and be given a fair trial. Nevertheless, Photius
was condemned by the council. There, Theodor Crithinus, the last of the iconoclasts, was also convicted. Thus, yet another goal of Byzantine church policy of the
mid-ninth century was achieved the decisions of the Council of 843 received the
Ecumenical approval that they lacked.
At the very end of the council, the envoys of the Bulgarian Prince Boris appeared in Constantinople. His relations with the Roman Church had quickly deteriorated, as early as the end of 867, when the pope refused to appoint his chosen
candidate among the Roman missionaries as Archbishop of Bulgaria. Byzantine
diplomacy took advantage of these circumstances and urged the Bulgarian prince to
send envoys to Constantinople, so that they could present before the Byzantine, Roman and Eastern legates the question of whether Bulgaria by right should belong to
the Church of Rome or to the Church of Constantinople. In the discussion that took
place according to the emperors arrangement, the eastern legates were placed in the
role of judges in the dispute between the Roman and Constantinopolitan churches.
They ruled in favor of Constantinople. Subsequently, the Bulgarian prince banished
from his country the remaining Roman missionaries and allowed the return of the
363
Byzantine clergy. They immediately proceeded with the organization of the church
in Bulgaria. The Church in Bulgaria did not receive on that occasion autocephaly or
autonomy, but became an integral part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and its
territory was organized into a number of metropolitanates. All of them, however,
constituted one diocese, and a metropolitan of the main metropolitanate was the
exarch of the Diocese of Bulgaria, in the way that the Metropolitan of Caesarea
in Cappadocia was the exarch of the Diocese of Pontus, and the Metropolitan of
Ephesus was exarch of the Dioceses of Asia. Pope Hadrian II did not approve this
development, but both he and his successor, John VIII, initiated tremendous efforts
and rich diplomatic strategies, lasting a decade, in order to persuade the Bulgarian
prince to come back under the leadership of the Roman Church.
Between Bulgaria and Rome lay the areas of the South Slav peoples, Serbs
and Croats, who had been since the seventh century in contact with the Empire and
both Church canters. The emperor and writer of the tenth century, Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus attributed to his grandfather, Emperor Basil I, a decisive role in
the conversion of the Serbs and Croats. However, a detailed examination of the data
and the circumstances of the time leads to the conclusion that the Serbs and Croats
had already been baptized before the beginning of the reign of Basil I, and that
Christianity had already begun to spread even among the Neretljans (Pagans). This
indicates that Basil I did not organize a mission of Christianization of the Serbs and
Croats. Information about that in the writings of Porphyrogenitus came from the
work of his father, Emperor Leo VI, the well-known Tactica. There were also data
that Emperor Basil baptized some Slavs. However, these data do not relate to the
Serbs and Croats, but to the Slavs in Greece, that is, in the Peloponnese.
Continuing the policy of the external ecclesiastical and cultural expansion
of his predecessors, Emperor Basil devoted special attention to the arrangement of
religious affairs within the Empire, that is, he dealt with the issue of the remaining
non-Christian and heretical communities, in order to eradicate them and convert
them to Christianity. He took steps to convert the remaining Slavic pagans in the
Peloponnese, and the last of the Greek pagans in the Peloponnesian Peninsula of
Maine. His most radical move in this regard was a large scale forcible conversion
of the Jews, carried out in 873/874, which, because of the method in which it was
implemented, caused uproar even within the Byzantine Church. Finally, Basil inicted a decisive defeat to the members and followers of the Paulician heresy, who,
organized within their small theocratic republic , had for two centuries caused
troubles in the Byzantine-Arabian border region to the east. Basils war effort
initially took their last leader Chrysocheir in 872, and then in 878 their strongest
foothold Tefrica fell. After that, many of them converted to Christian orthodoxy,
although they were not completely destroyed either as a movement or as heresy,
and in the following centuries they would spread the seeds of their heresy up to the
shores of the Atlantic.
364
The consequence of the great successes of Byzantine ecclesiastical politics of

