: 3586

2010


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www.amnizia.com,

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1
1

2

2.1 3
2.2 3
2.3 9
2.3.1 10
2.3.2 11
2.3.3 ( ) Shoegear 11
2.3.4 13
2.3.5 15
2.3.6 AC DC 15
2.3.7 17
2.3.8 20
2.4 21
2.4.1 21
2.4.2 EMU 22

3

3.1 23
3.2 23
3.2.1 25kV/50Hz 23
3.2.2 24
3.2.3 25
3.2.4 26
3.2.5 27
3.2.6 50 kV 27
3.3 28
3.3.1 29
3.3.2 31
3.3.3 32
3.4 32
3.4.1 32
3.4.1.1 32
 3.4.1.2 33
3.4.1.3 34
3.4.1.4 35
3.4.2 35
3.4.2.1 37
3.4.2.2 38
3.4.2.3 39
3.4.2.4 40
3.4.2.5
41
3.4.3 42
3.4.3.1 42
3.4.3.2
. 43
3.4.3.3 45

4

4.1 46
4.2 46
4.2.1 DC 47
4.2.2 50
4.2.3 50
4.3 52
4.3.1 AC DC - 52
4.3.2 53
4.3.3 Thyristor 54
4.3.4 SEPEX 54
4.3.5 DC Choppers ( ) 55
4.3.6 56
4.3.7 GTO Thyristor 56
4.3.8 AC 56
4.3.9 57
4.3.10 C 58
4.3.11 IGBT 59
4.4 60
4.4.1 Hellasprinter 60
4.4.1.1 61
 4.4.2 Desiro EMU 65
4.4.2.1 65
4.4.2.2 66

5

5.1 68
5.2 68
5.2.1 68
5.2.2 69
5.2.3 69
5.2.4 69
5.2.5 71
5.2.6 71
5.2.7 72
5.2.8 73
5.2.9 74
5.2.10 75
5.2.11 75
5.2.12 76
5.3 () 77
5.3.1 79
5.3.1.1 ATP 80
5.3.1.2 AT 80
5.3.1.3 ATC 80
5.3.1.4 S 80
5.3.2 ATP 81
5.3.3 81
5.3.4 82
5.3.5 ATP 84
5.4 85
5.4.1 85
5.4.2 86
5.4.3 86
5.4.4 87

6
MAGLEV
6.1 91
6.2 MAGLEV 91
6.2.1 92
6.2.2 93
6.2.3 94
6.2.3.1 94
6.2.3.2 94
6.2.4 97
6.2.5 98
6.2.6 99
6.2.7 99
6.2.8 99
6.2.9
maglev 100
6.2.10
101

7
103

106
1

.

,
, ,


, .
,
,
. ,
. ,
maglev,
.
2
170

. ,
.
3
,
25 kV/50 Hz.

.
4

,
.

2

.
.
5

.

.
6
, maglev

.
, 7
.
3

2.1

.
1837 ,
357 km/h.

.


.

.

2.2 [1]

, Robert Davidson 1837
. Davidson
Galvani
Royal Scottish Society of Arts 1841.

,
.
Werner von Siemens
1879. 2.2 kW
13
km/h. 90.000
300 .

4

.
.
Lichterfelde
Werner von Siemens.
1883 Brighton Volk.
1888
Frank J. Spraque.


.

,
. ,

. ,

City South London Railway .

Mather Platt.
,
Sprague
1897.

.
1894, Klmn Kando

.
.
Ganz . 1915,

,
,
. ,
5

1.1 Klmn
Kando.

Baltimore Belt Line
1985.

.


. Bo+Bo

,
.
6

1.2
Belt Line
.

,
, :
.

. : 100%
.

, .
Park Avenue 1902

1908.
1904 . 1930

Harrisburg.

( Klmn Kando)
7

. 106 km Valtellina 4
1902. 3 kV
15 Hz. ,

.
,
:
3,6 kV 16,6 Hz ,
1500 V DC, DC 3 kV 10 kV AC 50Hz.
1930, 3 kV
. (,
1500 V DC
25 kV/ 50 Hz ).
, Milwaukee,
,
1915.
, Virginian Railway
Norfolk and Western Railway
. , ,

,
, .
1923,
Kando ,
.
. O
-
1929.
1960
.
1920
. : Road Class EP-2 (1918)
Milwuakee 240 3.330 kW 112
km/h, E-18 2.800 kW, 108
8

150 km/h. 29 1955

CC7107 331 km/h. 1960
SJ Class DM 3 7.200
kW.

200 km/h.

. 1990

GTO-inverter.

1.3 H Road Class EP-2

Milwuakee.

,
.


