UNH-06-07

UCRL-JRNL-226919
UMD-40762-364
JLAB-THY-06-600
NT@UW-06-031
UG-06-10
arXiv:hep-lat/0612026v1 21 Dec 2006

Hyperon-Nucleon Scattering from Fully-Dynamical Lattice QCD

Silas R. Beane,1 Paulo F. Bedaque,2 Thomas C. Luu,3 Kostas Orginos,4, 5
Elisabetta Pallante,6 Assumpta Parre
no,7 and Martin J. Savage8

(NPLQCD Collaboration)
1
Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3568.
2
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111.
3
N Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551.
4
Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795.
5
Jefferson Laboratory, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News, VA 23606.
6
Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4,
9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
7
Departament dEstructura i Constituents de la Mat`eria, Universitat de Barcelona,
E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
8
Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560.

Abstract
We present results of the first fully-dynamical lattice QCD determination of hyperon-nucleon
scattering. One s-wave phase shift was determined for n scattering in both spin-channels at
pion masses of 350, 490, and 590 MeV, and for n scattering in both spin channels at pion
masses of 490, and 590 MeV. The calculations were performed with domain-wall valence quarks
on dynamical, staggered gauge configurations with a lattice spacing of b 0.125 fm.

1
 A. Introduction

In high-density baryonic systems, the large value of the Fermi energy may make it energet-
ically advantageous for some of the nucleons to become hyperons, with the increase in rest
mass being more than compensated for by the decrease in Fermi energy. This is speculated to
occur in the interior of neutron stars, but a quantitative understanding of this phenomenon
depends on knowledge of the interactions among the hadrons in the medium. In contrast
to nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions, where the wealth of experimental data has allowed
for the construction of high-precision potentials, the hyperon-nucleon (YN) interactions are
only very-approximately known. Experimental information about the YN interaction comes
mainly from the study of hypernuclei [1, 2], the analysis of associated -kaon and -kaon
production in NN collisions near threshold [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], and hadronic atoms [9]. There
are a total of 35 cross-sections measurements [10] of the processes p p, p n,
+ p + p, p p and p 0 n, and unsurprisingly, the extracted scattering
parameters are highly model dependent. The theoretical study of YN interactions is hin-
dered by the lack of experimental guidance. The realistic potentials developed by the
Nijmegen [11, 12] and J ulich [13, 14, 15] groups are just two examples of phenomenological
models based on meson exchange. These are soft-core potentials with one-boson exchange
models of the NN interaction. Since SU(3) flavor symmetry is broken by the differences in
the quark masses, the corresponding couplings are not completely determined by the NN
interaction and are instead obtained by a fit to the available data. In Ref. [11, 12], for exam-
ple, six different models are constructed, each describing the available YN cross-section data
equally well, but predicting different values for the phase shifts. The effective field theory
approach [16, 17, 18, 19, 20] is less developed and suffers from a large number of couplings
that need to be fit to the data.
In view of the large uncertainties in the YN scattering amplitudes and their importance
for modeling neutron stars and the study of hypernuclei, a first-principles QCD calculation
of YN scattering is highly desirable. The only way to achieve this is through numerical
calculations using lattice QCD. In a previous paper [19], some of the present authors outlined
a program to address this issue with a combination of lattice calculations and the use of
effective field theories. This paper reports on the first results of the implementation of this
program. In particular, we compute low-energy s-wave phase shifts for YN scattering in
the 1S0 channel and 3S1 3D1 coupled-channels at particular energies, using L uschers finite-
volume method [21, 22, 23]. This is a straightforward extension of work by some of the
present authors on NN scattering from lattice QCD [24]. The calculations were performed
in the isospin limit on the coarse MILC lattices [25] for pions with masses of 290 MeV,
350 MeV, 490 MeV and 590 MeV. However, we do not attempt to extrapolate to the
physical pion mass as it is likely that all but one of the data points lies outside the regime
of applicability of the YN EFTs.

