Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rectifiers PDF
Rectifiers PDF
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
Single-phase, half wave rectifier
Uncontrolled
R load
R-L load
R-C load
Controlled
Free wheeling diode
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
AC input DC output
+
+
vs
vo
_
_
vs
t
vo
io
+
vR +
+ _
vTNB vo
_ +
vL _
_
vs = vR + v L
di (t )
Vm sin( t ) = i (t ) R + L
dt
This is a first order differenti al equation.
Solution is in the form of :
i ( t ) = i f ( t ) + in ( t )
V
i f (t ) = m sin( t )
Z
where :
L
Z= R 2 + ( L ) 2 and = tan 1
R
Power Electronics and 5
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
R-L load
Natural response is when source = 0,
di (t )
i (t ) R + L =0
dt
which results in :
in (t ) = Aet ; = L R
Hence
V
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) = m sin(t ) + Ae t
Z
A can be solved by realising inductor current
is zero before the diode starts conducting, i.e :
Vm
i (0) = sin(0 ) + Ae 0
Z
V V
A = m sin( ) = m sin( )
Z Z
Therefore the current is given as,
Vm [
i (t ) = sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z
]
or
V [
i (t ) = m sin(t ) + sin( )e t
Z
]
Power Electronics and 6
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
R-L waveform
vs,
io
vo
vR
vL
0 2 t
3 4
Note :
vL is negative because the current is
decreasing, i.e :
di
vL = L
dt
Power Electronics and 7
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Extinction angle
Note that the diode remains in forward biased
longer than radians (although the source is
negative during that duration)
Vm [
i ( ) = sin( ) + sin( )e
Z
]= 0
which reduces to :
sin( ) + sin( )e
=0
can only be solved numerically.
Therefore, the diode conducts between 0 and
Vm
Z [sin(t ) + sin( ) e t
]
i (t ) = for 0 t
0
otherwise
P
pf =
(Vs,RMS ).(I RMS )
Power Electronics and 9
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load
+ iD +
vs vo
_ _
vs
Vm
/2 2 3 /2 3 4
Vmax vo
Vmin Vo
iD
1 ( ) / RC
Vm cos = Vm sin e
RC
Vm cos 1
=
Vm sin RC
1 1
=
tan RC
At t = 2 + ,
sin( (sin )e ( 2 + ) RC = 0
This equation must be solved numerically for
= Vm Vm sin( 2 + ) = Vm Vm sin
2 RC 2
e 1
RC
Substituting,
2 Vm
Vo Vm =
RC fRC
EXAMPLE:
The half wave rectifier has 120V RMS source at
60Hz. R=500 Ohm and C=100uF. Determine (a)
the expression for output voltage, (b) voltage ripple.
Power Electronics and 15
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Controlled half-wave
ig ia
vo
ia
+ +
t
vs vo vs
_ _
ig
t
Average voltage :
1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin (t )dt = [1 + cos ]
2 2
RMS volatge
2
1
VRMS = [Vm sin (t )] dt
2
Vm2 Vm sin (2 )
=
4 [1 cos( 2 t ] d t =
2
1
+
2
+
vR
+ +
_
vs vo
_ +
vL _
_
vs
2 t
vo
io
2 t
t
V
i (t ) = i f (t ) + in (t ) = m sin (t ) + Ae
Z
Initial condition : i ( ) = 0,
V
i ( ) = 0 = m sin ( ) + Ae
Z
V
A = m sin ( ) e
Z
Power Electronics and 17
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Extinction angle
Substituting for A and simplifying,
V ( t )
m sin (t ) sin ( )e
Z
i (t ) = for t
0 otherwise
Extinction angle, is defined when i = 0,
(
V
i( ) = 0 = m sin ( ) sin ( )e
Z
which can only be solved numerically.
Angle ( ) is called the conduction angel.
i.e the diode conducts for degrees.
Averagecurrent RMScurrent
1 1 2
Io = i(t )d I RMS = i (t )d
2 2
Thepowerabsorbedby theloadis :
Po = I RMS2 R
EXAMPLES
1. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100 ohm load from a 120V RMS, 60Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.
+
vR
+ +
_
vs vo
_ +
vL _
_
io io
vo= 0
+ vo= vs +
+
vs vo
vo io
_
_
_
output vo
io
iD1 t
Diode
current
iD2
0 2 3 4
iD1
io
is
+ +
vs vo
_ _
Bridge circuit
is iD1
+
vs1
+ _ vo +
vs
_ + io
vs2
_
iD2
Center-tapped circuit
vo = {V Vsinsintt
m
m
0 t
t 2
DC voltage :
1 2Vm
Vo = Vm sin (t )dt = = 0.637Vm
0
Power Electronics and 24
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Bridge waveforms
vs
Vm
2 3 4
vo
Vm
vD1
vD2
-Vm
vD3 vD4
-Vm
io
iD1 iD2
iD3
iD4
is
2 3 4
vo
Vm
vD1
-2Vm
vD2
-2Vm
io
iD1
iD2
is
iD1
is +
vR
+ +
vs
_
_ vo
+
_
vL
_
iD1 , iD2
2 3 4
iD3 ,iD4
vo
output io
vs is
supply
2 3 4
iD3 ,iD4
vo
output io
2Vm/R
is
supply
iD1
io
is
+ +
vs vo
_ _
1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin (t )dt = [1 + cos ]
2
1
VRMS = [Vm sin (t )] dt
1 sin (2 )
= Vm +
2 2 4
The power absorbed by the R load is :
VRMS 2
Po =
R
Power Electronics and 31
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Controlled, R-L load io
iD1
is +
vR
+ +
vs
_
_ vo
+
_
vL
_
io
+ 2
vo
Discontinuous mode
+
io
2
vo
Continuous mode
V [
i (t ) = m sin(t ) sin( )e (t )
Z
]
for t
Z = R 2 + (L) 2
L L
and = tan 1 ; =
R R
For discontinous mode, need to ensure :
< ( + )
io ( ) = 0
sin( + ) = sin( ),
[
sin( ) 1 e ( )
] 0,
Solving for
1 L
= tan
R
Thus for continuous current mode,
1 L
tan
R
Average (DC) output voltage is given as :
1 + 2Vm
Vo = Vm sin ( t )d t = cos
D3 vp
+
vs +
_ vo
D4 _
D2 vn
vo =vp vn
In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) id.
+ vbn - D5
n vpn
+
+ vcn - vo
D2 _
D6 vnn vo =vp vn
D4
vp
Vm
vn
vo =vp - vn
0 2 3 4
Power Electronics and 36
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Three-phase waveforms
Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
/3
Vm, L-L
0
/3 2/3
Average voltage :
2 3
1
Vo =
33 Vm, L L sin(t )dt
3Vm, L L
= [cos(t )]233
3Vm, L L
= = 0.955Vm, L L
Note that the output DC voltage component of
a three - phase rectifier is much higher than of a
single - phase.
Power Electronics and 38
Drives (Version 2),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2002
Controlled, three-phase
D1
+ van - io
D3
+ vbn -
D5 vpn
n
+
+ vcn - vo
D2 _
D6 vnn
D4
vo
3Vm, L L
= cos