Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Design safety and health program to meet the work place requirements.
(C5, PLO1)
2. Perform according to the most current acts pertinent to the Occupational Safety
and Health. (P5, PLO2)
CONTENTS
Occupational safety and health is relevant to all branches of industry, business and
commerce and includes traditional industries, information technology companies,
schools, universities, leisure facilities and offices. Occupational safety and health
affects all aspects of work and may simply require trained competent personnel in a
low hazard organization. In a high hazard manufacturing plant, many different
specialists, such as engineers (electrical, mechanical and civil), lawyers, medical
doctors and nurses, trainers, work planners and supervisors, may be required to
assist the professional safety and health practitioner in ensuring that there are
satisfactory safety and health standards.
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Occupational safety and health is:
-A cross-disciplinary area.
-Involves interaction of various disciplines - occupational medicine,
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering,
health physics, ergonomics, toxicology, epidemiology, industrial relations,
public policy, sociology, and psychology.
-Concerned with the protecting of safety, health and welfare of persons at
work and others who are exposed or affected.
OSH started 2,000 years ago. Early Historical of OSH is based on Ancient
Greek and Roman Physicians (Goetsch, 2010, Reese, 2009, Friend and Khon,
2007). Figure 1.2 below illustrate evolution on OSH .
It is first observed
2
over 2,000 years ago.
An early account is
associated with the
Code of Hammurabi
dated back to
approximately 2100
BC
Greek-Roman
Physicians.
Between 400 BC and
300 AD
Prior to the
Renaissance
(1430-1840)
Little information
was available until
15th century
Industrial
Revolution
(1840-
onwards)
Information
was available
in 17th Century
The field of OSH has undergone significant change over the past two decades. Some
of the reasons include the following: technological changes that have introduced new
hazards in the workplace; proliferation of safety and health legislation and
corresponding regulation; increase pressure from regulatory agencies; realization by
executives that workers in a safe and healthy workplace are typically more
productive; increased pressure from environmental groups; corporate social
responsibility and increased pressure from labor organizations and employees in
general (Goetsch, 2010, Reese, 2009).
3
King Rameses III of Ancient Egypt (1500 BC)
- Workers constructing the Ramesseum Temple were provided with health
and medical facilities.
Hippocrates (460-377BC)
- 'Father of Medicine.
- Described disease symptoms.
- First physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as
well as epilepsy in children.
- Described symptoms of lead poisoning among miners and metallurgists.
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
- Father of Toxicology.
- Wrote a treatise on occupational diseases - describing lung diseases
among miners and attributed the cause to vapours and emanation from
metals.
Agricoloa (1494-1555)
- Wrote De Re Metallica - a comprehensive discourse addressing every
aspect of mining, smelting and refining.
4
Figure 1.3 : OSH Early Development
5
- To review existing occupational safety and health provisions, and make
recommendations for changes.
- The findings and recommendations were known as Robens Report
1970.
- Health & Safety at Work Act was gazetted in 1974.
6
1.2 OSH Malaysian Perspective
Reading the legal documents is not the same as reading other documents. Normally
legal term have its own interpretation. Therefore they should be read, interpreted
correctly and understood. Otherwise parties involved will not be able to comply with
relevant legal provisions accordingly and as an implication they are liable to legal
actions either by relevant authorities or affected parties.
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There are established rules about how Acts and Regulations are written, how they
are read, what certain word mean and how parts are identified or cited. Failure to
read the laws accordingly - lead to wrong interpretation and wrong understanding;
and cause non-compliance and even worst legal implications. Therefore, this topic
provides basic learning of identifying and citing the parts, sections, etc.; and
interpreting salient wordings and phrases.
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1.2.2.3 Interpreting the Legal Verbs
and and or
- When and is used between parts of legislation, it means that all
conditions mentioned must apply.
- When or is used between parts of legislation it means that only
one of the conditions mentioned must apply.
Qualifying Words
- As Prescribed - as spelled out in the Regulations or
Schedules.
