2010




 

 
 

2010

 
 
 



 



.
.
.
. .
Etvs 1894 .
) ( 1934
Delone . Frijtengolts
1959 .
. 1980

.
.
.

1982
.
.
.

.
 ii

.
.


.

. .

.
.
0 ) . 7 1962
( .

.
.

.
.

.
.

. .
iii

.
.

. .
3 6
1 2 4 5 .

.
.
.
. .
1 6 .
.
.
.

.
.

.
. .
1 2
3 121
14
12
.
 iv

 


.


. .
.

.
.

7 .2010

v

 
i .................................................................................................................................................
v ..............................................................................................................................................

1 ................................................................................... 1959
9 .................................................................................. 1960
17 ................................................................................. 1961
25 ................................................................................. 1962
37 ................................................................................. 1963
47 ................................................................................. 1964
55 ................................................................................. 1965
65 ................................................................................. 1966
71 ................................................................................. 1967
79 ................................................................................. 1968
85 ................................................................................. 1969
95 ................................................................................. 1970
101 ............................................................................... 1971
113 ............................................................................... 1972
121 ............................................................................... 1973
129 ............................................................................... 1974
137 ............................................................................... 1975
145 ............................................................................... 1976
153 ............................................................................... 1977
163 ............................................................................... 1978
177 ............................................................................... 1979
187 ............................................................................... 1981
197 ............................................................................... 1982
207 ............................................................................... 1983
 vi

217 ............................................................................... 1984

225 ............................................................................... 1985
235 ............................................................................... 1986
243 ............................................................................... 1987
251 ............................................................................... 1988
265 ............................................................................... 1989
275 ............................................................................... 1990
291 ............................................................................... 1991
301 ............................................................................... 1992
315 ............................................................................... 1993
327 ............................................................................... 1994
335 ............................................................................... 1995
345 ............................................................................... 1996
355 ............................................................................... 1997
369 ............................................................................... 1998
381 ............................................................................... 1999
391 ............................................................................... 2000
407 ............................................................................... 2001
417 ............................................................................... 2002
431 ............................................................................... 2003
441 ............................................................................... 2004
455 ............................................................................... 2005
465 ............................................................................... 2006
477 ............................................................................... 2007
489 ............................................................................... 2008
503 ............................................................................... 2009
513 ............................................................................... 2010
525 . ........................................................... .
531 . ...................................................................
533 . ....................................................... .


21n + 4
. n

14n + 3

21n + 4 14n + 3
. n :
3 ( 14n + 3 ) 2 ( 21n + 4 ) = 1


 x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 = A :
. :
.A = 2 
.A = 1 
.A = 2 


1 2
) x + 2x 1 = ( 1 + 2x 1
2
1 2
) x 2x 1 = ( 1 2x 1
2

1
. x
2
2 2
) ( 1 + 2x 1 ) + ( 1 2x 1
= x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1
2

1 + 2x 1 + 1 2x 1
= x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1
2

= x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 ) 2 max ( 1, 2x 1
x 2x 1 [ [ 21 , + 1 . 1

1
 2

2 ] : x [ 21 ,1
x + 2x 1 + x 2x 1 =
[ 4x 2 : x ]1, +
 A = 2 ] . [ 21 ,1
 A = 1 .
 A = 2 } . { 3/2

) (E  a b c . a cos x + b cos x + c = 0 :
2

. cos x ) ( E cos 2x x
) ( E . a = 4 b = 2
. c = 1

. 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x ) ( E
a cos 2x + a + 2c = 2b cos x

) a 2 cos2 2x + ( a + 2c )2 + 2a ( a + 2c ) cos 2x = 2b 2 ( cos 2x + 1

( E ) a cos 2x + 2 (a + 2ca b ) cos 2x + (a + 2c ) 2b = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

a = 4 b = 2 c = 1 4
4 cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x 1 = 0
) ( E.
: ) ( E a = 4 b = 2 c = 1 :
2 cos 2x + 2 cos x + 1 = 0
e 2 i x + e i x + 1 + e i x + e 2 i x = 0
1 + e i x + e2 i x + e 3 i x + e 4 i x = 0
. e i x e i x 1 e 5 i x = 1 1
2k
= x k \5
5

3 1959

ABC  b = AC ABC
= 
2
] [ BM . BM 2 = AB BC

: ABC :
 B C . AC
b
 ] [ BM C .
2
 ABC
b2
] [ AC b
4
B . h
b2
= bh
4
1
. h = b
4
1
 B ) ( AC . b B
4
1
) ( AC . b
4
:
 C ] [ AC . b M.
 ] [ MA C ] . [ AC
 B ] [ MA . C
ABC.
A
C
B

h
A C
M


 4

M ] . [ AB AMCD MBEF
) . ( AB C C
M . N
.1 ) ( AF ) ( BC . N
.2 ) ( MN S M ] . [ AB
.3 P Q C C .
] [ PQ M ] . [ AB
ANC

.1 ] [ AC C
= 
2
)(1 ) ( AN ) ( NC
 = 1 APM
ANM - C  =
2 4
 = 1 MQB
. MNB C  =
2 4
 = ANM
 + MNB =  = +
ANB
4 4 2

)(2 ) ( AN ) ( NB
) ( 1 ) ( 2 N
F E B C
N
D C
) ( AN B C N
C
C
Q ) ( BC ) . ( AN
P
A BNF
- 
M B
] [ FB C

2

)(3 ) ( FN ) ( NB
) ( 2 ) ( 3 N F A
) ( NB ) = ( BC F A N
) ( BC ) . ( AF ) ( BC ) ( AF . N
5 1959

ANB N  C
.2  =
2
] [ AB M .
) ( MN  C
F E
N N . S
C
D C
C AM
 S
Q
C
. ANS
P  = ANM
= 
M B 4
A
= . AM S

M
2
) ( MN
S
 C N
S M ] . [ AB
F E .3 S ) ( BQ
S
D C C ) . ( AP
Q
  = MBQ
 ABS  =
P K 4
M
A M
B  = MAP
BAS  =
4
AS S 

= B
2
S S . C

) ( MQ ) ( BQ ) ( MP ) ( AP
 = MPS
MQS  =
2
MQS P K ] [ PQ
] . [ MS K M HS , 1 S
2

1
M ] [ AB K
2
HS , 12 ] [ S A ] . [ S B

 6

P .Q A P Q
C Q . P B P D Q
ABCD :
.1 ABCD .
.2 ) ( AB ) (CD.
. AD = BC .3
.4 ABCD.

: . d P Q
R . ABCD :
 ) dA = ( AB R . P
 ) dC = (CD R .Q

H B S A
 dA  dC dA  d . dC  d
 

 R ABCD
T

C

D
C .
S

H C dA S
S T C ] [ AB ] [CD ] [ DA.
 ) ( SS ABCD
HS = CS = S D
C ABCD S D = DT
. SA = TA :
HA = HS + SA = DT + TA = DA
. HA = DA = BC D A
AH B C . AH
 BC CH . AH CH
7 1959

:
 dA A d P .Q
 dC C . d
 R dA dC H
C . dA
 AH > CH . AH CH
D R dC A
. AH B R
dA C AH .
.

dA
A
B
B H

D dC
D
C

ABCD AB CD .

 8

QWE
AgD
ZXC



n 11
11 .

11 110 990
81 . .
 n a b c . c 1

) (1 n = a + 10b + 100c
 n 11 a + c b
11 } { 8, 7, , 0,1, ,18
} a + c b { 0,11

)(2 ) n = 11 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 :
 . a + c b = 0 ) ( 2
11 ( a 2 + ( a + c )2 + c 2 ) = a + 10 ( a + c ) + 100c

) 2a 2 + ( 2c 1 )a = 2c ( 5 c
a a = 2a
) 4a 2 + ( 2c 1 )a = c ( 5 c
a 1
c ( 5 c ) 4 + ( 2c 1 ) = 2c + 3
:
3 2 3
( c
2 )
+ = c 2 3c + 3 0
4
a = 0 c = 5 a = 0 b = 5 . n = 550
9
 10

 . a + c b = 11 ) ( 2
11 ( ( b c + 11 )2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = b c + 11 + 10b + 100c

( b c + 11 )2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 + b + 9c

2b 2 + ( 21 2c ) b + 2c 2 31c + 120 = 0

2b 2 + ( 21 2c )b + ( 2c 15 )( c 8 ) = 0
b 1 21 2c > 0
( 2c
15 )( c 8 ) < 0
7.5 < c < 8 c .
b = 0 c = 8 a = 3 . n = 803
550 803 .

 x
4x 2
2 < 2x + 9
) ( 1 2x + 1

x
[ . D = [ 12 , 0 [ ]0, + x D
( 2x + 1 1 )( 2x + 1 + 1 ) = 2x

4x 2 2
x D, ) 2 = ( 2x + 1 + 1
) ( 1 2x + 1
= 2x + 2 + 2 2x + 1
0
4 .
11 1960

x [ [ 12 , +
2x + 2 + 2 2x + 1 < 2x + 9

7
< 2x + 1
2
. x < 458 [ [ 12 , 458
0 0 .

 ABC A ] [ BC . a n
n .
A A h
4hn
= tan
)a (n2 1

C
.
A B ) ( , 0
C ) . ( 0,
( Dk )0k n :
D1
  k
A B
BD k = BC
n
. Dn 2 1 , Dn +2 1
   n 1
ADn 2 1 = AB + BDn 2 1 = ( , 0 ) + ) ( ,
2n
n +1 n 1
= ( 2n
,
2n
)

   n +1
ADn +1 = AB + BDn +1 = ( , 0 ) + ) ( ,
2 2 2n
n 1 n +1
= (2n
,
2n
)
 12

 
L = ADn +1
2
L = ADn 2 1

 
ADn 2 1 ADn +1 2 + 2
= cos 2
= (n 2 1 ) 2
LL 4n LL
2
a
= (n2 1) 2
4n LL

 
) det ( ADn 2 1 , ADn +1
= sin 2
= ( ( n + 1 )2 ( n 1 )2 ) 2
LL 4n LL
ah
= 4n 2 = 4n 2
4n LL 4n LL

4n h
= tan 2
n 1 a

 ABC hA hB A B
m . A

: A B
A B ) ( BC ) ( AC . M
] . [ BC hA = AA hB = BB . m = AM
A C ] . [ AM
C B
m hA
M
AA A C
  M = 2
hB C A C ) C ( A, hA
A
M A hA . hA m

B
 M A C
MM ) . ( MM )  ( BB
 = A
2 ) . ( AC
13 1960

] [ BC  CM M CB B M

1 h
= MM BB = B
2 2
M C ) C ( M , 12 hB M
12 hB . hB < 2m
:
hA m . hB < 2m
 C ] [ AM . m
 A C ) .C ( A, hA
(M C ) .C ( M , 12 hB
 ) M 

C ) ( MA ) ( AM  C
. (AM
) ( MA )

B  C . M

B C M 

A hB

C
hA

M M 
B
hB
hB C
2
A
M
B

C
ABC .
ABC  


 ABCDA B C D A A B B ...
X ] [ AC Y ] . [ B D
.1 ] . [ XY
.2 Z ) ( X ;2 ) . (Y ;1
 14

A ( 0, 0, 0 ), B ( 1, 0, 0 ), C ( 1,1, 0 ), ) D ( 0,1, 0
) A ( 0, 0,1 ), B ( 1, 0,1 ), C ( 1,1,1 ), D ( 0,1,1
) X ( x , x , 0 0 x 1 ) Y ( y,1 y,1 . 0 y 1
.1 ] [ XY
=L } ] {( x +2 y , x + 21 y , 21 ) : ( x, y ) [ 0,1 2

2 2 x + y x + 1 y
: [ 0,1 ] , ( x , y ) = ,

2u 2


= v x +1y
2 =u x +y
2
u + v 12 = x
u v + 12 = y
( u, v ) Im
0 u + v 12 1 0 u v + 12 1
v

1
1 u +v 3
2 2

1
2 21 u v 1
2

1
Im ) ( 12 , 0 ) ( 1, 21
0 1 u
2
) ( 12 ,1 ) ( 0, 12 .

A D
Y C
B
L
AA B B BB C C CC D D
A
X D . DD A A .
B C
15 1960

.2 Z
= L } ] {( 2x 3+ y , 2x +31 y , 13 ) : ( x, y ) [ 0,1 2

2 2 2x + y 2x + 1 y
: [ 0,1 ] , ( x , y ) = ,



3u
3
v

u = 2x3+y v = 2x +31y
u + v 13 = 43 x u v + 13 = 23 y
( u, v ) Im
0 u + v 13 43 0 u v + 13 23
v

1
2
13 u + v 53 13 u v 13
3
1
3 Im ) ( 13 , 0
0 1 1 u ) ( 1, 23 ) ( 23 ,1 ) ( 0, 23 .
3

A D
Y
C L
B
:
) ( 13 , 0, 13 ) ( 1, 23 , 13 ) ( 23 ,1, 13 ) ( 0, 23 , 13
A X D

B C
.
.


. C
 Q S
S . V1
Q V2 .C .V1 V2
V1 /V2 .
 16

a Q r
h
. S h .
r r h
[ 2 ] 0, 2 = tan 2 = tan
a a

. 0 < r < a
| |
a

2 tan 2a 2r
h =a =
1 tan2 a2 r 2
Q :
1 2 2 a 4r
= a h = V1
2
3 3 a r2
C r 2r C:
V2 = 2r 3
1
V1 = V2 r 4 r 2a 2 + a 4 = 0
3
2
. ( r 2 a2 ) + a12 = 0 .V1 V2
2 4

4
V1 1 a 1
= 2 2 2 = 2
V2 3 (a r )r ) 3 f ( ar 2
1
) . f ( x ) = x ( 1 x f [ ] 0,1
4
a 4 V 1
= . r = . x 1
2 3 V2 2
1
= tan
2

2 1
1 tan 1 2 1
= cos 2 2 = 1
=
1 + tan 1+ 2 3
) . arcsin ( 13




:
x + y + z = a x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2 xy = z 2
x y . z ) (a,b
.

a = 0 ) ( x , y, z .
x + y = z x 2 + y 2 + 2xy z 2 = 0 xy = z 2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 . b = 0 z x y
T 2 + zT + z 2 = 0 T
} {( j z, j2 z, z ), z } {( j2 z, j z, z ), z
. j = 21 + i 23 .
. a 0 ) ( x , y, z .
a 2 = x
2
+ y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy
)  + yz + zx
b2 z2
= b 2 + 2z (z
+ y + x ) = b 2 + 2az
a
a 2 b2
= . z
2a
a 2 b 2 2 a 2 + b2
xy = x + y = a z =
2a 2a
x y
a 2 + b2 a 2 b 2 2
2
T T + =0
2a
( )
2a
T
2 2 2 2 2 2 ) 3a 2 b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2
( = T a + b = a + b 2a 2b
2 2 2
4a 4a 4a 16a 2

17
 18

) ( x , y, z
a + x + y + z = a . b
a 2 b2
= z . b < a x y
2a
) (
( 3a 2 b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2 ) > 0
b < a 3a 2 b 2 > 0 3b 2 > a 2 . 3 b > a
b < a < 3 b
.
a b b < a < 3 b

a 2 + b2 + ) ( 3a 2 b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2
= x
4a
2 2
a +b ) ( 3a b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2
2
= y
4a
2 2
a b
= z
2a

a 2 + b2 ) ( 3a 2 b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2
= x
4a
a 2 + b2 + ) ( 3a 2 b 2 )( 3b 2 a 2
= y
4a
2 2
a b
= z
2a
< .b <a a b 3 b


 a b c A
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 3A
.
19 1961

: Heron
a +b +c
=A ) p ( p a )( p b )( p c  =p
2

1
=A ) (a + b + c )( c + b a )( a + c b )( a + b c
4
1
=
4
) ( (a + b )2 c 2 )(c 2 (b a )2
1
= 2 (a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2 ) a 4 b 4 c 4
4

2 2
) = ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( 4 3A

2 2
= (a 2 + b 2 + c ) ) 3 ( 2 (a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2 ) a 4 b 4 c 4
) ) = 4 (a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ( a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2
) ) = 2 ( ( a 4 + b 4 2a 2b 2 ) + (b 4 + c 4 2b 2c 2 ) + (c 4 + a 4 2a 2c 2
2 2 2
(
) = 2 ( a 2 b 2 ) + (b 2 c 2 ) + ( a 2 a 2 )
0 . a = b = c

: h
h
t
s .
s . t
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = h 2 + s 2 + h 2 + t 2 + ( s + t )2
) = 2 ( h 2 + s 2 + t 2 + st

2A = ( s + t ) h

= ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 4 3A
 20

= 2 ( h 2 + s 2 + t 2 + st ) 2 3 ( s + t ) h
2
(
= 2 (h (3
2 s + t ) ) + s 2 + t 2 + st 34 ( s + t )2 )
2
= 2 (( h (3
2 s + t )) + 1 (s
4 t )2 )
= h (3
2 s 0 s = t ) + t
.

 cosn x sinn x = 1 n .

