Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 6: Solution Algorithms For Chapter 6: Solution Algorithms For Pressure-Velocity Coupling in Steady Flows
Chapter 6: Solution Algorithms For Chapter 6: Solution Algorithms For Pressure-Velocity Coupling in Steady Flows
Fall 2010-2011
Introduction
The convection of a scalar variable depends on the
magnitude and direction of the local velocity field.
How to find flow field?
Momentum equations can be derived from the
general transport equation (2.39)
( )
+ div( u) = div( grad ) + S
t
(6.1)
Introduction
X-momentum equation
u u
( uu ) + ( vu ) = + + su
x
y
x x y y
(6.2)
Y-momentum equation
v v
( uv) + ( vv) = + + sv
x
y
x x y y
(6.3)
Continuity equation
( u ) + ( v) = 0
x
y
su = p / x
(6.4)
pE + pP pP + pW
p pe pw
2
2
=
=
x
x
x
p pW
= E
2 x
p pN pS
=
y
2 y
The pressure at the central node (P) does not appear in above
equations. This gives zero pressure gradients at all nodal points
indicating uniform pressure field. Not realistic.
Solution: Use a staggered grid system for the velocity components.
That is: evaluate scalar variables (p, , T) at ordinary nodal points.
But calculate velocity components (u, v) at cell faces which are
staggered relative to nodal points.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
p pP pS
=
y
yv
This arrangement gives non-zero
pressure gradient terms. Gives
realistic behavior for pressure field.
(6.5)
aE =
e y
+ max [ Fe , 0] ,
xe
aW =
wy
+ max [ Fw , 0]
xw
aN =
n x
+ max [ Fn , 0] ,
yn
aS =
s x
+ max [ Fs , 0]
ys
aP = aE + aW + aN + aS sP xy + F ,
F = Fe Fw + Fn Fs ,
S = sc xy + Sdc
(6.6)
max [ Fw , 0] (w P ) + max [ + Fw , 0] (w W )
max [ + Fn , 0] (n P ) + max [ Fn , 0] (n N )
max [ Fs , 0] (s P ) + max [ + Fs , 0] (s S )
Fe = ( u )e y,
Fw = ( u )w y,
Fn = ( v )n x,
Fs = ( v ) s x,
It can be observed that the coefficients of the discretized x- and ymomentum equations are the same in collocated grid system, provided
that the diffusion coefficient, , is the same in x and y-momentum
equations.
In order to slow down the changes of dependent variables in
consecutive solutions, an under-relaxation factor is introduced into the
discretized equation (6.5) as follows:
new = + (1 ) n 1
where = under
relaxation factor
under-relaxation
n1 = value of from the previous iteration
The under-relaxed form of the general equation is
(1 ) a n1
aP
P = ( aEE + aW W + aN N + aSS + S ) +
P P
10
(6.7)
(6.8)
p
V = [( pe pw ) / x]V = ( pe pw )y ffor x-momentum
t
equation
ti
x
p
P = V = [( pn ps ) / y ]V = ( pn ps ) x for y-momentum equation
y
P =
aP
aP
BP = bP +
aP
(6.9)
(6 9)
aP
(1 ) a
(6.10)
n 1
P P
11
uE =
(a )
u
P P
u ( i ai ui + B p ) E
(a )
u
P E
(a )
u
P P
u y ( pe pw ) E
(6 12)
(6.12)
(a )
u
P E
u ( i ai ui + B p )e
(a )
u
P e
u y ( pE pP )
(a )
u
P e
(6.13)
g
p e should be
where the terms on the right-hand
side with subscript
interpolated in an appropriate manner. The interface velocity at cell
faces w, n, and s can be obtained similarly.
In Rhie and Chows momentum interpolation, the first term and
1/(ap)e in second term of the Eq. (13) are linearly interpolated from
their counterparts in Eqs. (6.11) and (6.12):
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
12
= fe
+ 1 fe
u
u
a
a
aPu
P
P
1
aPu
( )
= f e+
e
(a )
u
P E
+ 1 f e+
1
aPu
( )
(6.14)
(6.15)
u
aP
aPu
e
E
+
+
ue = f e u E + 1 f e u P +
y
p
p
144424443
( e w )P
u
+
linear interpolation term + 1 f e
aPu
P
14444444
4244444444
3
correction term
( )
( )
(6.16)
(6 16)
( )
The correction term has the function of smoothing the pressure field
(remove the unrealistic pressure field).