- Subject to - depending on what is described in another part of
the Acts or Regulations.
- Notwithstanding - despite what is said elsewhere, under
certain conditions some different and possibly conflicting
requirement(s) may apply.
Derived from the philosophy of the Robens Report and Health & Safety at
Work Act 1974 in United Kingdom.
A reflexive-type of Act which was less prescriptive, and also emphasis on
duties of care by individual.
Supports the philosophy of self-regulation for people at work.
Provides legislative framework for promotion, stimulation and encouraging
high standards of safety and health at work.
1.2.3.1 Objectives
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To promote an occupational environment for persons at work; which is
adapted to their physiological and psychological needs.
To provide means for Occupational Safety and Health legislation
progressively replaced by system of regulations and approved industry
codes of practice.
Manufacturing
Mining & Quarrying
Construction
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing
Utilities Electricity, Water and Sanitary Services
Transport, Storage and Communication
Wholesale and Retail Trades
Hotels and Restaurants
Finance, Insurance, Real Estates and Business Services
Public Services and Statutory Authorities
With the exemption to:
- the armed forces
- work on board ships governed by:
the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952[Ord. No.70 of 1952];
the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1960 of Sabah [Sabah
Ord. No. 11 of 1960] or Sarawak [Sarawak Ord. No. 2 of
1960]; or
Prevailing Laws:
- An addition to any other written law relating to occupational
safety and
health.
- Supersede any other existing law which are conflicting and
inconsistent with it.
Arrangements
15 Parts.
2 Schedules.
Regulations & Orders
- 7 Regulations.
- 2 Orders.
Salient Definitions
Employee
Employer
Immediate Employer
Occupier
Place of Work
Plant
Practicable
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Premise
Principal Employer
Main Provisions
Part I Preliminary
Part II - Appointment of Officers
Part III - National Council for Occupational Safety & Health
Part IV - General Duties of Employers and Self-Employed Persons
Part V - General Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers
Part VI - General Duties of Employees
Part VII - Safety and Health Organisation
Part VIII - Notification of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases and Inquiry
Part IX - Prohibition Against Use of Plant or Substance
Part X - Industry Codes of Practice
Part XI - Enforcement and Investigation
Part XII - Liability for Offences
Part XIII Appeals
Part XIV Regulations
Part XV Miscellaneous
Schedules
- First Schedule [Subsection 1(2)] Scope of Application
- Second Schedule [Section 10] Safety & Health Committee
Membership
- Third Schedule [Paragraph 28(1)(d)] Occupation Involving
Special Risk to Health.
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II Identification and Notification of Industrial Activity
- Part III Demonstration of Safe Operation for Non-Major Hazard
Installation
- Part IV Report on Industrial Activity and Preparation of
Emergency Plan for Major Hazard Installation
- Part V Notification of Major Accident
- Part VI Penalty
- Schedules
Schedule 1 [Regulation 2] Indicative Criteria.
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Schedule 2 [Regulation 2] List of Substances and
Quantities.
Schedule 3 [Sub-Regulation 22(1)] Items of Information to
be Communicated to the Public.
Schedule 4 [Regulation 2] Industrial Installations.
Schedule 5 [Sub-Regulation 7(1)(b)] Notification of
Industrial Activity Form.
12
Schedule I [Sub-Regulation 5(1)] Application for
Registration.
Schedule II [Regulation 11] Application for Renewal.
13
Third Schedule [Regulation 7] Occupational Poisoning and
Occupational Diseases.
Fourth Schedule [Regulation 11] Matters which the Director
General may require to be notified.
