, - :

1.1. sabanko saqmianobis Camoyalibebis

istoriuli mimoxilva

bankebi Tanamedrove ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis ganu

yofeli nawilia. isini imyofebian ekonomikis SuagulSi da rogorc
sisxlZarRvovani sistema, uzrunvelyofen kavSirs ekonomikur subi-
eqtebs Soris. bankebi arian ara romelime ekonomikuri regionis an qvey-
nis maxasiaTebelni, maT saqmianobis sferos ar gaaCnia geografiuli an
erovnuli sazRvrebi, bankebi _ esaa umniSvnelovanesi resursebisa da
finansuri Zalis mqone yovlismomcveli movlena. ZiriTadad, swored
bankebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba resursebis gadanawileba droebiT Ta-
visufali fuladi saxsrebis mqone subieqtebidan im subieqtebisaken,
romlebic maT saWiroeben mocemul momentSi. samwuxarod, dResac ki
Cvens qveyanaSi yvela ekonomikuri subieqtis mier bolomde araa gac-
nobierebuli is roli, romelsac unda asrulebdes sabanko sistema eko-
nomikur sistemaSi.
zusti informacia bankebis warmoSobaze, pirveli bankis Seqmnaze an
pirvel sabanko operaciebze istorias ar Semounaxavs, Tumca, garkveuli
daskvnebis gamotana Zvel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT mainc SesaZlebelia.
am eqskursisaTvis mniSvnelovania, gavixsenoT saintereso cnobebi fu-
lis im ekvivalentis Sesaxeb Zveli erebis istoriidan, romelTa rolSic
gvevlineboda Sinauri cxovelebi, marcvleuli, Sali, niJarebi, qurqi,
da a.S., magram aqedan SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT mxolod uZvelesi fula-
di mimoqcevis da ara imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo am dros Canasaxovani
sakredito institutebis Tu meqanizmebis roli. ufro metic, istoriaSi
bankebis warmoSobis periodi Zalian bundovania da specialistebis kama-
Tis sagans warmoadgens.
zogierTi maTganis SexedulebiT, bankebi warmoiSva feodalizmis
epoqaSi an cotaTi adre, antikur xanaSi, roca gaCnda aucilebloba
bankebis iseTi funqciebisa, rogorebicaa _ Suamavloba da gadaxdebis
ganxorcieleba, Tumca, isic cxadia, rom Suamavlobisa da gadaxdebis
aucilebloba bevrad adrec arsebobda. meore SexedulebiT, bankebi
warmoiSva sabanko saxlebis saxiT manufaqturuli kapitalizmis epo-
qaSi XIV-XV saukunis calkeul italiur qalaqebSi (venecia, genua) da
mevaxSeebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini axdendnen samrewvelo da kapitali-
stebis dakreditebas zomier fasad. sxvebis azriT, bankebis warmoSoba
dakavSirebulia ara sasaqonlo meurneobis sxvadasxva etapze fulad-
sasaqonlo urTierTobis ganviTarebasTan, aramed im periodTan, roca
aucilebeli gaxda CaxlarTuli fuladi mimoqcevis damaregulirebe-
li specialuri dawesebulebebis qselis arseboba, anu saubaria kapita
lizmis ganviTarebis gvian periodze.
rogorc vxedavT, calkeul mecnierTa mosazrebebi bankebis war-
moSobaze ramdenime aTaswleulis diapazonSi meryeobs da amis mTavari
mizezia Sexeduleba zogadad bankis funqciebsa da imaze, Tu romeli da
ramdeni funqciis Sesrulebaa sakmarisi, raTa sakredito instituts an
sakredito urTierTobis meqanizms ewodos banki.

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 Tavi 1 - sabanko saqmianobis warmoSoba da sabanko sistema

gamomdinare iqidan, rom Znelia aseTi mkafio xazis gavleba, albaT,

ufro marTebuli iqneba bankebis warmoSobis periodebis Sesaxeb arsebu-
li Sexeulebebis SejerebiT gamovyoT bankebis, ufro sworad _ sabanko
praqtikis, ganviTarebis 5 etapi:
1) sabanko praqtikis Casaxvidan antikur periodamde (sabanko praq-
tikis saTaveebi);
2) antikuri xanidan pirveli sabanko dawesebulebis Seqmnamde (anti-
kuri xanidan XII saukunemde);
3) Jiro-bankebis, anu sazogadoebrivi bankebis xana (XIII-XVII sauku-
neebi);
4) bankebis mier msoflios dapyroba (XVIII saukune);
5) Tanamedrove bankingi (XIX saukunidan dRemde).
ganvixiloT TiToeuli etapi, rac, albaT, SedarebiT mkafios gaxdis
sabanko praqtikis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebul bundovan suraTs.

