Chapter 15

Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)
Chapter 15 Energy
15.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The SI unit of energy is the

A) joule.
B) calorie.
C) gram.
D) watt.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 15.1
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
2) Approximately what percentage of the total solar radiation that falls upon the earth is immediately
reflected back into space?
A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 45%
D) 70%
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 15.1
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry and Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society.
3) Approximately what percentage of solar radiation is used to power the water cycle?
A) 10%
B) 23%
C) 30%
D) 70%
Answer: B
4) The solar energy-absorbing molecules of plants that power photosynthesis are called
A) carbohydrates.
B) photovoltaics.
C) solarases.
D) chlorophylls.
Answer: D
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5) When the overall equation for the photosynthesis process is written and balanced, how many
molecules of water are required to make one glucose molecule, C6H12O6?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12
Answer: C
6) A watt is
A) 1 s/joule.
B) 1 cal/s.
C) 1 joule/s.
D) 1 s/cal.
Answer: C
7) How many joules of energy will a stock tank heater rated at 400 watts use in a 48 hour period?
A) 400
B) 400 × 48 × 60
C) 400 × 3600
D) 400 × 48 × 3600
Answer: D
Global Obj: Global 4: Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry and Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science in society.
Learning Obj: LO 15.1 Perform power and energy calculations.
8) The thin film of air, water, and soil in which all life exists is only about 15 km thick and is called the
A) atmosphere.
B) stratosphere.
C) biosphere.
D) hemisphere.
Answer: C
9) All of the following examples are classified as potential energy EXCEPT

A) energy stored by position.
B) energy in nuclear particles.
C) energy of a moving object.
D) energy in chemical bonds.
Answer: C
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10) Which of the following situations would be an example of kinetic energy?
A) a compressed spring
B) a nuclear explosion
C) a tank of gasoline
D) a batter waiting for the ball to be pitched
Answer: B
11) Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

A) CO2
B) H2O
C) H2S
D) O2
Answer: D
12) Burning 1.000 mol of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water produces 803 kJ of energy.
How much energy is produced when 4.000 mol of methane is burned?
A) 358.0 kJ
B) 1606 kJ
C) 1205 kJ
D) 3212 kJ
Answer: D
Global Obj: Global 4: Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry.
Learning Obj: LO 15.3 Explain how the heat of a reaction is calculated using bond energies.
13) The decomposition of 2 mol of water to hydrogen and oxygen requires 137 kcal of energy. The
reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form 2 mol of water
A) requires 137 kcal.
B) releases 137 kcal.
C) requires more than 137 kcal.
D) releases more than 137 kcal.
Answer: B
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14) Burning one mole of propane according to the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
liberates 526 kcal of energy. If all of the coefficients are tripled, how much energy will be released?
A) 526 kcal
B) 1052 kcal
C) 1578 kcal
D) 175.3 kcal
Answer: C
15) According to kinetic-molecular theory, reactions occur more rapidly at higher temperatures because
A) molecules move faster at higher temperatures.
B) molecules collide more frequently at higher temperatures.
C) molecules have more energy at higher temperatures.
D) All of the above are true.
Answer: D
16) Which of the following is an endothermic process?

A) evaporation of water
B) burning of wood
C) explosion of dynamite
D) discharging of a battery
Answer: A
Global Obj: Global 2: Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills.
Learning Obj: LO 15.2 Classify chemical reactions as exothermic or endothermic.
17) Which of the following will cause the rate of a chemical reaction to speed up?
A) raising the temperature
B) increasing the concentration of reactants
C) adding a catalyst
D) All of these will speed up the rate of a reaction.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 15.4 List factors that affect rates of chemical reactions.
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18) The first law of thermodynamics is sometimes called the law of
A) conservation of mass.
B) conservation of energy.
C) creation of energy.
D) destruction of energy.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 15.5 State the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and discuss their implications
for energy production and use.
19) The statement "you can't get something for nothing" is another way of expressing
A) the first law of thermodynamics.
B) the second law of thermodynamics.
C) Boyle's law.
D) the third law of thermodynamics.
Answer: A
20) The ________ law of thermodynamics states that in a spontaneous process, energy is degraded from
more useful forms to less useful forms.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
Answer: B
21) The fact that a heat pump requires energy to move heat from a colder object (the outside of a house) to
a hotter object (the inside of the house) is a real life observation of which thermodynamic law?
A) the first law
B) the second law
C) the third law
D) the fourth law
Answer: B
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22) The fact that a refrigerator requires energy to move heat from a colder object (the inside of the
refrigerator) to a hotter object (the outside of the refrigerator) is a real life observation of which law of
thermodynamics?
A) first law
B) second law
C) third law
D) fourth law
Answer: B
23) ________ is the measure of the dispersal of energy in a system.