Under OSHA Act 1994, Part IV, Section 15; duty and responsibility of every employer
and self-employed to ensure so far as practicable, the safety, health and welfare at
work of all employees
maintain the plant and system of work that are so far as practicable, safe and
without risk to health
so far as practicable to ensure safety and absence of risks to health
operation, handling etc
so far as practicable, the provision such as information, training and
supervision to ensure so far as practicable, safety & health
so far as practicable, to maintain safe working environment
so far as practicable, as regards any place of work should be safe and without
risks to health
Regulation 19, OSHA, 1994 - Fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit
(RM 50,000) or to imprisonment for the term not exceeding two years or both
Duties of Employees
Section 24, OSHA 1994 General duties of Employees
Maintain a safe and healthy working environment
Keep work area clean and safe at all times
Stay informed of safety and health issues
Observe and comply with all established safety and health requirements
Understand and follow safety and health guidelines included in work
instructions
Keep aisles, exits and emergency equipment clear of obstructions
Regulation 24(1), OSHA, 1994 - Fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit
(RM1,000) or to imprisonment for the term not exceeding two years or both
Upon its independence, Malaysia economy had moved from agriculture based to
manufacturing based. New technologies and machinery were brought in to cater the
needs of the manufacturing sectors. Along with this, new workplace hazards were
introduced.
To manage workplace safety and health issues, the Government had gazetted the
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 which we later enforced in 1970 together with the
establishment of the Factory and Machinery Department.
14
Before its independence, Malaysia economic was broadly relying on the
agriculture and mining activities.
Early 1960s - policy to move towards industrialization.
New factories mushroomed - resulted in an increasing number of workers in the
manufacturing sector.
New machinery was brought in - workers were exposed to new kind of hazards
and risks.
The Factory and Machinery Act (FMA) in 1967 was enacted and enforced by the
Factories and Machinery Department.
Only encompassed factories and hence covered only 23% of the workforce.
It was prescriptive in nature and depended on command and control approaches
and improvement was heavily dependent on the effectiveness of enforcement
agencies.
To further strengthen the FMA 1967, a number of regulations were introduced in
1970.
1.3.1 Objectives
To provide for the control of factories with respect to:
- matters relating to the safety, health and welfare of person therein, and
- registration and inspection of the machinery and for matters connected
therewith.
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by agreement with the Government by any visiting force
lawfully present in Malaysia; or
any machinery which is subject to the law relating to
merchant shipping.
Factory and machinery operated by the Federal and State
Governments are exempted from the provisions of the whole of:
- sections 34 - operation of factory,
- section 35 - building operations and works of engineering
construction,
- section 38 - register, and
- section 48 - fees.
Machinery other than steam boilers, steam receivers and lifts
operated by the Federal and State Governments are exempted from
the provisions of:
- sections 36 - installation of machinery, etc.,
- section 37 - application for registration,
- section 39 - moving or alteration of or addition to machinery to
be approved,
- section 40 - periodical inspections, and
- section 43 - machinery or factory no longer in use.
16
1.3.5 Arrangements
5 Parts.
2 Schedules.
15 Regulations & Rules.
17
- Regulation 27. Suspension of drivers certificates of competency
in case of misconduct.
- Regulation 28. Cancellation of suspension of certificate of
competency.
- Regulation 29. False representation.
- Regulation 30. Lost certificate of competency.
- Regulation 31. Fees. Regulation
- 32. Penalty.
- Schedules:
First Schedule [Regulation 5(2)] Certificate of Competency
Form A and B.
Second Schedule [Regulation 9(1)] Application for
Certificate of Competency Form A and B.
- Part I General
- Part II Design, Construction, Installation and Tests
- Part III Maintenance
- Part IV Miscellaneous
- Schedule:
First Schedule [Sub-Regulation 6(a)] Particular of Electric
Lift.
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Second Schedule [Sub-Regulation 31(6)] Register of Lifts.
19
- Regulation 8. Openings.
- Regulation 9. Stairway.
- Regulation 10. Fixed ladder.
- Regulation 11. Catwalk, runway or gangway.
- Regulation 12. Working at a height.
- Regulation 13. Confined spaces.
- Regulation 14. Dangerous liquids.
- Regulation 15. Containers for volatile inflammable substances.
- Regulation 16. Precaution against ignition.
