UNIT

Review

K/U

Knowledge/Understanding

Knowledge
For each question, select the best answer from the four
alternatives.

1. Potential energy can be defined as energy (5.1) K/U

(a) associated with an objects location or composition
(b) related to the motion of an object
(c) of moving particles
(d) that is dependent on an objects mass and velocity
2. Which of the following terms describes the study
of the transfer of energy that occurs in chemical
reactions? (5.1) K/U
(a) thermal energy
(b) thermodynamics
(c) thermochemistry
(d) none of the above
3. Which of the following defines an endothermic
reaction? (5.1) K/U
(a) a reaction in which matter is not allowed to move
into or out of a system
(b) a reaction in which energy flows out of a system
(c) a reaction in which energy flows into a system
(d) all of the above
4. Which of the following is an accepted way to
communicate the enthalpy change of a reaction?
(5.2) K/U
(a) writing the energy term into the thermochemical
reaction equation
(b) writing the enthalpy change separately from the
reaction equation
(c) drawing a potential energy diagram
(d) all of the above
5. A bond in which 3 pairs of electrons are shared by 2
atoms is a (5.3) K/U
(a) single bond
(b) double bond
(c) triple bond
(d) ionic bond
6. The complete combustion of propane in oxygen is
represented by the equation
C3H8(g) 1 5 O2(g) S 3 CO2(g) 1 4 H2O(g)
Which of the following reactions would not be
required to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
propane? (5.4) K/U
(a) 3 C(s) 1 4 H2(g) S C3H8(g)
(b) 2 H2(g) 1 O2(g) S 2 H2O(g)
(c) C(s) 1 O2(g) S CO2(g)
(d) CO(g) 1 O2(g) S CO2(g)
406 Unit 3 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction

436900_Chem_CH06.indd 406

Communication

T/I

Thinking/Investigation

Application

7. Which of the following statements about Hesss law is

true? (5.4) K/U
(a) The enthalpy change of a reaction is the same
whether the reaction takes place in one step or in
a series of steps.
(b) You can manipulate and combine different
chemical reactions to determine the enthalpy
change of a reaction.
(c) If you multiply the coefficients in a balanced
equation by an integer, then you also have to
multiply the value of H by the same integer.
(d) all of the above
8. The standard state of a pure substance is
(a) a pressure of exactly 100 kPa when the substance
is in the gas phase
(b) the most stable form of the substance under
standard conditions, 25 C and 100 kPa
(c) a concentration of exactly 100 mol/L when the
substance is dissolved in water
(d) the substance in the solid phase (5.5) K/U
9. What is/are the primary component(s) of syngas?
(5.6) K/U
(a) oxygen gas
(b) hydrogen liquid
(c) carbon dioxide gas
(d) hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas
10. The rate of a chemical reaction
(a) tells you how quickly a reactant is consumed or a
product is formed
(b) is expressed as a change in concentration
per unit time
(c) can be determined from a graph of the change in
concentration of a reactant or product
(d) all of the above (6.1) K/U
11. In which state of matter will a reactant undergo a
chemical change most slowly? (6.2) K/U
(a) aqueous
(b) liquid
(c) gas
(d) solid
12. Simple reactions often have an elementary step that is
called the rate-determining step, which is
(a) only for first-order reactions
(b) faster than the rest of the steps
(c) known with 100 % certainty
(d) the step in the reaction that has a much slower
rate than the other steps (6.6) K/U

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5/7/12 10:34 AM

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think

the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.