B. Methodology and Details of the Calculation

Lattice QCD calculations of the interactions among hadrons are notoriously difficult and
require circumventing the Maiani-Testa theorem [26], which states that one cannot compute
Greens functions at infinite volume on the lattice and recover S-matrix elements except
at kinematic thresholds. The s-wave scattering amplitude for two particles below inelastic
thresholds can be determined using Luschers method [21, 22, 23], which entails a measure-

2
ment of one or more energy levels of the two-particle system in a finite volume. Our compu-
tation uses the mixed-action lattice QCD scheme developed by LHPC [27, 28] which places
domain-wall valence quarks from a smeared-source on Nf = 2 + 1 asqtad-improved [29, 30]
MILC configurations generated with rooted staggered sea quarks [25] that are hypercubic-
smeared (HYP-smeared) [31, 32, 33, 34]. In the generation of the MILC configurations, the
strange-quark mass was fixed near its physical value, bms = 0.050, (where b = 0.125 fm is the
lattice spacing) determined by the mass of hadrons containing strange quarks. The two light
quarks in the configurations are degenerate (isospin-symmetric), with masses bml = 0.007,
0.010, 0.020 and 0.030. As was shown by LHPC [27, 28], HYP-smearing allows for a signif-
icant reduction in the residual chiral symmetry breaking at a moderate extent Ls = 16 of
the extra dimension and domain-wall height M5 = 1.7. Using Dirichlet boundary conditions
we reduced the original time extent of 64 down to 32. This allowed us to recycle propaga-
tors computed for the nucleon structure function calculations performed by LHPC. For bare
domain-wall fermion masses we used the tuned values that match the staggered Goldstone
pion to few-percent precision [27, 28]. The parameters used in the propagator calculation
can be found in Ref. [35]. All propagator calculations were performed using the Chroma
software suite [36, 37]. Eight propagators per configuration were computed at distinct source
points on the lattice.
We found that the cleanest method for extracting the energy-difference between the YN
state, and the mass of an isolated nucleon and an isolated hyperon, was by forming the ratio
of correlation functions

GSY N (t) = CYS N (t)/ (CY (t)CN (t)) eEY N t , (1)

where S denotes spin. At large times, this ratio depends exponentially upon the ground-state
energy shift of the YN system due to interactions. The single nucleon correlator is

hN(t, x) N (0, 0)i ,

X
CN (t) = (2)
x

and the single hyperon correlator has an analogous form. The YN correlator that projects
onto the s-wave state in the continuum limit is
ijkl
CYS N (t) = X
hYi (t, x)Nj (t, y)Yk (0, 0)Nl (0, 0)i ,
X
(3)
x,y

ijkl
where , , , are isospin-indices and i, j, k, l are Dirac-indices. The tensor X has
elements that produce the correct spin-isospin quantum numbers for a hyperon and nucleon
in an s-wave. The summation over x (and y) corresponds to summing over all the spatial
lattice sites, thereby projecting onto the momentum p = 0 state of each particle seperately.
The interpolating field for the proton is pi (t, x) = abc uai (t, x) ubT (t, x)C5 dc (t, x) , and
similarly for the neutron and hyperons. We have used an interpolating field n to
determine the energy-eigenvalues of the s-wave strangeness = 1, isospin = 23 eigenstates in
both spin channels, and an interpolating field n to determine the energy-eigenvalues of
the s-wave strangeness = 1, isospin = 21 eigenstates in both spin channels.
Once the energy shift due to the YN interactions has been computed, the real part of the
inverse scattering amplitude is determined via the L uscher formula [21, 22, 23]. To extract
p cot (p), where (p) is the phase shift, the magnitude of the center-of-mass momentum,

3
 q q
p, is extracted from the energy shift, EY N = p2 + MY2 + p2 + MN2 MY MN , and
inserted into:
1 pL
 
p cot (p) = S , (4)
L 2
which is valid below the inelastic threshold. The regulated three-dimensional sum is
|j|<
X 1
S() 4 , (5)
j
|j|2 2

where the summation is over all triplets of integers j such that |j| < and the limit
is implicit.