- Regulation 17. Precautions with regard to explosive or
inflammable dust, fume or substance.
- Regulation 18. Hot pipes.
- Regulation 19. Objects on inclines.
- Regulation 20. Stacking of material.
- Regulation 21. Safety provisions in case of fire.
- Regulation 22. Fire fighting appliances.
- Regulation 23. Cleanliness.
- Regulation24. Space for each person.
- Regulation 25. Ventilation.
- Regulation 26. Air cleanliness.
- Regulation 27. Partake of food or drink.
- Regulation 28. Temperature.
- Regulation 29. Lighting.
- Regulation 30. Seating facilities.
- Regulation 31. Work benches.
- Regulation 32. Working clothes, personal protective clothing and
appliance.
- Regulation 33. Dressing room.
- Regulation 34. Drinking water.
- Regulation 35. Water unsafe for drinking.
- Regulation 36. Washing facilities.
- Regulation 37. Sanitary convenience.
- Regulation 38. First Aid.
- Regulation 39. Duty of occupier.
- Regulation 40. Compliance with any other written law.
- Regulation 41. Penalty.
- Schedules:
First Schedule [Sub-Regulation 23(c)(iii)] Classes,
Description or Parts of Factories.
Second Schedule [Sub-Regulation 29(e)] Standards of
Lighting.
Third Schedule [Sub-Regulation 32(c)] Processes
Requiring Provision of Suitable Goggles of Effective
Screens.
Fourth Schedule [Sub-Regulation 38(2)(i)] First-Aid Box.
- Regulation 1. Citation.
- Regulation 2. Responsibilities of Chief Inspector.
- Regulation 3. Records to be kept by Chief Inspector.
- Regulation 4. Records to be kept by Senior Inspector.
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- Regulation 5. Records to be kept by Inspector in charge of State
or Area.
- Regulation 6. Enquiries.
- Regulation 7. Prosecutions.
- Regulation 8. Service Fees.
- Regulation 9. Manner of payment.
- Schedules:
First Schedule [Sub-Regulation 6(2)] Notice to Assessor.
Second Schedule [Sub-Regulation 6(3)] Summons to
Witness.
Factories and Machinery (Notification of Fitness and
Inspections) Regulations, 1970
- Part I Notification of Operation of factory, Use of Machinery,
Accidents and Industrial Diseases
- Part II Certificate of Fitness
- Part III Inspection
- Part IV Inspection Fees
- Schedules:
First Schedule [Section 2 and Subsection 34(1) of FMA
1967 and Sub-Regulation 3(1)] Notice of Occupation of
Factory.
Second Schedule [Regulation 5] General Register.
Third Schedule [Section 42 of FMA 1967 and Regulation 6] -
Notice of Structural Changes.
Fourth Schedule [Subsection 36(1) of FMA 1967 and Sub-
Regulation 7(1)] Application for Installation of Machinery
and Certificate of Fitness.
Fifth Schedule [Regulations 8 and 9] Accident Report and
Notice of Occurrence of Industrial Diseases.
Sixth Schedule [Sub-Regulation 10(2)] Certificate of
Fitness Steam Boilers, Unfired Pressure Vessels and
Hoisting Machines.
Seventh Schedule [Regulation 16] Notice of Regular
Inspection.
Eighth Schedule [Regulation 27] Notice of Prohibition and
Notice of Immediate Prohibition.
Ninth Schedule [Subsection 19(2) and Regulation 26]
Notice of Prohibition.
- Rule 1. Citation.
- Rule 2. Offer to compound.
- Rule 3. Payment.
- Schedule Offering Compound.
Factories and Machinery (Compoundable Offences)
Regulations, 1978
- Regulation 1. Citation.
21
- Regulation 2. Compoundable offences under the Act. Regulation
3. Amendment of P.U.(A) 10/70.
- Regulation 4. Amendment of P.U.(A) 32/70.
- Regulation 5. Amendment of P.U.(A) 43/70.