pirveli etapi: sabanko praqtikis Casaxvidan antikur periodamde

gamomdinare iqidan, rom gaCnda sazogadoebrivi moTxovna, adami-
anebi uZvelesi xanidan iyvnen dakavebulni saSuamavlo saqmianobiT, rac
umTavresad gamoixateboda monetebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul urT-
ierTgadaxdebiT, es adamianebi iyvnen zarafebi _ fuliT movaWreebi. ra
Tqma unda, banki, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, im droisaTvis
ar arsebobda. metad rTulia davadginoT, vin iyo pirveli bankiri da
sad moRvaweobda igi, Tumca, istoriuli wyaroebiT cnobilia, rom Cvens
welTaRricxvamde 2 300 wlis win qaldevelebTan arsebobda savaWro amxa
nagobebi, romlebic gascemdnen sesxebs. arsebobs wyaroebi, romelTa
mixedviT, Zvel CineTSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2 000 wlis win arsebobda
saCeko mimoqceva.
uZveles civilizaciebSi sakredito urTierTobis safuZveli mevax-
Seoba iyo, amitom sasesxo operaciebi formdeboda iuridiuli normebis
gansakuTrebuli dacviT. sesxis pirobebi iyo Zalian mkacri da, Sesaba
misad, Zalian maRali iyo savalo valdebulebis xarisxic. aseTi iuridi-
uli normebisa da regulaciis kargi magaliTia Cvens welTaRricxvamde
XVIII saukunis mefe hamurabis kanonebi.
uZvelesi civilizaciebidan sabanko praqtikaSi yvelaze win Zveli
babilonelebi wavidnen. ukve Cvens welTaRricxvamde VI saukuneSi arse-
bobdnen bankirebi, romelTa mier Catarebuli operaciebis CamonaT-
vali, marTlac, STambeWdavia. im epoqis babilonSi gansakuTrebulad
warmatebulad iTvleboda sabanko saxli igibi. igi gascemda sesxebs,
romlebzec xdeboda ara procentis gadaxda, aramed moweuli mosavalis
nawilis daTmoba, sesxebi aseve gaicemoda xelwerilis an giraos uzrun-
velyofiT. isini axorcielebdnen yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebul sa-
komisio operaciebs, axorcielebnen gadaxdebs klientis angariSidan,
yidulobdnen da yiddnen miwis nakveTebs. bankirebi aseve gvevlinebod-
nen Tavdebebis rolSi, konsultacias uwevdnen klientebs da awarmoe-
bdnen satrasto operaciebs klientebis saxeliT. rac yvelaze saintere-
soa, babiloneli bankirebis mier xdebod procentiani anabrebis miReba.

15
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am periodSi aseTi savaWro saxlebis roli mainc SedarebiT naklebia,