. n = 1 cos x sin x = 1 

) cos ( x + 4 ) = cos ( 4
) . 2 ( 2 + 2
 . n = 2 cos2 x sin2 x = 1
cos 2x = 1
.
 . n > 2 x
n n
1 = cosn x sinn x cos x + sin x cos2 x + sin2 x = 1

sinn x = sin x n
cosn x = cos x = sin2 x n
= cos2 x
 n sin x = 0 cos2 x = 1
.
.
 n sin x = 1 cos x = 1
) 2 ( 2 + 2
.
.

21 1961

 P . ABC ) ( PA ) ( BC A
) ( PB ) ( AC B ) ( PC ) ( AB .C
max
AP BP CP
( PA) PB PC
, , 2 min
AP BP CP
( PA) PB PC
, , 2

P ABC
) ( A, ) ( B, ) (C , ) ( , , ( + )3 . + + = 1
 X ) ( B, ) (C , X
) ( BC ) ( AP P
) ( X , + ) . ( A, . X = A


PA + ( 1 ) PA = 0

AP 1
= 1
PA

CP 1 BP 1
= 1 = 1
PC PB


1 1 1 1
min( PA
AP BP CP
, ,
PB PC ) = = min , , 1
) max ( , ,
1

1 1 1 1
( max )
AP BP CP
, , = = max , , 1 1
PA PB PC ) min ( , ,
+ + = 1
1 1
) max ( , , ) min ( , ,
3 3

max ( PA) PB PC
AP BP CP
, , 2 min ( PA) PB PC
AP BP CP
, , 2

.

 22

AMB M
 ABC AC = b AB = c  =

] . [ BC b tan ( 2 ) c < b
.

: . N B
. A
X
C  ) ( AM ) ( NC
C

AMB
NCB 

C
b M  =
NCB
C C 
N B
N c A c B
] [ NB .
 C ) C = C ( A, b A
. b
  C C c < b AX
X ] [ NB . C  =
AXB
2
c
= AX
) tan ( /2
b tan ( 2 ) c < b
) c = b tan ( 2 ABC . A
:
] [ NB 2c . A

C ] [ NB
) . NBB B  =
BNB 2

] [ BB ( . C
 C C ) .C ( A, b
.

23 1961

 P ) ( ABC
A B C . P A B C
P A ] [ AA B ] [ BB C
] [CC O . A B C O
A B .C

G ABC G . A B C


1
(
GO = GA + GB + GC
3 )

A 

1
B
C
2 (
GA = GA + GA )
C
O B 

1
C G A
B 2 (
GB = GB + GB )


1
A
P
(
GC = GC + GC
2 )
P



 1
GO = GA + GB + GC  + GA + GB + GC = GG
 6
0





2
3GG

O G 1
2 HG , 12 G
. HG , 12 A B C P G P
O ) P = HG , 1 ( P P
2

G G . P

 24

QWE
AgD
ZXC



n 6
. n
n = ( abc d 6 )10 ( 6abc d )10

n m + 1 . m 1 p
n 10 n = 10p + 6 . 0 p < 10m

4 ( 10p + 6 ) = 6 10m + p
13p + 8 = 2 10m p = 2q
13q + 4 = 10m
10m = 4 mod13 :
m 1 2 3 4 5 6
10m mod13 10 9 12 3 4 1

10 ) ( ( /13 ) , 6
10m = 4 mod13 m = 5 mod 6 m
m = 5 q = 10134 = 7692
m

p = 15384 . n = 153846

 x
1
> 3x x +1
2
= ) x f ( x
3 x 1 + x
] . I = [ 1, 3
. f ( 1 ) = 2 f ( 1 ) = 0 x 0 ] [ 1,1

f ( x 0 ) = 12 [ . [ 1,x 0

25
 26

= ) . f ( x 1
2 x 0
15
= = 3 + 2x x 2 4 ( 1 x )2
8

225 31
( 1 x )2 = 4 =
64 64

31 31
x 1 ,1 +
8 8
. 1,1 31
8
x 0 = 1

31
8 x 0 < 1

 ABCDA B C D ABCD
A B C D A A .... X
ABCD Y
. B C CB X A B Y B
.C Z ] . [ XY


.1 X ] [ AB AB Y
  
] [ B C B C t ] [ 0,1 AX = tAB
 
. B Y = tB C T ] [ AB t
] [ 0,1 :
   1
) TZ = (TX + TY
2
    1  
(
= TA + AX + TB + B Y
2
 TA + TB = 0)
 1    t
(
) = tAB + tB C = ( AB + BC
2 2
)
 t 
= AC = tTU
2
U ] . [ BC X ] [ AB Y
] [ B C Z ] [TU T .U
27 1962

.2 X ] [ BC BC Y
  
] [C C C C t ] [ 1, 2 BX = ( t 1 ) BC
 
.C Y = ( t 1 )C C t ] [ 1, 2 :
   1
) UZ = (UX + UY
2
    1  
(
= UB + BX + UC + C Y
2
)  UB + UC = 0
1     t 1
(
= = ( t 1 ) BC + ( t 1 )C C
2
) 2
( )
B C + C C
 t 1 
= B C = ( t 1 )UC
2
X ] [ BC Y ] [C C Z ] [UC U
.C

.3 X ] [CD CD Y ] [CB
  
CB t ] [ 2, 3 CX = ( t 2 )CD
 
.CY = ( t 2 )CB t ] [ 2, 3 :
   1 1  
) CZ = (CX + CY ) = ( ( t 2 )CD + ( t 2 )CB
2 2
  t 2  t 2 
=
2
(= ) CD + CB
2
CA = ( t 2 )CV

] [CB V ] . [CA X ] [CD Y

Z ] [CV C .V

.4 X ] [ DA DA Y ] [ BB
  
BB t ] [ 3, 4 DX = ( t 3 ) DA
 
. BY = ( t 3 ) BB :
 
t [ 3, 4 ], VZ = ( t 3 )VT

] [CB V ] . [CA X ] [CD Y

Z ] [CV C .V
 28

Z .TUCV
D
V C
A X
B

T Z U
C
A
Y
B



cos2 x + cos2 2x + cos2 3x = 1

2 cos2 = 1 + cos 2 :
cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x + cos 6x = 0
cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos :
2 cos3 2x + cos2 2x cos 2x = 0

cos 2x ( cos 2x + 1 )( 2 cos 2x 1 ) = 0
:
) ( 4 + 2 ) ( 2 + ) ( 6 + ) ( 6 +

 A B C . C D C
ABCD.
A D
: . O
ABCD . O
O C
. ABC
d 
 

 
   
  
(BO, BA) + (AB, AO ) + (OA,OB ) =
C
B


  
   
  
(BC , BO ) + (OB,OC ) + (CO,CB ) =
29 1962

:

  
   
   
  
(BC , BA) + (OA,OC ) + (AB, AO ) + (CO,CB ) = 2
BCD
BAD ) (OC  ) (OA 

    1   
    1
  
) (AB, AO ) = (AB, AD ) (CO,CB ) = (CD,CB
2 2
ABCD

   
    1    
  
(
= ) (CO,CB ) + (AB, AO ) = (AB, AD ) + (CD,CB
2 ) 2

    

 
  
  
(BC , BA) + (OA,OC ) = 2 2 )2 (OA,OC ) = (OC ,OA

  
 
 
)(OC ,OA) = + (BC , BA
2

 
(BC G . C O ), BA 
2

C C ) A . (O A = O C
 
   
(GC ),GA) = 2(BC , BA

   

 
 
)(O A,O C ) = (GC ,GA) = 2(BC , BA


   
   


)(O C ,O A) = + 2(BC , BA) = 2(OC ,OA
C O A
O C C

    


(OC ). 21 (O C ,O A ] [CA ),OA

B O
G O

C
C
C
  
(BC O ] . [CA = ), BA
2 
 30

ABC C C
ABCD 

. ABC
= 
2 ] [CA
.
: ABCD
AB + CD = AD + CB

CA C
ABC . C 

A C . B
 , f ( M ) = AB + CM AM CB
f : CA
A f ( M )>0

M
lim f ( M ) = AB + CA CB > 0
D 
M A,M CA
B

M

C
f (M)<0 lim f ( M ) = AB AC CB < 0

M C ,M CA

CA
D 

. f ( D ) = 0 .

:
. ABC
 d 

ABC O d ] . [ AC  =
2

ABC 2 O C


A C O A
C C d .O
 O ( AB ) A
C D.
31 1962

.
C
A
D

B O
O
G

C C
.
A T D :
Z
X . ABCD X Y

C Z T .
Y
B
:
AD + BC = AT + TD + BY + YC
= AX + ZD + XB + CZ
= AX + XB + ZD + CZ = AB + CD
: ABCD :
AB + CD = AD + BC
A D D
C ] [ AD ] [ AB
] . [ BC C C
C C ) ( AD . D C
B
ABCD
AB + CD = AD + BC
.CD CD = AD AD AD AD DD DD
CD = CD + D D CD = CD + DD D
) (CD D ) ( AD ) (CD D = D
C . ABCD

 32

 R
. r
) R ( R 2r

A
ABC . AB = AC
a + [ ] 0, 2 BC = 2a
O . ABC P ] . [ BC O  =
I

a
ABC I
B P C
. O I ) ( AP
] . [ BC
a BC 2a
= . AO = R = 2R
= 
sin 2 sin A sin 2
ABC ) . r = a tan ( 2
 ) ( BI 

 I ] [ AP
AI = AP PI = AP r
) = a tan a tan ( 2
) sin ( 2
=a
) cos cos ( 2

O I ) ( AP A

1 ) sin ( 2
d = OI = AO AI = a
) sin 2 cos cos ( 2

) sin 2 = 4 cos cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2

) sin ( 2 a 1 2 cos
d = a 1
= 1 4 sin2 ( 2 ) = a
) cos cos ( 2 sin 2 sin 2
33 1962

a a
= ) R ( R 2r (
sin 2 sin 2
) 2a tan ( 2 )
a2
= ) ) ( 1 2 sin 2 tan ( 2
sin2 2

) 1 2 sin 2 tan ( 2 ) = 1 8 cos sin2 ( 2
= 1 4 cos ( 1 cos ) = ( 1 2 cos )2

( 1 2 cos )2
R ( R 2r ) = a 2
sin2 2
) d 2 = R ( R 2r .

.

A .

: ABCD
D O
. a O
B
A :
P    
C )(1 OA + OB + OC + OD = 0
 
A . BCD ) ( 1 OA + 3OA = 0
 
)(2 AO = 43 AA
BCD A
. A B = A C = A D = a3 A
BCD ) ( AA
BCD ) . ( BCD
2 2
) ) AA2 = AP 2 A P 2 = AP 2 ( 31 DP ) = ( 98 ) ( a sin ( 3
 34

OA = a 4
6 AA = a 36 ) ( 2

6
OA = OB = OC = OD = a
4
: : O
OAB OAC OAD OBC OBD OCD
O O
) ( AB ) ( AC ) ( AD ) ( BC ) ( BD ) . (CD
2 a
= ) r = OA2 ( 12 AB
2 2
) S = S (O, 2 a 2 . ABCD
A  S ) ( ABC C

P ABC
L K
D C .
D  
C AP BC . AD = 23 AP P
C P C P
B

P ) ( BC ] [ AB ] [ AC K L .
   
AK = 31 AB . AL = 13 AC
) S(OD ) S(OD ) . (OD
S ) ( ABC . C
S ) ( KL ) . S(OD )(( BC )) = ( KL
 
 M AM = 31 AD
S ) ( LM ) . ( MK
 HA,3 A . 3 SA
S HA,3 ) . SA = HA,3 ( S SA
) ( AB ) ( AC ) ( AD HA,3
) (CB ) ( DC ) ( BD ) ( KL ) ( LM ) ( MK . HA,3
35 1962

 HB,3 HC ,3 HD,3
) SB = HB,3 ( S ) SC = HC ,3 ( S ) SD = HD,3 ( S
. ABCD S SA SB SC
SD . ABCD
: . ( Ai )1i 4 S
. Si
. Ai

S1
X3

A3
3 4
X4

A1 1 2 A2 X2

 .
.
i Ai S
. 1 i 4 ] [ Ai Aj . Ai Aj = i + j
 ) ( A1Aj S1 X j j
} . { 2, 3, 4 S1 ) ( A2A3A4
A2A3A4 S
) . ( A2A3A4 Aj S
S1 Aj X j = j j
} . { 2, 3, 4 A1X 2 = A1X 3 = A1X 4
1 + 2 2 = 1 + 2 3 = 1 + 2 4
. 2 = 3 = 4
 36

 A2 S2
. 1 = 3 = 4 ( Ai Aj )1i < j 4
A1A2A3A4 . .


QWE
AgD
ZXC



p
x2 p + 2 x2 1 = x
. .

x .
 x .
. x max ( 1, p ) 1 :
 x 2 p x . p 0
. x 2 4
3 2 x 2 1 x
p x 2 . p 43
p ] [ 0, 43 .
p ] . [ 0, 43
p
( x 2 1 )( x 2 p ) = 1 + x 2
4

( 4 p )2
= x2
) 8 (2 p

4p
= x = xp
2 4 2p

( 4 p )2 ( 4 3p )2 4 3p
= x p2 p = p =
) 8 (2 p ) 8 (2 p 2 4 2p
( 4 p )2 p2 p
= x p2 1 = 1 =
) 8 (2 p ) 8(2 p 2 4 2p
. x p2 p + 2 x p2 1 = x p x p .
p ] . [ 0, 43

37
 38

 A ] . [ BC P
. APX
= 
2 X ] [ BC

X ] [ BC X
) ( B,1 t ) (C , t ] . t [ 0,1 L
.
 
P L X [ BC ], AP PX = 0
  
t [ 0,1 ], AP ( ( 1 t ) PB + tPC ) = 0
   
t [ 0,1 ], ( 1 t ) AP PB + tAP PC = 0
   
( AP PB )( AP PC ) 0
T ] [ AT
      
(
AP PT = AT + T P PT + T T() )
   
( ()
= AT PT PT + AT = AT 2 PT 2)
B ] [ AB C ] [ AC
P L ( AB 2 PB 2 )( AC 2 PC 2 ) 0
( AB PB )( AC PC ) 0
M r ) B ( M , r
) B ( M , r M r :
} B ( M , r ) = { P : PM < r } B ( M , r ) = { P : PM r
P L
) ) ( ( PB AB ) ( AC PC ) ) ( ( AB PB ) ( PC AC

) ) L = ( B ( B , AB )\B (C , AC ) ) ( B (C , AC )\B ( B , AB
BB B B
] [ AB BC BC
] [ AC ) . L = ( B B \BC ) ( BC \BB
39 1963

 n .
(ai )0i <n . a 0 a1 an 1 .

. . ( Ai )0i <n
(ai )0i <n ( Ai )0i <n ak = ak mod n . Ak = Ak mod n
.
k { 0,1, , n 1 }, Ak Ak +1 = ak
A0

A0A1 A2 . [ ] 0,

 
k {1, , n }, (Ak 1Ak , Ak Ak +1 ) =
k } {1, , n
  k  
 
= ) (A0A1, Ak Ak +1 (Aj 1Aj , Aj Aj +1) = k
j =1

k = n
)(1 n = 0 mod 2
. A0 = 0
A1 = a0 A2 = a 0 + a1e i

Ak +1 = Ak + ake i k

k } . { 0,1, , n 1
k
k { 0, , n 1 }, = Ak +1 a je i j
j =0

k = n 1 An = A0
n 1
)(2 a je i j =0
j =0

= ) j = sin2 ( j2 j (1
2 1 ) cos j

) j +1 j = 12 ( cos j cos ( j + 1 ) ) = sin ( 2 ) sin ( ( j + 12 )

 40

) ( 2
n 1

a j sin ( 2 )e i( j +1/2 ) =0
j =0

n 1

a j ( j +1 j ) = 0
j =0

n 1 n 1 n 1 n n 1

a j ( j +1 j ) = a j j +1 a j j = a j 1j a j j
j =0 j =0 j =0 j =1 j =0
n 1
= (a j 1 a j )j 0 = n = 0
j =1

n = 0 ) . ( 1
n 1

(a j 1 a j )j =0
j =1

0
)(3 j {1,2, , n 1 }, (a j 1 a j )j = 0

} j0 = min { j 1 : j = 0

0 < < 3 j 0 n j0 < n

. a 0 = a2 = = a j0 1
j0 1 j0 1
i j e i j 0 1
= Aj0 a je = a0 e i j = a0 =0
j =0 j =0 ei 1
j0 = 0 . e i j0 = 1
( Aj )0 j <n . j0 = n
a 0 = a2 = = an 1
.
41 1963

A2
: .
A5 ( Aj )0 j <n .
a1
a4 = 2
3 :
A0=A3 A4 A1 n = 6 . a 3 = a 4 = a5 = 12 a 0 = a1 = a2 = 1
.

