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K. C. S. Kwok
School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006,
Australia
(Received June 1992, revised version accepted September 1992)
limiting cases of mode shape correction factors in alongwind and crosswind directions for low and high correlations of wind forces with height. However, the
additional assumptions, that the spectrum of the force
per unit height was invariant with the height of buildings
for low correlation of wind forces and that the spectrum
was a constant for high correlation, may cause the
results to deviate from the actual limiting values of mode
shape correction factors, especially for torsional correction factors.
Referrin~ to the force balance technique, Tschanz and
Davenport- suggested a method by which base-shear
measurements may be used to obtain approximate torsional mode shape correction. Tallin and Ellingwood ~
used pressure measurement data to find the generalized
torsional load spectrum and suggested that the RMS
modal torque for a linear mode shape should be 57% of
the measured base torque and the RMS modal torque for
a cantilever mode shape should be 51% of the measured
torque by the force balance technique. Vickery et al. ~
estimated corrections to both top accelerations and base
moments, primarily for sway components, from both
analytical and experimental aspects. Boggs and
Peterka ~2 also discussed mode shape corrections in the
force balance technique. They suggested two adjustment
factors: one applicable to displacements and accelerations; and a second applicable to equivalent static loads.
In this paper, estimation of mode shape corrections is
based on the aeroelastic testing technique and actual
generalized mass (or mass moment of inertia). Two
limiting values of error, for low and high correlations of
wind loads with height, are discussed, based on an
assumption of the cospectra of alongwind, crosswind
0141-0296/93/050387-06
1993 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
SF(n)
(z)
(5)
--
SF,(n)
Now, consider two limiting cases of the correction factor for low and high correlation levels.
!'~i'~Co(z,,
Z2, n) b(zl)cb(z2)dzldz2
,0 . 0
R(zl--z2'n)=l~
f",t'Co(z,
zlZl=Z2#
z2
(6)
, Z2, n)(Zl)(z2)dzldZ2
__
(2)
,l'h
r/,, =
(3)
W(z) = W(h)
388
(4)
t'0.,,.,o,,z,.zz/
1/2
:[ 2 +3 ],,,2
(7)
2c~ + 23 + 1
For crosswind responses
W2(z) 2(z)dz
L!oW2(z)(z/h) 2dz
4a + 3
I 1~2
4c~ + 23 + 1
(8)
W:(z):(z)dz]
[
fl W(z)cb(z)dz
t"o
~t I
~c 2
~J~W(Z)(Z/h)dz
2cx+2
2~x+3+
(12)
j0
4c~ + 2~ + 1
tl W(z)rb(z)dz
2c~+1
2a+~+l
(13)
f'o W(z)dz
(lO)
, W(z)'b(z)dz
i
~'
~,,: =
~+2
~(Jo W(z)(z/h)dz
(11)
c+~+1
Z.O
Z.O
\
-
.6
\\
1.6
8 ~.2
0.8
0[, : 0
0.4
0
0.8
""~
(7, = 0.15
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Power law exponent of mode shape @
0.4
0
2.0
2.0
.6
1.6
=
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
Power law exponent of mode shape ~]
.0
2
._~ I . Z
1_
o0.8
~0.8
Or, = 0.25
0.4
0
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Power low exponent of mode shape [~
Or, = 0 . 5 6
0.4
0
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
Power law exponent of mode shape
.0
389
Discussion
Firstly, it should be noted that the expression of the
alongwind correction factor for the high correlation
level is the same as that implied in the approximate
derivation of gust response factor for alongwind loading
by Vickery 4. The expressions of the crosswind and torsional correction factors for the high correlation level
2.0
2. o [ \ k
8
1.6
1.6
.~
1.2
I. 2 -
00.8
0.8
0~=0
0.4
I
0.5
(7, = 0,15
"-.
I
1.0
I
1.5
0,4
I
0.5
2.0
I
1.5
2.0
2oI
2.0
2
g
8
2
1.6 <,
._o 1.2
~0.8
0.8
~
0.4
0
: 0.56
= 0.25
I
0.5
I
1.0
I
I. 5
2.0
Figure 2
390
I
1.0
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.5
Power law exponent of mode shape
l o w correlation; ( - - - ) ,
high correlation
2.0
1.0
0~=0
O.B
0.8
t,
~
--..-
; 0,5
--0.6
0.6
0.4
~ 0.4
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
I.
I
I
0.5
I.O
1.5
Power law exponent of mode shape
2.0
I
0.5
I
1.0
I
1.5
2.0
1.0
Of, = 0 . 2 5
= 0.36
O.B
0.8
~0.6
~0.6
~ 0.4
~0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
Power law exponent o f mode shape ~
I+2
0
2.0
r/, =
/3___1
2c~ + 3
1/2
+23+1)
(14)
3->1
2c~+2
2o~+3+
4c~ + 3
('c~ + 2 3
+ 1)
(15)
3-> 1
r/, =
4c~ + 1 ] i/2
4c~ + 23 + 1
2.0
Conclusions
3-<1
I/2
I
I
I
0.5
1.0
1.5
Power law exponent of mode shape
l o w correlation; ( - - - ) ,
o~+3+1
(16)
References
1 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 67, 'Wind
tunnel model studies of building and structures', prepared by the Task
391
3
4
5
392