the sixties and seventies of the ninth century was the expansion of the jurisdictional
area of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, since the areas in which the Byzantine
church developed successfully were simply included within the Patriarchate of
Constantinople. That was the case with Bulgaria in 870. A developed church organization under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople was established
within the territory of the Khazars, after the success of the mission of Constantine
the Philosopher. At the end of his rst ponticate in 867, Photius intended to send
the bishop the Russians as well, and that was accomplished by Emperor Basil I and
Patriarch Ignatius in the seventies. At that time, for the rst and the only time in
history, the Church of Cyprus, an autocephalous church since 431, also became part
of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. That was made possible when Cyprus came
under direct political rule of the Empire during the reign of Basil I, after two centuries of prevailing Arabian inuence. Finally, Basil attacked the right of the Roman
Church in the territory hitherto incontestably Roman. Using his political power, he
attempted to draw Dalmatia and Croatia to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. But,
in this eld Basils ecclesiastical policy did not provide lasting results. Christianity
also soon gave way among the Khazars and the Russians, and with it the church organization disappeared. Cyprus soon came again under Arabian rule, and the local
church regained its autocephaly. Croatia and Dalmatia conrmed their allegiance
to the Pope in 879.
The conict of Basil and Photius in 867 had been primarily personal. Consequently, it eventually faded and the relationship between them gradually changed.
For the active church policy which he pursued, Basil could not deprive himself of
Photius great ability. Already at the council of 869/870, the emperor had wanted
to ensure a fair trial for the former Patriarch. Photius still had plenty of supporters
among the inuential people who surrounded the emperor. It is possible that one of
them was his brother Tarasius, and that he was the patricius and antypatos Tarasius,
who was present at several sessions of that council. At the height of imperial action
against the Paulicians in 871873, Photius returned to politics, publishing a new
version of his earlier treatise against the Paulician heresy. At that time, he compiled
a Laudatory Poem in Honor of Basil I, in order to approach the emperor and return
to his favor. Soon after, a complete reconciliation between him and the Emperor
occurred. Photius returned to Constantinople, and the Emperor entrusted him with
the upbringing and education of his sons. After that Photius reconciled also with
old Ignatius. When Ignatius died on 23 October 877, Photius re-occupied the patriarchal throne without obstacle. The emperor and he then addressed the pope to
send new deputies to Constantinople, in order to organize a new council, at which
Photius would be ofcially recognized by all the churches, and the decisions of the
Council of 869 /870 against him withdrawn. The pope posed a set of conditions under which he would be willing to do this, the most important of which was that the
365
Byzantine priests and bishops withdraw from Bulgaria and that Photius relinquish
all his rights to that country. The council lasted from November 879 to March 880.
The main role now belonged to Photius. Emperor Basil was overcome with grief
over the loss of his eldest son and heir, Constantine, in early September 879, and did
not take as active a part in the council as he had a decade earlier. Photius achieved
the recognition of the Roman and Eastern churches as the lawful patriarch. As for
Bulgaria, he accepted the conditions of the pope and relinquished his right to consecrate bishops in Bulgaria. However, the council did not decide that Bulgaria belong
to the Church of Rome, but stressed that the issue of determining jurisdictions fell
within the exclusive competency of the emperors.
After the council of 879/880, Photius was again at the height of his power. The
emperor was no longer capable of pursuing the policies he had led up to that time, and
he increasingly relied upon the patriarch, even in public and civic affairs. It could be
said that in the last years of the reign of Basil I, the impact of the Patriarch Photius
on state policy was greater than the impact of the emperor on church policy. Photius
inuence is undeniable in the emperors great enterprise of the purification of the old
law, and it was particularly reected in the Nomocanon of Photius and in the ideology
of the symphony of imperial and patriarchal authority, expressed in the Epanagoge.
This symphony of the emperor and the patriarch was reected also in the eld of
foreign policy, when with joined forces they accused the Roman Church of canonical
trespasses regarding the election and enthronement of Pope Marin I in 882.
Although during those tumultuous events in Constantinople and the Byzantine
church, Methodius of Thessalonica, the brother of Constantine the Philosopher, had
been a bit forgotten and neglected, he was the last performer of the Byzantine mission