 ) X = ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 , x 5
x i + x i +2 = yx i +1, } i {1,2, , 5
x i = x i 5 } . i { 6, 7

. ) X = ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
. y X .
x5 + x2 = yx1
x1 + x 3 = yx 2
x2 + x 4 = yx 3
x3 + x5 = yx 4
x 4 + x1 = yx 5
. AV = yV V V = X
A :
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

A = 0 1 0 1 0 = P + P
P = 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

AV = yV y . A

P XP ( ) = 5 1
} Sp ( P ) = {1, , 2, 3, 4
) . = exp ( 25 i
 42

1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4
1
1 1 2 4 3
=
5 3 4 2
1
1 4 3 2

= I 5 . = 1
) P = diag ( 1, , 2 , 3 , 4

) P = diag ( 1, 4 , 3 , 2 ,

A = diag ( 2,2 cos 25 ,2 cos 45 , 2 cos 45 , 2 cos 25 ) = D
A } . Sp ( A ) = { 2, 2 cos 25 , 2 cos 45

 } y { 2, 2 cos 25 , 2 cos 45
) . X = ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
 . y = 2 AV = 2V D V = 2V
V 1 1 ) . ( 1, 0, 0, 0, 0
V ) . = 1 = 15 ( 1,1,1,1,1
} . {(a, a, a, a, a ) : a
 . y = 2 cos 25 = 521 AV = 2 cos 25 V
D V = 2 cos 25 V V 2 + 5
2 ) ( 0,1, 0, 0,1 5 ) ( 0, 1, 0, 0,1
V +

) = 25 ( 2 ) = ( 1, cos 25 , cos 45 , cos 45 , cos 25

= 5
) 2 i sin( 2 /5
) ( 5 ) = ( 0, 1, 2 cos 25 ,2 cos 25 ,1

) ( , .
43 1963

 . y = 2 cos 45 = 25 1 AV = 2 cos 45 V
D V = 2 cos 45 V V 3 + 4
3 ) ( 0, 0,1,1, 0 4 ) ( 0, 0, 1,1, 0
V +
) (5
) = 2 3 = ( 1, cos 5 , cos 5 , cos 25 , cos 45
4 2

= 5
) 2 i sin( 2 /5
) ( 4 ) = ( 0, 2 cos 25 , 1,1, 2 cos 25

) ( , .
.

2 3 1
. cos
7) (
cos
7
+ cos ) (
7
=
2 ) (  :
= . e 7 i = e i = 1 e i 1
7

e7 i + 1
=0 = e6 i e5 i + e 4 i e3 i + e2 i ei + 1
ei + 1
e 3 i 0
e 3 i e 2 i + e i 1 + e i e 2 i + e 3 i = 0
2 .

 A B C D E
1 . 5 .
: ABC D E :
1 2 3 4 5

. C D 1 2
2 3 3 4 4 . 5
: D AE C B :
1 2 3 4 5

. .
 44

.
. .
: D A E C B .1 D A E C B .
1 2 3 4 5
C 3 C
5 E D AB EC
1 2 3 4 5
A B
. .
: D A E C B .2 D E A C B .
1 2 3 4 5
B 2 B
4 A DC E B A
1 2 3 4 5

) ( DA, EC ) ( DA,CB ) ( AE ,CB .
.
: D AE C B .3 D C A E B .
1 2 3 4 5
B 2 B
3 A DC B E A
1 2 3 4 5
CB
AE DA . .
: D AE C B .4 D B A E C .
1 2 3 4 5
C 3 C
2 E DC AE B
1 2 3 4 5
AE
- CB - AE .
.
45 1963

: D AE C B .5 A E D C B .
1 2 3 4 5
D 4 D
5 C C AE B D
1 2 3 4 5
AE
- CB - AE .
.

: D A E C B .6 A C D E B .
1 2 3 4 5
E 5 E
1 B E ABC D
1 2 3 4 5
C D
. .

: D A E C B .7 A B D E C .
1 2 3 4 5
D 4 D
3 C C AD E B
1 2 3 4 5
D E
. .

: D A EC B .8 E C D A B .
1 2 3 4 5
A 1 A
5 B 2
B D EC A D E
1 2 3 4 5
. .
 46

: D A E C B .9 E B D A C .
1 2 3 4 5
A 1 A
4 D C D E AB
1 2 3 4 5
A B
. .
: D AE C B .10 B B D A E .
1 2 3 4 5
A 1
A 3 D . E D AC B
1 2 3 4 5
.
.


QWE
AgD
ZXC



.1 n 7 . 2n 1
.2 n 7 . 2n + 1


r 0 1 2
2r mod 7 1 2 4

n r } { 0,1,2 n 3
q . n = 3q + r
2n mod 7 = 8q 2r mod 7 = 2r mod 7
.1 2n mod 7 = 1 2r mod 7 = 1
. r = 0 7 2n 1 3
. n . 7 | ( 2n 1 ) 3 | n
.2 2n mod 7 = 6 2r mod 7 = 6
. n 7
. 2n + 1

 a b c .
a 2 (b + c a ) + b 2 ( c + a b ) + c 2 (a + b c ) 3abc

a b c . +
) ( E :
( a, b, c ) ( + )3 , ( a + b c )(b + c a )( c + a b ) abc

a + b c b + c a
a b c . +
c + a b

.

47
 48

a + b c b + c a c + a b .

( a + b c )(b + c a ) = b 2 (a c)2 b 2

( a + b c )( c + a b ) = a 2 (b c)2 a 2

( c + a b )(b + c a ) = c 2 (c a )2 c 2


( a + b c )(b + c a )( c + a b ) abc
) ( . a = b = c ) . ( E

) ( a + b c )(b + c a )( c + a b ) = (b 2 a 2 c 2 + 2ac )( c + a b

= b 2 ( c + a b ) + a 2 (b + c a ) + c 2 (a + b c ) 2acb
) ( E
b 2 ( c + a b ) + a 2 (b + c a ) + c 2 (a + b c ) 3acb
.

 ABC a b . c
.
. .

r C ABC
A . p . pr = A
A
 ) ( B C C
hA
B C ) ( BC ] [ AB ] [ AC
hA
c r b B C . AB C ABC
C r
a
.
B C
49 1964

hA A AB C hA
h
A ABC kA = A hA = hA 2r
hA
h 2r ah 2ra 2 A 2A a / p a
kA = A = A = = 1
hA hAa 2A p
 A C C CA
A AB C . A CA = kA2 A C
CA
 CB
C kB2 A C kB = 1 b /p CC
CB CC kC2 A C . kC = 1 c /p
B C
A = A C + A CA + A CB + A CC
A = ( 1 + kA2 + kB2 + kC2 ) A C

a 2 b 2 c 2
1 + kA2 + kB2 + kC2
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
p p p
a + b + c a 2 + b2 + c2
= 42 +
p p2
a 2 + b2 + c2
=
p2
A C = r 2 = A 2 / p 2 : . A = (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) A 2 / p 4
Heron
a 2 + b2 + c2
A= ) p ( p a )( p b )( p c
p4
) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )(b + c a )(c + a b )(a + b c
=
(a + b + c )3
3
) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )(a 4 + b 4 + c 4
=
( a + b + c )4
.
 50

 .
17
.
. : K17 17
.
.

A .
. S1
 S1
A S1 .

. B .

. S2
 S2
B S2 .

.



 .
.

. .
51 1964

315 .
)
( .C 42 = 6 6 5 = 30

.C 30
2
= 302 29 = 435

C 62 = 15 .
14
. 435 5 14 = 365

)
(
.
. 365 3C 52 = 335

) (
) (
.
. 335 2C 53 = 315
D
7

6
5
E
315
4
3 . :
C
2
1 ) A ( 0, 0 ) B ( 0,1 ) C ( 5, 3 ) D ( 6, 7 ) E ( 3, 5
A B 2 3 4 5

6

315 . .
 52

 . ABCD D0 . ABC
) ( BCD A B C ) ( DD0
CAD ABD A0 B0 C 0 . ABCD
. A0B0C 0D0 D0
ABC

D0 ) ( ABC
) ( AB ) ( BC ) . (CA ( , , ) ( )3
+ + = 1 D0 ) ( A,
) ( B, ) . (C ,
   
M , MD0 = MA + MB + MC

   
)(1 DD0 = DA + DB + DC
 A0 ) ( BCD ) ( , , 3
) ( B, ) (C , + + = 1 A0
) ( D,
   
M , MA0 = MB + MC + MD

   
AA0 = AB + AC + AD

= DB DA + DC DA DA
  
= DA + DB + DC
 
AA0 DD0 ) ( 1
1   
) ( DA, DB, DC = =

1
= ,= , =

  1
. AA0 = DD0

53 1964


 1   1 
CC 0 = DD0 BB0 = DD0


     1 
D0A0 = DD0 + DA + AA0 = DA 1 +
(
DD0 )
 1   
= DA 1 +(
( )
DA + DB + DC )
 1  1 
(
= DA + 1 + (
)
DB + 1 +
(
DC ) )

 1   1 
D0B0 = 1 + DA + DB + 1 + DC


 1  1  
D0C 0 = 1 + DA + 1 + DB + DC

 
D0A0 D0B0
  1   1  
( + + 1 ) DA DB 1 + DA DC + 1 +
(
DB DC )

     
( D0A0 D0B0 ) D0C 0 = ( 2 + + + )( DA DB ) DC
  
= 3 ( DA DB ) DC

  
vol ( ABCD ) = 1
6 ( DA DB ) DC
  
vol ( A0B0C 0D0 ) = 1
6 ( D0A0 D0B0 ) D0C 0
. vol ( A0B0C 0D0 ) = 3 vol ( ABCD )

 54

QWE
AgD
ZXC



x ] [ 0,2
2 cos x 1 + sin 2x 1 sin 2x 2

( cos x sin x )2 = 1 sin 2x
1 + sin 2x 1 sin 2x = cos x + sin x cos x sin x

) a + b a b = 2 min ( a , b

2
cos x min ( cos x , sin x )
2
cos x sin x
x cos x 12 ] . [ 4 , 74

 (aij )1i, j 3
a11x1 + a12x 2 + a13x 3 = 0
a21x1 + a22x 2 + a23x 3 = 0
a 31x1 + a 32x 2 + a 33x 3 = 0
 : a11 a22 a 33  aij
i j  .
. x1 = x 2 = x 3 = 0

) ( x1, x 2, x 3 3 ) . ( 0, 0, 0
x k = max ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) > 0
} {i, j } = {1,2, 3 }\{k
akk x k aki x i + akj x j + aki x i + akk x k + akj x j

akk x k aki x i + akj x j + ak 1x1 + ak 2x 2 + ak 3x 3

55
 56

x k 
akk x k aki x k akj x k + ak 1x1 + ak 2x 2 + ak 3x 3

( ak 1 + ak 2 + ak 3 ) x k ak 1x 1 + ak 2x 2 + ak 3x 3
 . ak 1x1 + ak 2x 2 + ak 3x 3 0
) ( x1, x 2, x 3 . .

) ( AB ) (CD  . ABCD P
. P ) ( AB k
P ) (CD .
D ] [ AD
P
P
X ] [ DB ] [ BC ] [ AC X Y Z W
Y

W . ) ( XW C
Z ) ( BCD ) ( AB
A
P . P
B
P ) ( AB k P ) (CD
k  
= . . AX = kXD AX = AD
k +1
) ( XY )  ( AB DXY DAB
 
)(1 BY = BD
) (YZ )  ( DC BZY BCD
 
)(2 BZ = BC
) ( XP )  ( DB APX ABD
 
)(3 AP = AB
) ( XW )  ( DC AXW ADC
 
)(4 AW = AC
57 1965

. ABXYZW VAB
VAB = vol ( APXW ) + vol ( PXWBYZ )
 
: ( 4 ) ( 3 ) AX = AD 
1   
vol ( APXW ) = det ( AP, AW , AX )
6
1   
= 3 det ( AB, AC , AD )
6
= 3 vol ( ABCD )
PXWBYZ 
1   
vol ( PXWBYZ ) = det ( BZ , BY , BP )
2
   
( 2 ) ( 1 ) BP = AP AB = ( 1 ) AB ( 3 )

1   
vol ( PXWBYZ ) = det ( BC , BD, ( 1 ) BA )
2
1   
= 2 ( 1 ) det ( BC , BD, BA )
2
= 3 2 ( 1 ) vol ( ABCD )

VAB = 3 vol ( ABCD ) + 3 2 ( 1 ) vol ( ABCD )
= 2 ( 3 2 ) vol ( ABCD )

.CDXYZW VCD
VCD = vol ( ABCD ) VAB
= ( 2 3 32 + 1 ) vol ( ABCD )
= ( 1 )2 ( 2 + 1 ) vol ( ABCD )

VAB 2 ( 3 2 ) k 2 (k + 3 )
= =
VCD ( 1 )2 ( 2 + 1 ) 3k + 1
.

 58

 4
. 2

) X = ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 4 .
x1 + x 2x 3x 4 = 2, x 2 + x 3x 4x1 = 2
x 3 + x 4x1x 2 = 2, x 4 + x1x 2x 3 = 2
= x1x 2x 3x 4 0
. P ( x ) = x 2 2x +
i {1, 2, 3, 4 }, P ( xi ) = 0
P } { x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 1 . 2
:
 . card ( { x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 } ) = 1 x1 = x 2 = x 3 = x 4 = a
a + a 3 = 2 (a 1 )(a 2 + a + 2 ) = 0 . a = 1
) . X = ( 1,1,1,1 .
 . card ( { x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 } ) = 2 a < b
} . { x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 } = {a, b ) P (x ) = (x a )(x b
ab = . a + b = 2
X x1 = a . x 2 = b
} { x 3, x 4 } = {a, b x 3x 4 =
= x1x 2x 3x 4 = 2
= 1 a = b = 1 .
} . x 3 = x 4 { x1, x 2 x 32 = 1
x 3 = 1 P 2 x i = 1
i . x 3 = 1
3 ) X = ( 1, 3, 1, 1 .
) ( 3, 1, 1, 1 ) ( 1, 3, 1, 1 ) ( 1, 1, 3, 1

) ( 1, 1, 1, 3 ) ( 1,1,1,1 . 4

59 1965

OAB O . M ] . [ AB P Q
M ) (OA ) (OB .
H OPQ
M .OAB

M ] . [ AB t ] [ 0,1
B   
) (1 OM = tOA + ( 1 t )OB
) ( MP )  (QH ) ( MQ )  ( PH
Q
A
 
M PMQH QH = MP
H

O B P A    
)(2 OH = OP + OQ OM

B B A . A
) ( 1 ) (OA
  
)(3 OP = tOA + ( 1 t )OB
) (OB
  
)(4 OQ = tOA + ( 1 t )OB

      
) OH = tOA + ( 1 t )OB + tOA + ( 1 t )OB ( tOA + ( 1 t )OB

  
)(5 OH = tOA + ( 1 t )OB

M ] ) [ AB t ] ( [ 0,1 H
] . [ A B
k = cos(AOB
M . H ) 
    
A1 B1 OA1 = kOA OB1 = kOB OA1
  
OB1 OA OB . h = HO,k
 60
 
OB = OB1 OA = OA1 OA OB
 
OA1 OB1 s = Sd d
. AOB

B

d
A

B1 H
M

O B A1 A

= s  h
   
) OA = (OA ) OB = (OB
) ( 5
  
) OH = t (OA) + ( 1 t ) (OB
  
) = (tOA + ( 1 t )OB ) = (OM

M H O k
. AOB


M OAB ) H = ( M
) h (O ) h ( A ) h ( B .OA B


n . 2 } P = { Ai : 1 i n
. n
) = max { Ai Aj : 1 i < j n } = diam ( P
] [ Ai Aj . n

.
: d
. d
61 1965

. n = 3
n0
. n 0 4 P n0
S n 0 + 1 P
) = diam ( P . P
 P . S
A P S
} P = P \{ A n 0 1 S n 0 + 1
P . . n0
 P . S
A P ] [ AB S
} P = P \{ A n 0 1 }] S \{[ AB
n0 P .
. n0
 P S .
A2 P ] [ A1A2
] [ A2A3 S A2 . ( Am )m 1
:
 m Am . P
 m ] [ Am Am +1 . S
A1 A2 . A3 ( Ak )1k m
. m 3 Am +1
}] S \{[ Am 1Am . Am
( Aj )1 j n +1 k
0

1 k < n 0 + 1 . Ak = A
k + 1 . k + 2
 62

k > 1 ] [ Ak , Ak +1 ] [ Ak 1, Ak ] [ A 1, A
S Ak . . k = 1
:
} P = P \{ A1, A2 , , A 1
}] S = S \{[ A1A2 ], [ A2A3 ], , [ A 1, A1
S n 0 + 2 P

P card ( P ) = n0 + 1 3
S . . n0
 P A B C D
{[ AB ], [ AC ], [ AD ]} S
) . BD max ( BC ,CD
 BD
X
D BD
BAD


3
C C A
A
B C BD 
. BAD

C
) BD max ( BC ,CD
)
= C D ( B, BD ) D ( D, BD
BD
) D ( M , r M . r
  X } ) P \{ A
B D ! ( . [CX ] S ) ( AC
] [ AB ] [ AD
] [CX ] [ AB ] [CX ] [ AD .
 = ] . [CX ] [ AB
.
n . .
63 1965

.
: d
. d

:
N
 .
. KSN
d
LSN S
M
) ] [ LN ] ( [ KN ] [ SN
K S d L
. d
 .
.
M
.
d
N 2
. 2
K d L

d .