C. Results

The effective mass plots of the ratio of correlation functions with identifiable plateaus ob-
tained at m 350 MeV, m 490 MeV and m 590 MeV are shown in figs. 1, 2,
3 and 4. Single and double exponential forms were fit to the correlation functions by

0.15 0.1 0.075

0.075
0.05
0.1 0.05
Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)
0.025
0.025

0.05 0

0
-0.025

0 -0.05
-0.025
bml = 0.010 bml = 0.020 bml = 0.030
-0.075

-0.05 -0.1 -0.05

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t (l.u.) t (l.u.) t (l.u.)

FIG. 1: Effective mass plots for n in the 1S0 -channel at pion masses of m 350 MeV (left
panel), m 490 MeV (center panel) and m 590 MeV (right panel). The straight line and
shaded region correspond to the extracted energy shift and associated uncertainty. The dashed
lines correspond to the statistical and systematic errors added linearly.

2 -minimization, from which the Y N energy shifts were determined. The central values and
statistical uncertainties were determined by the jackknife procedure over the ensemble of
configurations, and are shown in Table I.
The plateaus in the correlator ratios GY N (t) persist for only a small number of time-slices.
At small t there is the usual contamination from excited states whereas at larger t the signal-
to-noise ratio degrades exponentially with t according to e(MN +MY 3m )t [38]. The Dirichlet
boundary at t = 22 introduces a systematic uncertainty due to backward propagating states.
However, in practice, the statistical noise becomes a limiting factor at far earlier time slices
and the boundary at t = 22 is not an issue for this calculation. We obtained a non-zero
energy shift larger than the statistical error in ten of the GY N correlation functions, as shown
in Table I. The phase shifts (and 1/k cot (k)) were determined through the L uscher
formula and their errors by the jackknife procedure (we do not give a value of for a negative
energy shift). The quantities in Table I that are in physical units were obtained with a lattice

4
 0.2 0.05 0.06

0.04
0.04
0.1 0.03
0.02
Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)
0.02

0 0.01 0

0
-0.02
-0.1 -0.01
bml = 0.010 bml = 0.020 -0.04 bml = 0.030
-0.02

-0.2 -0.03 -0.06

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t (l.u.) t (l.u.) t (l.u.)

FIG. 2: Effective mass plots for n in the 3S1 -channel at pion masses of m 350 MeV (left
panel), m 490 MeV (center panel) and m 590 MeV (right panel). The straight line and
shaded region correspond to the extracted energy shift and associated uncertainty. The dashed
lines correspond to the statistical and systematic errors added linearly.

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1
Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)

0.05 0.05

0 0

-0.05 -0.05
bml = 0.020 bml = 0.030

-0.1 -0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
t (l.u.) t (l.u.)

FIG. 3: Effective mass plots for n in the 1S0 -channel at pion masses of m 490 MeV (left
panel) and m 590 MeV (right panel). The straight line and shaded region correspond to the
extracted energy shift and associated uncertainty. The dashed lines correspond to the statistical
and systematic errors added linearly.

spacing of b = 0.125 fm set by MILC, which is consistent with the determination from [39]
(b = 0.1274 0.0007 0.0003 fm) based on the chiral expansion of the pion decay constant.
We have not shown the results for channels in which there is no clear plateau in the effective
mass plot. This is the case for all m 290 MeV (ml = 0.007) correlation functions where
the rapid decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio caused by the small pion mass eliminated all
plateaus. The systematic errors shown in Table I are determined by varying the fitting range,
and by comparing the results of fitting one and two exponentials to the ratio of correlation
functions.
It is not clear that we have been able to identify the ground states in all of the correlation
functions, e.g. n in the 1S0 -channel at m 490 MeV, and n in the 1S0 -channel at
m 490 MeV, as the statistics are not sufficient to determine whether the large-time
behavior we observe is due to noise or due to the presence of any states with lower energy
than those shown in Table I. Indeed, it would be very exciting if there were states with
lower energy, as they would likely be bound states (based on naturalness arguments and the
exact L uscher relation). This uncertainty in no way undermines our results; regardless of the

5
 0.2 0.2

0.15
0.15

0.1
Eeff (l.u.)

Eeff (l.u.)
0.1
0.05
0.05
0

0
-0.05 bml = 0.020
bml = 0.030
-0.1 -0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
t (l.u.) t (l.u.)