among the Slavs of Central Europe. After Constantines death in 869, Pope Hadrian
II appointed him Archbishop of Pannonia and sent him to the Slavic prince of Pannonia Kocelj. After Koceljs death in about 875, Methodius transferred the center of his
activities further north, to Moravia, where Prince Svetopluk ruled at that time. In that
capacity, Methodius continued the work his brother had started in the previous decade
the teaching of Slavic priests, translating liturgical books into Slavic and further
developing Slavic literacy. His efforts would develop into the Slavonic church. In
882,after all the troubles faded away, Methodius was remembered in Constantinople
and the Emperor and the Patriarch invited him to visit, which he did. He died upon his
return to Moravia in 885, and soon after his pupils were expelled from the area by the
Frankish clergy and the new Pope Stephen V, who was a erce opponent of the Slavic
liturgy. They ed to Bulgaria, where their Slavic literacy and liturgy was to nd the
most suitable ground for further development.
After the council of 879/880, although the Patriarch of Constantinople had
relinquished his right to ordain bishops in Bulgaria, the country did not return to the
jurisdiction of the Roman Church. At the council, the bishops concluded that the decision on that matter belonged exclusively to the emperor. Apparently, the emperor
366
did not want to make a decision in favor of Rome. The decision he made was the
best possible for the Empire and the Byzantine church under those circumstances.
The Bulgarian Church gained autocephaly (independence) in relation to the Patriarchate of Constantinople and received the same status as the Church of Cyprus
had enjoyed since 431. Its bishops were given the right to elect their own head the
Archbishop. Continuity to its previous position was secured in all else the already
ordained Byzantine bishops remained in the country and with them the immediate
spiritual inuence of Constantinople. The liturgy was still held in Greek, but in 893
it was replaced by the Slavic language, which was brought by Methodius disciples
from Moravia, although that did not change the essence of the service of God and
of the Church in Bulgaria. It remained fully Byzantine.
Emperor Basil I died on 29 August 886. His successor, Leo VI, shortly afterwards overthrew Photius from the patriarchal throne and raised his younger brother
Stephen to that position. Although there was not much left of the impressive foreign
policy successes of the past three decades Great Moravia, the Russians and the
Khazars, Croatia and Dalmatia all left the Byzantine ecclesiastical sphere, while the
laws about the conversion of Jews were revoked, yet the results of the church policy
of that period were visible. The Empire was religiously homogeneous within its
borders, and Bulgaria, the most dangerous foreign competitor, was under its strong
spiritual inuence. No less important was the fact that the Church of Constantinople now acted completely independently of the Roman and Eastern Patriarchates.
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847), 23, 24, 29, 31, 35, 4043, 4551,
5381, 8390, 9596, 115
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845), 273
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80, 226, 269
II , (820829), 28,
35, 187, 263264, 266269, 285
III, (842867), 2324, 2931,
34, 43, 47, 51, 73, 79, 83, 9194, 9899,
103104, 107, 110, 113114, 116120,
129, 131, 133134, 136141, 143, 145
146, 150, 155, 166, 172, 181, 184, 187
188, 190, 193, 195, 197198, 201202,
212213, 215, 217, 222, 224, 226229,
232235, 240, 264, 287, 301, 309, 312,
316, 322, 334, 338, 348
, (852889),
157, 192, 196, 198211, 213216, 219
220, 224, 236238, 241, 243, 249251,
253, 255260, 272, 274276, 288, 300,
327328, 347350, 352354
, 25, 42, 4647, 56, 95
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222, 272, 294, 296, 300, 305, 307, 317
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296, 302, 316
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318320, 338, 354
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449), 178
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877886), 23, 24, 25, 26, 65, 8284, 89
90, 98101, 103104, 106119, 121123,
125131, 133134, 137138, 145147,
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311
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334335, 337, 341, 344
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176178, 180, 183186, 190191, 193
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382
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83, 85, 88, 91, 93, 96, 106, 117121, 123
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235, 237242, 244252, 255, 259, 273,
278, 281, 285, 288289, 296, 303304,
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328, 332, 344, 347351, 354.
, , 288
, 332
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123, 126127, 133, 163, 181
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115
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, , 158
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,
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177