 64

QWE
AgD
ZXC



A B .C
A
B .C
A A
B .C A
B C.
A
a A
a
b B
c C
b
d d B C
c B
C . A
 A B
.C ) b + d = 2 (c + d
)(1 d = b 2c
 A
A B .C a = 1 + 25 a b c d

)(2 2a + b + c + d = 26
 A B
C .
)(3 a = b +c
a d ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 2
)(4 4b + c = 26
) . c = 2 mod ( 4 d 0 ) ( 1 ) ( 4 9c 26
c = 2 .b = 6
65
 66

 . ABC a = BC b = CA . c = AB

+ b tan B
a + b = (a tan A
) tan (C
)
/2

ABC .



cos ( C
) sin A
cos A 2

sin ( C
) = cos ( A
2

+ C
) = cos
2 )
( +A
2 B

)

sin ( C
) = sin ( B
A

cos ( C
) sin A
cos A 2 2 2

)

sin ( C
) = sin ( A
B

cos ( C
) sin B
cos B 2 2 2

)

) tan ( C

+ b tan B
= a + b (a tan A 2

b cos A
a cos B

) sin ( B 2 A



=



) cos A cos B cos ( 2

C

R ABC

cos B
sin A
sin B

cos A )

) = 2 cos ( A
B
) sin ( A
B

B

= sin ( A
2 2

( 4R cos
) sin2 B
A

A
B
2
=

cos B
cos A )

cos ( C ) ( 2
2

B
= A .
= 0


 ABCD . M
( M ) = MA + MB + MC + MD
M . G
ABCD .G
67 1966

+ + . = inf
} I = { M : ( M ) = = inf .
 O
( M ) + (O ) 4MO
MX + XO MO X } . { A, B,C , D M
= r . ( M ) > +(O )+1
4 B O
. I = { M : ( M ) = } B
 ) B (O, r
. I
 
. u v
   
u +v u + v
   
. v u = u : v

: Y X1 X 2 X
] . [ X1X 2 2YX YX1 + YX 2
Y ) ( X1X 2 ] . [ X1X 2
 I X1 X 2 X ] . [ X1X 2

2 2 ( X ) ( X1 ) + ( X1 ) = 2
2YX = YX1 + YX 2 Y } { A, B,C , D
ABCD ) . ( X1X 2 I
. M 0 } . I = { M 0
 X Y ABCD
PXY ) ( XY . S XY
. PXY S XY ( ABCD ) = ABCD
) M , ( S XY ( M ) ) = ( M
S XY ( M 0 ) = M 0 . M 0 PXY
 68

D
 M 0
PBC PBD PCD G
B
. .G = M 0
C
G .
A

 n x sin ( 2n x ) 0
n
1
) sin(2k x ) = cot x cot ( 2n x
k =1

y 2
1 2 cos2 y cos 2y
=
sin 2y sin 2y
cos y cos 2y
=
sin y sin 2y
) = cot y cot ( 2y
x . sin ( 2n x ) 0 1 k n
y = 2k 1 x 2
1
) = cot ( 2k 1 x ) cot ( 2k x
sin 2k x

n n
1
= sin 2k x ) ( cot ( 2k 1x ) cot ( 2k x )) = cot x cot ( 2n x
k =1 k =1

.

 a1 a2 a3 . a4 :

a i a1 x 1 + a i a 2 x 2 + ai a 3 x 2 + a i a 4 x 4 = 1

i } . {1,2, 3, 4
69 1966

} {1,2, 3, 4
) a ( 1 ) < a ( 2 ) < a ( 3 ) < a ( 4

4

a i ) ( a j x j = 1, } i {1,2, 3, 4
j =1

a i ) ( a ( j ) x ( j ) = 1, } i {1,2, 3, 4
j =1

) y j = x ( j ) bj = a ( j
0 b2 b1 b3 b1 b4 b1 y1 1
b b1 0 b3 b2 b4 b2
2 y2 1
b3 b1 b3 b2 0 b4 b3 =
y3 1
b b1 b4 b2 b4 b3 0 y4 1
4
:
1
L4  ( L + L1 ) :
b4 b1 4
1
L3  ( L L2 ) :
b3 b2 3
1
L2 ( L L1 ) :
b2 b1 2
:
0 b2 b1 b3 b1 b4 b1 y1 1
1 1 1
1 y2 0

1 1 1 1 y 3 = 0
2
1 1 1 1 y 4 b b
4 1
1
= y1 . y2 = 0
b4 b1

b3 b1 b4 b1 y 3 1
=
1 1 y4 1
b4 b1
1
= . y4 y 3 = 0
b4 b1
 70

k
ak = max ai a = min ai
1i 4 1i 4
1
= x = x k x j = 0 } . j {k,
ak a


. ABC K L M ] [ BC ] [CA
] [ AB . AML BKM CLK
C . ABC
y K
a = BC b = CA . c = AB
x x = BK z = AM . y = CL
L
) A ( XYZ
A z M B . XYZ

)
= z (b y ) A ( ABC
A ( AML ) = 12 z (b y ) sin A
cb
A ( BKM ) = 12 x (c z )sin B)
= x (c z ) A ( ABC
ac
A (CLK ) = 12 y(a x )sin C )
= y(a x ) A ( ABC
ba

x (a x )y(b y )z (c z ) 3
= ) A ( AML ) A ( BKM ) A (CLK ) A ( ABC
a 2b 2c 2

A ( AML ) A ( BKM ) A (CLK ) = f ( ax ) f ( yb ) f ( cz ) A 3
) ( ABC

= t 1
2 1
4 ) . f ( t ) = t ( 1 t f
3
1
) A ( AML ) A ( BKM ) A (CLK ) A ( ABC
4

) min ( A ( AML ), A ( BKM ), A (CLK )) 14 A ( ABC


. BAD

ABCD AB = a AD = 1
=

ABD . A B C
D 1
a cos + 3 sin

DA DB DC
DD A B C D 1
DA DB DD . ABD
.
O ABD R .
 DA DB DD . ABD
O DA DB
DD O 1 . R 1
 . R 1 A B D ] [BD

D ] [DA ] [BA.

B A OA



B = OD  B = 2
O
OD BA
A D B
] [OB R
DB DB . R 1
 OB AD . DA
OADB . DD
 ABD . DA DB
DD . ABD
71
 72

 DA DB DD ABD
. R 1
DB
= 2R R 1 DB 2 4 sin2
sin
D a 2 + 1 2a cos 4 sin2

1
( a cos )2 3 sin2 0
A a B

(a cos 3 sin )(a cos + 3 sin ) 0
ABD D ) ( AB
a cos + ] [ AB a cos 0 3 sin > 0
. a cos + 3 sin

 .
. 18

3 ) B = B ( 0,1 . 1
  
ABCD ) 16 det ( BA, BC , BD

1    1
) det ( u, v, w
6 8
      
u v w B u v 1 . u w 1

      
} K = {( u, v, w ) B 3 : u v 1, u w 1
) ( 3
3

      1
} sup { 16 det ( u, v, w ) : ( u, v, w ) K
8
     

K ) . ( ) ( u, v, w ) 16 det ( u, v, w
3 3

K .
73 1967
  
) ( u 0, v0, w 0 K
1         
6 det ( u0 , v 0 , w 0 ) = sup { 16 det ( u, v, w ) : ( u, v, w ) K } = Vmax
3
  
) u0 = ( , 0, 0 ) v 0 = ( , , 0 ) w 0 = ( x , y, z
  
0 < 0 < . 0 < z ) ( u 0, v0, w 0 K :
1 
+ 2
2
1 
x 2 + y2 + z 2 1 
( )2 + 2 1 
(x )2 + y 2 + z 2 1
:
  
Vmax = 16 det ( u0 , v 0 , w 0 , ) = 16 z
   
 ) . w1 = ( x , 0, y 2 + z 2 ) ( u 0, v 0 , w1
  
. K 16 det ( u0 , v 0 , w1 ) Vmax y 2 + z 2 z
 
. y = 0 ) . w 0 = w1 = ( x , 0, z
   
. v1 = 2 , 1 4 , 0 ) ( u 0, v1, w 0
( 
)
2

  
. K 16 det ( u0 , v1, w 0 ) Vmax 1 4
2

 
2 2
( )2 2
4 4

2 2
( )2 + 2 +
4 4

= 2 ( 2 + 4 ) 0 . ( 2 )2 0
2

2

 1 4 .
2

 
) . v0 = v1 = ( 2 , 1 4 , 0
2
 74
   
 . w2 = 2 , 0, 1 4 ) ( u 0, v 0 , w2
( )
2

  

. K 16 det ( u0 , v 0 , w2 ) Vmax 1 4 z
2


2 2
(x )2 x2
4 4
= x . z = 1 4
2

2
 
= . w 0 = w2 ( 2 , 0, )
2
1 4

2
= Vmax 1
6 4

1 3 4 + 3 ) ( 1 ) ( 3 2
= Vmax =
8 24 24
) ( 1 ) ( 1 + 1 + 1 2 1
=
24 24

1 1 1
Vmax
8 24 8
Vmax 18
  
) u0 = ( 1, 0, 0 ) v 0 = ( 12 , 23 , 0 ) w 0 = ( 21 , 0, 23
. = 1


k m n . p = m + k + 1
n + 1 ) . as = s ( s + 1 a1a2 an
) = (am +1 ak )( am +2 ak )(am +n ak

) . as ar = (s r )( s + r + 1
n n n
=   (am + j ak ) = ( m k + j ) (m+
) k +1
+ j
p
j =1 j =1 j =1
75 1967

!) ( m k + n )! ( p + n
=
!) ( m k !p

!) ( m k + n
= n ! C nm+mk k
!) ( m k

!) ( p + n 1 +1
= ( n + 1 ) ! C pn+ n
!p p
p > n + 1 p ! ) ( n + 1 !) ( p 1

gcd ( p, ( n + 1 ) ! ( p 1 ) ! ) = 1 ) ) ! ) p | (C np+1p ( ( p 1 ) ! ( n 1
. p | C np+1p
= n !( n + 1)!
:
1 n +1
= C C nm+mk k
p p +n
. n ! ( n + 1 ) ! = a1a2 an

 A0B0C 0 . A1B1C 1 ABC
A1B1C 1 A0 B0 C 0
] [ BC ] [CA ] . [ AB

: . :
A . B = B1 =A  ABC A1B1C 1 1

 A CA ] [C 0B0 A1
) (C 0B0 . A0
 B CB ] [ A0C 0 B1
) ( A0C 0 . B0
 76

 ) A ( ABC ) = k 2A ( A1B1C 1 ) A ( XYZ

. AAB
1B1
XYZ k
ABC AB .
A1  A CA B
CB M N
C1 B1 A B ) . ( AB
M ] [C 0A N ] [ BC 0
CA
A
M 
CB
N
C0
AB = 2MN MN
B A 
B A B ) ( AB
A0 B0
. AB 2A B
) . ( AB ) ( A B

C  A B C 0
) . ( A B

:
A CA ] [C 0B0 1

A0 A .
 CB ] [ A0C 0
B1 B0 B .
 C 0 ) . ( A B CA A
CB . B
 C ) ( AB0 ) . ( BA0

 ) ( a1, , a 8 . n

(cn )n 1 . cn = a1n + a2n + + a 8n
} Z = { n : cn = 0 .
77 1967

. :
} V = { ak : 1 k 8
v } V \{ 0
} J v+ = { k {1, , 8 } : ak = v } J v = { k {1, , 8 } : ak = v
) v+ = card (J v+ ) . v = card (J v
( ) n , c2n +1 = ( v+ v ) v 2n +1
} v V \{ 0

H } W = { v V \{ 0 } : v+ v

n , = c2n +1 ( v+ v ) v 2n +1
v W
w = max W
c2n +1 v 2n +1
n ,
w 2n +1
) = ( w+ w ) + ( v+ v
} v W \{w w ) (

lim
n
( wc
2n +1
2n +1 )= +
w w 0

n0
c2n +1
n n 0 , >0
w 2n +1
n 1, c2n . n n 0, c2n +1 0 0
n 2n0, cn 0 } . Z {1, 2, , 2n 0
. H = . W
v V \{ 0 } , v+ = v
) ( . n , c2n +1 = 0 Z
) . Z = \( 2
: 8 .

 78

n m .

. ..
. n


mk . k m1 = m
. mn = n k k
mk k
k + k + 1
7
mk k 6 6
mk +1 = mk k + ( 7 )
= mk k
7 7

k k 1 k 1
7 7 7
)(6
mk +1 )(
6
mk = k )(
6
; 1k <n

n 1 n 1 k 1
7 7
)(6
mn m1 = k
k =1
)(
6

n k 1
7
= m k
k =1
)(
6

n
n k x n +1 1 x n ( ( n + 1 )( x 1 ) x ) + 1
kx k 1
= x = =
k =1 k =0 x 1 ( x 1 )2

n k 1
7 ) 7n ( n 6
= m k
k =1
)(6
= 36 +
6n 1
gcd ( 6n 1, 7n ) = 1 m 6n1
. n 6 6n 1 > n 6 n = 6 . m = 36





.
C

a + 1 a a 1
a 1 a
a . 2
A a +1 B
] [ AB ] [ BC ] . [CA

=
(a 1 )2 + ( a + 1 )2 a 2 a2 + 2
cos A =
) 2 ( a 1 )( a + 1 ) 2 (a 2 1

=
a 2 + ( a + 1 )2 ( a 1 )2 a+4
cos B =
) 2a ( a + 1 ) 2 (a + 1
=
a 2 + ( a 1 )2 ( a + 1 )2 a4
cosC =
) 2a ( a 1 ) 2 (a 1

cosC
> 1 . a 3
B
< A AC < BC < AB


<C

>
C .
3
B
= 2A
B

= 2C A

= 2C

. B
< A :

2
2 ( 1 + cos A . A )


) = ( 2 cos B 


= 2B
3a 2 a+4 2
a2 1
= (
a +1 )
a + 1

3a 2 ( a + 1 ) = ( a 1 ) ( a + 4 )2

a 3 2a 2 4a + 8 = 0 . ( a + 2 )(a 2 )2 = 0
( .A
=B ) . a 3
= 0

79
 80
2
2 ( 1 + cosC
) = ( 2 cos A
.C )



= 2A
2
3 ( a 2 ) a 2 + 2
= 2
a 1 a 1
a 1
2
) 3 ( a 2 )( a 1 )( a + 1 )2 = ( a 2 + 2

2a 4 3a 3 13a 2 + 3a + 2 = 0
a . 2 a
3.
2
2 ( 1 + cosC
) = ( 2 cos B
.C )



= 2B
2
) 3 (a 2 a+4
a 1
= (
a +1 )

2a 3 7a 2 17a + 10 = 0
a 3
. 10
(a 5 ) ( 2a 2 + 3a 2 ) = 0
2a 2 + 3a 2 = 2 (a 2 1 ) + 3a 3a > 0 . a = 5
ABC AB = 6 BC = 5
C
= 2B .
CA = 4


 n
. n 2 10n 22

n 11
n 2 10n 22 = ( n + 1 )( n 11 ) 11 < 0

n . 12
81 1968

n
m
= n = ( dmdm 1 d0 )10 dk 10k
k =0

n 2 10n 22 = dm dm 1 d 0 dm 9m < dm 10m n

n 2 11n 22 < 0 n 2 11n 26 < 0

( n 13 )( n + 2 ) < 0
. n < 13 n
n 2 10n 22 12 12
.


 a b c . a 0 S
) ( x1, , x n n
} ax k2 + bx k + c = x k +1 : k {1,2, , n
. x n +1 = x1 ) card ( S 0 1
1 = (b 1 )2 4ac .

f ( x ) = ax 2 + (b 1 ) x + c :

 . < 0 ) f ( x a
x . x , af ( x ) > 0
S ) ( x1, , x n n
f ( x k ) = x k +1 x k
k {1, , n }, a ( x k +1 x k ) > 0
a ( x n +1 x1 ) > 0 x n +1
. x1 = S .
 82

 . = 0 z f ( x ) = a(x z )2
x .
S ) ( x1, , x n n
f ( x k ) = x k +1 x k
k {1, , n }, x k +1 x k = a ( x k z )2

n
a ( x k z )2 = x n +1 x1 = 0
k =1
x k = z k } . {1, ,n
k {1, , n }, x k = z . S card ( S ) = 1 .
 . > 0 z1 z 2
) f ( x ) = a ( x z 2 )( x z1
S ) ( x1, , x n ) ( y1, , yn
:
k {1, , n }, x k = z1 k {1, , n }, yk = z 2
card ( S ) > 1 .


.

.
.
ABCD ] [ AB .

AB AC AD
] [ AB
) (1 AB AC + AD
83 1968

BA BC BD
] [ AB

)(2 BA BC + BD
) ( 1 ) ( 2
)(3 2AB AC + AD + BC + BD
ABC AC + BC > AB ABD
AD + BD > AB
AC + BC + AD + BD > 2AB
) . ( 3 .

