-

KASEM DESIGN & CONSULTANT CO.,LTD.

TEL. 662-818-0881-2 FAX. 662-818-1369
www.kasemdesign.com E-mail: kacon@kasemdesign.com

(APPLICATION OF CEMENT COLUMN)

Cement Column

(CEMENT COLUMN)
.

*

(DEEP MIXING)
ROTARY MIXING
JET MIXING OR JET GROUTING
*
*

CEMENT COLUMN
SOIL CEMENT
Cement Hydration
CSH + CAH + Ca(OH)2-------------------(1)
Cement + H2O
Released Lime 1
Ca(OH)2
Ca++ + 2(OH)
2
Ca++ + 2(OH) + Soil Silica (SiO2)
CSH ---------------(2)

CAH---------------(3)
Ca+++ 2(OH) + Soil Alumina (Al2O3)

qu vs. Admixtures
1 Compressive Strength %
(After Mitchell, 1976)

(After Bell, 1993)

ROTARY MIXING
MECHANICALLY MIXING

Fig. 1 Mechanically mixing methods

(After Masashi Kamon, 1997)

JET GROUTING

Fig. 2 Pressures grout mixing method (Jet grouting)

(After Masashi Kamon, 1997)

Jet Grouting

. SEIKO KOGYO CO., LTD.

(OSAKA, JAPAN)

. SEIKO KOGYO CO., LTD.

(OSAKA, JAPAN)

SEQUENCE
1 Insertion of jetting tools into 2. Discharging super-high-pressure
a drilled
cement slurry

SPOIL

1. Pre-Jet Pressure
150 bars; ksc

3. Replacing excavated spoil by

cement slurry

SPOIL

2. Jet Hi-Pressure
Cement-Slurry
Pressure 200 bars.

3. Cement-Slurry
Step1
Form CEMENT COLUMN.

Cement Column

Pre-Jet 200 Bars

Jet Grout 250 Bars

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

Column siameter vs. rate of withdrawal.

Forming panels of treated soil.

Effect of varying diameter or jetting parameter in layered soils.

S : SINGLE SYSTEM
T : TRIPLE SYSTEM
- AIR - WATER - GROUT
D : DOUBLE SYSTEM
AIR - GROUT

Range of expected column diameter for various soils.

CEMENT COLUMNS
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

10

* .

* Pre-jetting
*CEMENT SLURRY 90
*

* JET GROUTING

* 400 (400 KSC.)

50

* STROKE
JET GROUTING
CEMENT COLUMN
* DENSITY 1 30
.. CEMENT COLUMN
* PILE LOAD TEST CEMENT COLUMN
PILE LOAD TEST

11

Stroke

Density

12

*
0.80

> 1.00 CORING 4

0.15
1.60

15 . RQD
STRENGTH (Qu)

* UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CORE

CEMENT COLUMN RQD
STRENGTH POCKET PENETROMETER

13

14

1.

Q ull.

Q s + Qb

Q ull.

Qs

Qs
Su

Qs = Su As
Q b = Nc C b A b

Qb
Cb = Sub
= 1 t/m2
= 1.0 FOR SOFT CLAY
( Holmberg)
Nc <FOR CLAY> = 9 SKEMPTION (1951)

FOR SOFT CLAY : Su

2. Broms
1.5 - 2.0 .
L
PLAN

Qult = 2 Su x H x (B + L) + (6 to 9) Cb x B x L

15

Q Col.
ull.

3. Creep Load (Column Failure)

Broms SWEROAD
Creep load = 65 % 80% Failure load ( Q Col.
ull. )
Col.
Col.
Q ull. = [ 2 C u + 3h ] x ACol.
:-

qu
f
or c
2
2
= horizontal pressure

=
CCol.
u

h
Creep load

QCreep = 0.65 x a x Q Col.

ull.

C
:a =

ACol.
C2

Acol. =
C = 1.5 - 2.0 .
FOR Dia. 0.60 - 0.80 m.
* AXIAL STRESS COLUMN
Creep Limit

16

4. Local Shear Failure.

- Su Su
Brown SWEROAD Slope Stability
SWEDISH METHOD, BISHOPHETHOD SPENCER METHOD
d

R
Su1

C
Su1

Su2

Cave = Cu (1 a) + C Col.
W
u xa

1.25
FS =

1.50

PLAN
WL

Cement Col. 1.20 @ 1.50#, Su = 30 t/m2

1.60 @ 3.00 c/c L = 10 m.

Soft Clay

Su = 30 t/m2

Su = 1 t/m2
Stiff Clay

( Col. Su = 50 t/m2)
Su = 9 t/m2

SECTION

17

PLAN

SECTION
1 - 1

Undrained Shear Strength

18

LOAD AREA

= 3x3
= 9 m2

19

1.6 M.

LOAD CEMENT COLUMN 1

LOAD 1
1 t/m2

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

3x3
9 ..
1x9
9
3.7 x 2.1 x 9
69.9
7.7 x 1.1 x 9
76.2

TOTAL LOAD CEMENT COLUMN 1

= 9 + 69.9 + 76.2
= 155.1

20

Qull.

