Chapter 12

Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)
Chapter 12 Chemistry of the Earth
12.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The three major structural parts of the earth are

A) core, mantle and crust.
B) lithosphere, atmosphere and crust.
C) mantle, crust and atmosphere.
D) lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry and Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society.
Learning Obj: LO 12.1 Describe the structure of Earth and the regions of Earth's surface.
2) Which of the following are part of the earth's crust?

A) core, mantle and atmosphere
B) lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
C) mantle, stratosphere and ionosphere
D) hydrosphere, geosphere and core
Answer: B
3) The second most abundant element in the earth's crust is

A) iron.
B) aluminum.
C) magnesium.
D) silicon.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 12.2 List the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust.
1
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4) In terms of composition, nine elements compose approximately what percentage of the earth's crust?
A) ≈ 50%
B) ≈ 75%
C) ≈ 90%
D) > 96%
Answer: D
5) The lithosphere is the ________ part of the earth's crust.

A) gaseous
B) liquid
C) solid
D) water
Answer: C
6) The most abundant element in the earth's crust is

A) silicon.
B) iron.
C) oxygen.
D) sodium.
Answer: C
7) The majority of metals and minerals come from the

A) lithosphere.
B) hydrosphere.
C) mantle.
D) atmosphere.
Answer: A
2
8) The inorganic portion of the lithosphere is made up of silicon and nonmetals like oxygen, sulfur and
carbon chemically combined with
A) metals.
B) nonmetals.
C) carbon.
D) water.
Answer: A
9) The organic portion of the lithosphere contains

A) soil and fossilized materials.
B) water.
C) minerals.
D) rocks.
Answer: A
10) Which of the following correctly summarizes the relative composition of the lithosphere with respect
to inorganic and organic material?
A) inorganic > organic
B) inorganic = organic
C) inorganic < organic
D) There is no organic matter in the lithosphere.
Answer: A
11) Carbonates are composed of

A) carbon and oxygen.
B) carbon, oxygen and metals.
C) carbon, sulfur and metals.
D) carbohydrates and metals.
Answer: B
3
12) Which of the following is NOT a major component of the earth's rocks and minerals?
A) carbonates
B) organic compounds
C) oxides
D) silicates
Answer: B
13) Limestone is consists of

A) Al2O3.
B) CaCO3.
C) Fe2O3.
D) PbS.
Answer: B
14) All of the following combinations of elements form minerals that are found in the lithosphere
EXCEPT
A) metals, silicon and oxygen.
B) metals, carbon and oxygen.
C) metals and oxygen.
D) carbon and hydrogen.
Answer: D
15) Calcium carbonate is NOT found in

A) seashells.
B) chalcopyrite.
C) pearls.
D) stalactites.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 12.1
4
16) Which of the following technological advances was NOT made possible by access to high
temperatures?
A) manufacture of glass
B) extraction of metals from ores
C) manufacture of ceramic bricks and pots
D) All of the above were made possible by access to high temperatures.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 12.4 Describe how glass differs in structure from other silicates.
17) Silicates are compounds composed of

A) silicon only.
B) silicon and metals.
C) silicon, oxygen and metals.
D) silicon, sulfur and metals.
Answer: C
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
Learning Obj: LO 12.3 Describe the arrangement of silicate tetrahedra in common silica minerals.
18) Pure quartz is composed of

A) silicon and oxygen.
B) silicon, oxygen and metals.
C) silicon, sulfur and metals.
D) calcium, oxygen and metals.
Answer: A
19) The basic unit of silicates is

A) SiO.
B) SiO2.
C) SiO3.
D) SiO4.
Answer: D
5
20) Concrete is a mixture of cement along with
A) water.
B) gravel.
C) sand and gravel.
D) sand, gravel, and water.
Answer: D
21) Which material is characterized by a well-ordered, three-dimensional structure of SiO4 tetrahedra?

A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
Answer: D
22) Which material is characterized by a two-dimensional sheetlike arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?

A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
Answer: B
23) Which material is characterized by a double chain arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?