A) Entropy
B) Enthalpy
C) Heat
D) Calories
Answer: A
24) Which physical state has the lowest entropy?

A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) All have the same entropy.
Answer: A
25) Which physical state has the greatest entropy?

A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) All have the same entropy.
Answer: C
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26) The second law of thermodynamics defines
A) entropy.
B) energy.
C) heat.
D) temperature.
Answer: A
27) Which of the following does NOT result in an increase in entropy?

A) Water boils.
B) A child scatters her toys.
C) A student cleans his dorm room.
D) A hose sprays water.
Answer: C
28) In any conversion of energy from one form to another, some of the energy ends up as
A) entropy.
B) heat.
C) electricity.
D) radioactivity.
Answer: B
29) The inevitable energy lost as heat in the generation of electrical energy in the most efficient fossil fuel
based power plant is a result of
A) the first law of thermodynamics.
B) the second law of thermodynamics.
C) a poor understanding of energy conversion.
D) designed inefficiencies to increase costs to the consumer.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 15.6 List the common fossil fuels, and describe how modern society is based on their
use.
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30) The number of possible microstates will be highest for a
A) solid.
B) liquid.
C) gas.
D) All will have the same number of microstates.
Answer: A
31) Which of the following will have the greatest amount of entropy?
A) steam
B) ice
C) water
D) All have the same amount of entropy.
Answer: A
32) Perhaps the first mechanical device used to convert energy into a more useful form was the
A) steam engine.
B) waterwheel.
C) windmill.
D) nuclear reactor.
Answer: B
use.
33) The first fuel was

A) coal.
B) petroleum.
C) blubber.
D) wood.
Answer: D
use.
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34) Fuels are ________ forms of matter.
A) oxidized
B) reduced
C) acidic
D) basic
Answer: B
use.
35) Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

A) coal
B) natural gas
C) petroleum
D) wood
Answer: D
use.
36) Which one of the following is a nonfuel?

A) H2
B) CCl4
C) CH4
D) C8H18
Answer: B
37) ________ were introduced into western Europe in the Middle Ages.
A) Waterwheels
B) Windmills
C) Automobile engines
D) Solar panels
Answer: B
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38) Which of the following is a fuel?
A) HCl
B) H2O
C) C
D) CO2
Answer: C
39) Wood, crop residues, and ________ still remain the main sources of heat for one-third of the world's
people.
A) coal.
B) natural gas
C) petroleum
D) dried dung
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 15.12 List important characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of various kinds of
renewable energy sources.
40) Approximately what percentage of the energy used to support our current lifestyle comes from fossil
fuels?
A) 50%
B) 35%
C) 15%
D) over 85%
Answer: D
use.
41) A substance that burns readily and releases significant amounts of energy is a(n)
A) reducing agent.
B) fuel.
C) endotherm.
D) catalyst.
Answer: B
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42) The most abundant fossil fuel in the United States is
A) coal.
B) natural gas.
C) petroleum.
D) wood.
Answer: A
use.
43) The United States is estimated to have approximately what percentage of the world's coal reserves?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 80%
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 15.7 List the origins, advantages, and disadvantages of coal as fuel.
44) The primary element in coal is

A) carbon.
B) silicon.
C) oxygen.
D) chlorine.
Answer: A
45) The highest grade of coal is

A) anthracite.
B) bituminous.
C) lignite.
D) peat.
Answer: A
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46) The lowest grade of coal is
A) anthracite.
B) bituminous.
C) lignite.
D) peat.
Answer: D
47) Given the following analysis of coal samples, which is the best fuel?
A) 95% C, 5% O
B) 75% C, 25% O
C) 50% C, 50% O
D) 25% C, 75% O
Answer: A
48) Most of the coal that exists today was formed ________ years ago.
A) 100
B) 1000
C) 1 million
D) over 300 million
Answer: D
49) A major inconvenience of coal as a fuel is that it is a(n)