vinaidan umniSvnelovanesi iyo sakulto taZrebis, rogorc finansuri
meurneobis organizatorTa, roli. qonebis, simdidris, fulis Senaxvis
saukeTeso adgilad sakulto nagebobebi, taZrebi, xolo finansistebad
_ qurumebi iqcnen. es ganpirobebuli iyo taZrebis mimarT saxelmwifo-
sa da sazogadoebis mxridan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli
ndobiT. SedarebiTi stabiluroba da maTdami ndoba uzrunvelyofda
taZrebis mier fuladi operaciebis ganviTarebas. taZrebma TandaTan,
sazogadoebis mxridan moTxovnis zrdis Sesabamisad, daiwyes im droisa
Tvis sruli sabanko servisis ganxorcieleba _ saSemnaxvelo, sakaso, saa-
ngariSsworebo, gacvliTi, saaRricxvo da sakredito. msesxeblis rolSi
xSirad saxelmwifo gamodioda. amasTan erTad, yovelive es sadazRvevo
funqciasac atarebda. saxelmwifo gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli
saqmis aseTi viTarebiT da xels uwyobda mas.
Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebiT, am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovnad
win wavidnen Zveli berZnebi. berZnulma taZrebma TandaTan uzarmazari
qoneba daagroves maT xelSi arsebuli miwebidan miRebuli Semosavle-
biT, SemowirulobebiT, aseve maRali procentiT gacemuli kreditebi-
dan miRebuli SemosavlebiT, rac mevaxSeoba ufro iyo, vidre sabanko
dakrediteba. xSirad, gacemuli sesxis daubruneblobis SemTxvevaSi,
msesxeblis qoneba taZris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. garda amisa, opera
ciebis gansxvavebul saxes warmoadgenda anabrebis mozidva (ufro swo-
rad, saSemnaxvelo saqme), rac, ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis uzrunvel
yofiT iyo ganpirobebuli da taZrebi amaSic garkveul Semosavals
iRebdnen.
sabanko praqtika imdenad TvalsaCino gaxda, rom miipyro saqmiani
adamianebis yuradReba da aseTi individebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad
izrdeboda. Tumca, pirveli aTeneli bankirebis _ trapezitebis (ber-
Znuli sityvidan trapeza, rac magidas niSnavs) saqmianoba sakmaod
primitiuli iyo. trapezitebi xalxmraval adgilebSi gansakuTrebul
magidebTan isxdnen da maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba sxvadasxva qveynisa
da qalaqis monetebis gadacvla iyo, magram TandaTan sxva operaciebis
ganxorcielebac daiwyes da am operaciebis moculobac izrdeboda.
aseTi tipis operaciebSi Sedioda anabrebis miReba, saSemnaxvelo saqme,
sesxebis gacema. yvela operacia specialur savaWro wignebSi fiqsirde
boda da aRiricxeboda. am procesebis axal safexurad SeiZleba CaiT-
valos aleqsandre makedonelis mier egvipteSi, qalaq aleqsandriaSi
samefo bankebis centraluri bankis msgavsi institutis Seqmna. samefo
bankebs berZnebi marTavdnen da mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni saxel
mwifo xazinasTan. maTi ganyofilebebi funqcionirebda qveynis yvela
administraciul centrSi. mTeli es sabanko qseli sargeblobda qveya-
naSi sabanko operaciebis warmoebis monopoliis uflebiT, ris gamoc igi
asrulebda saxelmwifo xazinis yvela funqciasac.
trapezitebis profesiis warmoSobas, yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan
erTad, saxelmwifoebrivi da sakacobrio mniSvneloba hqonda, vinaidan
igi pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli sagareo vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan.
sabanko saqme Zvel romSi Camoyalibda berZnulis msgavsad da analo-

16
 Tavi 1 - sabanko saqmianobis warmoSoba da sabanko sistema

giiT Cvens welTaRricxvamde III saukuneSi. aq bankirebs mensariebs uwo-

debdnen (laTinuri sityvidan mensa _ magida). rogorc wesi, es magidebi
idga xalxmraval, xmaurian adgilebze _ forumebsa da qalaqis mTavar
moednebze. garda arsebuli operaciebisa, romaeli bankirebi organi-
zebas uwevdnen auqcionebis Catarebas. auqcionebze iyideboda sakuTari
da sxva bankebis dagiravebuli qoneba sakomisios miRebis sanacvlod.
trapezitebic da mensarebic, rogorc zarafebi, ZiriTadad daka-
vebulni iyvnen monetebis gadacvliT da bankirebis Soreul winapre-
bad SeiZleba CaiTvalon, Tumca, TavisTavad gacvliTi operaciebi sa-
saqonlo gacvlas asaxavs da realuri sakredito safuZveli jer ar aqvs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania imis gaxseneba, rom saSemnaxvelo
operaciebi, romlebic bevrad ufro Zvelia, ufro metadaa miaxloebuli
sakredito dawesebulebis arssa da SinaarsTan.
romi TandaTan iqca imdroindeli samyaros finansur centrad da,
bunebrivia, amas samarTlebrivi regulireba sWirdeboda. nel-nela iqm-
neba da ixveweba sabanko da sakredito samarTali. am normebis Sesaba
misad, romauli bankebi, romlebic specializdebodnen fulis gacvlaSi,
iwodebodnen numuliarebad da maT sakredito operaciebis warmoebis
ufleba eZleodaT. Tavis mxriv, arentariebma, romlebic specializde-
bodnen sakredito operaciebSi, miiRes ufleba, gadaxdebSi Suamavlobis
safuZvelze gaecaT kreditebi TavianT klientebze.