13. The terms thermal energy and temperature mean

the same thing. (5.1) K/U
14. Much of the energy emitted from the Sun is released
during the nuclear process called fission. (5.1) K/U
15. The quantity of energy needed to increase the
temperature of a substance depends on the amount
of the substance present. (5.2) K/U
16. The quantity of energy required to break a chemical
bond is known as thermal energy. (5.3) K/U
17. According to Hesss law, if you reverse a reaction, you
must reverse the sign of H for the reaction. (5.4) K/U
18. An enthalpy of formation is always reported per mole
of product in its standard state. (5.5) K/U
19. Electricity generated by wind turbines is far more
expensive than electricity generated by other
sources. (5.7) K/U
20. The instantaneous reaction rate is the slope of the
tangent line to the curve of a graph of concentration
versus time. (6.1) K/U
21. Product concentration(s) can be used to express the
rate law equation. (6.5) K/U

Understanding
Write a short answer to each question.

22. Distinguish between potential energy and kinetic

energy. (5.1) K/U
23. State whether each of the following is an open system
or a closed system: (5.1) K/U
(a) combustion of methane gas to heat a home
(b) combustion of methane gas in a sealed bomb
calorimeter
(c) water boiling in a kettle with a closed lid
(d) an acidbase neutralization reaction in a sealed
flask
24. Classify each of the following reactions as
endothermic or exothermic: (5.1) K/U
(a) splitting a large gas molecule into smaller gas
molecules
(b) forming a cation from an atom in the gas phase
(c) mixing elemental sodium and chlorine to form
table salt
(d) nuclear fission
25. Explain the difference between nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion. (5.1) K/U
26. List three examples of endothermic reactions. (5.1) K/U
27. List three examples of exothermic reactions. (5.1) K/U

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436900_Chem_CH06.indd 407

28. Describe how the enthalpy change of a chemical

reaction is consistent with the law of conservation of
energy. (5.1, 5.2) K/U
29. Explain how bond energies are used. (5.3) K/U
30. Which releases more energy: breaking an NO bond
or forming a PCl bond? Refer to Table 1 on page 307
for bond energy values. (5.3) K/U
31. Why is more energy needed to form and break triple
bonds than single or double bonds? (5.3) K/U
32. State the two rules you need to apply when calculating
enthalpy changes using Hesss law. (5.4) K/U
33. What is the standard enthalpy of formation? (5.5) K/U
34. What are the three main forms of fossil fuels used for
energy? Explain the major concern with using fossil
fuels as energy sources. (5.6) K/U
35. Suggest any three physical properties that can change
during a reaction and that may be used to measure
the rate of a reaction. (6.1) K/U
36. In each of the following examples, identify the factor
that affects the rate of the reaction: (6.2) K/U
(a) Gold and copper are both used in jewellery, but
copper bracelets turn green over time.
(b) Milk kept in a refrigerator will keep for a week
or more, but milk left out on the counter will
quickly turn sour.
(c) Papain is a food additive that is sometimes added
to meat to make it more tender.
(d) The dust in grain silos has been known to
explode, whereas kernels of grain are almost
non-flammable.
(e) Vinegar is safe to add to food and to consume,
but pure acetic acid will burn skin on contact.
37. In chart form, summarize the factors that affect
reaction rate, and explain, using collision theory, how
each factor affects reaction rate. Include an example
in each case. (6.3) K/U C
38. How do biocatalysts support the tenets of green
chemistry? (6.4) K/U A
39. Explain, with an example, the difference between
order of reaction with respect to each reactant and
the total order of reaction. (6.5) K/U
40. Explain the difference between an elementary step
and the rate-determining step. (6.6) K/U

Analysis and Application

41. Give an example of an endothermic change that
you have encountered in your everyday life. Where
did the energy for the endothermic change come
from? (5.1) K/U A