A) solid.
B) liquid.
C) gas.
D) mixture of all three states.
Answer: A
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50) Approximately what percentage of U.S. electricity is generated by the burning of coal?
A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 45%
D) 65%
Answer: C
51) When coal is burned, mineral impurities are converted to

A) sulfur dioxide gas that goes up the smokestack.
B) carbon dioxide and water.
C) metal oxide solids that remain behind as ash.
D) All of the above are products of burning coal.
Answer: C
52) When coal containing sulfur is burned, the sulfur is converted to

A) gaseous sulfur oxides that go up the smokestack.
B) liquid sulfur oxides that stay behind as ash.
C) solid sulfur oxides that stay behind as ash.
D) Sulfur is converted to all of the above.
Answer: A
53) When coal burns,

A) chemical energy is converted to heat energy.
B) heat energy is created.
C) chemical energy is destroyed.
D) heat energy is converted to electrical energy.
Answer: A
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54) When coal is heated in the absence of air, the solid left behind is called
A) coal.
B) coke.
C) coal tar.
D) carbon.
Answer: B
55) When coal is heated in the absence of air, the condensed vapor collected during the heating is called
A) coal.
B) coke.
C) coal tar.
D) carbon.
Answer: C
56) Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using coal as a fuel source?
A) SO2 is released and contributes to air pollution.
B) Coal is the least abundant of the fossil fuels.
C) Strip mining is devastating to the environment.
D) The cost of transporting coal to power plants or factories is high.
Answer: B
57) Coal can be cleaned before it is burned. The flotation method separates coal from its major impurities
by taking advantage of the difference in ________ of these materials.
A) acidity
B) combustion
C) density
D) volatility
Answer: C
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58) Which of the following did NOT contribute significantly to the conversion of plant material to coal?
A) There was sufficient oxygen for the cellulose in the plant materials to decay completely.
B) The plant material was buried under mud and water, separating it from the atmosphere.
C) The plant material was subjected to significant pressure.
D) The plant material broke down and small molecules containing a lot of hydrogen and oxygen were
given off.
Answer: A
59) The structural material of plants is largely

A) amylopectin.
B) coal.
C) amylose.
D) cellulose.
Answer: D
60) The major component of natural gas is

A) ethane.
B) methane.
C) butane.
D) octane.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 15.8 List the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages of natural gas and petroleum.
61) An advantage of natural gas as a fuel is that it is

A) more abundant than coal.
B) easy to locate and extract.
C) the cleanest of the fossil fuels.
D) the product is carbon and water.
Answer: C
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62) When natural gas is burned in insufficient air, ________ can be (a) major product(s).
A) water
B) carbon and soot
C) methane
D) octane
Answer: B
63) Natural gas burns with a relatively clean flame. Which of the following potential pollutants is
produced in significant quantities during the combustion of natural gas in air?
A) sulfur oxides
B) nitrogen oxides
C) metal oxides
D) All of the above are produced in significant quantities.
Answer: B
64) Petroleum is best described as a

A) pure substance.
B) compound.
C) simple mixture.
D) complex mixture.
Answer: D
65) The main components of petroleum are

A) hydrocarbons.
B) carbohydrates.
C) fats and oils.
D) ionic compounds.
Answer: A
66) Recent evidence indicates that petroleum is derived from

A) plants.
B) microscopic land animals.
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C) microscopic marine animals.
D) decomposition of volcanic ash.
Answer: C
67) To make crude petroleum more useful, it must be

A) distilled.
B) filtered.
C) reduced.
D) washed with water.
Answer: A
68) The fraction from the distillation of crude petroleum that is slightly heavier than gasoline is called
A) kerosene.
B) heating oil.
C) lubricating oil.
D) asphalt.
Answer: A
69) The yield of gasoline from crude petroleum can be increased by