A) asbestos
B) mica
C) glass
D) quartz
Answer: A
6
24) The color of quartz crystals is due to
A) the arrangement of silicon and oxygen atoms.
B) inorganic impurities.
C) magnesium.
D) organic substances.
Answer: B
25) Great quantities of ________ have been used to insulate furnaces, heating ducts, and steam pipes.
A) asbestos
B) iron
C) agate
D) polyester
Answer: A
26) Cigarette smoke and asbestos fibers act in such a way that each enhances the action of the other. This
is known as a(n) ________ effect.
A) isotope
B) synergistic
C) dilution
D) concentration
Answer: B
27) Which of the following is NOT a silicate?

A) mica
B) marble
C) asbestos
D) zircon
Answer: B
7
28) Assume that you have two compounds, A and B, each of which is known to increase the risk of
developing cancer. A and B act in synergy. Your risk of developing cancer if you were exposed to both A
and B would be
A) the higher of the risk from A or the risk from B.
B) the sum of the individual risks from A and B.
C) lower than the sum of the individual risks.
D) greater than the sum of the individual risks.
Answer: D
29) Pottery is made nonporous by

A) heating.
B) firing.
C) glazing.
D) painting.
Answer: C
30) Which one of the following materials is longest lasting?

A) ceramics
B) concrete
C) glass
D) plastic
Answer: C
31) As opposed to most solids, when glass is heated, it

A) melts rapidly to a liquid over a narrow temperature range.
B) goes directly into the gas phase; a process known as sublimation.
C) separates into its individual components.
D) gradually softens over a wide temperature range.
Answer: D
8
32) The properties of glass are modified by which approach?
A) firing at higher temperatures
B) glazing at low temperatures
C) adding various metal oxides
D) substituting carbon dioxide for silicon dioxide
Answer: C
33) One of the major problems associated with the production of glass is
A) the amount of energy required.
B) the amount of sand required.
C) the amount of limestone required.
D) the amount of sodium carbonate.
Answer: A
34) The two major components in cement are

A) clay and limestone.
B) sand and limestone.
C) calcium carbonate and limestone.
D) quartz and limestone.
Answer: A
35) Optical fibers are made from hair-thin threads of

A) marble.
B) glass.
C) asbestos.
D) ceramics.
Answer: B
9
36) Cement is a complex mixture of
A) calcium and aluminum silicates.
B) sodium and calcium silicates.
C) selenium and cobalt compounds.
D) lithium and sodium silicates.
Answer: A
37) Clays have widely varying compositions, but basically they are
A) aluminum carbonates.
B) aluminum silicates.
C) iron carbonates.
D) iron silicates.
Answer: B
38) Which of the following problems is NOT created by the production of cement?
A) Particulate material can result from mining of the limestone.
B) Smoke and sulfur dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels increase air pollution.
C) Incineration at high temperature is needed to destroy toxic organic wastes.
D) It requires extensive mining of limestone, and large mountains and hills are being destroyed.
Answer: C
39) Which of the following is a noncrystalline solid that has no defined melting point?
A) quartz
B) glass
C) cement
D) mica
Answer: B
10
40) Clay consists mostly of
A) aluminum oxides.
B) aluminum hydroxides.
C) silicates.
D) carbonates.
Answer: B
41) Glass can be colored because of the addition of ________ compounds to make a green color.
A) magnesium
B) chromium
C) lithium
D) zinc
Answer: B
42) The amount of iron on the earth today as compared to the amount of iron 120 years ago
(approximately the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution)
A) is less.
B) is essentially the same.
C) is more.
D) cannot be estimated or predicted.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 12.5 List the most important metals with their principal ores, and explain how they are
extracted.
43) Copper is NOT commonly used for

A) automobile bodies.
B) electrical wire.
C) roofing material.
D) plumbing.
Answer: A
extracted.
11
44) Probably the first metal to be freed from its ore by smelting was
A) aluminum.
B) copper.
C) lead.
D) iron.
Answer: B
extracted.
45) The principal raw materials for making iron are coal, iron ore and
A) chromium.
B) limestone.
C) clay.
D) oil.
Answer: B
extracted.
46) In the production of iron, "coke" is used. Coke is

A) previously heated limestone.
B) previously heated coal.
C) black water formed from mixing coal and water.
D) a mineral containing a variety of metals.
Answer: B
extracted.
47) Limestone is added to the iron producing mixture in a furnace to