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 42. Physical changes in substances often depend on

energy released during chemical changes. Suppose
you are boiling a pan of water by placing it over a
hot campfire. Draw a series of labelled diagrams to
show the transfer of energy as the water starts to boil,
consistent with the law of conservation of energy.
(5.1) K/U C A
43. Calculate the amount of thermal energy, in J and kJ, that
is required to heat 1.5 kg of water from 20 C to 75 C.
The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/(gC).
(5.2) T/I
44. The molar enthalpy of vaporization of elemental
chlorine, Cl2, is 120.7 kJ/mol. Calculate the enthalpy
change during the vaporization of 2.25 kg of
elemental chlorine. (5.2) T/I
45. A coffee-cup calorimeter is filled with 200.0 mL of
water at 22.1 C. A piece of metal at 48.6 C with
a mass of 5.1 g is added. The final temperature of
the water in the calorimeter is 26.8 C. The density
of liquid water is 1.00 g/mL, and its specific heat
capacity is 4.18 J/(gC). Determine the specific heat
capacity of the metal. (5.2) T/I
46. When 0.40 g of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in
100 mL of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the
temperature of the water changes from 20.02 C to
21.12 C. The specific heat capacity of water is
4.18 J/(gC). Determine the heat of dissolution.
(5.2) T/I
47. In a coffee-cup calorimeter, 60.0 mL of 0.700 mol/L
sodium hydroxide solution was neutralized with
40.0 mL of excess sulfuric acid solution. The
temperature increased by 5.6 C. (5.2) T/I
(a) Calculate the molar enthalpy of neutralization
for sodium hydroxide.
(b) What assumptions did you make to answer this
question?
48. In developing countries, solar ovens are sometimes used
to boil water. If 2.00 L of water is heated from 26.5 C
to 100.0 C, determine the amount of energy that was
transferred to the water from sunlight. (5.2) T/I
49. For reactions carried out in a copper flame
calorimeter, you must consider the specific heat
capacities of the copper metal that makes up
the calorimeter and the water contained in the
calorimeter. This is because, during a physical or
chemical change in this calorimeter type, thermal
energy is transferred to both the calorimeter walls
and the water. A chemist burns a sample of propanal,
C3H6O, in a copper flame calorimeter. Her data
are presented in Table 1. What is the enthalpy of
combustion of propanal? (5.2) T/I A

408 Unit 3 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction

436900_Chem_CH06.indd 408

Table 1 Data for the Combustion of Propanal in a Copper Flame

Calorimeter
Variable

Value

mass of calorimeter

305 g

mass of water

255 g

mass of propanal
temperature change of calorimeter
and contents

1.01 g
128.8 C

specific heat capacity of copper

0.385 J/(g?C)

specific heat capacity of water

4.18 J/(g?C)

50. Using bond energies given in Table 1 on page 307,

determine the enthalpy change for the reaction given
by the following balanced chemical equation: (5.3) T/I
H2(g) 1 Cl2(g) S 2 HCl(g)
51. Using bond energies given in Table 1 on page 307,
estimate the enthalpy change for the reactions
represented by each of the following chemical equations.
Make sure to balance the equations first. (5.3) T/I
(a) H2O2(aq) S H2O(l) 1 O2(g)
(b) CH3OH(aq) 1 O2(g) S CO2(g) 1 H2O(l)
(c) CHF2CHF2(g) S CHCH(g) 1 F2(g)
52. Nitromethane gas, CH3NO2(g), is a rapidly burning
fuel often used in dragsters, where rate, not energy
yield, is important. The combustion of nitromethane
gas is given by the equation
4 CH3NO2(g) 1 3 O2(g) S 4 CO2(g) 1 2 N2(g) 1 6 H2O(g)
Use Hesss law and the known thermochemical

equations given below to calculate the enthalpy change

for the combustion of 1 mol of nitromethane: (5.4) T/I
C(g) 1 O2(g) S CO2(g) H 5 2393.5 kJ
2 H2(g) 1 O2(g) S 2 H2O(g) H 5 2483.6 kJ
2 C(g) 1 3 H2(g) 1 2 O2(g) 1 N2(g) S 2 CH3NO2(g)
H 5 2226.2 kJ

53. The combustion of glucose, C6H12O6, forms carbon

dioxide gas and water vapour. When a 1.00 g sample
of glucose was burned, it raised the temperature of
100.0 mL of water by 37.0 C. (5.2, 5.3, 5.5) T/I A
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(b) Use DHf to calculate the enthalpy change of this
reaction.
(c) Use bond energies in Table 1 on page 307 to
calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
The structural formula of glucose is shown in
Figure 1.