=
=
=
=
=

Qs1

Qs2

=
=
=
=

Qb

=
=
=

Qull.
Qcreep

ull.

=
=
=
=
=
Qcreep =
=
=
Or Qcreep =
=

Qs + Qb
Qs1 + Qs2 + Qb
Su1 1 As1
1.0 1.0 1.6 8
40.2
Su2
L
9 0.4 2 1.6
36.2 tons
Nc Sub Ab
9 9 1.62
4
162.8 tons
40.2 + 36.2 + 162.8 239.2 tons
0.65 to 0.8 Qull. = 155.5 to 191.3 tons

Q s + Qb
Qs1 + Qs2 + Qb
1Su1As1 + 2 Su2 As2 + Qb
40.2 + 36.2 + 162.8
239.2 tons.
0.65 to 0.80 Qull.
0.65 x 239.2
155.5 tons.
0.80 x 239.2
191.3 tons.

21

4 Adhesion Factor
1.4

Peck (1958),pipe piles

Woodward (1961),pipe piles
Tomlinson (1957),concrete piles
Holmberg (1970),concrete piles
Flaate (1968),timber piles
Kerisel (1965),all piles
KMUTT (2004),Steel H-Piles

1.2

Adhesion Factor

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

10

12

14

16

18

Undrained Shear Strength,(tons/m )

2)
C Col. =
u
Col.
Q ult =

50 t/m2
Col.

[2Cu

+ 3 h ] A col.

[ 2 x 50 + O ] 4x 1.6

201 tons.

Qcreep =

0.80 x 201

160.8 tons.

22

SOFT CLAY

Cement Column 1.6 m.

C = 3.0 m.

Su = 30 t/m2
Soil, Su = 1.0 t/m2

C = 3.0 m.

TRANSFORM STRENGTH
a

qu

Cement Column
qu
soil.

qu
t/m2

Cave.

qu
used.
Strain

, %

=
=
=

Acol. =
1.62/4
C2
32
0.223
CuSoil. (1 - a) + CuCol. a
1.0 ( 1 0.223 ) + 30 0.223

0.777 + 6.69

7.5 7.0 t/m2

Cement Column 1.6 m.

Su = 30 t/m2

Sand Su ~ 0.1 to 0 t/m2

= 1.20 m.

C = 1.5 m.

=
=
=

Acol.
C2
1.22/4
1.52
0.502
CuSoil. (1 - a) + CuCol. a
0.1 ( 1 0.502 ) + 30 0.502

0 + 15.06

15 t/m2

C = 1.5 m.

Cave.

23

3) LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE.

Stabilize Cement Column

Dai. 1.2 m. @ 1.5 1.5 m. #
Length = 10 m., Su = 30 t/sq.m.

Stabilize Cement Column

Dai. 1.6 m. @ 3.0 3.0 m. #
Length = 10 m., Su = 30 t/sq.m.

PILE LOAD TEST

24

1
= 0.224 .. 24 .
TEST TOTAL = 128 t 1250 KN.

14 Cement Wall

25

CUT OF PANELS
PUMP HOUSE

CUT OF PANELS

SALT
WELL
SHAFT

15 Cement Wall

JET GROUTING

Application of jet-grouted cut-off curtains.

26

Combined wall and base seal formed by jet grouting.

13 Cement Columns

27

Use of jet grouting to underpin, provide excavation support,

and control groundwater.

Underpinning of foundation using jet grout columns.

28

GROUND IMPRKOVEMENT

Typical column and panel layouts

<PLAN>

GROUND IMPROVEMENT

Plan and section for jet grout bottom scal.

29

Cement Column

30

31

32

33

34

THE STUDY ON PORE WATER PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

OF CEMENT COLUMNS

Closed Hydraulic

Open Standpipe

4 AIT-Type

35

5 Open Standpipe Piezometer Observation Well

Jet Grouting
Closed Hydraulic

36

(Air Tube)

2.
Closed Hydraulic

u = h H g + h0 h w
2

37

Open Standpipe
Piezometer Multi meter

38

6 (Excess Pore Pressure)

3, 6 8 Jet Grouting

Excess Pore Pressure, u (ksc)

-0.05

0.00

Depth (m)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0 day

7 days

14 days

28 days

56 days

10

66 days

9 (Excess Pore Pressure)

P4, P6, P7 3, 6 8

39

Ta Lum Phuk Cape

DAM

.
439,100

Rice field Area

. 40,900

Salt water area

..
35,000 ()
.. 24,000 ()
.
17,500

40

Closure Dam

940 M

230 M

Water Gate

41

SAND BACK FILLED AND CEMENT GROUTING CORE

42

SOIL BORING AT DAM

Stand Pipe
Piezometer

Surface Settlement
Plate

Deep Settlement
Plate

43

MONITORING
Settlement Point
Time , days
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

0
20

Sett. Point 1

Sett. Point 2

Sett. Point 3

40

Sett. Point 4

Sett. Point 5

49 mm.

Settlement , mm.

60
80
100

109 mm.
121 mm.