meore etapi: antikuri xanidan pirveli sabanko dawesebulebis

Seqmnamde
am etaps ukavSirdeba sityva bankis dabadeba, romlis ganmarteba
kidev ufro bundovans xdis Cvens warmodgenebs sakredito institutebis
warmoSobaze. sityva banki warmoiSva italiuri sityvisagan banco,
romelic magidas aRniSnavs. am sabanko magidebze, italiur qalaq-
saxelmwifoebis centralur moednebze, metad dinamikuri da CvenTvis
saintereso procesebi viTardeboda. im droisaTvis savaWrod gamoyene
buli iyo monetebis metad mravalferovani saxeobebi, romelTa moWras
(Tanamedrove terminologiiT _ emisias) axorcielebdnen saxelmwi-
foebi, calkeuli qalaqebi da kerZo pirebic ki. bunebrivia, monetebis
beWdvis aranairi erTiani sistema ar arsebobda. gacxovelebuli yidva-
gayidvis dros mimoqcevaSi iyo sxvadasxva formisa da Rirebulebis mo-
neta, xSirad maTi realuri Rirebuleba nominalurze dabali iyo. aseT
pirobebSi saWiro iyo iseTi adamianebi, romlebic erkveodnen monetebis
mravalferovnebaSi, SeeZloT maTi Sefaseba da garkveul rCevebsac
iZleodnen maTi gacvlis Sesaxeb. am monetebis gadamcvlelebis spe-
cialuri sabanko magidebi ganTavsebuli iyo xalxmraval savaWro adgi-
lebSi da momxmarebeli maT namdvilad ar akldaT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom X-XI saukuneebSi italia (Tavisi qalaq-saxelmwifoebiT) msoflio
vaWrobis centri iyo, cxadia, bankirebi xdebodnen savaWro operaciebis
aucilebeli monawileebi.
amavdroulad, aRniSnuli periodisaTvis, dasavleT evropaSi mzar-
di fuladi mimoqceva naRdi fulis mwvave deficits ganicdida. cnobi-
lia, rom liTonuri fuli sagareo vaWrobaSi ufro adre gamoCnda, jer

17
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kidev maSin, roca qalaqebis bazrebSi naturaluri gacvla xdeboda. axa-