. f : a
1
x , = ) f (x + a + f ( x ) ( f ( x ) )2
2
f f . a = 1

] x , f ( x ) [ 0,1
] . x , f ( x ) [ 12 ,1

g : , g ( x ) = 2 f ( x ) 1
g ] . [ 0,1 x
= ) g (x + a = 4 f ( x ) 4 ( f ( x ) )2 1 ( g ( x ) )2
x
= ) g ( x + 2a = 1 ( g ( x + a ) )2 ) 1 (1 g 2 ( x )) = g ( x
. g ( x ) 0 g 2a . f
-2a .
) ) f ( x ) = 12 ( 1 + cos ( 2 x
.a = 1
 84

n
n + 2k
= Sn k +1

k 0 2

x x . x


x , x + x + 12 = 2x
x x + x + 21 2x 1 .
[ [ 0, 21 [. [ 21 ,1

n < 2k . n2+k +21 = 0
k

n 1 n n
= Sn ) 2k +1 + 2 = ( 2k 2k +1
k 0 k 0
n n
= 2k 2k = n
k 0 k 1

.


QWE
AgD
ZXC



m n 4 + m
n .

m = 4k 4 k
2
n 4 + 4k 4 = ( n 2 + 2k 2 ) 4k 2n 2
) = ( n 2 + 2kn + 2k 2 )( n 2 2kn + 2k 2
) = ( ( n + k )2 + k 2 )( ( n k )2 + k 2
 
1 1

n n 4 + 4k 4 .


 ) (a1, a2, , an . n f :
n
) cos ( x + ak
= f x
( )
2k 1
k =1

f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) = 0 . x1 x 2


n n
e i( x +ak ) e i ak
) f ( x ) = Re k 1 = Re e i x k 1 = Re ( e i x
k =1 2 k =1 2
n
e i ak
= . k 1
k =1 2
n n
e i ak 1 1 1
e i a1
k =2 2
k 1 1
k =2 2
(
k 1 = 1 1 n 1 = n 1 > 0
2 2 )
0 [ [ 0, 2 r + . = re i
x , ) f ( x ) = r cos ( x
f ( x ) = 0 } { + 2 + k : k

x1 x 2 .

85
 86

 k } {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 a
k a 6 k
. 1
A
 . k = 1
ABCD AB = a
C
a
D . 1 M ] . [CD
M
BCD ACD
B 1 . MB = MA = 23
AMB . 0 < AB < AM + MB
.0 < a < 3
0 < a < 3 AMB
3
= AM = MB AB = a
2
M ) ( AMB C D
M . 12 ABCD .
. 0 < a < 3
 . k = 5
H1/a . a1 ABCD
a 1
b = 1/a . 1 0 < b < 3
1
. b = 1/a <a
3
b
0 < b < 3
1
) ( H1/a . 1 = Ha
a . 1
. 13 < a
87 1969

 . k = 2 a
A
. 1 :
a a  a .
C D
ABCD
M
AC AD a
B . 1 M ] . [CD
BCD . MB = 23
ACD . MA = a 2 14
AMB
MB AB < MA < MB + AB

3 1 3
1 < a2 < 1 +
2 4 2
2 3 < a < 2 + ) 3 3
2 2
(1 3 ) = 2 ( 2
:
3 1 3 +1
< <a
2 2
A  a .
ABCD
a
a
C
M
D AB CD a . 1
M ] . [CD
B BCD ACD .
a2
= MB = MA 1
4
AMB AB < MB + MA
a2
a < 2 1
4
. a < 2
 88

2 < 1+ 2 3 k = 2 a
1+ 3
< 0 <a
2
k = 1 AMB
C . D . 0 < a < 1+ 2 3
 . k = 4
. k = 2 3 1
2
< a
. H1/a
. k = 3
a +
1 . a
 a 1 a
. 1
 a > 1 1
. a


C C ] [ AB A . B D
C ) . ( AB C1 C2 C 3 :
 C1 ABC.
 C2 C ] [CD ] . [ DA
 C 3 C ] [CD ] . [ DB
) ( AB C1 C2 . C 3

Ok rk Ck k } {1, 2, 3
O r C ] [ AB .
. AB = c BC = a
CA = b ABC C . a 2 + b 2 = c 2
89 1969

D ) A ( , 0 ) B ( , 0
) C ( , 0 .
ab a2 b2
= = =
c c c

C
O2 C2
O1
C1
C 3 O3

A D O B
 . C1 ) ( x1, y1 .O1 :
- ) ( AC . x y + = 0
- ) ( BC . x + y = 0
- ) ( AB . y = 0
O1 r1
x1 y1 + x1 + y1
= r1 = y1 =
2 + 2 2 + 2
) ( AC ) ( BC O1 D
x1 y1 + x1 + y1
. . y1 > 0
x1 y1 + x1 y1
= r1 = y1 =
b a

 ( + b ) y1 x 1 =

 ( + a ) y1 + x 1 =

  + = c

c ab ) ab ( a + b a 2 + b 2
= y1 = =
a +b +c a + b + a 2 + b2 2ab
 90

a +b c
= y1
2

1 c b 2 a +b c b2
= x1

= ( + b ) y1
ab c
+ b

2

c ( )
) (b + c )( a + b c b2 b + c a b2 b a a 2 b2
= = = +
2a c 2 c 2 2c

) (a b )( a + b c
= x1
2c
= r1 O1 a +b c
2 C1

= ) ( x 1, y1 ) ( (a b )(2ac+ b c ), a + 2b c
 . C2 ) ( x 2, y2 .O2 O2
. y2 = x 2 = r2 C
. OO2 = r r2
) ( 2 , 0 O r = c2 = +2
2 2
+
= (OO2 )2 ( 2
x2 ) = + x 22 ( 2
x2 ) = ( r r2 )2

2 2
+
= x 22 (
2
x2
2( )) x 2 = ( 2x 2)
( x 2 + )2 = + 2 = c = b 2 . x 2 = b
C2 r2 = b = b bc O2
2

2 2
b b
( x 2 , y2 ) = b , b
c c
: x 2 + = b A C2 ) ( AB
. AC
91 1969

 . C 3 ) ( x 3, y3 .O3 O3
. y 3 = x 3 = r3 C
. OO3 = r r3
2 2
+
= (OO3 )2 ( 2
x3 ) = + x 32 ( 2
+ x3 ) = ( r r3 )2

2 2
+
= x 32 ( 2
+ x3 ( )
2 )
) x 3 = ( + 2x 3

( x 3 )2 = + 2 = c = a 2 . x 3 = a x 3
. C 3 r3 = a = a ac O3
2

2 a a 2
( x 3 , y 3 ) = a, a
c c
: x 3 = a B C 3 ) ( AB
. BC
] . [O3O2 ) ( x 4 , y 4
1 1 a 2 b 2
= ) x 4 = ( x2 + x 3 b a + = x2
2 2 c
1 1 a 2 + b 2 a + b c
= ) y 4 = ( y2 + y 3 a + b = = y2
2 2 c 2

O1 ] . [O2O3 ) (O2O3 C1 C 2
. C 3 ) ( AB ) (O2O3
.

 n 4 n .
) ( n 3 )( n 4
.
2
.
 92

n . A0 A1 A2
.
A2
S2 
A1
) Bk ( x k , yk k } . {1, 2, ,n
S3
S1 } = min { x k ,1 k n

A0
R } card ( {k {1, , n } : xk = } ) {1, 2

} {k {1, , n } : xk =
. x = :
 } . {k {1, , n } : xk = } = {k1 ( Bk )k k1
. x > k k1 mk :
yk yk1
= mk
xk x k1
mr = ms = m Bk1
Br Bs ) y yk1 = m ( x x k1
k0 k1
} mk0 = min {mk , k k1 } mk2 = max {mk , k k1
A0 = Bk0 A1 = Bk1 . A2 = Bk2
 } . {k {1, , n } : xk = } = {k1, k2 . yk1 < yk2
} ( Bk )k {k1,k2 . x >
yk yk1
= . mk } k {k1, k2 mk :
xk x k1
k0
}} mk0 = min {mk , k {k1, k2

 . A2 = Bk 2
A0 = Bk0 A1 = Bk1
93 1969

S . n 3 R
) ( A1A0 ) . ( A1A2
) (1 = ) R ( A1A2 = ) R ( A0A1

)(2 ) [ A0A2 ]\{ A0 , A2 } = R ( A0A2

S1 S 2 S 3 ] [ A1A0 ] [ A1A2 ] [ A0A2 .

S1 S 2 S 3 .

.
} {B,C S
} = {B,C } = min { k : ( BC ) Sk
} Q{B ,C ] [ BC } S {B ,C .

= ) . S {B ,C } ( BC 
} S {B ,C ] . [ BC 
} {B,C 1 2 ) . ( 1 } {B,C 3
) ( 2
) ] ( A0A2 ) [ BC ] = ( A0A2 ) ( R [ BC
] = ( ( A0A2 ) R ) [ BC
] = [ A0A2 ] [ BC
= ) S 3 ( BC

} {B,C } Q{B,C

(n ) 3 )( n 4
. . S C n23
2

 94

x1 x 2 y1 y2 z1 z 2 x1 > 0 x 2 > 0
x1y1 > z12 x 2y2 > z 22
8 1 1
2 2 +
) ( x 1 + x 2 )( y1 + y2 ) ( z1 + z 2 x1y1 z1 x 2y2 z 22
.

ak = x k yk zk2 } . k {1, 2
D = ( x1 + x 2 )( y1 + y2 ) ( z1 + z 2 )2
. D = a1 + a1 + x1y2 + x 2y1 2z1z 2
x1 x x x
= x1y2 + x 2y1 ) ( x 2y2 ) + 2 ( x1y1 ) = 1 ( z 22 + a2 ) + 2 ( z12 + a1
x2 x1 x2 x1
z 2 z 2 x a xa
= x1x 2 2 + 1 + 1 1 + 2 2
x 2 x1 x2 x1
z 2 z1 2 x1a1 x 2a2 2

= x1x 2 + 2z1z 2 + + 2 a1a2
x 2 x1 x2 x1

z 2 z1 2 x1a1 x 2a2 2

D = a1 + a2 + 2 a1a2 + x1x 2 +
x 2 x1 x2 x1
z z 2 x a xa
2
= 4 a1a2 + ( a1 a2 )2 + x1x 2 2 1 + 1 1 2 2
x 2 x1 x2 x1

( ) D 4 a1a2 > 0
x1a1 x 2a2 z1 z
= a1 = a2 = 2
x2 x1 x1 x2
x1 = x 2 y1 = y2 . z1 = z 2
a1 + a2 2 a1a2
a1 = a2 ) ( (a1 + a2 ) D 8a1a2
x1 = x 2 y1 = y2 . z1 = z 2
1 1 8
. . + :
a1 a2 D



M ] [ AB . ABC r r1 r2
ABC AMC BMC .
1 2 ABC AMC BMC
C . . r1r2 = r 12

ABC
C

.C X
) ( AB Y Z
Z r
) ( BC ) (CA X Y Z
O Y

B
) ( AB ) ( BC
X
A X

Z ) (CA .
Y
O
C AB = c B
A
ABC

BC = a CA = b p .

 AX = AZ BX = BY CY = CZ
AX = p CY BY = p a
 AX = AZ BX = BY CY = CZ
1
a + BX = b + AX = ( a + BX + b + AX ) = p
2
. BX = p a
BX = 12 ( B
 O  O BX )

p a BX B

= = tan
O X 2
 OAX
r OX A

= = tan
p a AX 2

95
 96

r A
B

= tan tan
2 2
AMC
C r1 A
CMA


= tan tan
1 2 2
BMC
r2 B
BMC

r = tan tan
r2
2 2 2
r1 B
A
2 BMC  =
 + CMA

tan CMA = 1
1
BMC
 
tan
2 2

r1 r2 A
B
r
= tan tan =
1 2 2 2
.


c p 1 p 
c = ( x n x n 1 x 0 )p
x n > 0 D p = { 0,1, , p 1 } x k

k =0 x k p k
n
.c =
Db ( x k )0k n . a > b 2 b a
. x n 1 > 0 x n > 0
A = ( x n x n 1 x 0 )a , B = ( x n x n 1 x 0 )b
A = ( x n 1x n 2 x 0 )a , B = ( x n 1x n 2 x 0 )b
. A B < AB
97 1970

A = A x na n B = B x nbn
) AB BA = A ( B x nb n ) B ( A x na n ) = x n (a n B b n A

n n
= a n B bnA ) xk (a nbk a kbn ) = xka kbk (a n k bn k
k =0 k =0
n
) = x n 1a n 1b n 1 (a b ) + x ka kb k (a n k b n k
k =2
n 1 n 1
x n 1a b ) (a b

AB BA x n x n 1a n 1b n 1 (a b ) > 0
.

 (ak )k 0 . a 0 = 1
(bn )n 1
n
ak 1 1
= bn 1 ak ak
k =1

.1 0 bn < 2 . n
.2 c [ [ 0, 2 (ak )k 0 bn > c
. n = n0

.1 bn 0 ( ak )k 0 . t
1 1
] [ ak 1, ak
ak a k t t
ak
ak ak 1 dt
ak ak
t t
ak 1

n n ak an
a ak 1 dt dt 2 an 2
bn = k = = = 2
k =1 ak ak k =1 ak 1 t t
a0
t t t 1 an

. bn < 2
 98

.2 ak = 2k . 0 < < 1
n
n +1
= bn (1 2 )k = (1 2 ) 1
) = ( + 2 )( 1 n
k =1
0 c < 2 c . c < c < 2 + 2
+ 0 = 0 2 = 1
0 [ ] 0,1 . 0 + 02 = c n 0
c
.1 > 0n0
c
(ak )k 0 ak = 02k bn > c
n . n n 0

 n :
} Sn = {n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, n + 4, n + 5 An Bn
An . Bn

n . An . Bn
 p . Sn p
An Bn p
An . Bn p
} . {1,2, 3, 4, 5 } . p { 2, 3, 5
 I n . Sn
. 3 2 3 .
. card ( I n ( 3 )) 1 . card ( I n ( 5 )) 1
 I n 3 . 5 Sn
2 3 . 5
. 1 . n = 1
 n = 1 A1 B1 5
n .

99 1970

BDC D
= 
2  ABCD
) ( ABC . ABC
) ( AB + BC + CA )2 6 ( ( AD )2 + ( BD )2 + (CD )2
D .
C
H
A
H ABC E
E
B
C ) (CH ) . ( AB
 ) ( DH ) ( ABC
) . ( DH ) ( AB ) . (CE ) ( AB ) (CE
. ABC
 ) ( AB ) . ( DEC ) . ( DE ) ( AB
 CEB CDB EBD
CE 2 = CB 2 EB 2 = 
CEB
2

= CD 2 + DB 2 EB 2 = 
CDB
2

= CD 2 + DE 2 
DE= B
2

CDE . D ) (CD
) ( DB ) ( DE ) ( DBE ) ( DBA
.CDA
) (CD ) ( DA  =
2

. BDA
  =
2

 ADB BDC CDA D

) AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2 = 2 ( DA2 + DB 2 + DC 2
 ) (a + b + c )2 3 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2
. a = b = c
) ( AB + BC + CA )2 6 ( DA2 + DB 2 + DC 2
ABC .
 100

 100 .
. 70%

.1 A B C . D .
 D . ABC 
ADB
CDA 2 BDC  

.
 D . ABC
A B C D 2
.
.
.2 . .
.
. 3 5
) ( .
. 152 = 7
.3 n . n 5 C n3 . C n5
.
. 7 C n5
) C n23 ( .
7 C n5
n
C n23

7 C n5 7
=
C n23C n3 10
.



n . 2 ) (a1, a2, , an n
) En (a1, a2, , an n
) (a1 a2 )(a1 a 3 )(a1 an ) (a2 a1 )(a2 a 3 )(a2 an. . .
) . (an a1 )(an a2 )(an an 1 Pn
(a1, , an ) n , En ( a1, , an ) 0
Pn } . n { 3, 5

) A = (a1, a2, , an n A
n
) A ( X ) = ( X a1 )( X an ) = ( X ak
k =1

n
= ) En ( A ) = En (a1, , an ) A (ak
k =1
) En (a1, , an ) = En (a(1 ), , a n
( )

} . {1,2, ,n ) En (a1, , an
. a1 a2 an
 n = 2m . m 2 ) A = ( 0, 0, , 0, 1 . n
) = X 2m 1 ( X + 1 . En ( A ) = 1 P2m
m . m 2
 n = 2m + 1 . m 3 ) A = ( 0, , 0,1,1,1, 12 . n
) = X 2m 3 ( X 1 )3 ( X 12
2m 3 3
1 1 1
= ) En ( A ( )(
2 2
1 ) =
2 2m <0

P2m +1 m . m 3

101
 102

 . n = 3 ) A = (a1, a2, a 3 . 3
(ak )1k 3 . a1 a2 a 3
) E 3 ( A ) = (a1 a2 )(a1 a 3 ) + ( a2 a1 )(a2 a 3 ) + (a 3 a1 )(a 3 a2
) = (a1 a2 )(a1 a 3 a2 + a 3 ) + (a 3 a1 )( a 3 a2
= (a1 a2 )2 + (a 3 a1 )( a 3 a2 ) 0

P3 .
 . n = 5 ) A = (a1, a2, a 3, a 4 , a5 . 5
(ak )1k 5 . a1 a2 a 3 a 4 a5
E 5 ( A ) = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5

) T1 = ( a2 a1 )(a 3 a1 )(a 4 a1 )( a5 a1
) T2 = ( a2 a1 )( a 3 a2 )( a4 a2 )( a5 a2
) T3 = (a 3 a1 )(a 3 a2 )( a 4 a 3 )( a5 a 3
) T4 = (a 4 a1 )( a 4 a2 )( a 4 a 3 )( a5 a4
) T5 = (a 5 a1 )(a 5 a2 )( a 5 a 3 )(a 5 a 4

.
 ak a1 ak a2 0 k } { 3, 4, 5
) ( a 3 a1 )( a 4 a1 )( a 5 a1 ) (a 3 a2 )( a 4 a2 )( a 5 a2

.T1 + T2 0
 a5 ak a 4 ak 0 k } {1, 2, 3
) ( a 5 a1 )( a5 a2 )( a 5 a 3 ) ( a 4 a1 )( a 4 a2 )( a 4 a 3

.T4 + T5 0
 T3 . E 5 ( A ) 0
P5 . .