.
...
.
.
1980,
.
Shinkansen TGV

9

. ,
,
.
2 2006,
Siemens Eurosprinter ES64-U4 (BB
1216) 357 km/h,
Ingolstadt
.

1.4 Eurosprinter
ES64U4.

2.3 [2]

,
,
.
100 ,
,
.
10

20
.
.
80
, ,
.

2.3.1
,
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DC ( ) AC ( ).
DC
C
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.

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30
.
.
11

2.3.2

2.1
.

DC

.
""
,
"" (slipper
slip ,
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.

2.3.3 ( ) Shoegear

2.2

12

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DC
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2.3.4
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busline. ,
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14

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busline .

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15

2.3.5
;
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.

2.3.6 AC DC
AC DC ,
AC DC
.

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.

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AC.

,
AC.

765.000 V AC.
16

,
,
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,
.

.
,
.
, 3 4 km. 2 3 km
750 V 20 km
25 kV AC.


DC.


.
19

.

.
17

2.3.7

2.4 .

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200 km/h),
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2 .
1000 1500 m ,
.

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18

.
. TGV
( )

25 kV AC.

.

.
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.

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.

,

.

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2.6

.
19

, ,
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.
,
.
200
km/h.
,
.
.

.
.
DC ,
, . 3000 V
DC
15000 V .

.


.

,
.

,
.
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.

20

2.3.8

2.7
Siemens Desiro EMU.

.
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21

2.4 [3]
, (Electric moltiple unit EMU)


.

2.8 Siemens Desiro EMU

.

2.4.1
EMU 1893
Liverpool .
.

.
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.
22

2.4.2 EMU

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23

3.1

, 25
kV/ 50Hz.


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,
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3.2 [4]

3.2.1 25 kV/ 50 Hz

,
.

(),
1950.


.

.
,
, , , ,
24

,
25 kV 3 kV DC/1.5 kV
.

3.2.2

50 Hz 1931,
1922. Klmn Kando
. 16 kV 50 Hz,
, .
-
Dunakeszi-Alag.
-Gyr-Hegyeshalom (
). Kando
,
.

1951 SNCF Aix-Les-
Bains -La Roche-Sur-Foron . 25 kV
,
, 1500 V
DC,
, 1960.


.
,
.
. 1950,

.

( ,
25

),
.
,

. DC
,
,
.
1990
,
. Shinkansen N700
25 kV AC 1520
V AC ( ) 3000 V DC (
) 2300 V
( ,
inverter
) .
.
25 kV
,
.
,

. 25 kV
,


.

3.2.3
25 kV AC
.

26

.
VAR
.
, .

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.

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,
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2009, Eurostar(
)
.

3.2.4


. 25 kV AC
, 400 kV, 275 kV
132 kV.
.


25 kV.

VAR. ,
, AC ,
.
TGV .
27

3.2.5
25 kV/ 50 Hz AC
.
:
BS EN 50163:2004 - .
"
IEC 60850 - .
"


3.1

25.000 V, AC, 50 17.500 V 19.000 V 25.000 V 27.500 V 29.000 V
Hz

3.1

(1996/48/EC "
" 2001/16/EC "
).

3.2.6 50 kV
25 kV
, .

.
28

3.3 [5]
(SST)
(150 kV/50 Hz), 25
kV/50 Hz .
150 kV
.
150 kV 25
kV (, , )
. ,
10 MVA, 150/27.5 kV ( UIC Code 600
/
25 kV/50 Hz 27.5 kV).


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, 3
10 m. , ,
,
.

3.1
.
29

3.2
25 kV/50 Hz

3.3.1
,
,
.
25 kV/50 Hz,
(PS, Poste de Sectionement)
(SST) (PSS, Poste de
Sous-Sectionement)
. , SST-PSS-PS-PSS-
SST 10 km.

,
.
30

,

,
.
(PMP, Poste de Mise
en Parallel) (PA, Poste d' Alimentation)

/ ,


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3.3
(PS) 25
kV/50 Hz

3.4
(PSS)
25 kV/50 Hz
31

3.3.2
, , ,
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()
5. ,



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kV (), 22,5 kV, 25 kV () 27,5 kV ().
,
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20.
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32

3.3.3

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3.4.1


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3.4.1.1
1895
1900
Siemens & Halske.
John Q. Brown Key System
California ...
,
33

.


.

3.1
&
.

3.4.1.2
-
( ''),

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, TGV,
.
-
,

, Re 460 Taurus
.
34

3.2

3.4.1.3


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35

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3.4.1.4
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3.4.2 [7]
:
,

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3.5
.
36

,

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,
, 300 m.

,
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:

Overhead contact system (OCS)

.
Overhead line
equipment (OLE or OHLE) .
Overhead wiring (OHW)
.
Catenary
..., .