li monetebis damzadeba Zvirfasi liTonebis mopovebis SezRudulobis
gamo mizeruli iyo, xolo arsebuli liTonuri fuli TiTqmis mTlianad
sagareo vaWrobaSi monawileobda da vaWrebis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili.
amas isic emateboda, rom sagareo vaWrobaSi Cadebuli fulis brunvis
siCqare metad neli, xolo TviTon saqme _ metad riskiani iyo. qveynebi-
sa da qalaqebis Sida saWiroebisaTvis naRdi fulis mizeruli nawiliRa
rCeboda. amis sapirispirod feodalebisa da moqalaqeebis mxridan
masze moTxovna izrdeboda. naRdi fulis ukmarisoba ganapirobebda
imas, rom igi metad Zviri Rirda da mevaxSeoba yvaoda. bunebrivi iyo,
rom bevri gamdidrebuli vaWari, romelTa xelSi dagrovda didi ode-
nobiT liTonuri fuli, asakSi Sesvlis Semdeg wyvetda sarfian, magram
metad rTul da riskian saqmes da mevaxSeobas iwyebda. am adamianebma aR-
moaCines, rom mevaxSeoba sagareo vaWrobasTan SedarebiT ufro sarfi-
ani, swrafi da naklebriskiani iyo, amasTan, gaCndnen mudmivi klientebi _
feodalebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, valis gastumrebas axali omebiT da
gadasaxadebis gazrdiT axdendnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis bankirebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba
isev fuliT vaWroba, saSemnaxvelo saqme da mevaxSeoba iyo, TandaTan
saintereso movlenebma iwyo ganviTareba. evropaSi sxva qalaqSi an qveya-
naSi fulis gadatanis magivrad daiwyes unaRdo angariSsworebis praqti-
kis SemoReba _ es iyo martivi saTamasuqo operaciebi _ roca werilobiTi
gankargulebis safuZvelze mesame piri gadascemda werilis warmdgens
masSi miTiTebul Tanxas.
sabanko praqtika swrafad viTardeboda mTel italiaSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT did savaWro centrebSi _ veneciaSi, genuasa da florenciaSi.
Semdeg periodSi imave procesebis ganviTareba iwyeba safrangeTSi, in-
glissa da holandiaSi. aRniSnulma tendenciebma TvalsaCino gaxada, rom
naRdi fulis simcire, mevaxSeebisa da zarafebis mier TavianTi mdgo-
mareobis borotad gamoyenebis mzardi tendencia cvlilebebs iTxovda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis pasuxi iyo evropis zogierTi qalaqis
xelisufalTa mier sazogadoebrivi bankebis Seqmnis gadawyvetileba.
amas xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom TandaTan bankirebis xelSi akumu-
lirdeboda im savaWro klasis mTeli naRdi fuli, romelmac erTmaneTSi
naRdi fuliT angariSsworebis Canacvleba daiwyes unaRdo angariS
sworebiT. vaWarTa Soris angariSsworebisaTvis, nacvlad naRdi fuliT
gadaxdisa, xdeboda fulis gadatana movalis angariSidan kreditoris
angariSze, bankiris wignSi werilis safuZvelze. am operaciebma miiRo
Jiro brunvebis saxelwodeba (italiuri sityvidan Jiro _ mimoqce-
va, brunva).
ase iSva 1156 wels pirveli sazogadoebrivi Jiro-banki monteneva
da am periodidan iwyeba sabanko praqtikis grZeli gza qveynis ekonomi-
kis erT-erTi dargidan mis umniSvnelovanes elementamde, Tumca, aqamde
jer kidev Sori manZili iyo gasavleli.
es periodi aseve xasiaTdeba imiT, rom iwyeba sakulto dawesebule-
bebis, rogorc finansuri centrebis, rolis Semcireba da TandaTano-
biT minimumamde dasvla, Tumca, isini jer kidev did rols asruleben.

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 Tavi 1 - sabanko saqmianobis warmoSoba da sabanko sistema

amis kargi magaliTia tamplierTa ordeni, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi

finansurad Zlieri monastrebiT. tamplierebis ganTqmuli wesiereba
fulad operaciebSi da buRalteriis kargi organizeba xels uwyobda
fulis mimoqcevis gaadvilebas. ukve XIV saukuneSi tamplierTa orde-
ni daaxloebT 20 000 rainds aerTianebda da maTi mniSvnelovani nawili
swored fuladi operaciebiT iyo dakavebuli. Sua saukuneebSi kaToli-
kuri eklesia zogadad da sxva religiuri ordenebic ar idgnen ganze sa-
banko praqtikisagan. rogorc wesi, kerZo mevaxSeebi sasuliero pirebis
mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen.

