Rect PDF

Chapter 2
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
Single-phase, half wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load, R-C load
Controlled
Free wheeling diode
Single-phase, full wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load,
Controlled
Continuous and discontinuous current mode
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
Power Electronics and

Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
Rectifiers
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from
mains or other AC source) to DC power by
using power diodes or by controlling the
firing angles of thyristors/controllable
switches.
Basic block diagram
AC input
DC output
Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).

Output can be made fixed or variable
Applications: DC welder, DC motor drive,
Battery charger,DC power supply, HVDC
Single-phase, half-wave, R-load

+
vs
_
+
vo
_
vs
vo
io
Output voltage (DC or average),
V
Vo = Vavg = 1 Vm sin(t )dt = m = 0.318Vm
2 0
Output voltage (rms),
Vm
1
(Vm sin(t )dt ) = = 0.5Vm
Vo , RMS =
2 0
2
Half-wave with R-L load

i
+
vs
_
+
vR
_
+
vL
_
vo
KVL : vs = v R + v L
di (t )
dt
First order differential eqn. Solution :
Vm sin(t ) = i (t ) R + L
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t )
i f : forced response; in natural response,

From diagram, forced response is :
i f (t ) =
Vm
sin(t )
Z
where :
Z = R 2 + (L) 2
= tan 1
L
R
R-L load
Natural response is when source = 0,
di (t )
i (t ) R + L
=0
dt
which results in :
in (t ) = Ae t ; = L R
Hence
Vm
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) =
sin(t ) + Ae t
Z
A can be solved by realising inductor current
is zero before the diode starts conducting, i.e :
Vm
sin(0 ) + Ae 0
Z
V
V
A = m sin( ) = m sin( )
Z
Z
i ( 0) =
Therefore the current is given as,
Vm
i (t ) =
sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z
]
5
R-L waveform
vs,
io
vo
vR
vL
Note :
v L is negative because the current is decreasing, i.e :
di
vL = L
dt
Extinction angle
Note that the diode remains in forward biased
longer than radians (although the source is
negative during that duration)The point when
current reaches zero is whendiode turns OFF.
This point is known as theextinction angle, .
Vm
sin( ) + sin( )e = 0
Z
which reduces to :
i( ) =
sin( ) + sin( )e = 0
can only be solved numerically.
Therefore, the diode conducts between 0 and
To summarise the rectfier with R - L load,
Vm
sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z
i (t ) = for 0 t
0
otherwise
RMS current, Power

The average (DC) current is :
1 2
1
Io =
i (t ) dt =
i (t )dt
2 0
2 0
The RMS current is :
1 2 2
1 2
I RMS =
i (t ) dt =
i (t )dt
2 0
2 0
POWER CALCULATION
Power absorbed by the load is :
Po = ( I RMS )2 R
Power Factor is computed from definition :
P
S
where P is the real power supplied by the source,
which equal to the power absorbed by the load.
pf =
S is the apparent power supplied by the

source, i.e
S = (Vs, RMS ).( I RMS )
pf =
P
(Vs,RMS ).(I RMS )
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load

+
vs
_
iD
+
vo
_
vs
Vm
/2
2 3 /2
vo
Vmax
Vmin
Vo
iD
Vm sin(t )
when diode is ON
vo =
V e (t ) / RC
when diode is OFF
v = Vm sin
Operation
Let C initially uncharged. Circuit is
energised at t=0
Diode becomes forward biased as the
source become positive
When diode is ON the output is the same
as source voltage. C charges until Vm
After t=/2, C discharges into load (R).
The source becomes less than the output
voltage
Diode reverse biased; isolating the load
from source.
The output voltage decays exponentially.

10
Estimation of
The slope of the functions are :
d (Vm sin t )
= Vm cos t
d (t )
and
d V sin e (t ) / RC
(m
d (t )
1
e (t ) / RC
RC
At t = , the slopes are equal,
= Vm sin
Vm cos = Vm sin
1
e ( ) / RC
RC
Vm cos
1
=
Vm sin
RC
1
1
=
tan RC
= tan 1 ( RC ) = tan 1 (RC ) +

For practical circuits, RC is large, then :
= -tan( ) + = + =
2
2
is very close to the peak of the sine wave. Therefore
and Vm sin = Vm
11
Estimation of
At t = 2 + ,
Vm sin(2 + ) = (Vm sin )e ( 2 + ) RC
or
sin( (sin )e ( 2 + ) RC = 0
This equation must be solved numerically for