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5/24/12 7:57 AM

CH2OH
H
HO

O
H
OH

OH

H
OH

Figure 1

(d) Use the given experimental data to calculate the

enthalpy change of this reaction.
(e) Give reasons for any differences in your answers
to (b), (c), and (d).
54. The standard molar enthalpy of formation for vinyl
chloride gas, C2H3Cl(g), is 137.3 kJ/mol. Express this
information in three different ways. (5.5) T/I
55. The standard enthalpy of formation of sulfur dioxide
gas, SO2(g), is 2296.8 kJ/mol. (5.5) T/I C
(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the
formation reaction.
(b) Sketch a potential energy diagram for the
reaction. Label the axes, enthalpy of reactants,
enthalpy of products, and H.
(c) If 9.63 g of sulfur dioxide is formed under
standard conditions, what quantity of thermal
energy is released?
56. (a) Write an equation for the combustion of 1 mol of
pentane gas, C5H12(g), to form carbon dioxide gas
and liquid water.
(b) Use the standard enthalpies of formation in
Table 1 on page 320, and the standard enthalpy
of formation of pentane, 2146 kJ/mol, to
calculate the enthalpy change associated with the
combustion of 1 mol of pentane.
(c) How much thermal energy would be released in
the combustion of 20 g of pentane? (5.5) T/I
57. For five different uses of fossil fuels, create and
complete a table with the following headings: Fossil
fuel, Use, Possible alternative fuel, Advantage(s)
of alternative, and Disadvantage(s) of alternative.
(5.6) K/U C A
58. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of wind
energy using a graphic organizer. Consider social,
economic, and environmental factors. (5.7) K/U C
59. Table 2 shows data collected from an investigation
of the chemical reaction between gaseous carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, represented by the
balanced chemical equation
CO(g) 1 NO2(g) S CO2(g) 1 NO(g) (6.1) T/I
(a) Copy and complete Table 2 by predicting the
missing concentration values.
(b) If the initial concentration of nitrogen dioxide
gas, NO2(g), is 0.250 mol/L, what is its
concentration after 80 s? (Hint: Refer to Table 2.)
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436900_Chem_CH06.indd 409

(c) Use the data in your completed table to create a

graph of the changes in concentration of carbon
monoxide gas and carbon dioxide gas over time.
Plot the data from both gases on one graph.
(d) Does your graph reflect the stoichiometry of the
balanced equation? Explain.
Table 2 Concentration of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Time (s)

[CO(g)] (mol/L)

[CO2(g)]( mol/L)

0.100

20

0.050

40

0.033

60

0.026

0.074

80

0.020

0.080

0.050

100

0.083

60. Table 3 shows observations made during the

decomposition of the theoretical gas X2O5(g), given
by the balanced chemical equation
2 X2O5(g) S 4 XO2(g) 1 O2(g) (6.1) T/I C
Table 3 Concentration of Reactant and Products during
Decomposition
[X2O5(g)]
(mol/L)

[XO2(g)]
(mol/L)

[O2(g)]
(mol/L)

0.0

1.20

2.0

0.80

0.20

4.0

0.55

0.325

7.0

0.30

0.45

12.0

0.10

0.55

Time (h)

(a) On the same axes, plot concentration versus time

on a graph to show
(i) [X2O5(g)] versus time
(ii) [O2(g)] versus time
(b) Complete Table 3.
(c) Calculate the rate of consumption or formation
production in the first 12 h of

(i) X2O5(g)

(ii) O2(g)

(iii) XO2(g)
(d) Determine the instantaneous rates of
consumption of X2O5(g) at 2.0 h and 7.0 h.
(e) Describe and explain the observed trend in the
rate of consumption of X2O5 (g).
61. What is the overall rate of production of nitrogen
dioxide for the chemical reaction represented by the
balanced equation