FIG. 4: Effective mass plots for n in the 3S1 -channel at pion masses of m 490 MeV (left
panel) and m 590 MeV (right panel). The straight line and shaded region correspond to the
extracted energy shift and associated uncertainty. The dashed lines correspond to the statistical
and systematic errors added linearly.

Channel m (MeV) Range E (MeV) |k| (MeV) (degrees) (k cot )1 (fm)

n 592 1 10 8-12 9 8 20 0.8 1.4 0.4
1S 493 1 8 6-9 29.8 5.4 2.5 197 24 4 32.3 8.1 2.8 0.63 0.12 0.014
0
354 1 6 5-9 56.8 6.0 5.5 255 22 13 53.4 8.5 10.1 1.04 0.24 0.15
n 592 1 10 8-13 13 13 8 3 14 2
3S 493 1 8 7-11 4 13 14 (, )
1
354 1 6 5-10 23 17 4 168 62 14 23 18 4 0.50 0.26 0.06
n 592 1 10 9-13 17 11 27 (, )
1S 493 1 8 5-9 24.9 7.8 3.0 179 28 11 27.2 9.0 3.8 0.57 0.13 0.05
0

n 592 1 10 6-10 38.5 8.8 5.0 226 26 15 44.3 9.8 5.4 0.85 0.20 0.10
3S 493 1 8 6-10 53 14 5 261 35 13 58 15 5 1.19 0.51 0.15
1

TABLE I: Summary of results from the GY N correlation functions which exhibit a clear plateau
in the effective energy plot. The first error is statistical and the second error is systematic.

nature of the states shown in Table I, they are clearly YN states present in the continuum.
In addition to the fitting systematics given in Table I, there are other systematic uncer-
tainties in our calculations that we have not shown, as they are all expected to be small
in comparison. The discretization errors due to the finite lattice spacing arising from the
sea-action are of order O(s b2 ) (s is the strong coupling constant) and those in the valence
sector of order O(b2 ) due to the near-perfect chiral symmetry. The agreement between con-
tinuum chiral perturbation theory and other results based on the same discretization scheme
[24, 39, 43, 44] strongly suggest that the discretization errors in the hyperon interactions
are, at most, of the order of a few percent. This is much smaller than the statistical errors
quoted in Table I. A similar point can be made regarding the use of different fermion actions
in the valence and sea sectors. Further, the relation between energy levels and phase shifts,
eq. (4), is valid only up to corrections that are exponentially small in the volume. The

6
 corrections to the L
uscher formula can be computed in chiral perturbation theory, as shown
in the case in [41] and for two nucleons in [42]. These effects are particularly small in
the N system, as the long-range part of the interaction is dominated by two-pion exchange
and one-kaon exchange, and not one-pion exchange.

n ( 1S0 ) n ( 3S1 )
40 40
30 30
(degrees)

(degrees)
20
10 20
0 10
-10
( |k| = 255 MeV )

( |k| = 168 MeV )

0
-20
-30 EFT 06 -10 EFT 06
-40 Juelich 04 -20 Juelich 04
-50 Nijmegen NSC97f Nijmegen NSC97f
-30
-60 This Work This Work
-70 -40
-80 -50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
m (MeV) m (MeV)

n ( 1S0 ) n ( 3S1 )
50 30
40 20
(degrees)

(degrees)

10
30
0
20 -10
( |k| = 179 MeV )

( |k| = 261 MeV )

10 -20
EFT 06 EFT 06
0 -30
Juelich 04 Juelich 04
-10 Nijmegen NSC97f -40 Nijmegen NSC97f
-50
-20 This Work This Work
-60
-30 -70
-40 -80
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
m (MeV) m (MeV)

FIG. 5: Comparison of the lowest-pion-mass lattice results in each channel with a recently developed
YN EFT [20] (squares), and several potential models: Nijmegen [11] (triangles) and J ulich [15]
(diamonds). The dark error bars on the lattice data are statistical and the light error bars are
statistical and systematic errors added in quadrature.