mesame etapi: XIII-XVII saukuneebi (Jiro-bankebis, anu sazogadoe-

brivi bankebis xana)
zogadad, im droisaTvis yvelaze gavleniani iyo kaTolikur ekle-
siasTan, gansakuTrebiT mis xelmZRvanelobasTan dakavSirebuli banke-
bi _ kuriebi. sayovelTaod cnobilia mediCebis dinastiis banki flo
renciaSi, romlis mTavar kantoras 16 filiali hqonda iseT qalaqebSi,
rogorebicaa: parizi, londoni, lioni, briuge, romi, venecia, genua,
neapoli. mediCebis mTavari kantora axorcielebda fulad gzavnilebs,
romelTac misi yvela filiali anaRdebda. maSin cnobili iyo fraza
mediCebis savaWro saxli anaRdebs Tanxas dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi
gzavnilebis wardgenisas. Tumca, es periodi cnobilia imiT, rom iqmneba
sazogadoebrivi bankebi. XII saukunis bolos, pirveli veneciuri bankis
daarsebis Semdeg, sabanko saqme sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba mTel
italiaSi, sazogadobrivi bankebi iqmneba aseve genuaSi, florenciaSi.
pirvel xanebSi banks marTavdnen qalaqis xelisufalTa mier daniSnuli
Cinovnikebi, magram male isini kerZo bankirebma Secvales. aseTi banke-
bi Tavdapirvelad monopoliiT sargeblobdnen, vinaidan kerZo pirebs
ekrZalebodaT sabanko saqmianoba. metad cnobili da gavleniani iyo
genuis wm. giorgis saxelobis banki, romelic ramdenime reorganizebis
Semdeg saboloo saxiT 1407 wels Camoyalibda.
msgavsi tipis bankebi TandaTan evropis sxva iseT qalaqebSic Cndeba,
rogorebicaa: milani, neapoli, barselona. cota mogvianebiT, XVII sau-
kuneSi, sazogadoebrivi bankebi iqmneba holandiaSi, inglisSi, germaniasa
da SvedeTSi. magaliTad, holandiis mTavroba, adgilobrivi bankirebis
arakeTilsindisierebidan gamomdinare, aarsebs amsterdamis sazoga-
doebriv banks qalaqis garantiiT. 1619 wels amsterdamis magaliTze
da imave mizezebidan gamomdinare, aseve qalaqis garantiiT, hambrugSi
iqmneba sazogadoebrivi Jiro-banki. am bankebis funqciebi ori saxeobis
operaciiT Semoifargleboda: pirveli, es iyo fulis Sesanaxavad miReba,
rac usafrTxoebis moTxovnebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da, meore, vaWarTa
klasi iyenebda Tavis angariSebs kontragentebTan unaRdo angariS
sworebisaTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, maT amave bankSi hqondaT angariSi).
amgvarad, Tavdapirvelad Jiro-bankebi mxolod anabrebs iRebdnen
da am anabrebiT operaciebs axorcielebdnen, risTvisac maT moqalaqeebi
gasamrjelos uxdidnen. am anabrebis gamoyeneba banks sakuTari opera-
ciebisaTvis ar SeeZlo, Tumca, male es praqtikac icvleba, riTac xdeba
sabanko saqmis kidev erT safexurze asvla.

19
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bankirebma xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Semdeg daaskvnes, rom anabrebis

ukan gatana xdeba garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg da, rac mTavaria,
es exeba mxolod anabrebis mcire nawils, anu Sesanaxavad mibarebuli
fulis didi nawili mudmivad rCeboda bankSi umoZrao kapitalis sax-
iT. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi, roca vsaubrobT fulze, igulisxmeba
monetebi, aseve samkaulebi da sxva Zvirfaseuloba. bankirebi mixvdnen,
rom anabrebi, anu sxvisi fuli, droebiT maT sargeblobaSi iyo gadmo-
suli da misi gamoyeneba SeiZleboda sabanko operaciebis sawarmoeblad,
upirveles yovlisa _ moklevadiani sesxebis gasacemad. amis Semdeg mkvi-
drdeba tendencia, romlis mixedviTac sabanko dawesebulebebi aRar
axdevinebdnen meanabreebs Tanxas anabris SenaxvisaTvis, samagierod,
ikanonebdnen anabrebis sesxebad gamoyenebis uflebas. amasTan, banki
sakuTar Tavze iRebda vadiani anabris vadis gasvlis Semdeg, uvado ana-
brisa ki _ moTxovnisTanave dabrunebis valdebulebas. saboloo jamSi,
aRniSnulma tendenciam moitana is Sedegi, rac dResac arsebobs _ bankebi
fuls ixdian moziduli depozitebis sanacvlod.
amgvarad, moxda sabanko saqmis mniSvnelovani metamorfoza _ Jiro-
bankebi gardaiqmna e.w. sadepozito bankebad, anu faseulobaTa yofili
Semnaxvelebi mogvevlinnen Suamavlebad Tavisufali kapitalis mflo-
belTa da am kapitalis msurvelTa Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT gaCnda
kidev erTi siaxle. bankis mier gacemuli dokumenti, romliTac igi adas-
turebda, rom miiRo garkveuli Tanxa Sesanaxavad da romlis dabrunebis
valdebulebasac iRebda garkveuli periodis Semdeg, xdeboda gadaxdis
saSualeba vaWrebs Soris garigebaTa dadebisas. es cnobebi TandaTan
gardaiqmna sabanko bileTebad, anu banknotebad (bank note). TandaTan
aseTi bileTebis gacema bankebma warmomdgenzec daiwyes, anu es iyo ban-
kis valdebuleba garkveuli Tanxis ganaRdebaze sabanko bileTis war-
momdgeni piris winaSe. meanabreebi anabris sanacvlod iRebdnen sabanko
bileTs anabris mTeli TanxisaTvis da misi wardgeniT yovelTvis See-
ZloT moeTxovaT anabari an misi nawili.
am periodSi bankirebma kidev erTi ram aRmoaCnes _ SesaZlebeli
gaxda sabanko bileTebis gamoSveba imaze meti TanxiT, vidre anabrebi iyo
miRebuli. es siaxle umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCnda sabanko saqmis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis, man bankebs sabrunavi saxsrebis gazrdis saSualeba misca,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, impulsi misca kreditis ganviTarebas. Tumca, isic
saTqmelia, rom amiT aseve daibada bankebis xelmZRvanelobis mxridan
TavianTi axali SesaZleblobis borotad gamoyenebis riski.