12
Ripple Voltage
Max output voltage is Vmax .
Min output voltage occurs at t = 2 +
Vo = Vmax Vmin
= Vm Vm sin(2 + ) = Vm Vm sin
If V = Vm and = 2, and C is large such that

DC output voltage is constant, then 2.
The output voltage evaluated at t = 2 + is :

vo (2 + ) = Vm e
2 + 2 2
RC
= Vm e
2
RC
The ripple voltage is approximated as :

Vo Vm Vm e
2
RC
= Vm 1 e
Using Series expansoin : e

Vo = Vm
2
RC
V
2
= m
RC
fRC
2
RC
=1
2
RC
13
Capacitor Current
The current in the capacitor can be expressed as :
dvo (t )
d (t )
In terms of t , :
ic (t ) = C
ic (t ) = C
dvo (t )
d (t )
But
vo (t ) =
Vm sin(t )
Vm sin e (t ) / RC
when diode is ON
when diode is OFF
Then, substituting vo (t ),
CVm cos(t )
when diode is ON,
i.e (2 + ) t (2 + )
ic (t ) =
Vm sin (t ) / RC
e
R
when diode is OFF,
i.e ( ) t ( 2 + )
14
Peak Diode Current

Note that :
is = iD = iR + iC
The peak diode current occurs at (2 + ). Hence.
I c, peak = CVm cos(2 + ) = CVm cos
Resistor current at (2 + ) can be obtained :
.
V sin (2 + ) Vm sin
iR (2 + ) = m
=
R
R
The diode peak current is :
V sin
iD, peak = CVm cos + m
R

15
Example
A half-wave rectifier has a 120V rms source at 60Hz. The
load is =500 Ohm, C=100uF. Assume and are calculated
as 48 and 93 degrees respectively. Determine (a) Expression
for output voltage (b) peak-to peak ripple (c) capacitor
current (d) peak diode current.
vs
Vm
/2
2 3 /2
vo
Vmax
Vmin
Vo
iD
Vm = 120 2 = 169.7V ;
= 93o = 1.62rad ;
= 48o = 0.843rad
Vm sin = 169.7 sin(1.62rad ) = 169.5V ;
(a) Output voltage :
Vm sin(t ) = 169.7 sin(t )
vo (t ) =
V sin e (t ) / RC
(ON)
(OFF)
169.7 sin(t )
169.5e (t 1.62 ) /(18.85)
(ON)
(OFF)

16
Example (cont)
(b)Ripple :
Using : Vo = Vmax Vmin
Vo = Vm Vm sin( 2 + ) = Vm Vm sin = 43V
Using Approximation :
V
2
169.7
= m =
= 56.7V
RC
fRC 60 500 100u
Vo = Vm
(c) Capacitor current :
CVm cos(t )
ic (t ) = Vm sin( ) (t ) /(RC )
6.4 cos(t ) A
=
0.339 e (t 1.62 ) /(18.85)
(ON)
(OFF)
(ON)
(OFF)
(d) Peak diode current :

V sin
iD, peak = CVm cos + m
R
= (2 60)(100u )169.7 cos(0.843rad ) +
= (4.26 + 0.34) = 4.50 A

169.7 sin(1.62rad )
500
17
Controlled half-wave
ig
vs
ia
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
vo
t
v
ig
Average voltage :
Vm
1
[1 + cos ]
Vo =
Vm sin (t )dt =
2
2
RMS voltage
Vo, RMS =
1
[Vm sin (t )] dt
2
Vm2
Vm
sin (2 )
=
[1 cos(2 t ] dt =
1 +
4
2
2
18
Controlled h/w, R-L load

i
+
vR
_
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
vs
vo
io
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) =
Initial condition : i ( ) = 0,
i( ) = 0 =
Vm
sin (t ) + Ae
Z
Vm
sin ( ) + Ae
Z
A=
Vm
sin ( ) e
Z

19
Controlled R-L load

Substituting for A and simplifying,
( t )
Vm
sin (t ) sin ( )e
Z
i (t ) =
for t
otherwise
Extinction angle must be solved numerically

V
i ( ) = 0 = m
Z
( )
sin ( ) sin ( )e
Angle = ( ) is called the conduction angel.

Average voltage :
V
1
Vm sin (t )dt = m [cos cos ]
Vo =
2
2
Average current :
1
Io =
i (t )d
2
RMS current :
1 2
I RMS =
i (t )d
2
The power absorbed by the load :
Po = I RMS 2 R
20
Examples
1. A half wave rectifier has a source of 120V RMS at 60Hz.
R=20 ohm, L=0.04H, and the delay angle is 45 degrees.
Determine: (a) the expression for i(t), (b) average
current, (c) the power absorbed by the load.
2. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100 ohm load from a 120V RMS, 60Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.