N2(g) 1 2 O2(g) S 2 NO2(g)
if the concentration of nitrogen dioxide gas changes
from 0.32 mol/L to 0.80 mol/L in 3 min? (6.1) T/I
Unit 3 Review 409

5/7/12 10:34 AM

 62. Under certain conditions, gas phase ammonia,

NH3(g), and oxygen gas react as shown by the
following balanced chemical equation:

4 NH3(g) 1 5 O2(g) S 4 NO(g) 1 6 H2O(g)
When the instantaneous rate of consumption of
ammonia is 2.0 3 102 mol/(L# s), what will be the
instantaneous rate of
(a) consumption of oxygen?
(b) formation of water vapour? (6.1) T/I
63. A student draws the two graphs in Figure 2 from data
he collected during an investigation. Use these graphs
to answer the following questions. (6.1) T/I C
Oxygen Gas Volume versus Time

Volume of oxygen gas (mL)

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Volume of methane gas (mL)

(a)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

5 6
Time (s)

10

10

Methane Gas Volume versus Time

(b)

5 6
Time (s)

Figure 2

(a) Determine the reaction rate of the decomposition

of methane between 3 s and 7 s.
(b) Determine the reaction rate of the production of
oxygen gas between 2 s and 6 s.
(c) Identify the reactant and product, based on the
graphs. Explain your answer.

410 Unit 3 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction

436900_Chem_CH06.indd 410

64. Predict which of the following reactions you expect to

have a higher rate at room temperature. Explain your
answer. (6.2) T/I A
Pb21(aq) 1 2 Cl2(aq) S PbCl2(s)
Pb(s) 1 Cl2(g) S PbCl2(s)
65. Containers of powdered aluminum metal, a
chemical used in laboratory investigations, must
carry a warning that the contents are dangerously
combustible. Aluminum metal is used in many
everyday objects, from frying pans to screen-door
frames to the bodies of buses. Why are such objects
not required to carry the same warning? (6.2) K/U A
66. At 25 C, a catalyzed solution of formic acid,
CH2O2(aq), undergoes a chemical reaction that forms
44.2 mL of carbon monoxide gas, CO(g), in 30.0 s.
(6.2) K/U T/I A
(a) Calculate the rate of reaction with respect to
carbon monoxide gas production in mL/s.
(b) The experiment was repeated under various
conditions, listed below. Predict the effect of each
of these conditions on the rate of formation of
carbon monoxide. Explain your reasoning.
(i) at 30 C
(ii) without the catalyst
(iii) with formic acid that is half as concentrated
67. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), decomposes to oxygen
gas, O2(g), and water under certain conditions.
Hydrogen peroxide can be stored for months on the
shelf, but will bubble strongly when applied to an
open cut. Suggest an explanation for this effect.
(6.2, 6.3) T/I A
68. Hydrogen gas and bromine gas can combine to
form hydrogen bromide, as shown in the following
balanced equation:

H2(g) 1 Br2 (g) S 2HBr(g)
Using a molecular model kit, illustrate a collision
between a hydrogen molecule and a bromine
molecule that is likely to be an effective collision.
Draw a series of sketches showing the molecular
orientation of the 2 entities. (6.3) T/I C
69. A strip of magnesium metal can be safely stored at
room temperature for long periods of time (over a
year). When a magnesium strip is heated in a flame,
it will undergo a rapid, highly exothermic reaction
that forms magnesium oxide. When a container
of magnesium metal granules is stored at room
temperature for about one year, essentially all the
magnesium metal will be converted to magnesium
oxide. Explain these observations. (6.3) K/U T/I A
70. Create a graphic organizer that summarizes the
advantages of biocatalysts over traditional catalysts.
(6.4) K/U C
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5/7/12 10:34 AM