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
13
Fw (i, j ) = Fe (i 1, j )
ue = from MIM,
e = f e+ E + (1 f e+ ) f P
Fn = ( vA) n ,
Fs (i, j ) = Fn (i, j 1)
vn = from MIM,
n = f n+ N + (1 f n+ ) f P
e = f e+ E + (1 f e+ ) P
De =
e Ae
,
xe
Dn =
e Ae
,
xe
n = f n+ N + (1 f n+ ) P
Dw (i, j ) = De (i 1, j ),
14
Ds (i, j ) = Dn (i, j 1)
15
16
u ( i ai ui* + B p )
(a )
u
P e
u y ( pE* pP* )
(a )
u
P e
+ (1 u )uen 1
(6.17)
v ( i ai vi* + B p )
(a )
v
P n
v x ( p*N pP* )
(a )
v
P n
17
+ (1 v )vnn 1
(6.18)
Let p', u', v' be the correction needed to correct the guessed pressure
and velocity fields, i.e.
p = p* + p
(6.19)
ue = ue* + ue
((6.20))
vn = vn* + vn
(6.21)
u ( i ai ui + B p )e
(a )
u
P e
u y ( pE pP )
(a )
u
P e
(6.22)
As an approximation,
approximation in SIMPLE method the first term in the above
equation is neglected giving
(6.23)
ue = deu ( pP pE )
where
d eu =
u Ae
(a )
u
P e
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
Ae = y (area of CV at face e)
18
Similarly
vn = d nv ( pP pN )
d nv =
v An
(a )
v
P n
(6.24)
ue = ue* + deu ( pP pE )
(6.25)
vn = vn* + d nv ( pP pN )
(6.26)
( ue )y ( uw )y + ( vn )x ( vs )x = 0
(6.27)
19
aP pP = aW pW + aE pE + aS pS + aN pN + b
where
aE = ( Ad )e aW = ( Ad ) w
aP = aw + ae + as + an
b = u* A
) (
w
aN = ( Ad ) n
) (
) (
u * A + v* A v* A
e
(6.28)
aS = ( Ad ) s
6.29)
n
p = p* + p p
(6.30)
20
10
vP = v + d
*
P
where
d Pu =
u Ae
(a )
u
P P
v
P
( ps pn )
and
d Pv =
(6.31)
(6.32)
v An
(a )
v
P P
The pressure corrections at the cell faces appearing in Eqs. (6.31) and
(6.32) are calculated by linear interpolation from the nodal values as
(6.33)
pw = f w+ pP + (1 f w+ ) pW
pe = f e+ pE + (1 f e+ ) pP
(6.34)
ps = f s+ pP + (1 f s+ ) pS
(6.35)
pn = f n+ pN + (1 f n+ ) pP
(6.36)
21
22
11
) (
) (
b = ( uA )wall u * A + v* A u * A
(6.38)
n
This formulation corresponds to Neuman b.c. (p /n = 0) where n is
normal to boundary.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
23
24
12
u P = i ai ui + bp + ( Pw Pe ) Ax +
(1 )
aPu u n 1
aP
vP = i ai vi + bp + ( Ps Pn ) Ay +
(1 )
aPv v n 1
aPu
aPu
aPu
e
E
P
( )
( )
( )
Step 4: Correct pressure and velocities at points P using Eqns (6.30), (6.31), (6.32)
p = p* + p p
vP = vP* + d Pv ( ps pn )
uP = uP* + d Pu ( pw pe )
Step 5: Correct face velocities using equations (6.25) and (6.26):
ue = ue* + d eu ( pP pE )
vn = vn* + d nv ( pP pN )
Step 6: Solve all other discretized transport equations (i.e. temperature)
aP P = aEE + aW W + aNN + aSS + bP
Step 7: Repeat step 1 to 7 until convergence.
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics
25
13