meoTxe etapi: bankebis mier msoflios dapyroba (XVIII saukune)

XVII saukuneSi, faqtobrivad, Camoyalibda is obieqturi winapirobe-
bi, romelTac safuZveli Cauyares evropaSi sabanko saqmianobis Zireul
cvlilebebs da Tvisobriv ganviTarebas, risi realizebac moxda kidec
XVIII saukuneSi. sabanko saqme unda Serwymoda manamde arnaxuli msoflio
meurneobis globalizaciis process. es iyo:
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad axali sasaqonlo baz-
rebis warmoqmna;

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 Tavi 1 - sabanko saqmianobis warmoSoba da sabanko sistema

evropuli saxelmwifoebis nacionaluri da ekonomikuri intere-

sebisa da pretenziebis gaCena;
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis zrda da finansuri kavSirebis inter-
nacionalizaciis dasawyisi.
amave mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom amerikis aRmoCenis
Semdeg evropaSi oqrosa da vercxlis kolosaluri Semodinebis Sedegad
italiuri respublikebis bankebis monopolias ekonomikis fuliT uz-
runvelyofaSi safuZveli gamoecala. am faqtma mniSvnelovnad gazarda
sabanko saqmianobis masStabebi.
sabanko saqmis ganviTarebis axali etapi ukavSirdeba ingliss, ro-
melic XVII saukunis bolosaTvis ukve msoflios wamyvani industri-
uli qveyana iyo. inglisSi istoriulad pirvel bankirebad iuvelirebi
(oqromWedlebi) mogvevlinnen. inglisSi arsebuli maSindeli praqtikiT,
fulis, anu Zvirfasi liTonebis mibareba xdeboda iuvelirebisaTvis,
romelTac hqondaT specialuri sacavebi maT Sesanaxavad da sanacvlod
iZleodnen cnobas mibarebuli fulis Sesaxeb. es cnobebi garkveul-
wilad warmoadgenda qaRaldis fulis adreul formas, vinaidan male dai-
wyo maTi gacvla saqonelze. Sesanaxavad mibarebuli Zvirfasi liTonebis
zodebis an monetebis Sesaxeb iuveliris mier gamowerili cnobebis
gamoyenebas gadaxdis saSualebad, safuZvlad edo erTaderTi garemoe-
ba _ ndoba, anu misi mimRebi darwmunebuli iyo, rom es, erTi SexedviT,
faratina furceli srulad iyo uzrunvelyofili im odenobis oqroTi,
romelzec iyo gacemuli. aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofda imas, rom am cno-
bebis gacvla oqros monetebze nebismier dros SeiZleboda iuvelirTan.
es iyo mniSvnelovani nabiji fulis evoluciis rTul gzaze _ adamianebma
fulis, rogorc mimoqcevis saSualebad, Zvirfasi liTonebis nacvlad,
maTi uzrunvelyofiT gamowerili xelwerilebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. es
iyo sayovelTao ndobaze damyarebuli urTierToba, romelmac gansaz-
Rvra sabanko saqmis Semdegi ganviTareba.
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi inglisSi gaCnda bevri axali banki, romelTa
Soris umTavresi iyo 1694 wels daarsebuli saaqcio banki inglisis banki
banknotebis emisiis uflebiT. amave periods ukavSirdeba umniSvnelova-
nesi sagiravno samarTalis SemoReba. bankebma daiwyes sesxebis gacema
giraos uzrunvelyofiT, xolo sesxis vadaSi da srulad daubruneblobis
SemTxvevaSi banks SeeZlo dagiravebuli qonebis dasakuTreba.
sabanko praqtikis ganviTarebis me-4 etapi xasiaTdeba mniSvnelovani
siaxleebiT: gaCnda specializebuli bankebi, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis
saqmianobas emsaxurebodnen (magaliTad, prusiis sazRvao vaWrobis ban-
ki); farTo gaqaneba mieca sadepozito operaciebs. gaCnda anabrebis sami
ZiriTadi tipi: moTxovnamde, vadiani da Semnaxveli. kreditis gaiafebam
mniSvnelovani dartyma miayena mevaxSeobas. kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli
niSani am etapisa aris saemisio bankebis warmoSoba, rac pirveli nabiji
iyo centraluri bankebis Seqmnis gzaze.
sabolood, XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis bankebi ukve Camoyalibebu-
li institutebi arian da msoflio ekonomikuri arenis umniSvnelovanes
moTamaSeebs warmoadgendnen fuladi kapitalis koncentraciisa da cen-
tralizaciis kvalobaze.