 71. A chemical reaction is highly exothermic. How will

this affect the rate of this reaction? Explain your
answer using the collision theory. (5.1, 6.2, 6.3) K/U
72. Calcium ions, found in hard water, will form solid
calcium oxide, CO(s), which builds up over time in
plumbing pipes and fixtures. This buildup can be
dissolved by soaking the affected hardware in vinegar
(dilute acetic acid). Suggest two ways that the rate at
which calcium oxide dissolves could be increased.
Explain how these would work, using the collision
theory. (6.2, 6.3) K/U A
73. The iodine clock reaction can be represented by the
following balanced equation:

ClO2(aq) 1 I2(aq) S Cl2(aq) 1 lO2(aq)

A researcher found that the rate was first order with

respect to each of the reactants.
(a) Predict what would happen to the initial rate, r,
when
(i) the initial [ClO2(aq)] is doubled
(ii) the initial [I2(aq)] is halved
(iii)the same initial numbers of moles of reactants
are placed in a container with half the volume
of water
(b) Design an experiment that would enable you to
study the effect of change in temperature using
the iodine clock reaction. Write a question,
prediction, experimental design, equipment and
materials list, and procedure, including safety and
disposal precautions. (6.5) T/I C A
74. Phosgene, COCl2(g), is a toxic gas that was used
as a chemical weapon in World War I. It is now
used primarily in the manufacture of the plastic
polyurethane. Phosgene gas is produced when carbon
monoxide gas combines with chlorine gas according
to the following balanced equation:
CO(g) 1 Cl2(g) S COCl2(g)

The reaction is first order with respect to chlorine, and

the rate constant is 1.3 3 1022 L/(mol # s). (6.5) T/I
(a) What is the order of the reaction with respect to
carbon monoxide?
(b) You want to increase the reaction rate as much as
you can by doubling the initial concentration of
one of the reactants. Which reactant would you
choose? Explain your reasoning.
75. Using the rate law, determine the rate constant, k,
of a zero-order reaction if the initial concentration
of substance A is 1.5 mol/L and, after 120 s, the
concentration of substance A is 0.75 mol/L. (6.5) T/I
76. The bimolecular reaction given by the balanced
chemical equation
H3O 1 1aq2 1 OH2 1aq2 S 2 H2O(l)
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436900_Chem_CH06.indd 411

has a rate constant of 1.0 3 1011 L/mols. Calculate

the rate of the reaction when equal volumes of
0.10 mol/L solutions of hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide are mixed. (6.5) T/I
77. The combustion of propane gas, C3H8(g), is
represented by the following equation: (6.5, 6.6) K/U

C3H8(g) 1 5 O2(g) S 3 CO2(g) 1 4 H2O(g)

T/I

(a) Explain whether you would expect this reaction

to occur in a single step or in a series of steps.
(b) If the rate of consumption of propane gas is
4 3 1022 mol/(L # s), write expressions and
numerical values to represent the rate of reaction
with respect to oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.
78. Nitrogen monoxide reacts with hydrogen gas to
produce nitrogen and water vapour. The reaction
mechanism is believed to be

Step 1. 2 NO(g) S N2O2(g)

Step 2. N2O2(g) 1 H2(g) S N2O(g) 1 H2O(g)

Step 3. N2O(g) 1 H2(g) S N2(g) 1 H2O(g)
(a) Write the overall balanced equation for this
process.
(b) Identify the reaction intermediates.
(c) If Step 1 is the slow step, write the rate law
equation for this reaction. (6.5, 6.6) T/I
79. For the reaction represented by the balanced chemical
equation
2 NO2Cl(g) S 2 NO2(g) 1 Cl2(g)

an investigator proposed the following mechanisms:

(i) NO2Cl S NO2 1 Cl
(slow)
NO2Cl 1 Cl S NO2 1 Cl2
(fast)
(ii) 2 NO2Cl S N2O4Cl2
(slow)
N2O4Cl2 S 2 NO2 1 Cl2
(fast)
(iii) NO2Cl S NO2 1 Cl
(fast)
NO2Cl 1 Cl S NO2 1 Cl2
(slow)
He carried out the reaction three times and gathered
the data in Table 4. (6.5, 6.6) K/U T/I
Table 4 Initial Data from Constant-Temperature Runs
Run