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-

37

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3.3

3.4.2.1


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3.4.2.2 ()
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39

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10 kN.
,
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. 35 kV
1970 m.

3.4

3.4.2.3
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40

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41

3.4.2.5



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30%,
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- .
2003 Mannheim Stadtbahn


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Siemens AG Sibac Energy Storage.
42

3.4.3 [8]

,

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3.5 .

3.4.3.1

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m.

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43

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3.6
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3.4.3.2
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44

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160 km/h.

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(
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45

3.4.3.3
,
,

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,
.

Siemens & Halske
1879,
.
Brighton ()
1883 1886
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46

4.1



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4.2 [9][16]
DC
- .
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DC
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( = /).

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47

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4.2.1 DC
DC ,

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1914,
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48

4.1 .

DC
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49

4.2
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50

4.3 -
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DC


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51

4.2.2
DC
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4.2.3


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20 /
.
52

4.3 [10]

4.3.1 AC DC -

,
. DC
AC, ,
. .

Hertz (Hz).
,
.

4.4 DC AC .

. DC
, 8 1.
,
, AC
DC
. To
3000 V 15.000 50.000 V.
53

DC

.
, AC
DC .
25 kV
.
.

.

.
.
,
. 30
,

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4.3.2
,
,
.
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,
.
.

. 1960
25 kV AC.
54

4.3.3 Thyristor
.
,

.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.

4.3.4 SEPEX
,
DC.
,
, SEPEX.
,
.
,
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. ,
,
.

- .
SEPEX
,

55

4.3.5 DC Choppers ( )

(
)
30-40 km/h , ,
. .
AC ,

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, ,

DC.


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, .
DC
" " " ".

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.
To DC

56

,
.

4.3.6



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.


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4.3.7 GTO Thyristor

1980,

.
DC
.

DC .
DC , AC
.

4.3.8 AC
,
. ,
57

( ).


.


.

TGV.
25kV AC, DC
inverter AC
. GTO
.


.
AC , , GTO
.

4.3.9
,
,
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,
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58

.
.

4.3.10 AC
AC.

AC ,
, , .
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,

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AC
.
inverter ,
(Variable voltage, variable frequency = VVVF)
.
.

AC DC .
, ( 25kV )


1500 2000 V .
inverter
. inverter
DC.
.
GTO , ,

,
59

. ,
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.
DC,
, .
DC inverter,
.
,
.

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.

4.3.11 IGBT
AC (
) ,
, IGBT (Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor), .
, (
)

. , , ,

. , , IGBT,

. ,

1990,
AC.
( )
60

( ) GTO.
,
.
GTO
. IGBTs,
.

4.4

4.4.1 Hellasprinter [11]

1996,
(...) 6
Siemens-KraussMaffei. 17

EuroSprinter

.

...

.
80 ,
86 88 .
, 1997,
H 561 566. HellasSprinters

.
24 .
Siemens-KraussMaffei
.
, Siemens-KraussMaffei

61

. ,
. 2004
. 2005
120 030,
...

4.4.1.1

25 kV/ 50Hz
19.580 mm
9.900 mm
/ 4/BoBo
1435 mm
80
200kph
5.000 kW
300 kN

HellasSprinter,
EuroSprinter . 120
,
, 6
.
...
24
Siemens Dispolok ES 64 F4, 189
Railion EuroRunner.
Siemens HellaSprinter
.
EuroSprinter
. ...
.
ES 64 U2 25 kV
62

AC . ...

.

Siemens Krauss Maffei
Lokomotiven GmbH 1997
2001. Siemens

.

... .
, 120 007 2004.
Linz
. 2005
120 030.

4.1 HellaSprinter.

561 566
. ...
.

, ... (
) .
63

4.3 HellaSprinter.

120 006 2009 ...

.

1
6
11/1997 12/1997

561 566, 120 001 120 006

2
24
9/2004 11/2005

120 07 120 030
64

4.1 HellaSprinter

4.2
HellaSprinter.
65

4.4.2 Desiro EMU [12]

1997, ... 20
5
Desiro.
Siemens .

4.3 Siemens Desiro EMU.

4.4.2.1

1.435 mm

313

163 t

89.34 mm

/ 20.895 mm/15.840
mm
66

25 kV/50 Hz

3.000 kW

210 kN

1.0 m/s2

160 km/h

800 mm

/ Bo'(2)Bo'Bo'(2)Bo'

4.4.2.2
25 kV/50 Hz.

:
2
2
2
2
8

()
. IGBT

- .

.
:

67

4.5
Siemens Desiro EMU.

4.4 Siemens
Desiro EMU.
68

5.1



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.