21
Freewheeling diode (FWD)

Note that for single-phase, half wave rectifier
with R-L load, the load (output) current is
NOT continuos.
A FWD (sometimes known as commutation
diode) can be placed as shown below to make
it continuos
io
+
vR
_
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
io
io
vo = 0
+
vs
_
vo = vs
+
vo
+
vo
io
D1 is on, D2 is off
D2 is on, D1 is off

22
Operation of FWD
Note that both D1 and D2 cannot be turned
on at the same time.
For a positive cycle voltage source,
D1 is on, D2 is off
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
The voltage across the R-L load is the same as
the source voltage.
For a negative cycle voltage source,
D1 is off, D2 is on
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (c)
The voltage across the R-L load is zero.
However, the inductor contains energy from
positive cycle. The load current still circulates
through the R-L path.
But in contrast with the normal half wave
rectifier, the circuit in Figure (c) does not
consist of supply voltage in its loop.
Hence the negative part of vo as shown in the
normal half-wave disappear.
23
FWD- Continuous load current

The inclusion of FWD results in continuos
load current, as shown below.
Note also the output voltage has no
negative part.
output
vo
io
t
iD1
Diode
current
iD2
0

24
is
D3
io
D1
iD1
Full wave rectifier
+
vs
_
D4
CT: 2 diodes
FB: 4 diodes.
Hence, CT
experienced
only one diode
volt-drop per
half-cycle
Conduction
losses for CT
is half.
Diodes ratings
for CT is twice
than FB
D2
is
iD1
D1
+ vD1
+
vs1
_
+
vs
_
+
vs2
_
vo
io
+ vD2
iD2
Center-tapped
D2
For both circuits,

Vm sin t
Vm sin t
0 t
t 2
Average (DC) voltage :

Vo =
Center-tapped
(CT) rectifier
requires
center-tap
transformer.
Full Bridge
(FB) does not.
+
vo
_
Full Bridge
vo =
Vm sin (t )dt =
2Vm
= 0.637Vm

25
is
+
vs
_
Full Bridge
Vm
D3
io
D1
iD1
Bridge waveforms
+
vo
_
D4
D2
vs
2
Vm
vo
vD1 vD2
-Vm
vD3 vD4
-Vm
io
iD1 iD2
iD3 iD4
is

26
Center-tapped waveforms
is
iD1
D1
+ vD1
vo
+
vs1
_
+
vs
_
+
vs2
_
iD2
Center-tapped
Vm
+ vD2
io
D2
vs
2
Vm
vo
vD1
-2Vm
vD2
-2Vm
io
iD1
iD2
is

27
Full wave bridge, R-L load

iD1
io
+
vR
_
+
vL
_
is
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
vs
iD1 , iD2
iD3 ,iD4
io
vo
is

28
Approximation with large L

Using Fourier Series,
vo (t ) = Vo +
Vn cos(nt + )
n = 2, 4...
where the DC term

Vo =
2Vm
and the harmonics terms

2Vm
1
1
n 1 n +1
The DC curent
Vo
Io =
R
The harmonic currents :
V
Vn
In = n =
Z n R + jnL
Vn =
As n increases, Vn harmonic decreases.

Thus I n decreases rapidly very increasing n.
If L is large enough, it is possible to drop all

the harmonic terms, i.e. :
V
2V
i (t ) I o = o = m , for L >> R,
R
R
29
R-L load approximation

Approximate current
V
2V
Io = o = m ,
R
R
I RMS = I o 2 + I n, RMS 2 = I o
Power delivered to the load :
Po = I RMS 2 R
vs
iD1 , iD2
iD3 ,iD4
io
vo
is

30
Examples
Given a bridge rectifier has an AC source Vm=100V at
50Hz, and R-L load with R=100ohm, L=10mH
a)
determine the average current in the load
b)
determine the first two higher order harmonics of the
load current
c)
determine the power absorbed by the load

31
Controlled full wave, R load
is
T3
io
iD1
T1
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
T2
T4
Average (DC) voltage :