Initial [NO2Cl](mol/L)

Rate (mol/(Ls))

0.0025

3.5 3 1022

0.0050

7.0 3 1022

0.0075

1.0 3 1021

(a) Use the experimental data to generate the rate law

for this reaction.
(b) Using the rate law, determine which of the
proposed mechanisms are incorrect.
(c) Is it appropriate to ask which mechanism is
correct? Why or why not?
Unit 3 Review 411

5/9/12 9:03 AM

 80. A chemist studying the reaction given by the balanced

chemical equation
2 NO(g) 1 O2(g) S 2 NO2(g)
obtained the results in Table 5. (6.5, 6.6)

K/U

T/I

Table 5 Initial Data from Constant Temperature Runs

Run

Initial [NO(g)]
(mol/L)

Initial [O2(g)]
(mol/L)

Rate
(mol/(Ls))

0.22

0.15

0.45

0.22

0.30

0.90

0.44

0.15

1.80

(a) Determine the order of the reaction with respect

to nitrogen monoxide.
(b) Determine the order of the reaction with respect
to oxygen.
(c) Determine the total order of the reaction.
(d) A proposed mechanism for this reaction is

NO(g) 1 O2(g) S NO2(g) 1 O(g)

NO(g) 1 O(g) S NO2(g)

(fast)
(slow)

Does this mechanism agree with the proposed

rate law? Support your answer.

Evaluation
81. The per capita energy use of Canadians is one of the
highest of any country in the world. (5.6) K/U A
(a) Suggest reasons why this is true.
(b) What changes could Canadians make as a society
to decrease our energy use?
(c) What things in Canadian life that affect our
energy use cannot be changed?
(d) A classmate believes that the per capita energy
use in Canada will always be one of the highest
in the world. Do you share this opinion? Give
reasons for your answer.
82. There are many different sources of energy that may
be used as fuel in the future. Which source or sources
of energy do you think we should be looking to
develop as an alternative to fossil fuels? Explain
your position in the form of a letter to a politician.
(5.6) K/U C A
83. Would you be concerned if a wind farm was in your
area? Justify your opinion. (5.7) K/U A
84. Fire departments warn people against leaving large
masses of paper near a potential source of sparks,
such as a furnace or spaceheater. Compare the fire
hazard of equal masses of paper and lumber. Do you
think similar warnings should be made about storing

412 Unit 3 Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction

436900_Chem_CH06.indd 412

lumber near potential sources of sparks? Why or why

not? (6.2) K/U A
85. Many industries in Canada apply many of the
methods to alter the rate of chemical reactions that
you explored in this chapter. Which of these methods
do you think would be used in industrial processes to
increase the rate of a reaction? Refer to the costs and
benefits of the various methods available. K/U A
86. Sucrose, fructose, and glucose are all sugars. Sucrose
(table sugar) is the sweetest of these, followed by
fructose (fruit sugar) and glucose. Sucrose is extracted
and purified from sugar cane or sugar beets. An
alternative sweetener is a fructose solution produced
from corn starch, known as high fructose corn syrup.
Starch is extracted from corn and decomposed to
glucose. The glucose is converted to sweeter fructose
by adding a biocatalyst called glucose isomerase.
(a) What are the advantages to society of producing
sugars using a biocatalyst such as glucose
isomerase?
(b) High fructose corn syrup is cheaper to produce
than sucrose and is used to sweeten many
products. What are the disadvantages to society
of the use of high fructose corn syrup as a
sweetener?
(c) Do you think glucose isomerase has had a
positive or a negative effect on society? Explain
your answer. (6.4) K/U T/I A
87. Three scientists are independently studying the
reaction given by the following balanced chemical
equation:
2 AB 1 C2 S 2 ABC
The rate law of the reaction was determined to be
rate 5 [AB][C2].
Each scientist proposed one of the following reaction
mechanisms:
Proposed mechanism 1:
AB 1 C2 S ABC 1 C (slow)
AB 1 C S ABC (fast)
Proposed mechanism 2:
C2 S 2 C
(slow)
C 1 AB S ABC (fast)
Proposed mechanism 3:
AB 1 C2 S ABC2 (fast)
ABC2 S ABC 1 C (slow)
AB 1 C S ABC (fast)
Which scientist do you agree with? Support your
decision. (6.5, 6.6) T/I