5.2

5.2.1 [13]

,
,
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1830 1840 .
.
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69

5.2.2

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(block systems),
, ,
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5.2.4
1841
(signal box) (levers)
, 1860. ,

70

(signalman). ,
- (signal
box) ,
, , .

.
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(block).

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71

5.2.5

, .
1830,
1841. (semaphore), 20
, .
,
.
, , ,
.

,
.

5.2 5.1

5.2.6


(automatic block system),
1872
. ,
,
72

()
( ,
).

5.2.7
(track circuits)
1890.
(London Underground)
1904-6.

5.3 ()

, .

, (
) , ,
().
73

5.4 stop ()

( ).
stop ()
.
(). ,
( ),
.

5.2.8

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. :
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(stop),
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74

5.5 AWS

,
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4
, .
.
,
.
(Automatic Warning System AWS).

5.2 AWS

5.2.9
,
, , ,
, .

75

(enforcement).
(London Underground) trainstop.
,
. , .
,
, ,
.
(ATP).
1904,
.

5.2.10
.
160 km/h 2 km ,
.
(ATP),
, ,
, .
,
.

, .
(overlap).
, (overlap)
, ,
.

, .

5.2.11
,

76

,
(.. 200 m).
,
,
, ,
,

.
(safe braking
distance). (overlap)
.
,
,
.

, InterCity ,
.
,
( )
. ,
.
(multi-aspect signalling).

5.2.12

.


.

(), ()
,
77

.
: ()
, ()
, ()
.
( ).
(, ).

(),
.
,
,
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,
,
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(headways).

5.3 () [13]
(automatic train control)

1920,
. ,
,

, .
,
.
,
(Automatic Train Protection - ATP),
1950, .

78

,

. ,

,
u960 ,
, ,
.

.

,
.
.

ATP
. ATP
,
,
, .
,
:

, .
.
,
.
(overlap) (safe braking distance).
,
. ,
,
. ATP
79

,
.

, .
,
.
.

(),
(automatic train operation - ATO),
.
TGV (SNCF)
, .

ATP. , ,
,
.
(dedicated) , TGV. ,
(main line)
. ,
,
, (main line)
ATP.

5.3.1

.

.
80

5.3.1.1 ATP
( - Automatic Train
Protection) .
( ) ,
.
,
. ,
.

5.3.1.2 AT
( - Automatic Train
Operation) .
,

. .

, .
u954
, .

5.3.1.3 ATC
C ( - Automatic Train
Control) ,
.

5.3.1.4 S
S ( - Automatic Train
Supervision) .
ATO ATP.

.
.
, ,
81

,
.

5.3.2 ATP
ATP,
.
. ATP
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
(paths)
.
,

, . .
.

.

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(signal box).
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(relay interlockings). -
,
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.

.
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87

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, Union Pacific Railroad Company

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89

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.
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,

.
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,
(global positioning satellites).
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,

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91

MAGLEV

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.

580 km/h.

6.2 MAGLEV [14]

Maglev magnetic
levitation , ,
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6.1 MAGLEV MLX01.

92

Maglev 581
km/h (361 mp/h), 2003, 6 km/h (3,7 mp/h)
TGV.
Maglev
Birmingham .
600 m
Birmingham w
42 km/h. 1995
.

maglev IOS (initial
operating segment - )
Transrapid ( ) ,
30 km 7 20
, 431 km/h (268 mp/h),
250 km/h (160 mp/h).

6.2.1

.


, Alfred Zehden ( ) 1907. ,

F.S. Smith.

Hermann Kemper 1937 1941.
maglev
... , G.R.
Polgreen. "maglev" ...
"
Development Limited.
93

6.2.2
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6.1.

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.
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2005
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101

Inductruck . .
(
.
EDS)
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maglev .


.


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maglev.

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EMS .

6.2.10


, ,
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: maglev
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maglev,
.
102

:
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103

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104

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.

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maglev 580 km/h
2015 maglev
1.000 km/h.
105

,

.

.

,
1.000 km/h.


. ,


.
106

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive#History

[2] http://www.railway-technical.com/etracp.shtml

[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification

[5] , 19, ,
1999

[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_lines

[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail

[9] http://www.railway-technical.com/tract-01.shtml

[10] http://www.railway-technical.com/tract-02.shtml

[11] http://www.railcolor.net/index.php?nav=1404929&lang=1

[12] Siemens AG Transportation systems Trains, DESIRO Electric

Multiple Unit for Greek Railways, Germany

[13] http://www.survey.ntua.gr/main/labs/roads/Roads-g_files/Edu-
g_files/Edu-72-g_files/3-Shmatodothsh.pdf

[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_(transport)
107

[15] http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/maglev/html/english/maglev_principle_E.html

[16] , & , ,
, 2004