D. Discussion

We have presented results of the first fully-dynamical lattice QCD calculation of YN inter-
actions. The scattering amplitudes for s-wave n and n , in both the 1S0 -channel and the
3
S1 3D1 coupled-channels, have been determined at one value of momentum for pion masses
of 350 MeV, 490 MeV and 590 MeV. Unfortunately, the lightest pion mass at which
we have been able to extract a signal is at the upper limits of the regime of applicability
of the effective field theories that have been constructed, thus precluding a chiral extrap-
olation. However, this work does provide new rigorous theoretical constraints on effective

7
field theory, and potential model constructions of YN interactions. In fig. 5 we compare the
lattice values of the phase shifts to recent EFT results [20] (squares), and to several potential
models: Nijmegen [11] (triangles) and J ulich [15]. At face value these results appear quite
discrepant, however one should keep in mind that extrapolation to the physical pion mass
will seriously alter individual contributions to the YN interaction.
While the measurements of the momenta and phase shifts are unambiguous, their physical
interpretation is not entirely resolved. Each of the phase shifts at the lowest pion masses are
negative. Assuming that the observed state is the ground state in the lattice volume, this
implies that the interactions are all repulsive. The n interaction in the 3S1 3 D1 coupled
channels is strongly repulsive at m 490 MeV, while the interaction in the 1S0 -channel is
only mildly repulsive. The opposite is found to be true for the n systems at m 350 MeV,
where the interaction in the 1S0 -channel is found to be strongly repulsive, while that in
the 3S1 3 D1 coupled channels is mildly repulsive. However, there may be channels for
which there exist states of lower, negative energies, some of which may correspond to bound
states in the continuum limit. If such states are present, then we would conclude that
the interaction is attractive, and that the positive-shifted energy state we have identified
corresponds to the first continuum level. Current statistics are sufficiently poor that nothing
definitive can be said about the existence of such states. Therefore, we are continuing to
accumulate statistics and experiment with signal optimization in order to resolve this issue.
It is clear that a precise lattice QCD calculation of YN scattering will have dramatic
impact upon the field of hypernuclear physics, and may have an equal impact on our ability
to determine the evolution of neutron stars, simply due to the present absence of precise
experimental data. We have performed the first of such calculations, albeit at unphysically
large pion masses. The present work was limited entirely by the lack of computational
resources. We hope that this limitation recedes in the future, and that lattice QCD can be
developed as a reliable tool to calculate the interactions between baryons in experimentally
inaccessible or difficult areas of strong interactions.

E. Acknowledgments

We thank R. Edwards for help with the QDP++/Chroma programming environment [36]
with which the calculations discussed here were performed. The computations for this
work were performed at Jefferson Lab, Fermilab, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
(Barcelona, Spain) and ASTRON-BlueGene/L at the Reken Centrum of Groningen Univer-
sity. We are indebted to the MILC and the LHP collaborations for use of their configurations
and propagators, respectively. The work of MJS was supported in part by the U.S. Dept. of
Energy under Grant No. DE-FG03-97ER4014. The work of KO was supported in part by
the U.S. Dept. of Energy contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 (JSA) and contract No. DE-
AC05-84150 (SURA). The work of PFB was supported in part by the U.S. Dept. of Energy
grant No. ER-40762-365. The work of SRB was supported in part by the National Sci-
ence Foundation under grant No. PHY-0400231. Part of this work was performed under
the auspices of the US DOE by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. AP is supported by the Ministerio de
Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) under contract No. FIS2005-03142 and by the Generalitat de

8
Catalunya under contract No. 2005SGR-00343.

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