Vo =
V
Vm sin (t )dt = m [1 + cos ]
RMS Voltage
Vo, RMS =
[Vm sin (t )] dt
1 sin (2 )
+
2 2
4
The power absorbed by the R load is :
= Vm
VRMS 2
Po =
R
32
Controlled, R-L load

iD1
io
+
vR
_
is
+
vs
_
+
vL
_
+
vo
_
io
vo
Discontinuous mode
+
io
vo
Continuous mode
33
Discontinuous mode
Analysis similar to controlled half wave with
R - L load :
i (t ) =
Vm
sin(t ) sin( )e (t )
Z
for t
Z = R 2 + (L) 2
L
R
R
For discontinous mode, need to ensure :
and = tan 1
; =
< ( + )
Note that is the extinction angle and
must be solved numerically with condition :
io ( ) = 0
The boundary between continous and
discontinous current mode is when in
the output current expression is ( + ).
For continous operation current at
t = ( + ) must be greater than zero.
34
Continuous mode
i ( + ) 0
sin( + ) sin( + )e ( + ) 0
Using Trigonometry identity :
sin( + ) = sin( ),
sin( ) 1 e (
] 0,
Solving for
= tan
L
R
Thus for continuous current mode,

1 L
tan
R
Average (DC) output voltage is given as :
2V
1 +
Vo =
Vm sin (t )dt = m cos

35
Single-phase diode groups

D1
io
+
vs
_
D3
vp
+
vo
_
D4
D2
vn
vo =vp vn
In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) id.
For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3

reverses (by taking loop around vs, D1 and D3).
When vs is (-), D3 conducts, D1 reverses.
In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes

are at common potential. Therefore the diode with
its cathode at the lowest potential conducts id.
For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.

When vs is (-), D4 carry id. D2 reverses.
36
Three-phase rectifiers
D1
+ van
io
D3
n
+ vbn
+ vcn
D5
vpn
D2
D6
vnn
+
vo
_
vo =vp vn
D4
van
Vm
vbn
vcn
vp
Vm
vn
vo =vp - vn
0

4
37
Three-phase waveforms
Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
Bottom group: diode with the its cathode at
the lowest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
For example, if D1 (of the top group)
conducts, vp is connected to van.. If D6 (of the
bottom group) conducts, vn connects to vbn .
All other diodes are off.
The resulting output waveform is given as:
vo=vp-vn
For peak of the output voltage is equal to
the peak of the line to line voltage vab .
38
Three-phase, average voltage

vo
vo
/3
Vm, L-L
0
/3
2/3
Considers only one of the six segments. Obtain

its average over 60 degrees or 3 radians.
Average voltage :
Vo =
=
=
2 3
Vm, L L sin(t )dt
3Vm, L L
3Vm, L L
[cos(t )]233
= 0.955Vm, L L
Note that the output DC voltage component of

a three - phase rectifier is much higher than of a
single - phase.
39
Controlled, three-phase
T1
+ van
+ vbn
+ vcn
io
T3
T5
vpn
+
vo
_
T2
vnn
T6
T4
Vm
van
vbn
vcn
vo

40
Output voltage of controlled

three phase rectifier
From the previous Figure, let be the
delay angle of the SCR.
Average voltage can be computed as :
Vo =
=
2 3+
Vm, L L sin(t )dt
3+
3Vm, L L
cos
EXAMPLE: A three-phase controlled rectifier has

an input voltage of 415V RMS at 50Hz. The load
R=10 ohm. Determine the delay angle required to
produce current of 50A.

41

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Chapter 2

Power Electronics and

Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).

Single-phase, half-wave, R-load

Output voltage (DC or average),

Output voltage (rms),

Half-wave with R-L load

i f : forced response; in natural response,

Therefore the current is given as,

RMS current, Power

The RMS current is :

S is the apparent power supplied by the

Half wave rectifier, R-C Load

Power Electronics and

= tan 1 ( RC ) = tan 1 (RC ) +

Power Electronics and

Min output voltage occurs at t = 2 +

If V = Vm and = 2, and C is large such that

The output voltage evaluated at t = 2 + is :

The ripple voltage is approximated as :

Using Series expansoin : e

Peak Diode Current

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

(c) Capacitor current :

(d) Peak diode current :

Power Electronics and

Controlled h/w, R-L load

Power Electronics and

Controlled R-L load

Extinction angle must be solved numerically

Angle = ( ) is called the conduction angel.

Power Electronics and

Freewheeling diode (FWD)

Power Electronics and

For a negative cycle voltage source,

FWD- Continuous load current

Power Electronics and

Full wave rectifier

For both circuits,

Average (DC) voltage :

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Full wave bridge, R-L load

Power Electronics and

Approximation with large L

where the DC term

and the harmonics terms

As n increases, Vn harmonic decreases.

If L is large enough, it is possible to drop all

R-L load approximation

Power Electronics and

Power Electronics and

Controlled full wave, R load

Average (DC) voltage :

Controlled, R-L load

Thus for continuous current mode,

Power Electronics and

Single-phase diode groups

For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3

In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes

For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.