A) catalytic cracking of lighter fractions.
B) catalytic cracking of heavier fractions.
C) simple distillation.
D) vacuum distillation.
Answer: B
70) Gasoline is a
A) compound.
B) pure substance.
C) simple mixture of C5 - C12 hydrocarbons.
D) complex mixture of C5 - C12 hydrocarbons.
Answer: D
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71) A gasoline with an octane rating of 90 would give the same performance in a standard test engine as a
mixture of
A) 90% isooctane and 10% heptane.
B) 90% heptane and 10% isooctane.
C) 90 parts isooctane and 90 parts heptane.
D) 90 parts isooctane and 90 parts water.
Answer: A
72) Pure isooctane would have an octane rating of

A) 0.
B) 50.
C) 75.
D) 100.
Answer: D
73) Pure heptane would have an octane rating of

A) 0.
B) 50.
C) 75.
D) 100.
Answer: A
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74) In general, a higher proportion of branched chain hydrocarbons in a gasoline formulation
A) increases octane rating.
B) decreases octane rating.
C) burns cleaner.
D) burns cooler.
Answer: A
75) What metal, when added as a compound, increases octane rating of gasoline?
A) Pb
B) Na
C) Ag
D) Au
Answer: A
76) Catalytic reforming is a process for converting

A) low octane rated alkanes into high octane rated aromatics.
B) high octane rated alkanes into low octane rated aromatics.
C) low octane rated alkanes into high octane rated branched alkanes.
D) high octane rated alkanes into low octane rated branched alkanes.
Answer: A
77) A compound that replaced tetraethyllead as an octane booster is

A) benzene.
B) heptane.
C) isooctane.
D) methyl tert-butyl ether.
Answer: D
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78) Which substance is most effective in raising the octane rating of gasoline?
A) benzene
B) ethanol
C) methyl tert-butyl ether
D) tetraethyllead
Answer: D
79) The heating of large hydrocarbon compounds with a catalyst in the absence of oxygen is called
A) cracking.
B) catalysis.
C) reforming.
D) flocculation.
Answer: A
80) Which of the following petroleum fractions has the highest boiling point?
A) fuel oil
B) gasoline
C) heating oil
D) lubricants
Answer: D
81) The major components of petroleum is/are

A) benzene.
B) water.
C) organic compounds of sulfur.
D) hydrocarbons.
Answer: D
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82) Which of the following products is NOT made from petroleum?
A) plastics
B) detergents
C) perfumes
D) tires
Answer: D
83) The petroleum fraction that has the lowest boiling point is
A) gasoline.
B) kerosene.
C) heating oil.
D) natural gas.
Answer: D
84) The number of hydrocarbons that make up the mixture called gasoline is
A) less than 100.
B) less than 1000.
C) more than 2000.
D) more than 1,000,000.
Answer: B
85) When petroleum is separated in a distillation tower, the fraction that does not vaporize is
A) petroleum jelly.
B) asphalt.
C) lubricants.
D) heating oil.
Answer: B
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86) The EROEI for ethanol has been estimated to be between 1.67:1 to 0.78:1. Which of the following is
NOT a reason for the low ethanol EROEI values?
A) Ethanol has a lower fuel content than petroleum fuels.
B) Large amounts of energy are required to distill the ethanol after it is formed.
C) Some ethanol is changed to methane (CH4) during the distillation process, so less ethanol is recovered.
D) Ethanol is not easily available.
Answer: C
87) For most uses, the most convenient form of energy is

A) chemical.
B) electrical.
C) mechanical.
D) solar.
Answer: B
88) Approximately what percentage of the chemical energy of a fossil fuel electrical power plant is "lost"
as heat energy?
A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%
Answer: C
use.
89) Liquefaction of coal produces a fuel that

A) increases the energy content of the coal.
B) is more conveniently transported.
C) contains less hydrogen than coal.
D) is mainly methanol.
Answer: B
use.
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90) The basic process for converting coal to a synthetic gaseous fuel involves
A) the hydrogenation of carbon.
B) the reduction of carbon by hydrogen.
C) the oxidation of carbon.
D) the reduction of carbon by oxygen.
Answer: B
use.
91) Which of the following forms of energy is the dirtiest?