103 1971

 P1 . ( Ak )1k 9 Pi P1

. A1Ai ( Pi )1i 9

.

h = HA1,2 A1 . 2 ) .Q = h ( P1

)(1 i {1, , 9 }, Pi Q
M Pi Pi M 1 P1
  
A1M = A1Ai + A1M1
N 1 ] [ M 1Ai
   
)(2 A1M = A1Ai + A1M 1 = 2A1N 1
M 1 Ai P1 P1 N 1
. P1 ) ( 2 ) M = h ( N 1 . M h ( P1 ) = Q
Pi .Q

( Pi )1i 9
9
vol ( = Pi
1i 9
) ) vol ( Pi ) = 9 vol ( P1
i =1
) ( 1 P Q
1i 9

vol ( )
) P vol (Q
1i 9

) 9 vol ( P1 ) vol (Q Q P1 2
) vol (Q ) = 23 vol ( P1

) 9 vol ( P1 ) 8 vol ( P1
. ( Pi )1i 9
.

 104

 2n 3
.

:
: m r 2r 1 . m

: { 0,1, , m } /m : k 2k mod m
k1 k2
0 k1 < k2 m

2k1 = 2k2 mod m
gcd ( 2, m ) = 1 2k2 k1 = 1mod m
. r = k2 k1
( nr )r 1 r 1
k {1, 2, , r }, gcd ( 2nr +1 3, 2nk 3 ) = 1
 n1 = 3 . n2 = 4
 ) ( n1, n2 , , nr gcd ( 2n j 3,2ni 3 ) = 1
. 1 i < j r
r
) m = ( 2n j 3
j =1

nr +1 2nr +1 1
. m 2nr +1 3 m
k {1, 2, , r }, gcd ( 2nr +1 3, 2nk 3 ) = 1

}{ 2nr 3 : r 1 ( nr )r 1 .
.

105 1971

 ABCD . X
] [ AB Y ] [ BC Z
] [CD T ] . [ AD
DAB
+ BCD .1
+ ABC
CDA

XYZTX .
DAB
+ BCD .2
+ ABC
= CDA

XYZTX
= . 1
2
+ CAD
( BAC 2AC sin )
+ DAB

D
Z

ABCD
C
] [ AB ] [ BD ] [ AC
T Y .
A X B ABDB AC :

A
X
T B

C Z
D
Y

A X B

ABCD ABDC BDAC

DB AC .
 XYZTX .
ABDC X Y Z
BDAC Y Z T
Z T X . Y Z T
) . ( XX
 106
   
 AX = tAB 0 < t < 1 . AX = tAB
     
XX = AX AX = AX + AA AX
  
= AA + t AB AB ( )
 2
f ( t ) = XX :
 2    2
)(1 f ( t ) = t 2 V + 2tAA V + AA
  
.V = A B AB
 ) ( XX A A
B B AB = A B AA = BB
ABB A
   
) ( AB )
( A B AB = A B . AA = BB
 
A X
B
 . AB = A B
T ) ( 1 XX = AA
C Z
D
X ] [ AB
Y

A X B XYZTX
. = AA ACA

= 2CA sin ( 21 ACA )
 
 . AB A B AA BB
. BB < AA ) ( 1 t = 1
 2  
BB 2 = AA2 + V + 2AA V < AA2
 2  
) f ( t . V + 2AA V < 0
] [ 0,1 ) t f ( t ] . [ 0,1
.
107 1971
 
. AB = A B 
.

 
 
  
   



(AB, A B ) = (AB, BC ) + (BC ,CD ) + (CD, DA) + (DA, A B )
+ BCD
= CBA + DAB
+ ADC

CBA
+ DAB
= BCD ADC

 
AB = A B
(2) = CBA
+ DAB
BCD + ADC

:
A B

D
C

A B

= 2 ACB
ACA BCD
DCA
BCD
) + DCA
= ( ACB ( )
+ CBA
= BAC +A
DC + CA
D BCD
+ CAD
= BAC + CBA
+ ADC BCD
  

DAB
+ CAD
= BAC + DAB


+ CAD
BAC + DAB

= 2AC sin

2
.

 108

m S
A S m S A
. 1

. m
} . {1, 2, ,m ) C (a, r a . r
( uk )k m B m
uB = uk . u = 0
k B

m Pm.

( uk )k m ) C 0 = C ( 0,1
:
 B uB ) P ( m m

.
) P ( m  B B
. card ( B B ) > 1 uB uB 1

 . m = 1 u1 = 1 :
u = 0 . u{1 } = 1
  . P1.
 . m = 2 u1 u2 = a
C 0 . :
u = 0, u{1 } = 1, u{ 2 } = a, u{1,2} = 1 + a
 } { 0,1, a,1 + a
a + 1 0 a 1  } . a {1,1
 u{1,2} u 1 u{1} u{2} 1
a + 1 1 . a 1 1 
) a C ( 1,1 ) C ( 1,1
109 1971

) C ( 1,1 ) C ( 1,1 C 0
} ( {1,1 } C ( 1,1 ) C ( 1,1 ) ) C 0 = {1, 1, j, j2, j, j2
j = 1+2 3 a C 0
  . P2.
 . Pm Pm +1 ( uk )k m
C 0   .
um +1 = a C 0 ( uk )k m +1
.
 
} { u B : B m } {a + u B : B m

} a { uB uB : B m , B m
( uk )k m  uB uB C 0
B = B card ( B B ) > 1
} a {uB uB : B m , B m , card ( B B ) = 1
a E0
}} E0 = { uk : k m , {1,1
  a + uB uB 1
B B . m
a } {C ( uB uB ,1 ) : B m , B m , B B
C 0

) } E1 = C 0 ( {C ( uB uB ,1 ) : B m , B m , B B
. ) . 2 ( 3m 1
a ) C 0 \( E0 E1
( uk )k m +1 um +1 = a . Pm +1 .
 110

. m ( uk )1k m
C 0   .
Sm = { uB : B m } = Im
2m Sm ) P ( m
 .
u . Sm B m . u = uB
Sm u
} N u = { u Sm : card ( B 1 ( u ) ) = 1

B : m N u , k u{k }B
u N B ) B 1 ( u
card ( N u ) = m
v Sm . u ) . B = 1 ( v
 v N u card ( B B ) > 1 
u v = uB uB 1
 v N u k m B ( k ) = v
} . B = B {k
. u v = uB uB = uk = 1
{ v Sm : u v = 1} = N u
u S m , card ( { v Sm : u v = 1 } ) = m

Sm .


A = (aij )1i, j n . 0
aij = 0 i
n2
. j . n A
2
111 1971

) ( i, j {1, ,n }2
n n
= Cj = Li akj aik
k =1 k =1
) x = min ( L1, L2, , Ln ,C 1,C 2, ,C n i0
x = Li0 A
A . A
 x n2 i =1 Li
n

nx . n2
2

j J , ai0 j  x < n2 } J = { j : ai0 j > 0 1

n
) card ( J j J ai j 0
< = Li0 = x
2
< .y n
2 ) y = card (J

(C j + Li 0
) ) n card ( {1, , n }\J ) = n ( n y
j J

C j ) n ( n y ) x ( n y ) = (n x ) ( n y
j J

C j x card (J ) = xy
j J

n
( i, j )aij = j =1C j ) xy + (n x ) ( n y
n 2 ( x + y ) n + 2xy
n 2 n 2 2 ( x + y ) n + 4xy
+
2 2
2
n ) ( n 2x ) ( n 2y n2
+ >
2 2 2
A . n2 .
2

 112

: ) A = (aij
1 + ( 1 )i + j
= aij
2

n2
aij =
2
1i, j n

QWE
AgD
ZXC


S } . {10,11, , 99
S .

S } . {10,11, , 99 . card ( S ) = 10
S ) P ( S
= ) : P ( S ) , ( B b
b S

. b = 0
b
99
B S , ) 0 (B k = 945
k = 90

} { 0,1, , 945 946

card ( P ( S ) ) = 210 = 1024 . S
A B ) ( A ) = ( B A = A\B
B = B \A S
a = b
a A b B

= A = B
. A = B .

 n . n > 4 n
.

.
113
 114

N
D . ABCD
A
M .
O C K
O
K
L ] . [ AB
B OKB ] [ BC L
OLC ] [ DC M OMD ] [ AD
N OKBL OLCM OMDN ONAK
ABCD .
ONAK .
 = D
MON LOM   = C = A KOL   = B 

 = 2 ( B
NOK  ( D
)A )
 +D
=B  = A
 A 
ONAK .
O
K .
) (OK )  ( BC O
ABCD :
 O ) d1 = ( BC d2 d1
. A K ] . [ AB
) (ON )  ( DC ONA
OKA  = C  =B  

N ] [ AD O
) d3 = (CD d4 d3 . A
.D
DMO 
 OMDN 

M ] [CD O d5
) ( AD ) . (CD d6 d5 .C
115 1972

OLB OKBL 

 . B L ] [ BC O
d7 ) ( AB ) . ( BC d8 d7
.C
d5
d2

D d6
N M
A
d1
O
C
d7
K L
d3

B d4
d8
O C
.  C
O .

 n m ! ) ( 2m ) ! ( 2n
! ) . m ! n ! ( n + m

) ( n, m 2
! ) ( 2n ) ! ( 2m
= An,m
!) n !m !( n + m
. ( An,m )( n,m )2
) 2 ( 2m + 1 ) 2 ( 2n + 1
= An,m +1 = An +1,m An ,m A
n +m +1 n + m + 1 n,m

= An +1,m + An,m +1 ( 2 n2n++m1

( )
+
) 2 ( 2m + 1
n +m )
An ,m = 4An ,m
 116

:
) (1 ( n, m ) 2 , An +1,m = 4An,m An,m +1

n Pn . m , An,m

 P0
! ) ( 2m
= A0,m = C 2mm
( m ! )2
 ) ( 1 Pn Pn +1 An,m.
Pn . n .


( x12 x 3x 5 )( x 22 x 3x 5 ) 0
( x 22 x 4x1 )( x 32 x 4x1 ) 0
( x 32 x 5x 2 )( x 42 x 5x 2 ) 0
( x 42 x1x 3 )( x 52 x1x 3 ) 0
( x 52 x 2x 4 )( x12 x 2x 4 ) 0

x i = x i 5 . 6 i 10 S :
5
= S ) ( xi2 xi +2xi +4 )( xi2+1 xi +2xi +4
i =1
. S 0
5
= S ) ( xi2xi2+1 xi2x i +2x i +4 xi2+1x i +2x i +4 + x i2+2x i2+4
i =1

5 5 5 5
2S = 2 x i2x i2+1 2 x i2x i +2x i + 4 2 x i2+1x i +2x i + 4 + 2 x i2+2x i2+ 4
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

5 5 5 5

= xi2+2xi2+4 xi2xi2+2 = xi2x i2+1 x i2+4xi2

i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
 117 1972

5 5 5 5

= xi2+2xi2+4 xi2+3xi2 = xi2+1xi +2xi +4 xi2xi +1x i +3

i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

5 5
= 2S ( x i2 x i2+ 4 2x i +2x i + 4 + x i2+2 ) ) + x i2 ( x i2+1 2x i +1x i + 3 + x i2+ 3
i =1 i =1

5 5
= 2S x i2 ( xi +2 xi +4 )2 + xi2 ( xi +1 xi +3 )2
i =1 i =1
S 0 i {1, , 5 }, x i = x i +2
x1 = x 2 = x 3 = x 4 = x 5
.
.


f : . g :
 ) ( x , y 2 ) . f ( x + y ) + f ( x y ) = 2 f ( x ) g ( y
 f x . f ( x ) 1
g ( x ) 1 x .

.
.1 b . f (b ) 0 y
( un )n . un = f (b + ny ) + f (b ny ) :
) un +1 + un 1 = f (b + ( n + 1 ) y ) + f (b ( n + 1 ) y
) + f (b ( n 1 ) y ) + f (b + ( n 1 ) y
) = f (b + ny + y ) + f (b + ny y
) + f (b ny + y ) + f (b ny y
) = 2 f (b + ny ) g ( y ) + 2 f (b ny ) g ( y ) = 2un g ( y
 118

n , un +1 + un 1 = 2un
) = g ( y ) u0 = 2 f (b ) . u1 = 2 f (b
g ( y ) > 1 n
n n
(
) un = f (b ) ( + 2 1 ) + ( 2 1 )
> 1 + 2 1 > 1 0 < 2 1 < 1
< 1 2 1 < 1 . 1 < + 2 1 < 0

n
) un f (b ) ( + 2 1
lim un = + f.
n
.2 . . m = sup f ( x ) > 0
) f (x + y ) + f (x y
( x , y ) 2, = ) f (x ) g (y m
2
x
y , m g (y ) m
. y , . g ( y ) 1
f 1 .

 .
.

A0A1A2A3 Pk

Ak n
. :
 
( ) } Pk = { M : A0M n = dk
. d0 = 0 < d1 < d2 < d3
119 1972

. A0B1B2B3

n HA0 ,r A0 r ) Ak = HA0 ,r ( Bk
Pk ) ( .
3 A0B1B2B3
1 0 0 1
1
B1 = 0 B2 = 1 B3 = 0 A0 = 1
3 0 0
1 1

r n
 
A0Ak n = dk , 1 k 3

 
rA0Bk n = dk , 1k 3

. rn = [ , , ]T
4 + + = 3d1
+ 4 + = 3d2
+ + 4 = 3d 3

d1 + d2 + d 3
= d1
6
d + d2 + d 3
= d2 1
6
d1 + d2 + d 3
= d3
6
 1
= n = r [ , , ]T 2 + 2 + 2
r
.
 120

QWE
AgD
ZXC






( Pk )1k 2n +1
(OPk )1k 2n +1
.O













OP1 + OP2 + + OP2n +1 1

. n
 n = 0.
 . n 1




(OPk )1k 2n +1 .O

( Pk )1k 2n +1 (e i k )1k 2n +1




(OPk )1k 2n +1 . 0 1 2 2n +1 :
} { re i : 1 2n +1 ( Pk )2k 2n



2n 



1
r i
2n e = OG G OPk
2n k =2




r + ] . [ 1, 2n +1 re i . k =2OPk
2n





. r 1 1
2n
k =2OPk




2n +1
Z = e i 1 + e i 2n +1 + re i Z .V = k =1 OPk

Z = exp i ( +2 )( 2 cos (
1 2n +1 2n +1
2
1
))) ) + r exp ( i ( +2
1 2n +1

Z = 2 cos + re i
= ] . = 2n +21 +1 [ 2 , 2 2n +1 1
2 ] [ 0, 2
2
Z = r 2 + 4 cos2 + 4r cos cos r 2 1


V 1 . n
121
 122


) ( AB ) (CD A B C D

.
S
.

A B
C D ) ( AB ) (CD .
A B C
A A D B
B ABCD
) ( AB ) (CD . S
.

} S = {a, a,b, b, c, c, a + b, a b, a + c, a c

b = ( 12 , 0, 2
3
b = ( 12 , ) 3
2 ,0 a) ) = ( 1, 0, 0

123 1973

 D ) (a,b 2
x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + ax + 1 = 0
. } . = inf {a 2 + b 2 : (a,b ) D

x
) (E x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + ax + 1 = 0
1
x 0 y = x + [ \]2,2
x
2
)(E y + ay + b 2 = 0
) ( E x
y [ \]2,2
1
x + = x = y 1
2 (y + ) y 2 4
x
) . ( E
} D = { ( a, b ) 2 : y ( \]2,2 [ ), y 2 + ay + b 2 = 0
1
2 y 2 + ay + b 2 = 0 ) 21 ( a + ) ( a
= a 2 + 8 4b 0
) ( a, b ) D ( 0 ( { a +2 a
, 2 ) [} \ ]2,2

) ( a, b ) D ( 0 ( ( a +2
2 ) ( a 2 ) ) 2

) ( a, b ) D ( a 2 + 8 4b ( a 2 + 8 4b 4 a )

b
a 2 + 8 4b 4 a ( a 4 ) a 1 + ( 2 )
( a 4 )2 0 ) a 2 + 8 8 ( a 1 a 1 + b2
a 2 + 8 4b
b
( a, b ) D ( (a 2 + 8 4b ) ( a 4 ) ) a 1 + ( 2 )
 124

) (a,b . D
 a 4 . a 2 + b 2 16
 b 2 . a 2 + b 2 4
b
 a 1 + > 0
2
2
5 4 1 5 4
a 2 + b 2 1 + b + b 2 = + + b
4 5 5 2 5
4
.
5
2 4
b0 = = a 0
5 5
4
= a 02 + b02 ( a 0 , b0 ) D
5
4
= . .
5

 .
.
.