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II Permissible Exposure Limit
- Part III Exposure Monitoring
- Part IV Methods of Compliance
- Part V Respiratory Protection
- Part VI Protective Clothing and Equipment
- Part VII Housekeeping
- Part VIII Hygiene Facilities and Practices
- Part IX Medical Surveillance
- Part X Medical Removal Protection
- Part XI Employee Information and Training
- Part XII Signs
- Part XIV Miscellaneous
- Schedule [Sub-Regulation 21(1)] Respiratory Protection
against Exposure to Lead.
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II Permissible Exposure Limit
- Part III Exhaust Equipment and Employee Protection
- Part IV Housekeeping
- Part V Handling and Disposal
- Part VI Medical Examinations
- Part VII Monitoring for Asbestos Dust Exposure
- Part VIII Change Rooms, Lockers and Shower Facilities
- Part IX Employee Information and Training
- Part X Record Keeping
- Part XI Miscellaneous
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II General Provisions
- Part III Concrete Work
- Part IV Structural Steel and Precast Concrete Assembly
- Part V Cleaning, Repairing and Maintenance of Roof, Gutters,
Windows, Louvres and Ventilators
- Part VI Catch Platforms
- Part VII Chutes, Safety Belts and Nets
- Part VIII Runways and Ramps
- Part IX Ladders and Step-Ladders
- Part X Scaffolds
- Part XI Demolition
- Part XII Excavation Work
- Part XIII Material Handling and Storage, Use and Disposal
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- Part XIV Piling
- Part XV Blasting and Use of Explosives
- Part XVI Hand and Power Tools
- Part XVII - Miscellaneous
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II Permissible Exposure Limit
- Part III Exposure Monitoring
- Part IV Methods of Compliance
- Part V Hearing Protection Devices
- Part VI Audiometric Testing Programme
- Part VII Employee Information and Training
- Part VIII Warning Signs
- Part IX Record Keeping
- Part X Miscellaneous
- Schedules:
First Schedule [Sub-Regulation 5(1)] Permissible
Exposure Limits.
Second Schedule [Sub-Regulation 20(4)(c)] Maximum
Allowable Octave-Band Signal Pressure Level for
Audiometric Test Rooms.
- Part I Preliminary
- Part II Permissible Exposure Limit
- Part III Exposure Monitoring
- Part IV Methods of Compliance
- Part V Personal Protective Equipment
- Part VI Housekeeping
- Part VII Medical Examinations
- Part VIII Changing Rooms and Lockers
- Part IX Employee Information and Training
- Part X Record Keeping
- Part XI Warning Signs
- Part XII Miscellaneous
- Schedule [Regulation 2] List of Minerals.
Malaysia has set-up the act and regulation regarding on the safety and health
purposes. The FMA 1967, The OSHA 1994, The EQA 1974 has shown the
government commitment on safety and health and environmental. Based from
Malaysia Factory and Machinery Act 1967 There have significant from the Safety,
Health Welfare regulation that was establish in1970, as a part of Factory and
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Machinery Act. From the Occupational aspect, the Occupational safety and Health
Act 1994 was develop to protect and taking care of the worker in the workplace.
Section 16 (OSHA 1994) was mentioned about duty of employer and schedule
1(OSHA 1994) was list down the toxic gases and chemical that may be dangerous to
the worker and protection media must be considered.
Health and safety refer to the avoidance of human illness and injury through efficient
use of the environments, a property functioning society, and an inner sense of well-
being. Environmental health and safety is the art and the science of preventing
illness and injury through the positive environmental factors and the reduction of
potential physical, biological, and chemical hazards(Herman koren & Micheal
Bisesi,2002).To understand the relationship of the environment to human and
understand how to protect humans from illness and injury. Human impact on the
environment and the various approaches, including risk assessment,
epidemiological, economic, legal, and government aspects to evaluate and resolve
environmental problems. Environmental health problems and the economy have
significant relationship. The environment and the economy are not mutually
exclusive; together they form and integral system. As the public demands a higher
quality environment, the economy must adjust to meet this need (Herman koren &
Micheal Bisesi,2002).In the work environment, air including toxic gases normally call
air toxics. Risk assessment techniques were used to determine the environmental
hazards of toxic air emissions. A study was made to determine how much the air
toxics problems could be controlled by using existing EPA programs.