A) coal
B) electricity
C) natural gas
D) petroleum
Answer: A
use.
92) The conversion of coal to gas results in the production of synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a mixture of
A) C and H2O.
B) CH4 and H2O.
C) CO and H2.
D) CH4 and H2.
Answer: C
use.
93) At present, what approximate percentage of electricity generated in the United States comes from
nuclear energy?
A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 90%
D) 75%
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 15.11 Describes how a nuclear power plant generates electricity.
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94) Which country leads in percentage of electricity produced by nuclear energy?
A) China
B) France
C) India
D) Ukraine
Answer: B
95) Electricity produced from nuclear power is especially important in which part of the United States?
A) Southwest
B) eastern seaboard and the Upper Midwest
C) West
D) Plains
Answer: B
96) Control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to

A) absorb neutrons and slow down fission.
B) absorb neutrons and speed up fission.
C) release neutrons and slow down fission.
D) release neutrons and speed up fission.
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 15.10a List advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.
97) Given the potential benefits and risks associated with nuclear power, the desirability quotient for
electrical generation by nuclear power is probably best described as
A) low.
B) moderate.
C) high.
D) uncertain.
Answer: D
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98) Which problem do all power plants have in common?
A) excess capacity
B) release of radioactivity
C) sulfur dioxide emission
D) thermal pollution
Answer: D
99) Tailings are the name for

A) radioactive waste from spent nuclear fuel.
B) radioactive waste produced during the mining of uranium.
C) radioactive coolant water.
D) radioactive ash from coal fired power plants.
Answer: B
100) You cannot make a bomb from reactor grade uranium because it
A) is not radioactive enough.
B) is too well guarded.
C) would explode prematurely.
D) is not enriched enough in uranium-235.
Answer: D
101) A breeder reactor converts

A) nonfissionable U-238 to fissionable U-235.
B) nonfissionable U-238 to fissionable Pu-239.
C) fissionable U-235 to fissionable U-238.
D) fissionable U-235 to fissionable Pu-239.
Answer: B
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102) Breeder reactors allow for the use of
A) abundant and naturally occurring U-235 as a nuclear fuel.
B) abundant and naturally occurring U-238 as a nuclear fuel.
C) abundant and naturally occurring Pu-238 as a nuclear fuel.
D) Breeder reactors allow for none of the above.
Answer: B
103) Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with nuclear power plants?
A) air pollution
B) disposal of spent nuclear fuel
C) tailings from the mining of uranium ore
D) thermal pollution
Answer: A
104) Which of the following statements about plutonium and breeder reactors is correct?
A) Plutonium has a high melting point, so the core would not melt if the cooling system failed.
B) Plutonium is relatively easy to separate from uranium because they are chemically different.
C) Plutonium is a beta emitter.
D) Fissionable uranium-235 is used to produce fissionable plutonium-239.
Answer: B
105) The principal fuel(s) for nuclear fusion would be

A) uranium-235 and uranium-238.
B) deuterium and tritium (2H and 3H).
C) plutonium-238.
D) water.
Answer: B
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106) Which technology is NOT used at all today for the production of electricity?
A) nuclear fusion
B) nuclear fission
C) solar cells
D) geothermal power plants
Answer: A
107) The state of matter characterized by atomic nuclei and free electrons is called a
A) gas.
B) liquid.
C) solid.
D) plasma.
Answer: D
108) What percentage of the electricity produced in the world today comes from nuclear fusion?
A) 0%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 75%
Answer: A
109) Which of the following statements best describes the status of nuclear fusion as an energy source?
A) Nuclear fusion generates some electrical power today.
B) Nuclear fusion will be a viable source of energy by the year 2010.
C) Nuclear fusion will solve all of our energy problems in the 21st century.
D) Nuclear fusion may help solve our energy problems in the future.
Answer: D
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110) One of the major difficulties in developing nuclear fusion as a possible source of continuous energy
is that temperatures of ________ are needed to initiate fusion reactions.
A) 0 K
B) 300°C
C) 5000°C
D) over 100,000,000°C
Answer: D
111) Photovoltaic cells convert

A) solar energy into chemical energy.
B) solar energy into mechanical energy.
C) solar energy into electrical energy.
D) solar energy into heat energy.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: 15.10
112) Most solar cells are composed primarily of