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 , - :

mexuTe etapi: Tanamedrove bankingi (XIX saukunidan dRemde)

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan depozituri bankebi gansakuTrebiT gan-
viTardnen da srulyofili saxe miiRes inglisSi, SotlandiaSi, ger-
maniaSi, Sveicariasa da aSS-Si. aseve daiwyo bankebis mravalferovani
da mravalwaxnagovani ganviTareba _ gaCnda specializebuli bankebi:
ipoTekuri, saxalxo (emsaxureboda mosaxleobas), xelosnebis momsaxure
bankebi, sasesxo salaroebi, Semnaxveli salaroebi, lombardebi.
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena iyo centraluri bankebis
masobrivi warmoSoba, isini monopoliurad asrulebdnen fulis emisi-
is funqcias. safrangeTSi centraluri banki Seiqmna napoleonis mmarT-
velobisas, 1800 wels.
wamyvan da ganviTarebul qveynebSi bankebis raodenoba sul ufro
izrdeboda da TandaTan yalibdeboda srulfasovani erovnuli sabanko
sistemebi, romlebic moicavda centralur banks, universalur da spe-
cializebul bankebs. farTovdeboda sabanko operaciebis areali, gaCnda
lizingi, faqtoringi, operaciebi fasiani qaRaldebiT da a.S. TandaTan
safuZveli eyreba finansur imperiebs.
bankebis usazRvrod gazrdili rolis tipuri magaliTi ukve im-
droindel samyaroSi aris rotSildebis finansuri imperia, romlis gav-
lena uzarmazari iyo. napoleonis winaaRmdeg mokavSireebis omis dros
rotSildebs procentiani sesxis misaRebad Tormeti saxelmwifos mTav-
robam mimarTa, xolo omis dasrulebisas gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis
saerTo valma rotSildebis imperiisadmi ukve 70 mln funt sterlings
gadaaWarba, rac im droisaTvis astronomiul Tanxas Seadgenda. rogorc
maSin xumrobdnen, evropaSi eqvsi didi saxelmwifoa: didi britaneTi,
safrangeTi, ruseTi, avstria-ungreTis imperia, prusia da rotSildebi.
XIX saukunis dasasrulidan iwyeba monopolisturi kapitalizmis
etapi, rac bunebrivia aisaxa sabanko kapitalzec. am periodSi iqmneba is
sabanko gigantebi, romlebic dResac udides rols TamaSoben globalur
finansur samyaroSi, magaliTad, 1877 wels _ niu iorkis Ceizis naciona-
luri banki, romelic 1955 wels sabolood Camoyalibda, rogorc Ceiz
manheten banki (Chase Manhattan Bank) aSS-Si, 1870 wels _ dioCe ban-
ki (Deutsche Bank) da komercbanki (Commerzbank), xolo 1872 wels _
drezdner banki (Dresdner Bank) germaniaSi, 1880 wels _ fuZi banki
(FujiBank) iaponiaSi da a.S.
rogorc vxedavT, bankebma TavianTi ganviTarebis rTuli da sain-
tereso gza ganvles da dRevandeli ekonomika da adamianTa yoveldRi-
uri cxovreba ukve warmoudgenelia maT gareSe. bankebi yoveli Cvenganis
cxovrebis nawili gaxda. isini uzrunvelyofen ekonomikis sicocxlis
unarianobas da es yvelaferi Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebis Tvalwin
xdeba.

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