A new toxic strategy was then developed and put into place. It had three main parts:
(1) direct federal regulation of significant nationwide problems,
(2) state and local control of significant pollutant problems that were national in
nature, and
(3) an increased study of geographic areas that were subjected to particularly
high levels of air pollution.
Effects of Toxic Gases from process basically through the target organ and it become
a occupational diseases. Exposure to various toxic gases generated during welding
processes may produce one or more of the following effects:
Inflammation of the lungs (chemical pneumonitis)
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Pulmonary edema (swelling and accumulation of fluids)
Emphysema (loss of elasticity of the lungs)( A very small percentage of
emphysema is caused by occupational exposure)
Chronic bronchitis
Asphyxiation
The major toxic gases associated with welding are classifies as primary pulmonary
and non pulmonary. Cleaning compounds because of their properties often require
special ventilation precautions following the manufacturers instructions. Degreasing
operations may involved chlorinated hydrocarbons; these liquids or vapors should be
kept away from molten weld metal or the arc. Also keep them away from ultraviolet
radiation from welding operations.
Pollution Prevention is one of the common issues due to control the air pollution and
prevent a occupational health. Pollution prevention is a variety of techniques with a
single objective- to achieve the most efficient use of resources to reduce or eliminate
waste. Pollution prevention reduces or eliminates the generation of pollutants waste,
minimizes or eliminates the use of toxic materials in manufacturing, substitute less
harmful materials for toxic ones, reduces the chance of moving pollutants to a
different media (e,g air to water), and maximizes the efficient use of resources.
Environmental Health Problems and the law gazette is the basic requirement for the
society for protection. The environmental health practitioner works for a unit of the
local, state, or federal government; or if working for industry, is constantly dealing
with various levels of government.
Law and Public Health working and enforce some of the rule by define the policies.
Public health policies are important. Environmental health practitioner should have
some understanding of the law to function in their capacity as either industry leaders
or government officials. Law is the rule of civil conduct prescribed by supreme power
in a state commanding what is right and forbidding what is wrong.
1.4.2 Environment, Human Health and Sustainable
25
A major environmental upheaval such as climate change is likely to have significant
health effects (Pim Martens and Anthony J.McMicheal,2002)
Environmental education plays a major role in achieving changes in attitudes that
contribute to environmental awareness in society. The average person is usually
somewhat informed about environmental problems. However, t many fully
understand the basic of these problems and how to deal with them ( E.N. Laboy-
Nieves et all,2009). Alamar and Murali(2009) noted that for sustainable development
to be meaningful , over consumption has brought under control. Education for
sustainable development should be obligatory for all young people, as this represent
the primary vehicle for catalyzing the cultural changes required for survival.
Inhalation brings chemicals into contact with the lungs. Most of the inhaled chemicals
are gases or vapors generated from volatile liquids. Absorption in the lungs can be
high, both because of the surface area and of the blood vessel in close proximity to
the exposed surface of the respiratory system. For clearly identification the factor that
contributed to the human, the risk assessment must be conduct and risk
management approach must be established.
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manufacturing and service organization are considering integrating their respective
occupational and safety management and audit systems into the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) based audit driven quality management
system (ISO 9000) or environmental management system (ISO 14000) models
(Dyjack et al, AIHA, 1998). The need for Integrated Management System (IMS) often
arises as a result of decisions to implement Environmental Management System
(EMS) and occupational safety and health management system in addition to a
Quality Management System (QMS). Thus the development of standard from various
sources emerged. A good example is the series of the OSHAS 18001: 2007 and
OSHAS 18002:2008. The OSHAS 18001 is compatible with ISO 9001:2000 (Quality)
and the ISO 14001:1996 (Environmental) management system standards, which can
facilitate the integration of quality, and environment OSH management system
individual organization (BSI, OHSAS 18001:1999). Malaysia has also introduced the
Malaysian standard and the latest is MS ISO 9001: 2008 and MS 1722: 2003.