A) arsenic.
B) sulfur.
C) nickel.
D) silicon.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 50+ Page Ref: 15.10
113) If very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of arsenic, the resulting crystal is called a(n)
A) solar cell.
B) n-type semiconductor
C) p-type semiconductor
D) battery.
Answer: B
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114) If very pure silicon is doped with a small amount of boron, the resulting crystal is called a(n)
A) solar cell.
B) n-type semiconductor
C) p-type semiconductor
D) battery.
Answer: C
115) The efficiency of current solar cells is approximately

A) 3%.
B) 15%.
C) 25%.
D) 75%.
Answer: B
116) The use of biomass as a solution to all energy needs is limited by

A) a lack of appropriate plants.
B) a lack of technology to process and burn biomass.
C) the nonrenewability of biomass.
D) a shortage of land to grow plants for energy consumption.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 15.13 Explain how applying the green chemistry principles can help identify improved
methods for energy generation.
117) Biomass does NOT produce

A) asphalt.
B) methane.
C) ethanol.
D) biodiesel.
Answer: A
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118) Biomass may be burned directly or chemically converted to a more convenient form (liquid or gas).
Which of the following statements is true?
A) The conversion of biomass to a more convenient form improves the overall efficiency of the energy
conversion.
B) The conversion of biomass to a more convenient form decreases the overall efficiency of the energy
conversion.
C) The conversion of biomass to a more convenient form does not affect the overall efficiency. Energy is
conserved!
D) All of the above statements are false.
Answer: B
119) The overall efficiency of biomass as a method of harvesting solar energy is approximately
A) 3%.
B) 15%.
C) 40%.
D) 65%.
Answer: A
120) The most energy efficient method for converting biomass into useful energy is to
A) ferment sugars and starches from plants to form ethanol, which can be burned.
B) distill wood in the absence of air to form methanol, which can be burned.
C) use bacteria to break down plant material to produce methane.
D) burn the plant material directly.
Answer: D
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121) Hydrogen gas has been proposed as a fuel of the future because
A) it can be obtained cheaply by drilling.
B) it can be extracted from seawater with no energy expenditure.
C) it is nonflammable.
D) it burns to produce water.
Answer: D
122) A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that

A) produces fuels from water.
B) burns gasoline to produce heat.
C) converts coal to a gas.
D) converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.
Answer: D
123) One of the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as an energy source for space travel is that
A) hydrogen is easily generated in space.
B) the water produced by the cell can be used for other purposes.
C) fuel cells are not limited by second law problems.
D) fuel cells produce more energy in the vacuum of space.
Answer: B
124) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using hydrogen as a fuel for cars?
A) Water vapor is the only exhaust, so air pollution is not produced.
B) Liquid hydrogen must be stored at very low temperatures.
C) Hydrogen could reduce our reliance on foreign oil.
D) Hydrogen can be made from renewable resources.
Answer: B
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125) Which of the following is NOT powered by the sun?
A) the water cycle
B) the winds
C) geothermal energy
D) biomass production
Answer: C
126) Approximately what percentage of electricity generated in the United States is hydroelectric?
A) < 1%
B) 7%
C) 23%
D) 44%
Answer: B
127) The location of most of the hydroelectric power in the United States is in the
A) northeastern states.
B) mid-Atlantic states.
C) mountainous western states.
D) midwesternstates.
Answer: C
128) Which of the following alternative energy sources is not intermittent and does not require energy
storage?
A) solar cells
B) windmills
C) tides
D) All of the above are intermittent and requires energy storage.
Answer: D
32
129) The internal heat from the earth is due to
A) absorbed solar radiation from the land.
B) absorbed solar radiation from the oceans.
C) radioactivity and gravitation forces in the earth's mantle and core.
D) mysterious processes not well understood.
Answer: C
130) Geothermal energy cannot meet all of our energy needs because
A) the earth is not hot enough.
B) access to geothermal energy is limited to certain regions.
C) geothermal energy is intermittent.
D) geothermal sources do not have enough energy to generate electricity.
Answer: B
131) Which of the following statements about using ocean energy to generate electricity is NOT true?
A) Water will drive a turbine to generate electricity when it flows out of a reservoir at low tide.
B) Water will drive a turbine to generate electricity when it flows out of a reservoir at high tide.
C) The difference in temperature between surface water and the ocean depths can be used to evaporate a
liquid to a vapor that drives a turbine.
D) All of the above statements are true.
Answer: B
132) The fastest growing energy source in the United States is