120
140

148 mm.

160

191 mm.

180
200

44

45

46

Cement Column

47

Cement Column

48

BANGMOD METHOD

Sheet pile were installed and soil excavation

49

Velocity Reflected Seismic Test

50

Cement Column

Pile and Foundation Detail

51

H-beam

52

53

CAP Beam

SCREW JACK

54

Pile CAP

55

10.00
3.00

Subbase

3.00

Monitor

3.00

Pile dia. 1"

0.50

2.00

3.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

4.00

Horizontal Inclinometer

Piezometer

Piezometer Horizontal Inclinometer

56

Surface and Deep Settlement Plate

Surface Settlement Plate

1 12 ''

12 ''

12 '' 1 12 ''

2.5 cm.

12 ''

1.3 cm.

12 ''
45 cm.

12 ''

47.4 cm.

Depth Settlement Point

1 12 ''

1 12 ''
2.5 cm.

1 12 ''

1.3 cm.

3.75 cm.
3 cm.
7 cm.

4.95 cm.
1 12 ''

10 cm.

24 ''

24 ''

2.5 cm.
2.5 cm.
1.5 cm.
6 cm.

2.5 cm.
1.3 cm.

1.25 cm.

1.3 cm.
12 ''

6 mm.

100 cm.
20 cm.

10 cm.
3 cm.

0.20 81 ''

3 cm.

0.20 18 ''

57

Deep Settlement Point

Deep Settlement Point

58

Deep Settlement Point

2.00

Horizontal Inclinometer

59

Piezometer

Digitilt Horizontal Inclinometer

( Slope Indicator [1994] )

60

Digitilt Horizontal Inclinometer

Digitilt Horizontal Inclinometer

Settlement (cm.)

Height of road (m.)

2.50

2.00

2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50 0
0.00
-0.50 0
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00
-4.50
-5.00
-5.50

50

100

50

100

150

200

250

300 Time (Day) 350

0.35 cm.

150

200

250
+2.00 m.

300

350

0.00 m.

2.81 cm.

SS0/1 (on ground)

SS0/2 (on ground)

SS0/3 (on ground)

SS0/4 (on ground)

SC1/1 (on column)

SC1/2 (on column)Time (Day)

SC1/3 (on column)

SC1/4 (on column)

4.15 cm.

5.11 cm.

61

Height of road (m.)

2.50
2.00

2.00

1.50

1.00
0.50 0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

0.00

Distance (m.)

12.00

14.00

16.00

-0.50

Settlement (cm.)

-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00

2.90 cm.

2.80 cm.

11/10/01
13/12/01

18/10/01
04/01/02

3.30 cm.

26/10/01
11/01/02

02/11/01
16/01/02

08/11/01
07/02/02

14/11/01
22/02/02

23/11/01
15/03/02

06/12/01

Digitilt Horizontal Inclinometer (IN1) [On Column]

Height of road (m.)

2.50
2.00

2.00

1.50

1.00
0.50 0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

0.00

Distance (m.)

12.00

14.00

16.00

-0.50

Settlement (cm.)

-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00
-4.50

3.70 cm.

4.00 cm.

11/10/01
13/12/01

18/10/01
04/01/02

3.80 cm.

26/10/01
11/01/02

02/11/01
16/01/02

08/11/01
07/02/02

14/11/01
22/02/02

23/11/01
15/03/02

06/12/01

Digitilt
Horizontal Inclinometer (IN2) [On Ground]

62

Soil
Investigation

63

Cement Column

Deep Settlement plate

64

Digitilt Horizontal Inclinometer

65

5.58 cm.

6.68 cm.

0.50

5.98 cm.

5.44 cm.

0.50

230

66

6.00

3.00

3.00 6.00

Digital Horizontal Inclinometer(H1)

67

48 .

68

Pile Load Test

max. load in case of pile failure

measured max. load
Ma x. load in case of soil failure = 10.02 tons

Load (ton)

16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0

PL1

PL2

PL3

PL4

PL5

PL6

69

Coring PL5
9 .
10 .
14 .
16 .

24 .
9 .

5 .
6 .
10 .
10 .

10 .
7 .

30 .
25 .

10 .
28 .

8 .
31 .

12 .

40 .

20 .

20 .
15 .

70

0.0

2.0

4.0

, ()
6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0.0
-5.0

-10.0

4.98 = -2.79 .
= -0.12 .
= 2.67 .

-15.0
-20.0
, (.)

PL6

-25.0
-30.0

-35.0

4.98 = -2.82 .

-40.0
-45.0

= 10.83

-50.0
-55.0
-60.0

Time, hr
Slope < 0.25 mm./hr.

Load, tons
- 22(3)
S<6
mm(Permanent
Settlement )

24
22(2)

0 hr.
22(1)
T=24hr.

Settlement, mm.

24 hr. S<25mm.

6 (..2527)
( . .. 2522 )

71

Max. Load , tons.

Ultimate Load

200
120
80

6 mm.
1.8

4
Permanent Settlement,mm.

3 22(3)

72

73

Thank you

74