Malaysian Standard also emphasizes on the employer understanding and take the
opportunity to improve on the quality aspect.
People worldwide face occupational safety and health hazards daily. Over the
years, the global occupational hygiene community has worked diligently to develop
ways to protect workers, in workplaces of all types and sizes. Standards and
guidelines were developed to help the employers and employees to develop their
OSH Management system. A standard is an agreed, relatable way of doing
something. It is published document that contains a technical specification or other
precise criteria designed to be used consistently as a rule, guideline, and definition.
Standards help to make life simpler and increase the reliability and the effectiveness
of many goods and services. It is created by bringing together the experience and the
expertise of all interested parties such as the producers, sellers, buyers, users and
the regulators of particular material, product, process or service. Standards are
designed for voluntary use. However, laws and regulations may refer to certain
standards and make compliance with them compulsory (British Standard, 2009). In
this study certain standards were referred based on the Malaysian standard
requirements. MS 1722: Part 1: 2005, Occupational Safety and Health Management
Systems-Part 1: Requirements was establish to guide the company on safety and
health aspect. MS 1722: Part 2: 2003, OSH Managements Systems-Part 2:
Guidelines was developed to give the understanding to the company and guidance to
employer to build up the Occupational Management System. From the environment
27
aspect, the study also will look at the MS ISO 14001: 2004, Environment
Management System (EMS) Requirements with Guidance for use.
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1.6 Safety and Health and Environment Culture
The greatest challenge in developing OSH programs that are feasible in developing
nations, as well as in small and medium industries (SMIs) where resources and
technical expertise may be very limited (WHO Gohnet, 2009). The health status of
workers in small companies has been noted to be relatively poor (Yamataki et. al.,
2006). There has been increased interest in trying to understand how management
practices and other organizational factors impact workplace safety. Current trends in
society and work organization are creating new risks and putting new demands on
occupational safety and health research.
Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) can and should play a more active role in
supporting national OSH efforts through the provision of pre employment education
and training on OSH. It can work closely with industry, workplaces, NCOSH, DOSH,
NIOSH etc. to integrate OSH into the academic syllabuses of relevant courses such
as engineering, the sciences, medicine or architecture. Doing so will engender a
strong preventive work culture among students from a young age. These institutions
can also spearhead research into the relevant OSH areas, in partnership with the
NCOSH. It can also act as a forum for discussion and sharing of OSH information.
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Figure 1.6 show the roles of various agencies in OSH and figure 1.7 show the safe,
healthy and productive human capital. OSH
1 Promotion
Figure 1.6: The Roles of Various Agencies in OSH
Figure 1.7: The OSH culture way to building a safe, healthy and productive pool
of human capital The Malaysian Model
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Activity:
1. Define occupational safety and health in accordance with acceptable
international practices.
2. Discuss the objective of the OSHA 1994 and FMA 1967 respectively.
3. Identify the sectors that are listed in the OSHA and the related accident in
this sector.
4. Discuss historical development of occupational safety and health
internationally and locally.
5. Please find the Occupational Safety and Health Management System
Malaysian Standard and discuss what are the roles of the stakeholders to
make sure the system can be implemented.
6. Discuss what are the requirements of Inculcating Safety Culture and
describe the importance of the document for drive Malaysia in competitive
edge.
7. Discuss the University role to train a safety and health personnel based on
Occupational Safety and Health Malaysian Plan 2015 (OSH-MP 15)
REFERENCES
Factories & Machinery Act 1967 & Regulations (Latest Amendments August 2007).
MDC Publisher Sdn. Bhd.
Manuele. F. A. 2003. On the Practise Safety. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994 & Regulations MDC Publisher Sdn. Bhd.
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