A) biomass.
B) geothermal.
C) hydroelectric power.
D) wind power.
Answer: D
33
133) During past three decades, American industry has reduced its consumption of energy per product
by nearly
A) 5%.
B) 15%.
C) 30%.
D) 50%.
Answer: C
134) Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is widely used to produce

A) coal.
B) natural gas.
C) pure water.
D) petroleum.
Answer: B
135) Consider the following EROEI values for different fuel processes. Which would result in the greatest
increase in CO2 emissions?
A) 17:1
B) 35:1
C) 5:1
D) 2:1
Answer: D
136) Fracking accounts for ________ percent of the natural gas production in the United States.
A) 25
B) 40
C) 60
D) 50
Answer: D
15.2 True/False Questions

34
1) The United States has 5% of the world's population and uses 20% of the world's energy.
Answer: TRUE
2) The United States uses energy more efficiently than other countries do.
Answer: FALSE
3) Chemical reactions that release heat to the surroundings are endothermic reactions.
Answer: FALSE
4) When two compounds react, the amount of energy released is independent of the amounts of the
compounds.
Answer: FALSE
5) The use of gasoline is an endothermic reaction.

Answer: FALSE
6) According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be converted from one form to another, but
it can neither be created nor destroyed.
Answer: TRUE
7) When a liquid is converted to a gas there is an increase in entropy.

Answer: TRUE
8) Microstates refers to the energy of molecular motion.
35
Answer: TRUE
9) Entropy can be decreased by putting more work into the system.

Answer: TRUE
10) The first fuels were plant materials.

Answer: TRUE
use.
11) Anthracite has a higher carbon content than wood.

Answer: TRUE
12) A disadvantage of strip mining is that it leaves the soil exposed and erosion occurs more readily.
Answer: TRUE
use.
13) High quality coal has a higher content of carbon than low quality coal does.
Answer: TRUE
use.
14) Coal tar and coke are sources of organic chemicals for medical and industrial use.
Answer: TRUE
use.
15) The density of coal is higher than the density of most of its impurities.
36
Answer: FALSE
16) Adding oxygen containing additives, such as methyl tert-butyl ether or ethanol, to gasoline improves
octane rating and reduces CO emissions in automobile engines.
Answer: TRUE
17) Branched hydrocarbons have a higher octane rating than straight chain hydrocarbons do.
Answer: TRUE
18) At the current rate of consumption and production, U.S. reserves of petroleum will run out sometime
in the 21st century.
Answer: TRUE
19) Pesticides are made from petroleum.

Answer: TRUE
20) Isooctane is the main component of lubricants.

Answer: FALSE
21) EROEI stands for Energy Return on Energy Invested.

Answer: TRUE
22) Coal liquefaction and gasification have the advantage of producing gases and liquids that are easy to
transport.
37
Answer: TRUE
Learning Obj: LO 15.9 Explain why gaseous and liquid fuels are more convenient to use than solid fuels.
23) Nuclear power plants generate large amounts of air pollution.

Answer: FALSE
24) Nuclear fusion is the source of energy that powers the sun.
Answer: TRUE
25) Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that has 1 neutron.

Answer: TRUE
26) A high EROEI value is desirable.

