.

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,

UDC 726.54:94](497.11)11
821.163.41-94653
929.731 Stefan Nemanja
DOI 10.2298/ZOG1539047P

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The paper deals with the chronology of the construction
of the Studenica monastery and the historical context of -
Stefan Nemanjas founding act. The study focuses on the , -
data provided by early hagiographies of Stefan Nemanja, ,
particularly on the information that the Serbian Grand upan -
issued a chrysobull for the monastery, as well as the reference
to his title of samodrac (autokrator). The emergence of XIII ,
Constantinopolitan influences during the construction of the
monastery Studenica is associated with the political relations
, -
between the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos and Stefan . -
Nemanja. ,
Keywords: Stefan Nemanja, Studenica, Euergetis monastery, .
Isaac II Angelos, Battle of Morava, Stefan Nemanji, Eudokia :
Angelina, chrysobull, autokrator , ,
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*
, 1 . , , in:
(. 177032), , , ed. . , 1998, 2934; eadem,
. I. 1198. 1335. ,
** spirivat@yahoo.com 1998, 5765. 47
 39 (2015) [4756]

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, , , - ain dans ltat serbe et la construction de Studenica, in:
, , , 1200. , ed. . ,
1988, 3549); . ,
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5 V. Stankovi, Comnenian monastic foundations in Con-
Mileeva, detail
stantinople. Questions of method and historical context,
2 (2011) 4773; A. Simpson, The propaganda III.
value of imperial patronage: ecclesiastical foundations and charitable es-
tablishments in the late twelfth century, BZ 108/1 (2015) 179206. , 1186. ,
6 . , XII
, 44/1 (2007) 197208. -
7 -
.10
v. J. Erdeljan, Studenica. An identity in 27. 1186.
marble, 35 (2011) 93100; eadem, Studenica. All things Con-
stantinopolitan, in: . Collection of papers in honor of the
, ,
40th anniversary of the Institute for art history, ed. I. Stevovi, Belgrade .11
2012, 93101.
8 II cf.

Oxford dictionary of Byzantium I, ed. A. Kazhdan, New York Oxford
1991, 64.
9 , -
v.
10 Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae II,
, ,
, : ed. T. Smiiklas, Zagreb 1904, 198199 ( 194).
11
(11131216), , , , I. 11861321, eds. . , . -
24. 26. 2014. . , . , 2011, . 1, 4548. 49
 39 (2015) [4756]

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- us, Acta Antiqua Hungarica 44 (2004) 365373.
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III , 1262.
12 II 1271. : .
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13 . , , ed. . , 2011, 337345, 340341.
, in: , 6173, 6971; . - , e
, 1186.
, 2008, 121. , , (
14 ), cf. L. Garland, Byzantine empresses.
1190, v. . , , in: - Women and power in Byzantium, AD 5271204, London 1999, 213, n.
IV, 1971 (= IV), 19; cf. D. I. Polemis, The Doukai. A contribution to Byzantine proso-
154157; . , , in: IV, 225231; pography, London 1968, no. 101, 131; K. ,
I, 259, n. 31 (. ); , 1984, 727728, n. 7 (
: 1190, 1191. 1172. 1174.
1192. e, v. , - 1190. ,
, 9495, n. 172; -- ,
II - 1185, 1186/1187. ).
16 Nicetae Choniatae orationes et epistulae, red. J. A. van Dieten,
1191. , v. M. Ritter, Die vlacho-bulgarische
Rebellion und die Versuche ihrer Niederschlagung durch Kaiser Isaakios Berlin New York 1973, 28; , in: IV, 226.
II. (11851195), Byzantinoslavica 71/1 (2013) 162210, 201. 17 - v. F. Makk, The Arpads
cf. Fontes rerum Byzantinarum. Rhetorum saeculi and the Comneni. Political relations between Hungary and Byzantium in
XII orationes politicae II, ed. V. Regel, N. Novossadsky, Petrograd 1917 the 12th century, Budapest 1989, 120;
(= Leipzig 1982), 277; cf. . , , v. Ritter, op. cit., 177 sq.
in: IV, 245247, n. 8. - 1186. , . ,
. , cf.
15 Nicetae Choniatae historia, red. I. A. van Dieten, Berlin ,
1975, 531; cf. , in: IV, 164167. 8/1 (1964) 217224; cf. idem,
, a XII , 41.
1183. 1188. . 18 I, 255259 (. ); cf. . ,
( , ) XII , 384 (1998) 95106, 104105 (= eadem,
50 , . , 2006, 535547, 546547).
 .:

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Fig. 2. Monastery of Studenica

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 39 (2015) [4756]

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1191.
, v. , I, 4748. , cf. Pmatky devnho psemnictv Jihoslovanv,
v. . , ivot sv. Symeona, ed. P. J. afak, Praha 18732, 30; . ,
, in: , eds. . I , ,
, . , 2007, 4959, 5253 48 (2011) 89118, 111.
(1192); , 29 -
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23 . , 5152 ( - antine, 7 (1961) 97123, 106 sq.
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v. . , , 1975, 8995, , 104105 (= , 546547).
9394 ( ). 31 Fontes rerum byzantinarum II, 277; , in:
24 . , 120.
IV, 246. -
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in: IV, 249252, 251 ( ). Cf. ,
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, 119. 32 . , 150151 (
25 . , ed. . ).
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1997, 3536, 3841.
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35 , I, 37 . , 139 ( , -
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v. . , , 38 . , -
12/1 (1974) 311319. , 38 (1999/2000) 279284. 53
 39 (2015) [4756]

III. , , ,
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40 Cf. -, I, 80.
41 : . ,
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, ed. . . , 1979, 201213, 211212; .
,
. ,
, in:
, 1987, 6570, 6970.
42 - .
v. ,
, 129. v. .
, .
54 , 2014, 3840.
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The chronology and the historical context of the construction

of the Studenica monastery.
Contribution to the study

Srdjan Pirivatri

It is possible to offer merely a rough solution to the
problem of the chronology of the construction of the Stu-
denica monastery. The dynamics of the influences from the
Evergetis monastery, Komnenian culture and Constanti-
nople on the founder and his endowment are possible to
guess, rather than establish. Stefan Nemanjas links with
the Constantinopolitan monastery of the Virgin Evergetis,
reflected in Studenicas dedication to the Virgin Blagodatel-
nica (Evergetis), could have been established already during
his stay at the court of Manuel Komnene in 1172. The his-
torical timeframe when those influences may have become
more intense corresponds to the period when the peace
treaty between the Grand upan Stefan Nemanja and the
Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos was concluded. The
treaty was most probably negotiated already in 1186, and
it involved the marriage between the Emperors niece and
the middle son and heir of the Serbian Grand upan. The
betrothal was finally concluded in 1191 or 1192. The proc-
ess of imprinting Byzantine patterns in the complex of Stu-
denica unfolded in several stages and was completed after
the founders death by painting frescoes in the katholikon
in 1208/1209 and writing the founders Life (itije prepo-
dobnog Simeona) and the Typikon of Studenica, which re-
lies on the model provided by the Typikon of Evergetis. The
construction of Studenica was begun in a specific histori-
cal context. In terms of internal affairs, this was the time of
Nemanjas sovereign rule over the entire state territory, cer-
tain areas of which had been under the control of his broth-
ers until mid-1190. In an international context, after the
Morava Battle (which probably took place in the autumn of
1191) and the wedding of his son Stefan with Eudokia An-
56 gelina, Stefan Nemanja became a relative of Emperor Isaac
II Angelos. He ruled Serbia holding the title of samodrac (a
literal translation of the Roman-Byzantine title of autokra-
tor), exercising power that had previously been inaccessible
to Serbian grand upans, such as the right to appoint and
install a successor, or to issue chrysobulls in the territory of
his state. The end of the belligerent period after the Morava
Battle and the beginning of a peaceful period was most
probably the historical moment when the construction of
the monastery was begun. In all probability, the construc-
tion did not last long perhaps two or three construction
seasons, in the time span beginning with 1192 and ending
with 1195. When Studenicas founder took monastic vows
in 1196, the monastery had been largely completed and had
already been established. The fact that, as we believe, Ste-
fan Nemanja granted to the Studenica monastery a gold-
stamped charter, which he signed as an samodrac, speaks
in favour of the hypothesis that the construction had been
completed at the time when his rulers status at the inter-
nal and international levels was changed, considerably
more powerful than it had been at the time when he had
been building his previous endowments. After the Battle of
Morava and the Byzantine-Serbian peace treaty, especially
after the wedding of Stefan and Eudokia, new opportuni-
ties arose for the transfer of Byzantine cultural influences in
Serbia. The Byzantine aspects of Studenica, seen in general,
appear as part of a wider process of the diffusion of Byzan-
tine culture and, to a degree, as a result of the transfer of a
superior cultural model from the capital to the province. In
other words, they appeared in Serbia as well as a sort of the
dowry of Eudokia Angelina Komnena.