NEL

5/7/12 10:34 AM

 88. In an investigation of the reaction given by the

balanced chemical equation
2 H2(g) 1 2 NO(g) S N2(g) 1 2 H2O(g)
the data in Table 6 were obtained.
Table 6 Initial Data from Constant Temperature Runs
Initial [H2(g)]
(mol/L)

Initial [NO(g)]
(mol/L)

Rate
(mol/(Ls))

0.031

0.0025

2.0 3 1023

0.062

0.0025

4.0 3 1023

0.031

0.0050

8.0 3 1023

0.062

0.0050

1.60 3 1022

Run

The scientist proposed the following reaction

mechanism:
Step 1. H2(g)1 NO(g) S H2O(g) 1 N(g)
Step 2. N(g) 1 NO(g) S N2(g)1 O(g)
Step 3. O(g) 1 H2(g) S H2O(g)
Which step in the proposed mechanism is the ratedetermining step? Support your answer. (6.6) T/I
89. (a) Why is it important to know the rate of
decomposition of greenhouses gases in the
atmosphere?
(b) Why is the lifespan of a molecule considered in
determining the global warming potential (GWP)
of an atmospheric gas? (6.7) A

Reflect on Your Learning

90. In this unit you studied a number of ways to determine
the enthalpy of a reaction. In a chart, summarize
what you know about each method. Include column
titles such as Name of method, Summary of method,
Strengths, and Weaknesses. T/I C A
91. What did you learn in this unit that you found most
surprising? Explain. A
92. State and explain something that you learned in
this unit about chemical reactions that you had not
known before. A
93. In this unit, you encountered a number of theoretical
concepts that scientists do not have direct evidence for,
such as an activated complex. Do you think science
will ever reach a point where there are no longer any
theoretical concepts? Explain your answer. A

NEL

436900_Chem_CH06.indd 413

94. Many of the concepts that you explored in this unit

are relevant to the environmental issues facing society
today, such as pollution, global warming, or sustainable
practices. Other concepts were not obviously
connected to everyday life. Do you think all scientific
research should directly address a human issue, or
should some of it be driven solely by the desire to
understand? Support your position with your own
experiences or events in the world at large. K/U A

Research

WEB LINK

95. Design an experiment to test the feasibility of the

mass production of ethanol as a replacement for
automobile fuel sources. Evaluate the effectiveness of
this method in producing fuel and reducing costs to
consumers. T/I A
96. Conduct research to investigate the reasoning
behind the disparity in coal consumption of each of
the Canadian provinces. Why are some provinces
consuming far more coal than others? Report your
findings as a news article. T/I C A
97. Research how wind power technology has been
developed in other parts of the world. Are the same
methods employed throughout the globe? Why are
some countries turning to this alternative energy
source? Share your findings as a web page, blog, or on
social media. T/I C A
98. Conduct research to investigate recent developments
in finding possible solutions to reducing the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Report your findings in a manner of your choice, but
make sure you provide details of ways to reduce each
major greenhouse gas. T/I C A
99. Why might pharmaceutical chemists be interested in
biological catalysts? (6.2) K/U A
100. Catalysts used in industry can work in two different
ways. They are either adsorption catalysts or catalysts
that form intermediate compounds. Research each
of these types of catalysts, and describe how they
work in one or two sentences. Give an example of a
situation in which each is most useful and explain
why. T/I C A

Unit 3 Review 413

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