43

, 35
Publish
, 63
500
CIP
,
322(495.02)843/886
94(495.02)843/886
, , 1984
I
/ ; . :
, 2014 ( : Publish). 382 . ; 25 cm. ( /
; #. #43)
. . .: Church Policy of Byzantium from the end of Iconoclasm to the
Death of Emperor Basil I. 500.
. Summary: Church Policy of Byzantium from the end of Iconoclasm tothe
Death of Emperor Basil I. .
ISBN 978-86-83883-18-9
a) 843886
b) 843886
COBISS.SR-ID 205267468

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I

INSTITUTE FOR BYZANTINE STUDIES

CHURCH POLICY OF BYZANTIUM

Acta Sanctorum, Bruxelles, Antwerpen

J. Darrouzs, Listes piscopales du concile de Nice (787), REB

chos dOrient, Paris

Les rgestes des actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople I. Les actes

R. Janin, La gographie ecclsiastique de lempire byzantin I.

C. Mango, The Two Lives of St. Ioannikios and the Bulgarians,

Petit, Euthyme le Jeune

evenko, Three Paradoxes

The Legacy of Saints Cyril and Methodius to Kiev and Moscow.

Travaux et Mmoirs, Paris

Vita des Hl. Gregorios

A. Vlasto, The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom, Cambridge

Vita Theodori Grapti, 676 B.

Vita Theodorae, 10.6168; De Theophili absolutione, 21.2224.

Acta Davidis, 244.12.

Vita Ioanicii B, 431; Life of Michael, 102.2325.

heophanis Oratio, 164 ; Life of Michael, 102.36. heophanis Oratio

Acta Davidis, 249.11250.20.

, E , 2002, II, 1380; , III, 1740

De Theophili absolutione, 38.139.8.

De Theophili absolutione, 38.6 sq.

Acta Davidis, 249.1521.

Translatio Theodori, 57.3058.2,1924, 59.3360.3.

Photii epp., 290.154 sq.

Vita Ioannicii A, 373.

Vita Ioannicii B, 431.

Sermo in translationem S. Nicephori, 232.36233.6; Theophanis Oratio, 166 D.

845, 846. 847. .234 ,

Synodikon, 53.121126; 142144. , .

Darrouzs, Mthode, 56, no. 7.1927; Darrouzs, Documents, 294.1321.

PmbZ, no. 4977.

?273 Synodicon Vetus, IX ,

Life of Ignatius, 48.2729.

Life of Ignatius, 26.2731.

Vita Theodori Studitae B, 312 C313 B.

Deusdedit, 604.15, 2126.

Symeon, 131.1922; Genesius, (IV, 911) 61.1764.95; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 19

PmbZ, nos. 7526, 8093.

ywoty, K VII, 27, Metod III, 105. .

Photii epp., 288.4647; 289.6566.

Photii epp., 290.3449.

Photii epp., 3, ll. 67, 2829.

Nicolai I epp., 434.30436.21; 440.716. , , ,

Nicolai I epp., 440.122.

Nicolai I epp., 436.37437.10.

Life of Ignatius, 46.925.

Deusdedit, 604.29605.3, 608.2935; Life of Ignatius, 48.450.3; Synodicon Vetus, 159.5

Life of Ignatius, 52.715; Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 31) 193.21194.6; Pseudo-Symeon,

Photii epp., 290.3637.

Photii epp., 290.385418.

Nicolai I epp., 459.5460.6.

Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807.

ywoty, K VI, 19.

Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 807 A 821 C.

Nicetae Refutatio Mohamedis, 808 A 821 C.

ywoty, K VI, 1925.

ywoty, K VIII, 27.

ywoty, K VIII, 31.

Theophanes Continuatus, (IV, 33) 196.1215.

ywoty, M XV, 119.