Answer: TRUE
27) Used oil from fast food restaurants can be used in making biodiesel fuel.
Answer: TRUE
38
28) Biomass is one of the most efficient sources of energy available.
Answer: FALSE
29) Fuel cells are more efficient in converting chemical energy to electricity than internal combustion
engines are.
Answer: TRUE
30) World-wide consumption of energy is expected to increase by nearly 50% between 2007 and 2035.
Answer: TRUE
31) In hydraulic fracturing (fracking), high-pressure liquids are forced into fractures in rocks to remove
natural gas.
Answer: TRUE
32) In 2010, approximately 60% of the natural gas in the United States was produced by the hydraulic
fracturing (fracking) method.
Answer: FALSE
39
15.3 Short Answer Questions
1) Burning 1.00 mol of methane to form carbon dioxide and water produces 192 kcal of energy. How
much energy is produced when 5.00 mol of methane is burned?
Answer: 960. kcal
2) A student mixes compound A with compound B and notices that a chemical reaction occurs. The
temperature of the mixture decreases. The reaction is ________.
Answer: endothermic
3) There are several factors that can cause a chemical reaction to proceed faster. One such factor is
________.
Answer: Any of these: increasing temperature, increasing the concentration of the reactants, using a
catalyst
4) Raising the temperature of a reaction mixture is the same as increasing the ________ of the reacting
molecules.
Answer: kinetic energy
5) Recycling of plastics is an example of the fact that ________ (decreasing/increasing) entropy is a(n)
________ process.
Answer: decreasing; nonspontaneous
6) Fuels are ________ forms of matter. The energy content of fuels is released by ________.
Answer: reduced; oxidation
7) When the ethane and propane components of natural gas are cracked, two new compounds are formed
which are essential monomers used in making plastics. These substances are ________.
Answer: ethylene and propylene
40
15.4 Essay Questions
1) Define a fuel. Give an example. Include a balanced chemical reaction.

Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry, Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society, and Global 8: Communicate
effectively in writing.
2) Is coal being formed today? Is this a solution to our energy concerns?

3) What are two advantages and two disadvantages of nuclear power?

4) Discuss the problems of increasing the role of nuclear energy as an energy source.
5) Discuss the use of biomass as an energy source. Give two examples.

6) What are the limitations of geothermal energy for meeting large scale energy needs?
41
7) Discuss the role of conservation in reducing energy consumption. Where could significant energy
savings be made in the United States?
42

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Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)

15.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) The SI unit of energy is the

9) All of the following examples are classified as potential energy EXCEPT

11) Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?

16) Which of the following is an endothermic process?

23) ________ is the measure of the dispersal of energy in a system.

24) Which physical state has the lowest entropy?

25) Which physical state has the greatest entropy?

27) Which of the following does NOT result in an increase in entropy?

33) The first fuel was

35) Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

36) Which one of the following is a nonfuel?

44) The primary element in coal is

45) The highest grade of coal is

49) A major inconvenience of coal as a fuel is that it is a(n)

51) When coal is burned, mineral impurities are converted to

52) When coal containing sulfur is burned, the sulfur is converted to

53) When coal burns,

59) The structural material of plants is largely

60) The major component of natural gas is

61) An advantage of natural gas as a fuel is that it is

64) Petroleum is best described as a

65) The main components of petroleum are

66) Recent evidence indicates that petroleum is derived from

67) To make crude petroleum more useful, it must be

69) The yield of gasoline from crude petroleum can be increased by

72) Pure isooctane would have an octane rating of

73) Pure heptane would have an octane rating of

76) Catalytic reforming is a process for converting

77) A compound that replaced tetraethyllead as an octane booster is

81) The major components of petroleum is/are

87) For most uses, the most convenient form of energy is

89) Liquefaction of coal produces a fuel that

91) Which of the following forms of energy is the dirtiest?

96) Control rods in a nuclear reactor are used to

99) Tailings are the name for

101) A breeder reactor converts

105) The principal fuel(s) for nuclear fusion would be

111) Photovoltaic cells convert

112) Most solar cells are composed primarily of

115) The efficiency of current solar cells is approximately

116) The use of biomass as a solution to all energy needs is limited by

117) Biomass does NOT produce

122) A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that

132) The fastest growing energy source in the United States is

134) Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is widely used to produce

15.2 True/False Questions

5) The use of gasoline is an endothermic reaction.

7) When a liquid is converted to a gas there is an increase in entropy.

8) Microstates refers to the energy of molecular motion.

9) Entropy can be decreased by putting more work into the system.

10) The first fuels were plant materials.

11) Anthracite has a higher carbon content than wood.

19) Pesticides are made from petroleum.

20) Isooctane is the main component of lubricants.

21) EROEI stands for Energy Return on Energy Invested.

23) Nuclear power plants generate large amounts of air pollution.

25) Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that has 1 neutron.

26) A high EROEI value is desirable.

1) Define a fuel. Give an example. Include a balanced chemical reaction.

2) Is coal being formed today? Is this a solution to our energy concerns?