A) add carbon to the mixture.
B) provide an additional reducing agent to extract all of the iron from the ore.
C) combine with silicates to remove impurities in the form of a slag.
D) produce a more corrosion resistant iron.
Answer: C
extracted.
12
48) Steel is formed by
A) heating iron at high temperature for a long time.
B) combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel.
C) oxidizing some of the iron to iron oxides.
D) adding sand and heating to a high temperature.
Answer: B
extracted.
49) The feature that makes iron a useful material is its

A) resistance to corrosion.
B) low weight to strength ratio.
C) high weight to strength ratio.
D) ability to form a variety of alloys with a variety of metals.
Answer: D
extracted.
50) The name of an ore from which aluminum can be produced is

A) bauxite.
B) chromium.
C) mica.
D) chrysolite.
Answer: A
extracted.
51) The extraction of aluminum from its ore requires a great deal of
A) heat.
B) electricity.
C) water.
D) sunlight.
Answer: B
extracted.
13
52) In comparing the actual relative costs of aluminum and steel, which of the following should be
considered?
A) cost of mining and transporting the ore
B) cost of environmental maintenance
C) cost of extracting the metal
D) All of the above must be considered.
Answer: D
extracted.
53) Steel, in all of its variations, is a(n)

A) alloy.
B) compound.
C) element.
D) pure substance.
Answer: A
extracted.
54) Bronze is an alloy of

A) aluminum and tin.
B) copper and tin.
C) lead and copper.
D) platinum and palladium.
Answer: B
extracted.
55) Iron is so abundant and useful that it accounts for roughly ________ of the world's metal production.
A) 10 %
B) 35 %
C) 65%
D) 95 %
Answer: D
extracted.
14
56) Which of the following statements about the corrosion of iron and aluminum is correct?
A) Aluminum reacts with oxygen to form an Al2O3 coating, which can flake off easily and allow more
aluminum to undergo corrosion.
B) Iron reacts with oxygen to form an Fe2O3 coating, which can flake off easily and allow more iron to
undergo corrosion.
C) Both aluminum and iron react with oxygen to form oxides which are hard and protect the metal from
corrosion.
D) Aluminum corrodes more rapidly than iron does because it is lighter.
Answer: B
extracted.
57) Recycling aluminum cans requires ________ percent of the energy of making a new beverage can.
A) 10
B) 30
C) 50
D) 5
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 48 Page Ref: sec. 12.3
extracted.
58) Steel is an alloy that always contains which metal?

A) aluminum
B) copper
C) iron
D) lead
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: sec. 12.3
extracted.
15
59) Which of the following statements about technologically important elements is true?
A) China has a virtual monopoly on the rare earth metals.
B) The U.S. still has large deposits of high-grade ores.
C) It requires more energy to extract these metals from high-grade ores than from low-grade ores.
D) The U.S. and other industrial nations are nearly 100% self-sufficient for these metals.
Answer: A
extracted.
60) If we should "run out" of aluminum someday, it would be because we had

A) converted too much aluminum to another metal.
B) destroyed too much aluminum.
C) used too much aluminum.
D) scattered aluminum too widely in the environment for efficient recovery.
Answer: D
61) Which of the following metals does the United States import from other countries?
A) indium
B) lithium
C) palladium
D) All of the above are imported from other countries.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 12.6 Describe some of the environmental costs associated with metal production.
62) The largest percentage of solid waste in municipal solid waste is

A) glass.
B) paper and cardboard.
C) metals.
D) plastics.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 12.7 List the main components of solid waste.
16
63) What is NOT true of plastic bags?
A) They are recyclable.
B) They take a while to break down.
C) They do not harm wildlife.
D) They are made from petroleum.
Answer: C
64) New processes in solid waste disposal include

A) using a mixture of ground up tires and powdered coal as fuel.
B) adding waste glass and rubber tires to road-paving mixtures for use in road construction.
C) converting garbage to oil.
D) All of the above are new processes for waste disposal.
Answer: D
65) The best way to handle solid waste is to

