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5 - Fibre Content
5 - Fibre Content
Fibre Content
In order to specify any composite material, we must have a quantitative
description of the proportions of the constituents it contains. In this
chapter, we introduce the concepts of weight and volume fractions, and
show how they relate to ply and laminate thickness.
5.1 Weight Fraction
In manufacture, it is natural to describe the constituents of a composite
in terms of their proportions by weight. Constituents (reinforcement,
matrix, fillers, etc) are routinely weighed before processing, and
laminate weight per unit area may be a design specification.
The term weight fraction may be applied to any of the constituents.
Hence, a manufacturer of GRP will invariably refer to the glass content
as, for example, 25 wt%. A prepreg supplier will usually specify a resin
content (eg 34 wt%).
In general, for a composite containing any number of different
constituents:
(5.1)
or
Wm 1 Wf
(5.2)
or
Vm 1 Vf
Wa a
Wi i
Va
Wa
and
(5.4)
(5.3)
Va a
Vi i
and
Vf
Wf f
Wf f 1 Wf a
(5.5)
Wf
Vf f
Vf f 1 Vf f
(5.6)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
glass
0.6
0.5
0.4
HS carbon
aramid
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
density
(kg/m3)
2500
1800
E-glass fibre
carbon fibre
5-2
0.8
aramid fibre
thermosetting resin (typical)
1400
1200
3R
Close-packed hexagonal
cross-section of fibres
As the alignment of the fibres is fixed, the volume fraction is the same
as the area fraction. In the triangular unit cell in Fig. 5.2, the total
area occupied by fibre is equal to three 60o segments. The unit cell has
area 3 R2, so that
Vfmax
3 R 2 6
0.907 91%
2
3R
2 3
(5.7)
5-3
Table 5.2 gives typical values for fibre volume fractions in polymer
composites. Precise values will of course be process-dependent.
Table 5.2: Typical fibre volume fractions
reinforcement
form
unidirectional
woven
random mat
50 70
35 55
10 30
(5.8)
nA w
f Vf
(5.9)
Vf
or
Equation 5.9 describes the situation when we know the fibre content
and wish to calculate the laminate thickness, as in hand lay-up for
example. Equation 5.8 would be used when the laminate thickness is
fixed (as in RTM or compression moulding) and we want to calculate
the fibre volume fraction.
5-4
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
200 g/m2
300 g/m2
0.8
0.6
450 g/m2
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
200 g/m2
0.8
300 g/m2
0.6
500 g/m2
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
5-5
0.7
0.8
M1 M 2
...
V
V
(5.10)
v
i
1 v1 2 v 2
...
V
V
(5.11)
(5.12)
f Vf m Vm f Vf m 1 Vf f m Vf m
(5.13)
Composite density is plotted in Fig. 5.5 for glass, carbon and aramid
reinforcements, using the same density data given previously.
5-6
2600
density (kg/m 3)
2400
glass
2200
carbon
2000
1800
aramid
1600
1400
1200
1000
0
(5.14)
where a and b are empirical constants which depend on fibre type and
weave style. Table 5.2 contains values of a and b for a range of
different reinforcements, as reported by Quinn, and the resultant
dependence of fibre volume fraction on applied pressure is shown in
Fig. 5.6.
Table 5.2: Empirical constants for compressibility equation (5.10).
Pressure is measured in bar.
fibre type
E-glass
E-glass
E-glass
E-glass
aramid
high strength carbon
high strength carbon
reinforcement form
continuous filament mat
chopped strand mat
roving
woven fabric
woven fabric
UD fabric
45o fabric
5-7
a
8. 6
20
32
40
47
34
35
b
15.5
14.7
24.0
14.4
16.3
25.6
16.3
90
UD carbon
woven aramid
E-glass roving
woven E-glass
woven carbon
80
70
Vf (%)
60
50
E-glass CSM
E-glass CFM
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
1/2
(5.15)
2400
density (kg/m 3)
2200
Void
content
2000
1800
0%
1600
2%
1400
1200
1000
0
5-8
0.2
0.4
fibre volume fraction
0.6
5%
Fig. 5.7: Density10%
of glass/resin
composite at varying void
content. Constituent densities
from Table 5.1.
0.8
5-9
5.8 Exercises
1. What would be the maximum theoretical fibre volume fraction in a
unidirectional composite if the fibres were arranged in a square array?
2. Calculate the fibre volume fraction in a cladding panel made from
dough moulding compound (DMC) containing the following
constituents:
glass fibre
polyester resin
calcium carbonate filler
22 wt%
53 wt%
25 wt%
5-10