Summited by: -

Submitted

to: Riteish Sharma

Sharma

Mrs. Chhavi

Roll No: -

Chemistry
project

Certificate of Authenticity
This is to certify that Riteish Sharma a
student of class 12th A has successfully
completed the research project on the topic
Rate of Evaporation of Different Liquids under
the guidance of Mrs. Chhavi Sharma. This
project is absolutely genuine and does not
indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The
references taken in making this project have
been declared at the end of this project.

Signature (subject teacher)

(examiner)

Signature

Acknowledgem
ent
I feel proud to present my investigatory project in
chemistry on the Rate of Evaporation of Different
Liquids.
This project would not have been feasible without
the proper rigorous guidance of chemistry teacher
Mrs. Chhavi Sharma who guided me throughout this
project in every possible way. An investigatory
project involves various difficult lab experiments,
which have to obtain the observations and conclude
the reports on a meaningful note. These
experiments are very critical and in the case of
failure may result in disastrous consequences.
Rigorous hard work has put in this project to ensure
that it proves to be the best. I hope that it proves to
be the best. I hope that this project will prove to be
a breeding ground for the next generation of
students and will guide them in every possible way.

IndexTopic
Certificate of authenticity

Page
no.
1

Acknowledgement

Objective of project

Introduction

Factors influencing rate of

Evaporation
Application

Theory

Experiment no.1

Experiment no.2

Experiment no.3

Experiment no.4

10

Bibliography

11

Rate of
Evaporation
of Different
Liquids

Objective of the
Project
In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of
liquid, surface of liquid and temperature and find their correlation
with the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as
vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the
terms of kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular

attractive forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having

sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules
happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do
not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules which
have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes
into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules
which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic
energy of the molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic
energy. Therefore, temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will
have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular
energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is
taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid
evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy
drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil,
and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water
vapor which rises up and forms clouds.

Factors
influencing
rate of
Evaporation: 1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air. If the air
Already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air. If the air is already
saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity forth substance
evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will
be faster.
4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration points above. If
fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster
evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at
rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the
air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together
in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to
evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature. The rate of evaporation of liquids varies
directly with temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction of
molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also
increases. Thus with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation also
increases.
Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation.
Therefore larger surface area contributes accelerating evaporation.

6. Nature of Liquids. The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in

liquid determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation
is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
7. Composition of Environment. The rate of evaporation of liquids depends

upon the flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing
over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in vapour
state thereby preventing condensation.

8. Density. The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide.
Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over
the120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
9. Pressure. In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because
there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching
themselves

Applica
tions: When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.

Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining
molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid
thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more
quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in
liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry
(by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts
to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
Evaporative equilibrium:-

Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature. 760 Torr = 1 atm.

If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escapi

n g molecu les accumulate as
q uid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with
av apor above the li
m
returning olecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapor increases.
When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium,
s
the vapor i said tod e "saturated,"
and no further change in either
vapor pressure
a
s
p or liqui temper ture will occur. For a system consi ting of vapor and
and density
liquid of a ure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor

Where P1P
, 2 are the vapor rp essures at temperatures T1, T2 resp ectively, Hvap is
the enthalpy of vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of
n
evaporatio in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed
r
n
system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor p essure reaches the ambie t
pressure the liquid will boil.
a
g
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evapor te is lar ely based on the amount
s
of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures,
e
individual molecule of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the
o
minimum amount of kinetic nergy required for vaporization.
T
But vaporization
is not only the process of a change of state from liquid t gas but
n

Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.
Requirement: Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.
pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly
pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and
"C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each
of the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation:
Petri
dishes
Mark
A
B
C

Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Liquid
Taken
(V1)
10
10
10

Volume
remaining
(V2) ml.
2
3
4

Vol.
Evap.
V=V1
8
7
6

Rate (V/T)
ml./s
8/600=0.01
33
7/600=0.01
16
6/600=0.01
0

Results: Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133

ml/s. Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in
order. Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl
ether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with cover
10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and
cover them immediately.
3.Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4.Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from
each Petri dish.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri
dishes
A

Diamete
r of
2.5

Volume
Taken
10

Remaining
Vol.
4

Evapor
ated
6

5.0

10

7.5

10

10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 >
2.5 cm.
Conclusion: Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

Experiment no.
3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10
ml. pipette, thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1.Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3.Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4.Note the reading.
Observation:
Time: 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri
dishes
A
Marke
B

Time
(Sec.)
10
20

Tempera
ture
30
(0C)

Volume
Taken
10
(ml.)

Evapora
ted
10
volume

40

10

10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes

as given Room Temperature < Heating.
Conclusion: Observation clearly shows that the evaporation
increases with temperature.

Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1.Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2.Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3.Note the reading.

Observation:
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
Petri
dishes
Marke
A
B

Conditions
With fan
without
fan

Time
(Sec.)
40
50

volume
Evaporated
(ml.) 10
10

Results: The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes

as given With fan > Without Fan.

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with

the increase in rate of flow of air current.

Bibliography www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.allprojectreports.com
www.chemistryprojects.com
Comprehensive practical
book of 12th