A) incinerate it.
B) dump it at sea.
C) bury it.
D) reduce it, reuse it and recycle it.
Answer: D
66) 1.00 kilogram of polyethylene produces about the same energy as ________ kg of no. 2 fuel oil.
A) 1.00
B) 0.50
C) 0.25
D) 1.25
Answer: A
17
67) Which of the following has the highest recycling rate?
A) plastic soft drink bottles
B) steel food cans
C) glass bottles
D) aluminum cans
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 12.8 Name and describe the three Rs of garbage.
68) When scrap metal is recycled to make new iron and steel products, there is also a reduction in
A) energy consumption.
B) water pollution.
C) air pollution.
D) All of the above are reduced.
Answer: D
69) The approximate human population of Earth is more than

A) 2 billion.
B) 12 billion.
C) 7 billion.
D) 10 billion.
Answer: C
70) At the present rate of growth, world population will be approximately ________ billion by 2045.
A) 13
B) 9
C) 16
D) 5
Answer: B
18
71) Which of the following has resulted from the increase in world population?
A) better recycling
B) an increase in waste generation
C) more plentiful water
D) more food
Answer: B
72) Which of the following has led to a rapid increase in the world's population since 1900?
A) an increase in the birth rate
B) a decrease in the birth rate
C) an increase in the death rate
D) a decrease in the death rate
Answer: D
73) Which of the following is NOT a potential problem with a sanitary landfill?
A) A landfill may leak and contaminate groundwater.
B) Materials in a landfill decompose more slowly than materials that are exposed to environmental
conditions.
C) The landfill will eventually fill up.
D) All of the above are potential problems of landfills.
Answer: D
74) Using hydrogen (H2) to reduce magnetite (Fe3O4) to iron (Fe) is considered to be "greener" than using
carbon monoxide (CO) because
A) there are more molecules of the CO2 by-products produced than molecules of the water by-product.
B) water contributes less to climate change than carbon dioxide does.
C) using hydrogen uses much less energy than using carbon monoxide does.
D) the iron produced by using hydrogen can be replaced by aluminum more easily.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 12.10a Describe how recycling supports sustainable use of natural resources.
19
75) Every day, the world population goes up by
A) 300,000 people.
B) 200,000 people.
C) half a million people.
D) a million people.
Answer: B
12.2 True/False Questions
1) The earth's mantle is primarily composed of carbonates.

Answer: FALSE
2) The most abundant element in the earth's surface is aluminum.

Answer: FALSE
3) One of the more common rocks on earth is limestone.

Answer: TRUE
4) The organic portion of the earth's lithosphere is greater than the inorganic part.
Answer: FALSE
5) Fire was one of the earliest agents that enabled chemical changes.
Answer: TRUE
20
6) Quartz is pure silicon dioxide.
Answer: TRUE
7) The harmful effects of asbestos include mesothelioma.

Answer: TRUE
8) Pure quartz is colorless.

Answer: TRUE
9) Ceramics are formed by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.
Answer: FALSE
10) Ceramics are made by heating inorganic materials to a high temperature so that the particles partially
melt and fuse together.
Answer: TRUE
11) The raw materials for the production of cement are limestone and clay.
Answer: TRUE
12) Adding chromium compounds will give glass a green color.

Answer: TRUE
21
13) Glass does not degrade in the environment, but it is easy to recycle.
Answer: TRUE
14) The ore from which aluminum metal is extracted is bauxite.

Answer: TRUE
extracted.
15) It takes less energy to produce a pound of aluminum than it does to produce a pound of steel.
Answer: FALSE
16) Low-grade ores are undesirable because extracting the metals requires more energy per pound than
high-grade ores.
Answer: TRUE
17) Aluminum is more reactive than iron, so an aluminum bar will corrode more quickly than an iron bar.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Obj: LO 12.9 Identify the green chemistry principles that can guide the determination of which
metal, Fe or Al, is greener.
18) The properties of steel can be altered by the addition of metals, such as manganese or chromium, to
the alloy.
Answer: TRUE
extracted.
22
19) China produces most of the rare earth metals in the world.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec.12.3
20) In the United States, there are adequate reserves of high-grade ores of iron and copper.
Answer: FALSE
21) The United States imports almost no metals from foreign countries.
Answer: FALSE
22) Lithium is typically used for batteries for tools, laptop computers, and cell phones.
Answer: TRUE
23) Plastics form the largest proportion of solid waste in the average sanitary landfill.
Answer: FALSE
24) The best way to dispose of municipal solid waste is to incinerate it, because incinerators do not
produce air pollution.
Answer: FALSE
Learning Obj: LO 12.8 Name and describe the three Rs of garbage.
25) Replacing steel with aluminum whenever possible will minimize harm to the environment.
Answer: TRUE
23
26) Recycling steel cans is more economical than recycling aluminum cans.
Answer: FALSE
12.3 Essay Questions
1) What is a synergistic effect? Use asbestos and cigarette smoking as an example.