ABC a
C2 C . r = 43 a
. A
C C1
C D
B
) C1 = C ( B, r B r
A B
) C 2 = C (C , r C
r B
C1 C . C 2
L AB C
AB C = [ AB ] [ B C ] : B C1 .C C 2
125 1973

} L inf { AB + B C : B C1,C C 2
B C1 C C 2
C2 C
:
r
C1
B C B C C
 C = B C r
r
C C
C C
A
B
B ] [ B C C 2
} L inf { AB + B C r : B C1

} L + r inf { AB + B C : B C1
D ] [ BH B . C1 d
D ) ( BH  C C . d
C d

H C
D
X
B
A B
C1
ADC
A C ) ( BH 
ADC A D 
C   d 
CDC  =
.
B C1 X ) ( B C . d
 AB X AB + B X AX . B = D
  AXC  AX + XC AC . X = D
AX + XC AD + DC . X = D
 126


AB + B C = AB + B X + XC
AX + XC AD + DC

B C1, AB + B C AD + DC = 2AD
B D B
C1 ] [ BH . H

L L0 = 2AD r

: ] ADE = [ AD ] [ DE D
B C1 B r E
] [ DC C 2 C . r
L0
L0 .
C

A B

ABC
A D E . r ADE
.
. 2 74 3 a .

127 1973

 a b fa,b
. fa,b : , fa,b ( x ) = ax + b A :
} A = { fa ,b : ( a, b )
A . f g A
f g . A fa,b A f1/a,b /a . A
G ) A
( . f G x f
. f ( x f ) = x f . G

) (a,b ) (c, d
fa,b fc,d = fac,ad +b
fa,b a 1 . fa,b = id = f1,0
 } G = { id .
 f = fa,b G . id a 1
b
= .x0 f
1a
g = f, . G g = id . g ( x 0 ) = x 0
g id 1

= . xg g
1
h = g 1 f 1 G g f
h = f 1 , fa1 ,ab f, fa,b

= f 1 ,a +b fa,b + = f1, b + a b
a a a

h b + a b = 0
b
= xg = = x0
1 1a
. g ( x 0 ) = x 0 x 0 . G
.

 128

 q [ ] 0,1 n ) (a1, a2, , an

. n 2 ) (b1, b2, ,bn :
.i {1, , n }, ai < bi
bi +1 1
.i {1, , n 1 }, < q <

bi q
1+q
< .b1 + b2 + + bn ) ( a + a 2 + + an 
1q 1

1 k n bk
n
= bk q j k a j = q k 1a1 + + qak 1 + ak + qak +1 + + q n kan
j =1

 .
 i } {1, 2, , n 1
bi +1 qbi = ( 1 q 2 )( ai +1 + qai +2 + + q n i 1an ) > 0
bi qbi +1 = ( 1 q 2 )( q i 1a1 + + qai 1 + ai ) > 0
b 1
< q < i +1
.
bi q
 1 j n
n

q j k = q j 1 + + q + 1 + q + + q n j
k =1

1 q 1+q
< = q + q +
1q 1q
=
1q
=0 =1

n n n n
n j k 1+q n
bk = q j k
= a j q a j < 1 q a j
k =1 k =1 j =1
 j =1
  k =1 j =1

1+q
< 1q

 . .




:
.

.
20 10
9 .
.


A B C
20 10 9 .
a1 a2 a3 . a1 < a2 < a3
 s = a1 + a2 + a3 .
k
k s = 9 + 10 + 20 = 39
. s 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
k s = 39 k 2 . s 6 k = 3 . s = 13
 A 20
3a3 20 . a3 7
 ax ay B
a3 . ax + ay + a3 = 10
ax + ay 2 . a3 10 2 = 8
 a3 = 7 ax + ay = 3 ax ay
} {ax , ay } = {a1, a2 . a1 + a2 + a3 = 10
. a3 = 8 ax + ay = 2 . ax = ay = 1

129
 130

 ) (a1, a2, a3 ) = ( 1, 4, 8 . 13
B 1 .
 C 8 .
1
.
 C 1
B . 8
4 .
:
C B A
4 1 8
4 1 8
1 8 4
.
 . ABC ] [ AB D
DC AD DB



sin2 C

sin B
sin A
2
C

D ] [ AB
 
( = ]
[0,C ] . [ 0,

) CA,CD
A D B
ADC DBC
CD DB CD AD


=




=
sin B )sin(C sin A sin

) AD DB
sin sin(C
=

sin B
sin A
CD 2
131 1974

D ] [ AB CD 2 = AD DB
. sin sin(C
) = sin A [0,C


sin B ]



] , f ( x ) = sin x sin(C
f : [0,C )
x

D ] [ AB CD 2 = AD DB
f ( ) = sin A [0,C


sin B ]

sin A )]
f ([0,C ]
[0,C . f

sin B

f ( x ) = sin(C f
)
2x

x 0
C

C
2

) f (x 0


f (x ) 0 ) sin2 ( C2 0

. f ([0,C
]) = 0, sin2 ( C
2 ) D

. sin A ] [ AB CD 2 = AD DB )

sin2 ( C

sin B
2

.

n
= An 5 C 22nk ++11 23k 
k =0

n . C rs !) . s !(rr! s
n n

= 8An ) C 22nk +1 ( 8

2k 2k +1
= Bn ( C 22nk ++11 )8
k =0 k =0

2n +1
k 2n +1
Bn + = 8An ( C 2kn +1 8 ) = (1 + )8
k =0
2n +1
k 2n +1
= Bn 8An C 2kn +1 ( ) 8 ) = (1 8
k =0
 132

)(1 Bn2 8An2 = 72n +1

72n +1 2 ( 22 ) mod 5 3 ( 1 )n mod 5

n

} 72n +1 mod 5 { 2, 3

} Q5 = { x 2 mod 5 : x } = { 0,1, 4
)(2 m , m 2 72n +1 mod 5

5 An ) ( 1 Bn2 = 72n +1 mod 5


5 n . ) . ( 2 An

 . 8 8 )
( . p
.
p .

. (ak )1k p
. k =1 ak = 64 (ak )1k p
p

p
2 + 4 + + 2p ak = 64
k =1
p ( p + 1 ) 64 . p 7
. p = 7
. (ak )1k 7
a1 < a2 < < a 7
ak
= . bk k
2
133 1974

7 7
1
= bk 2 k
ak 28 = 4
k =1 =1
(ak )1k 7
ak +1 ak
= bk +1 bk 1 0
2

b1 + b2 + + b7 = 4 0 b1 b2 b7
) (b1,b2, ,b7 :
) ( 0, 0, 0, 0,1,1,2  ) ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4 
) ( 0, 0, 0,1,1,1,1  ) ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1, 3
) ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,2, 2

} {a1, a2, , a7
} { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,12, 22 
} { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,14, 20
} { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,16,18

} { 2, 4, 6, 8,12,14,18 
} { 2, 4, 6,10,12,14,16 

  22 ) 22 1
( 11 2 .
 } { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,14,20
:
1 8

3 2
5 4 5 2

2 2

2 7
 134


} { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,16,18 :

2 8

2 5

6 3 2 3 2 2

2 4

  } { 2, 4, 6, 8,12,14,18 :
1 8

2 6

7 2 3 6

2 3 2 2

  } { 2, 4, 6,10,12,14,16 :

2 8

2 5 2 3

2 6 2 2

2 7

p = 7

{ 2, 4, 6, 8,10,16,18 }, } { 2, 4, 6, 8,10,14, 20
{ 2, 4, 6,10,12,14,16 }, } { 2, 4, 6, 8,12,14,18

.
135 1974


a b c d
+ + +
a +b +d b +c +a c +d +b d +a +c
a b c d .

) (a, b, c, d ( + )4
a b c d
= ) F ( a, b, c, d + + +
a +b +d b +c +a c +d +b d +a +c
) I = F ( ( + )4 F
( + )4 .
 ) (a, b, c, d ( + )4
b b a a
> >
b +c +a a +b +c +d a +b +d a +b +c +d
d d c c
> >
d +a +c a +b +c +d c +d +b a +b +c +d

) (1 ( a, b, c, d ) ( + )4 , F ( a, b, c, d ) > 1
b
c
d
a  ) (a, b, c, d . ( + )4
) F (a, b, c, d ) . a max (b, c, d
b b d d

b +c +a b +c +d d +a +c d +b +c

b c d b +c +d
+ + =1
b +c +a c +d +b d +a +c b +c +d

a b c d
= ) F ( a, b, c, d + + +
a +b +d b +c +a c +d +b d +a +c
a
+1 < 2
a +b +d

)(2 ( a, b, c, d ) ( + )4 , F ( a, b, c, d ) < 2
 136

 x +
2x 2
= ) F ( x , x , 1, 1 +
2x + 1 2 + x
lim+ F ( x , x , 1, 1 ) = 1 . inf I 1
x 0
+  x
2x 2
= ) F ( x , 1, x , 1 +
x + 2 1 + 2x
lim+ F ( x , 1, x , 1 ) = 2 . sup I 2
x 0
: ) ( 1 ) ( 2 [ I ]1, 2 inf I 1
sup I 2 [ I = ]1, 2 .

P d . 0
}) Z = { x : ( P ( x ) = 1 ) ( P ( x ) = 1
. card ( Z ) d + 2


} Z1 = { x : P ( x ) = 1 } Z1 = { x : P ( x ) = 1
Z1 Z1 . Z ) . = min ( Z
 . Z1 Z1
( ) P ( ) P ( ) = 2
= ) P ( X ] [ X
d
k = 0 ak X k
d d
= ) P ( ) P ( ak ( k k ) = ( ) ak
k =1 k =1
) ( kj =11 k 1j j
) ( 2 . { , + 1 }
} . Z1 { + 1, + 2 . card ( Z1 ) 2
card ( Z1 ) deg ( P ) = d . card ( Z ) d + 2
 . Z2 . P



( x k )1k n ( yk )1k n .
x1 x 2 x n . y1 y2 yn
Sn } {1,2, ,n
n n
2 2
) ( xk yk ) ) ( x k y( k
k =1 k =1

. n
 n = 1 .
 . n = 2 S 2 ) . = ( 1, 2
x1 x 2 y1 y2
( x 1 y1 )2 + ( x 2 y2 )2 ( x 1 y2 )2 + ( x 2 y1 )2

= ( x1 y2 )2 + ( x 2 y1 )2 ( x1 y1 )2 + ( x 2 y2 )2

) = 2 ( x1y1 + x 2y2 x1y2 x 2y1
= 2 ( x1 x 2 )( y1 y2 ) 0
( x k )1k n . n 1
( yk )1k n x1 x 2 x n
. y1 y2 yn . Sn :
 . ( n ) = n Sn1 ) ( k ) = ( k
. 1 k n 1
n 1 n 1
2
( x k yk )2 ) ) ( x k y(k
k =1 k =1
( x n yn )2 :
n n
2
( x k yk )2 ) ) ( x k y( k
k =1 k =1

137
 138

 . ( n ) n ) r = 1 ( n ) m = ( n
) = ( n, m n m
. =  ( n ) = n

n n
2
( ) ( x k yk )2 ) ) ( x k y ( k
k =1 k =1

) ( k ) = ( k } ( k ) {n, m } k {r , n
( r ) = m . ( n ) = n
) (
n
2
( xk yk )2 ( x k y( k ) ) + ( x r ym )2 + ( x n yn )2
k =1 } k { r ,n

x r x n ym yn n = 2
( x r ym )2 + ( x n yn )2 ( x r yn )2 + ( x n ym )2

2 2
( x r y ( ))r + ( x n y ( ) )n

n n
2
) ) ( xk yk )2 ( x k y(k
k =1 k =1
.
. n



 (an )n 1 .
i an
an = rai + sa j j > i r s .
139 1975

i r } { 0,1, , ai 1
} Ar = { k : ak mod ai = r
( Ar )0r <ai .
As . j [ As ]i, +
[ . Bij = As ] j, +
n Bij , an = a j mod ai

n Bij , r an = a j + rai

.

 . ABC ABR BCP CAQ
PCB  =
QAC PBC  =
 = :
4 6 4

. RBA
= 
12 RAB
= 
12 QCA
 =
6

QRP QR = RP  =
2
C

: ) = cos ( 12 :
P
Q AB = c BC = a CA = b
BCP
A B
R BP CP CB
= =

sin 6
sin 4 sin 512
sin 512 = cos 12 =
a a
) (1 = CP = BP
2 2
CAQ
b b
)(2 = CQ = AQ
2 2
AB
= cos ABR =
2AR 12
c
)(3 = BR = AR
2
 140

PQR ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . ( 3
 BPR
)
PR 2 = BP 2 + BR 2 2BP BR cos ( 3 + B

1
4 2
)) (a 2 + c 2 2ac cos ( 3 + B
= PR 2

cos ( 3 + B ) = 12 cos B  12 ac sin B 2

3 
sin B
ABC . A
1
) (a 2 + c 2 ac cos B + 2 3A
= PR 2
4 2
ABC  a 2 + c 2 b 2 = 2ac cos B
1 a 2 + c 2 + b 2 1
= PR 2 2 ) + 2 3A = 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 4 3A
4 2 8
 QR a b
1
= QR 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 4 3A ) = PR 2
8 2
.QR = RP
 PQ PQC
)
PQ 2 = CP 2 + CQ 2 2CP CQ cos ( 3 + C

1 )) 
= PQ 2
2 2
(a 2 + b 2 2ab cos ( 3 + C
1 + )
= 2 (a 2 + b 2 ab cosC 3ab sin C
2
1 a 2 + b2 c2
= 2 a 2 + b2 + 2 3A
2 2
1
= (a 2 ) + b 2 + c 2 + 4 3A
4 2
PQ 2 = PR 2 + QR 2 
PRQ . .
141 1975

C :
P
Q
  =
PBC BC = 2 BP
4
A
R
B = C

cos ( 12 )
P T1 B

B . 2
S 4
 S R . T1 . BS = 2 BR = BA

  
  
 
= ) (BA, BS ) = (BA, BR) + (BR, BS = +
12 4 3
BAS .
1   =
= AQ Q C CAQ AC
2 4

T 2 A
4
1
A . ) ( RS BAS
2
1 
  
 
= AR = ) (AS , AR) = (BR, BS AS
2 4
. T2 ( S ) = R
 . R = T 2  T1

T1 T2 1 T1 T2
2

R . R . R ( R ) = R
2
. R ( P ) = Q
 =
PRQ RP = RQ
2
.

 142

 A 44444444 B
. A C . B

. N = 44444444 4444 < 104
N < 1044444 = 1017776
N 17776
A 9 17776 = 159984 < 199999

B 5 9 = 45
.C 12

N mod 9 = A mod 9 = B mod 9 = C mod 9

44444444 mod 9 = ( 2 )4444 mod 9 = 161111 mod 9 = 71111 mod 9

7 3 = 1mod 9 1111 = 3 370 + 1

370
) 44444444 = ( 7 3 7 mod 9 = 7 mod 9
C 12 9 7 . 7
.

 1975 ) O ( 0, 0 1
.

) e i e i = 2 i exp ( i +2 ) sin ( 2

) e i e i = 2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 2 ) cos ( 2 ) cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2

) ) ( sin ( 2 ), cos ( 2 ), sin ( 2 ), cos ( 2

e i e i .
143 1975

n 1, n = 2 arcsin ] ( n 2n+ 1 ) [ 0,
2

2
1 2n
cos ( 2 ) = nn
n
2
+1

2 ) (
sin n = 2
n +1
n m

i n i m 2n m2 1 n2 1 2m
e e =2 2 2 2 2
n +1 m +1 n +1 m +1
4 ( nm + 1 ) m n
=
) ( n 2 + 1 )( m 2 + 1
(e i n )n
. } {e i k : 1 k 1975 .
.

 ) P ( X ,Y :
.1 n ) P ( tx , ty ) = t n P ( x , y
t x . y
P ( 1, 0 ) = 1 .2 x y z
) (E P ( y + z, x ) + P ( z + x , y ) + P ( x + y, z ) = 0

z = 1 x y ) ( E
) (1 P ( 1 x , x ) + P ( 1 y, y ) + P ( x + y, 1 x y ) = 0
x y .
) Q (X ) = P (X, 1 X

) ( 1 ) Q ( X + Y ) = Q ( 1 X ) Q ( 1 Y

2
Q ( X + Y ) = (Q ( 1 X , X ) + Q ( 1 Y ,Y ) ) = 0
X Y
 144

Q = 0 a b Q ( X ) = aX + b
P ( X , 1 X ) = aX + b
) ( 1
( x , y ) 2 , a ( 1 x ) + b + a ( 1 y ) + b + a ( x + y ) + b = 0
. 2a + 3b = 0 P ( 1, 0 ) = 1 . a + b = 1
2a + 3b = 0 a + b = 1 a = 3 . b = 2
P ( X , 1 X ) = 3X 2
) ( x , y 2 t = x + y 0
P ( x, y ) = t n P ) ( xt , yt ) = ( x + y ) P ( xt , 1 xt
n

x
= ( x + y )n 3 ) 2 = ( x + y )n 1 ( x 2y
x +y

) P ( X ,Y ) = ( X + Y )n 1 ( X 2Y

.


