(電動機械L5b補充教材) UCSC - Mutual Inductance & Transformers PDF

Lecture 22
Mutual Inductance &

Transformers
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Flux Linkages and Faradays
Law
Magnetic flux passing through a surface area A:
= A
B dA
For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

to the surface:
= BA
The flux linking a coil with N turns:
= N
Faradays
y Law
Faradays law of magnetic induction:
d
e=
dt
The voltage
g induced in a coil whenever its
flux linkages are changing. Changes occur
from:
Magnetic field changing in time
Coil moving relative to magnetic field
Lenzs Law
Lenzs law states that the polarity of the

induced voltage is such that the voltage
would produce a current (through an
external resistance) that opposes the
original change in flux linkages.
Mutual Inductance & Transformers
1 Determine the inductance and mutual
1.
inductance of coils given their physical
parameters.
parameters
2. Understand ideal transformers and solve
circuits that include transformers
transformers.
3. Use the equivalent circuits of real
transformers to determine their regulations
and power efficiencies.
Inductance and Mutual Inductance
Definition of inductance L:
Flux linkages
L= =
current i
Substitute for the flux linkages using = N
N
L=
i
Inductance and Mutual Inductance
Ni
Substituting =
R
2
N
L=
R
Faradays
y Law
Voltage is induced in a coil when its flux

linkages change:
d d ( Li ) di
e= = =L
dt dt dt
Mutual Inductance
Self Self
inductance inductance
for coil 1 for coil 2
11 2 2
L1 = L2 =
i1 i2
11 22
= =
i1 i2
Mutual inductance between coils 1 and 2:
21 21 12 12
M= = = =
i1 i1 i2 i2
Mutual Inductance
Total fluxes linking the coils:
1 = 11 12
2 = 22 21
Mutual Inductance
Currents entering the dotted terminals

produce aiding fluxes
Circuit Equations for Mutual
Inductance
1 = L1i1 Mi2
2 = Mi1 + L2i2
d1 di1 di2
e1 = = L1 M
dt dt dt
d2 di1 di2
e2 = = M + L2
dt dt dt
Example
R = 10 7 (ampere
p turns ) / Weber
N12 100 2
Self inductance: L1 = = = 1mH
R 10 7
N 22 200 2
L2 = = = 4mH
R 10 7
Example
N1i1 100i1 5 21 = N 21 = 200 10 5 i1

1 = = = 10 i1
R 10 7
21
Mutual inductance: M = = 2mH
i1
Example
Does the flux produced by i2 aid or oppose

the flux produced by i1?
di1 di2
e1 = L1 M
dt dt
di2 di1
e2 = L2 M
dt dt
Exercise 15.13
Mark the dot for coil 2

Fluxes from 1 and 2 aid each other in paths 1&2, oppose in path 3
Transformers
Can be used to step up or step down ac voltages
Electrical Power Distribution
d = Vrms I rms cos( )

Pdelivered
d l
Ploss = 2
Rline I rms
Minimize loss by increasing voltage and

decreasing current. Modern transmission grids
use ac voltages up to 765,000 Volts
War of the Currents
In the "War of Currents" era in the late 1880s, Nikola Tesla and
Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison's promotion of
direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more
efficient alternating current (AC) advocated by Tesla.
During the initial years of electricity distribution, Edison's direct
current was the standard for the United States and Edison was
not disposed to lose all his patent royalties. Direct current
worked well for the incandescent lamps that were the principal
load of the day.
day From his work with rotary magnetic fields,
fields Tesla
devised a system for generation, transmission, and use of AC
power. He partnered with George Westinghouse to
commercialize
i li this
hi system.
War of the Currents
Edison'ss propaganda
Edison
Edison went on to carry out a campaign to discourage the use of
alternatingg current. Edison ppersonally
y ppresided over several
executions of animals, primarily stray cats and dogs, to
demonstrate to the press that his system of direct current was
safer than that of alternating current.
current Edison
Edison'ss series of animal
executions peaked with the electrocution of Topsy the Elephant.
He also tried to popularize the term for being electrocuted as
being "Westinghoused".
War of the Currents
Topsy the Elephant (circa 1875 - January 4, 1903) was a member of a
domesticated herd at Coney Island's Luna Park. She had been a part of the
Forepaugh Circus.
Circus Topsy was deemed an ill-tempered
ill tempered and dangerous
animal since she had killed three men in as many years, including an
abusive trainer who tried to feed her a lit cigarette.
Because Topsy was so violent,
i l her
h owners decided
d id d to put her
h to death.
d h A
proposal of hanging was abandoned after the American Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals protested. The elephant was offered a
carrot poisoned with cyanide,
cyanide but did not eat it.
it Later,
Later Thomas Edison
suggested electrocution, using the Westinghouse alternating current system
of electricity transmission, which Edison, a backer of direct current, argued
was more dangerous than DC DC. The ASPCA found this suggestion
acceptable, viewing electrocution as a more humane form of killing.
Electrocution killed Topsy quickly. Edison recorded the execution with a
motion ppicture camera,, and showed his film to audiences around the
country as part of his unsuccessful attempt to discredit AC.
Ideal Transformers
d
v1 (t ) = V1m cos(t ) = N1 by Faraday's Law
dt
t t
V1m V1m

1
(t) = v1 (t )dt + 0 = cos(t )dt = sin(t )
N1 N1 N1
0 0
Ideal Transformers
d V1m d
v2 (t ) = N 2 = N2 [sin(t )]
dt N1 dt
N2 N2
= V1m cos(t ) = v1 (t )
N1 N1
Ideal Transformers
N2
v 2 (t ) = v1 (t )
N1
Ideal Transformers
The magneto-motive force (mmf) applied to the core:

F = N1i1 N 2 i2 = R 0 since R 0
N1i1 = N 2 i2
N1 If the voltage pp upp
g is stepped
i2 (t ) = i1 (t )
N2 the current is stepped down
Ideal Transformers
N2 N1
p 2 (t ) = v2 (t )i2 (t ) = v1 (t ) i1 (t )
N1 N2
= v1 (t )i1 (t ) = p1 (t )
p2 (t ) = p1 (t )
Net power is neither generated nor consumed by
an ideal transformer
Ideal Transformers
N2
v 2 (t ) = v1 (t )
N1
N1
i2 (t ) = i1 (t )
N2
p 2 (t ) = p1 (t )
Mechanical Analog
g
d1
d2
N2 l2
v2 (t ) = v1 (t ) d 2 = d1
N1 l1
N1 l1
i2 (t ) = i1 (t ) F2 = F1
N2 l2
Transformer Summary
1. We assumed that all of the flux links all of the

windings of both coils and that the resistance
of the coils is zero. Thus, the voltage across
each coil is proportional to the number of turns
on the coil.
N2
v 2 (t ) = v1 (t )
N1
2 We assumed that the reluctance of the core is
2.
negligible, so the total mmf of both coils is
zero.
zero
N1
i2 (t ) = i2 (t )
N2
3. A consequence
q of the voltageg and current
relationships is that all of the power
delivered to an ideal transformer by y the
source is transferred to the load.
Analysis of a Circuit Containing an
Ideal Transformer
Example
Find the rms values of the currents and voltages with the
switch open and closed. With the switch open:
N2 1
V2 rms = V1rms = 110 Vrms = 22 Vrms
N1 5
N2
I1rms = I 2 rms = 0 No power is taken from the source
N1
Example
With the switch closed:

V2 rms 22 V
I 2 rms = = = 2.2 A
RL 100
N2 1
I1rms = I 2 rms = 2.2 A = 0.44 A
N1 5
Impedance Transformations
V2
= ZL
I2
( N 2 / N1 )V1
=
( N1 / N 2 )I1
2 2
( N 2 / N1 ) ' N 2 ' N1
= Z L = Z L Z L =
'
Z L
( N1 / N 2 ) N1 N2
Impedance Transformations
2
V1 N 1
Z L = = Z L
I1 N 2
Example 15.11
Find the phasor voltages and currents. First, transform

ZL to the primary side of the transformer:
Z L = 10 + j 20
2
N1
Z L' = Z L = (10) 2 (10 + j 20) = 1000 + j 2000
N2
Z s = R1 + Z L' = 1000 + 1000 + j 2000
= 2000 + j 2000 = 2000 245 = 282845
Example 15.11
o
Vs 10000 o
I1 = = o
= 0.3536 45 A
Z s 282845
o
V1 = I1Z L' = (0.3536 45 )(1000 + j 2000)
= (0.3536 45o )(223663.43o )
o
= 790.618.43
Example 15.11
We can now calculate the current and
voltage phasors on the secondary side using
tthee turns
tu s ratio:
at o:
N1
I2 = I1 = 10(0.3536 45o ) = 3.536 45o
N2
N2 1 o o
V2 = V1 = (790.618.43 ) = 79.6018.43
N1 10
Example 15.12
The voltage
Th lt source andd R1 can also
l beb transformed
t f d to
t the
th secondary
d
side:
N2 1
Vs' = Vs = 10000 o
N1 10
2
N2
2
1
R1 =
'
R1 = (1000) = 10
N1 10
Example 15.12
10 + j 20 10 + j 20
V2 = Vs =
'
(1000 o )
0 + 100 + j 200
10 200 + j 200
100 + 400Tan 1 (20 / 10)
= o
(1000 o )
20 245
10 563.43o
= (1000 o ) = 79.0618.43o
20 245o
Exercise 15.17
Find the values of V2 and the power delivered to the load. To

find I2, transform Vs and Rs from the primary to the secondary
side:
id
N2 4 o o
'
Vs = Vs = (1000 ) = 4000
N1 1
2
N2
RS' = RS = 16 RS = 640
N1
Exercise 15.17
o
4000 Vs'
I2 = ' = = 0.3850 o
RS + 400 640 + 400
V2 = I 2 RL = (0.3850 o )(400) = 153.80 o
2
0.385
P = ( I 2 rms ) RL = 2
(400) = 29.6W
2
Exercise 15.18
Find the turns ratio that maximizes the power transfer to the load.
What turns ratio transforms the 400 load resistance into a
resistance
it off 40 on the
th primary
i side?
id ?
2 2
N1 N1
RL' = RL = (400) = 40
N2 N2
2
N1 40 1 N1 1
= = =
N2 400 10 N2 10

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Lecture 22

Mutual Inductance &

For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

Lenzs law states that the polarity of the

Voltage is induced in a coil when its flux

Mutual inductance between coils 1 and 2:

Total fluxes linking the coils:

Currents entering the dotted terminals

N1i1 100i1 5 21 = N 21 = 200 10 5 i1

Does the flux produced by i2 aid or oppose

Mark the dot for coil 2

Can be used to step up or step down ac voltages

d = Vrms I rms cos( )

Minimize loss by increasing voltage and

The magneto-motive force (mmf) applied to the core:

1. We assumed that all of the flux links all of the

With the switch closed:

Find the phasor voltages and currents. First, transform

Find the values of V2 and the power delivered to the load. To

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