Answer: Cigarette smoking increases the rate of lung cancer 10-fold. Asbestos exposure doubles the rate
of lung cancer. When an individual is exposed to both asbestos and cigarette smoke, the increased rate is
90-fold greater than the sum of the individual effects. The two act synergistically to enhance the effect of
each other.
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry, Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society, and Global 8: Communicate
effectively in writing.
2) Although cement and concrete themselves are relatively non-polluting, their production and use are a
source of several potential environmental problems. Describe two examples.
Answer: Extensive mining for limestone destroys the environment. The burning of fossil fuels releases
sulfur dioxide and particulate matter is produced when rock is crushed thus creating air pollution.
3) The "coking" process in steel making is a significant source of pollution. Why? What are some
alternatives to "coke?"
Answer: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are products of the reduction of iron ore with carbon
("coke"). Reducing magnetite with hydrogen produces water, which has less effect on the environment
and climate change. Samples from an oxygen furnace can be monitored and the oxygen can be adjusted
to minimize the production of metallic impurities.
24
4) List two additional important metals, not including Fe, Cu and Al, and their uses.
Answer: Indium, coatings on LCD displays and photovoltaic cells; Lithium, batteries; Palladium and
Platinum, catalytic converters; Rare earths, including Europium, Cerium, Neodymium, Yttrium,
Tantalum, with various uses.
extracted.
5) Discuss energy advantages of using more aluminum and less steel in the construction of a car.
Answer: Al is lighter, so it will take less energy to power the car. It also takes less energy to recycle Al
compared to Fe.
25

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Chapter 12

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Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)

Chapter 12 Chemistry of the Earth

12.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) The three major structural parts of the earth are

2) Which of the following are part of the earth's crust?

3) The second most abundant element in the earth's crust is

5) The lithosphere is the ________ part of the earth's crust.

6) The most abundant element in the earth's crust is

7) The majority of metals and minerals come from the

9) The organic portion of the lithosphere contains

11) Carbonates are composed of

13) Limestone is consists of

15) Calcium carbonate is NOT found in

17) Silicates are compounds composed of

18) Pure quartz is composed of

19) The basic unit of silicates is

21) Which material is characterized by a well-ordered, three-dimensional structure of SiO4 tetrahedra?

22) Which material is characterized by a two-dimensional sheetlike arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?

23) Which material is characterized by a double chain arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra?

27) Which of the following is NOT a silicate?

29) Pottery is made nonporous by

30) Which one of the following materials is longest lasting?

31) As opposed to most solids, when glass is heated, it

34) The two major components in cement are

35) Optical fibers are made from hair-thin threads of

43) Copper is NOT commonly used for

46) In the production of iron, "coke" is used. Coke is

47) Limestone is added to the iron producing mixture in a furnace to

49) The feature that makes iron a useful material is its

50) The name of an ore from which aluminum can be produced is

53) Steel, in all of its variations, is a(n)

54) Bronze is an alloy of

58) Steel is an alloy that always contains which metal?

60) If we should "run out" of aluminum someday, it would be because we had

62) The largest percentage of solid waste in municipal solid waste is

64) New processes in solid waste disposal include

65) The best way to handle solid waste is to

69) The approximate human population of Earth is more than

12.2 True/False Questions

1) The earth's mantle is primarily composed of carbonates.

2) The most abundant element in the earth's surface is aluminum.

3) One of the more common rocks on earth is limestone.

7) The harmful effects of asbestos include mesothelioma.

8) Pure quartz is colorless.

12) Adding chromium compounds will give glass a green color.

14) The ore from which aluminum metal is extracted is bauxite.

12.3 Essay Questions

1) What is a synergistic effect? Use asbestos and cigarette smoking as an example.

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