Solid state physics

N. Witkowski

Introduction

Based on Introduction to Solid State Physics 8th edition Charles Kittel

Lecture notes from Gunnar Niklasson
http://www.teknik.uu.se/ftf/education/ftf1/FTFI_forsta_sidan.html
40h Lessons with N. Witkowski
house 4, level 0, office 60111,
e-mail:witkowski@insp.jussieu.fr

6 laboratory courses (6x3h): 1 extended report + 4 limited reports

Semiconductor physics
Specific heat
Superconductivity
Magnetic susceptibility
X-ray diffraction
Band structure calculation

Given between 23rd feb-6th march

Registration : from 9th feb on board F and Q
House 4 ground level
Info comes later
Home work

Evaluation : written examination 13 march (to be confirmed)

5 hours, 6 problems
document authorized Physics handbook for science and engineering Carl
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What is solid state ?

Single crystals

Long range order and 3D

translational periodicity
graphite 1.2 mm

Polycristalline
crystals

Single crystals assembly

diamond

Quasicrystals

Long range order no no 3D

translational periodicity
Al72Ni20Co8

Amorphous
materials

Disordered or random atomic

structure
silicon

4 nmx4nm

Outline
Corresponding chapter
in Kittel book

[1] Crystal structure

[2] Reciprocal lattice
[3] Diffraction
[4] Crystal binding
no lecture
[5] Lattice vibrations
[6] Thermal properties
[7] Free electron model
[8] Energy band
[9] Electron movement in crystals
Metals and Fermi surfaces
[10] Semiconductors
[11] Superconductivity
[12] Magnetism

1
2
2
3
4
5
6
7,9
8
9
8
10
11

Chap.1
Crystal structure

Introduction

Aim :

A : defining concepts and definitions

B : describing the lattice types
C : giving a description of crystal structures

A. Concepts, definitions

A1. Definitions

Crystal : 3 dimensional periodic

arrangments of atomes in
space. Description using a
mathematical abstraction : the
lattice

Lattice : infinite periodic array

of points in space, invariant
under translation symmetry.

Basis : atoms or group of

atoms attached to every lattice
point

Crystal = basis+lattice

A. Concepts, definitions

Translation vector :
arrangement of atoms looks
the same from r or r point

r=r+u1a1+u2a2+u3a3 : u1, u2
and u3 integers = lattice
constant

a1, a2, a3 primitive

translation vectors

T=u1a1+u2a2+u3a3 translation
vector

r = a1+2a2
r= 2a1- a2
T=r-r=a1-3a2

A. Concepts, definitions

A2.Primitive cell

Standard model

volume associated with one

lattice point

Parallelepiped with lattice

points in the corner

Each lattice point shared

among 8 cells

Number of lattice
point/cell=8x1/8=1

Vc= |a1.(a2xa3)|

A. Concepts, definitions

Wigner-Seitz cell

planes bisecting the lines

drawn from a lattice point to
its neighbors

A. Concepts, definitions

A3.Crystallographic unit
cell

larger cell used to display

the symmetries of the cristal
Not primitive

B. Lattice types

B1. Symmetries :

Translations

Rotation : 1,2,3,4 and 6

(no 5 or 7)

three 4-fold axes

of a cube

four 3-fold
axes of a cube

six 2-fold
axes of a cube

Mirror reflection : reflection

about a plane through a
lattice point
Inversion operation (r -> -r)

planes of symmetry parallel in a cube

B. Lattice types

B2. Bravais lattices in 2D

5 types
general case :

oblique lattice |a1||a2| , (a1,a2)=

special cases :

square lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 90

hexagonal lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 120
rectangular lattice: |a1||a2| , = 90
centered rectangular lattice: |a1||
a2| , = 90

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number
of lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number
of lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

Base centered
monoclinic

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number of
lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

Base centered
orthorhombic

Body centered
orthorhombic

Face centered
orthorhombic

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number of
lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

Body centered
tetragonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number of
lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

Simple cubic sc

Body centered cubic

Face centered cubic

bcc

fcc

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number
of lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

system

Number of
lattices

Cell axes and angles

Triclinic

|a1||a2||a3| ,

Monoclinic

|a1||a2||a3| , ==90

Orthorhombic

|a1||a2||a3| , ===90

Tetragonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90

Cubic

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90

Trigonal

|a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090

Hexagonal

|a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

B. Lattice types

B4. Examples : bcc

Bcc cell : a, 90, 2 atoms/cell

Primitive cell : ai vectors from the

origin to lattice point at body centers

Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y-z),

a2= a(-x+y+z), a3= a(x-y+z),
edge a
3

Wigner-Seitz cell

a3

a2

x
a1

B. Lattice types

B5. Examples : fcc

fcc cell : a, 90, 4 atoms/cell

Primitive cell : ai vectors from the

origin to lattice point at face centers

Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y), a2=

a(y+z), a3= a(x+z), edge 2a

Wigner-Seitz cell

x
y

B. Lattice types

B6. Examples : fcc - hcp

different way of stacking the closepacked planes

Spheres touching each other about

74% of the space occupied

B7. Example : diamond structure

fcc structure

4 atoms in tetraedric position

Diamond, silicon

fcc : 3 planes A B C

hcp : 2 planes A B

C. Crystal structures

C1. Miller index

lattice described by set of parallel planes

usefull for cristallographic interpretation

In 2D, 3 sets of planes

Miller index

Interception between plane and lattice axis a,

b, c
Reducing 1/a,1/b,1/c to obtain the smallest
intergers labelled h,k,l
(h,k,l) index of the plan, {h,k,l} serie of
planes, [u,v,w] or <u,v,w> direction

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_index.php

C. Crystal structures

C2. Miller index : example

plane intercepts axis :

3a1 , 2a2, 2a3

inverses : 1/3 , 1/2 , 1/2

integers : 2, 3, 3

h=2 , k=3 , l=3

Index of planes : (2,3,3)