QWE
AgD
ZXC


32 . 16
.
D C

ABCD

AB = BD = CD =


= DBA

= BDC

A B

)(1 + + = 16
)(2 sin + sin = 64
) ( 1 ) ( 2
( 1 sin ) + ( 1 sin ) + 2 16 + 64 = 0

( 1 sin ) + ( 1 sin ) + ( 8 )2 = 0

D C
= 8 sin = sin = 1
= = 2 . + = 8
   
B
AC = AB + BD + DC
A

 
AC 2 = AB 2 + BD 2 + DC 2 + 2AB DC
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
= ( + )2 + 2
= 8 2 + 82 = 2 8 2
. AC = 8 2 .

145
 146

 . P1 ( X ) = X 2 2 ( Pn )n 1
)) . Pn +1 ( X ) = P1 ( Pn ( X Pn ( x ) = x
.

deg Pn ( X ) = 2n . n
n
) n 1, x , Pn ( 2 cos x ) = 2 cos ( 2n x

) . ( 2 cos )2 2 = 2 ( 2 cos2 1 ) = 2 cos2 ( 2x

Pn ( x ) = x ) . cos ( 2n ) = cos (

x k = 2 cos ) ( 22k 1
n yk = 2 cos ) ( 22+k 1
n

cos ] [ 0,
1 = x 0 > y1 > x1 > > x 2n 1 1 > y2n 1 1
Pn ( x k ) = x k 0 k < 2n 1 Pn ( yk ) = yk 1 k 2n 1
2n . Pn ( x ) = x
Pn ( x ) = x . deg ( Pn ( X ) X ) = 2n .

 . 1
2
20% .
.

a b c ) . a = min (a, b, c
c b a
= 3 = 3 = 3
2 2 2
2 .
a b c
)(1 5 = abc
147 1976

 :
17 12 5 19
< 3
<5 < 3
<2
10 7 4 15

1 1 3
532 52
3 = 3 3 =
2 5 10 3
) 10 ( 52 + 3 22 + 3 10
3

3
=
5 2 + 2 5 + 3 100
3 3

3 63
> 19 12
=
5 15 + 2 7 + 5 310
 :
m m 63 63 63
m 5, 3
3 >m 5 = >1
2 5 310 310 62
m m
m 5, 3 > 3 + 1
2 5
m m
m 5, 3 > 3
2 5

3 3 3 30 4
3 3 = 2 3 > 2 = >0
2 5 5 17 17
4 4 4 40 11
3 3 = 3 3 > 3 = >0
2 5 5 17 17
5 5 5 50 1
3 3 = 3 3 > 3
17
=
17
>0
2 5 5

)(2 m 3, m > m

3 2 3
5
 ) . a = min (a, b, c a 3 ) ( 2
1 1 1
> 3
> 3 a > 3 b c
5 5 5
1
> abc ) . ( 1 a = 1 = 0
5
a = 2 . = 1
 148

 ) ( 1
)(3 5 = 2bc
5 b c
. 5 | b b = 5 . b 10
 b 10
1 b 1 1 15 1 131
> = 3 > 3 =
b b 2 2 b 19 10 190
) ( 3
2 b 2 190 76
< = =
c 5 5 131 131
< 127 3
1
5
127 131
76
= 5
12131 > 0
c < 127 < 315 . 3c2 < 3c5 ) ( 2
c = 2 = 1 ) ( 3
4 1 b 1
= = 3 < 3
5 b b 2 2
< . 312 4
5
 b = 5 . = 3 ) ( 3 :
2 1 c 1 1 15 1
> = = 3 > 3
3 c c 2 2 c 19 c

1 15 2 45 38 7
> = =
c 19 3 57 57
< c . c 8 : 57
7
c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 3 2 5 3
c 2 3 4 5 3 7 4

c 3 . 6

} {2, 3, 5 }{2, 5, 6
. .
149 1976

 . 1976

N = 1976 r
} Ar ,N = {( x1, , xr ) ( )r : x1 + + xr = N
) ( N r . r > N
1 r N Pr
r
Pr = max x j : ( x1, x r ) Ar ,N
j =1
) . P = max ( P1, , PN
A,N } {1, 2, , N ) ( x1, , x
. P = x1x 2 x
x1 x 2 x
 P N } . A1,N = { N
 . x1 = 1 } k = max { j : x j = 1
k = N P = 1 .
) Y = ( k + x k +1, xk + 2, , x Ak ,N
( k + xk +1 ) x k + 2 x > x k +1xk + 2 x = P
. x1 2
 x 5
p 5, )p < 2( p 2
) Y = ( x1, x 2, x 1, 2, x 2 A +1,N
x1 x 1 2 ( x 2 ) > x1x 2 x = P
. x 4
 x 1 = 4 x = 4
44 < 233
A +1,N ) Y = ( x1, x , x 2, 2, 3, 3
x1 x 2 2 3 3 > x1x 2 x = P
. x 1 3
 150

 x1 = 2 . x = 4 2 4 < 3 3
) Y = ( x 2, x 1, 3, 3 A,N
x 2 x 1 3 3 > x1x 2 x = P
x1 = 2 . x = 4
 x = 4 x1 = x 2 = = x 1 = 3
N = 3 ( 1 ) + 4 = 3 + 1 P = 22 3 1
 x = 3 :
 x1 = 3 x1 = x 2 = = x = 3
N = 3 P = 3
 . x1 = 2
 x 2 = 2 P x 3x 4 x 4
x 3 = = x = 3 x = 4

N = 3 ( 2 ) + 4 = 3 ( 1 ) + 1 P = 22 3 2
 x 2 = 3 x 2 = = x = 3
N = 3 ( 1 ) + 2 P = 2 3 1
: N . 3
 N mod 3 = 0 N = 3q 3q
. N
N mod 3 = 1 N = 3q + 1 22 3q 1
. N

N mod 3 = 2 N = 3q + 2 2 3q
. N
1976 = 3 658 + 2 2 3658
. 1976

151 1976

 n . m = 2n A
) Mnm ( A = (aij )( i, j ) n m } aij {1, 0,1
i n j ) . m } (. k = {1, 2, , k

ai1x1 + ai 2x 2 + + aimx m = 0, i n
. ( x k )k m }) m \{( 0, , 0
) Z = ( z1, , zm . k m , zk m


} P = {( x1, , xm ) : k m , n xk n
= {n, , 1, 0,1, , n }m
P
m
: P n , X = ( x1, , x m ) aij x j
j =1 i n
) X = ( x1, , x m P
m m m
i n , aij x j aij xj xj nm = 2n 2
j =1 j =1 j =1

} ( P ) {( y1, , yn ) n : k n , yk 2n 2

n
) card ( P ) = ( 2n + 1 )m = ( 2n + 1 )2n = ( 4n 2 + 4n + 1
n
) card ( ( P ) ) ( 4n 2 + 1
) card ( ( P ) ) < card ( P . P
X1 X 2 ) . ( X1 ) = ( X 2
) Z = X1 X 2 = ( z1, , z m }) m \{( 0, , 0
( Z ) = 0 . k m , zk m .

 152

 ( un )n :
5
= u0 = 2, u1 , n 1, un +1 = un ( un21 2 ) u1
2
un = 2( 2 ( 1 ) )/3 x . x
n n

n n

(an )n an = 2( 2 ( 1 ) )/3 n .
(bn )n . bn = an + 1/an n 1
:
1 n
+ 2( 1 )n )/3 n
+ 2( 1 )n )/3
bn21 2 = an2 1 + = 2( 2 + 2( 2
an2 1

n n
)n )n
bn ( bn21 2 ) = ( 2( 2 ( 1 )/3
+ 2( 2 ( 1 )/3
)
n )n )/3 n
+ 2( 1 )n
( 2( 2 +2 1
(
+ 2( 2 )/3
)
( n +1 )n +1 ( n +1 )n +1
) = 2( 2 1 )/3 + 2( 2 1 )/3 + 2( 1 ) + 2( 1
n n

1
= bn +1 + 2 +
2

5
n 1, bn +1 = bn ( bn21 2 )
2
5
= . b1 bn = un b0 = 2
2
. n
2n ( 1 )n
an 2n = ( 1 )n mod 3
3
. n > 0 an > 2
1
n 1, an < un < an +
2
un = an n 1 n = 0
.
n n
)n
n 0, un = 2( 2 ( 1 )/3
= 2round( 2 ) /3

ABK BCL CDM DAN

] [ KL ] [ LM ] [ MN ] [ NK . ABCD
] [ AK ] [ BK ] [ BL ] [CL ] [CM ] [ DM
] [ DN ] [ AN .

. A B
C D = 1 = i = 1 . = i
B

N M
3
9 2
5 1

C 6 0 A
7 11
8 10
9
K L

D

3  K B A
K
1 3
= 1 + e i / 3 (i 1) = 1 + + i ) (i 1
2 2
1 3 1 3 3 1
= + i =

) (1 + i
2 2 2 2 2

3 1
= ) exp ( i 4
2

153
 154

 BCL CDM DAN ABK

) O ( 2 32
L M N

= i = = i
 z 0 ] [ LM
1 1 3 1
= z0
= ( + ) = (1 i )
2 2 2
] [ MN ] [ NK ] [ KL ] [ LM

O 2 32
z 3 z 6 z 9 ] [ MN ] [ NK ] [ KL

z 3 = i z 0 z 6 = z 0 z 9 = i z 0
 z1 ] [ AN
1 1
= z1 ) ( + ) = (1 i
2 2
3 1 3 1
=
2 2
+ i = z 0 exp i
2 6) (
z1 = z 0 ) . = exp ( i 6
] [ AN  ] [ BK ] [CL ] [ DM
O 2 32
z 4 z 7 z10 ] [ BK ] [CL ] [ DM

z 4 = i z1 = 4z 0 z 7 = z1 = 7z 0 z10 = i z1 = 10z 0
. 3 = i
 z 2 ] [ BL
1 1
z 2 = ( + ) = (i + i ) = z 0 exp i
2 2 3
= 2z 0 ) (
155 1977

] [ BL  ] [CM ] [ DN ] [ AK
O 2 32
z 5 z 8 z11 ] [CM ] [ DN

] [ AK
z 5 = i z 2 = 5z 0 z 8 = z 2 = 8z 0 z11 = i z 2 = 11z 0

( zk )0k 11
zk = z 0k ) . = exp ( i 6



.
.

) Z = ( z1, , zn n .
(U k )1k n 6 (Vk )1k n 10 n :

U k = (0, , 0,1,1,
 ),1, 0, , 0
  :1 k n 6
k 1 7
Vk = (0, , 0,1,1,
 ),1, 0, , 0
  : 1 k n 10
k 1 10

= X ,Y n
n
i =1 xiyi
) X = ( x1, , x n ) .Y = ( y1, , yn
( k )1k n n k
k . 1
Z
k {1,2, , n 6 }, Z ,U k < 0
)(1
k {1, 2, , n 10 }, Z ,Vk > 0
 156

. n 17
11 11
k +6 17

= U k = j j j
k =1 k =1 j =k j =1

) } j = card ( {k : 1 k 11, k j k + 6
) } = card ( {k : 1 k 11, j 6 k j
) } ) = card ( { k : max(1, j 6) k min(11, j
)= min(11, j ) max(0, j 7

j : 1 j <7

j = 7 : 7 j 11

18 j : 11 < j 17


7 7
k +10 17

= Vk = j j j
k =1 k =1 j =k j =1

) } j = card ( { k : 1 k 7, k j k + 10
) } = card ( { k : 1 k 7, j 10 k j
) }) = card ( { k : max(1, j 10) k min(6, j
)= min(7, j ) max(0, j 11

j = j
11 7

U k = Vk
k =1 k =1

Z
) ( 1 . n 16
157 1977

n = 16 Z = ( zk )1k 16
k {1, 2, ,10 }, Z ,U k = 1
k {1,2, , 6 }, Z ,Vk = +1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z 2 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z3 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 z4 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 z 5 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 z6 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 z
7
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 z
8 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 z 1
9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
z 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 1
z
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 1
z
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 z12 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 z14
13 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 z15 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z16 1


z1 = z 2 = z 4 = z 5 = z 6 = z 8 = z10 = z11 = z12 = z13 = z15 = z16
z 3 = z 7 = z10 = z14

5z1 + 2z 3 = 1
8z1 + 3z 3 = 1
z1 = 5 . z 3 = 13 Z

) Z = ( 5, 5,13, 5, 5, 5,13, 5, 5,13, 5, 5, 5,13, 5, 5

. n = 16 16
. .

 158

 n . n > 2 Vn
} Vn = {1 + kn : k
m Vn Vn
.Vn Vn Vn
Vn ) .
( .

N = abcd a
b c d 1 mod n ab cd ac
bd Vn .Vn
.
: Dirichlet
. ( kn 1 )k p
p 1 mod n . p n 1
N = ( n 1 )2 p 2 = ( ( n 1 ) p )2
( n 1 )2 p 2 ( n 1 ) p .Vn
.Vn
 ( n 1 )2 = u v u v ) Vn (n + 1
( n 1 )2 ( n + 1 )2 .
 p 2 = u v u v Vn p
u v . u = kp p = kv p
v 1 v = p p
v 1 mod n . n 2
 ( n 1 ) p = u v u v Vn p
u v . u = kp n 1 = kv v
n + 1 n 1 n + 1 .
N .
159 1977

: Dirichet
p n 1 1 n 2n 1
.
x = ( n 1 )2 y = ( 2n 1 )2 ) z = ( n 1 )( 2n 1
x y z Vn N = xy = z 2
.Vn Vn
 x .Vn
 ) z = ( n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ( , . 2
+ + 3 = ( 2 ) n
= 1 . + + 3 = n = = 1
. n = 5 n 5 z .Vn
 ) y = ( n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ( , . 2
+ + 4 = ( 4 ) n
. 1 3
 = 1 + = 2 n = 2 .
 = 2 + = 3 7 = 2n .
 = 3 + = 4 . n = 8
n 8 y .Vn
} n { 5, 8 N = ( n 1 )2 ( 2n 1 )2
. n = 5 N = 42 192
n = 8 . N = 72 232 .

 ) (a,b, A, B .
) f : , f ( x ) = 1 a cos x b sin x A cos ( 2x ) B sin ( 2x
. x , f ( x ) 0
a 2 + b 2 2 A2 + B 2 1
 160

= a i b = e i . = A i B = e i
x , ) f ( x ) = Re ( 1 e i x e 2 i x
g ( x ) = 1 e i x e 2 i x ) . f = Re ( g
 g ( x + ) = 1 + e i x e 2 i x
) g ( x ) + g ( x + ) = 2 ( 1 e 2 i x

1
x , 1 cos ( 2x + ) = ( f ( x ) + f ( x + ) ) 0
2
1
x = 1
2
A2 + B 2 1

( 4 ) = 1 e
g x+ ix i /4
e i e 2 i x

g ( x ) = 1 e ix i /4
e + i e 2 i x
4


(
g x+
4 ( )
+g x
4 )
= 2 2e i x

1
x , = ) 2 cos ( x +
2 ((
f x+
4
+f x
4 ) ( )) 0
x = 2
a 2 + b2 2
.

Qa ,b a + b
2 2
 a b
( )2 a + b Ra,b . ) (a,b
. (Qa,b )2 + Ra,b = 1977
161 1977

) (a,b ( )2 . (Qa,b )2 + Ra,b = 1977

1
= a 2 + b2
2
) ( (a + b )2 + (a b )2

2
a 2 + b2 ) a + b (a b
= +
a +b 2 ) 2 (a + b

a + b a 2 + b2
= Qa,b 1977
2 a + b
442 = 1936 452 = 2025
a +b a + b
1 < 44
2 2
. a + b < 90 Ra,b a 2 + b 2 a + b
0 Ra,b < a + b < 90
(Qa,b )2 = 1977 Ra ,b
2
1977 90 (Qa,b ) 1977
432 = 1849 432 < (Qa,b )2 < 452 .Qa ,b = 44

2
Ra,b = 1977 (Qa,b ) = 1977 1936 = 41

a 2 + b 2 = 44 ( a + b ) + 41

( a 22 )2 + (b 22 )2 = 1009
1009 1009
282 . 152
} {a, b } = { 7, 50 } {a, b } = { 37, 50

}) {( 7, 50 ), ( 50, 7 ), ( 37, 50 ), ( 50, 37

.
 162

 . f :
n , ) ) f ( n + 1) > f ( f (n
. n , f ( n ) = n

(qn )n } . qn = min { f ( k ) : k n Pn:
( qk )1k n +1 .
n Pn . n
 P1 . k . k 2 f ( k 1 ) 1
f ( k ) > f ( f ( k 1 ) ) min { f ( j ) : j 1 } = q1
k 2, f ( k ) 1 + q1 q2 1 + q1 . P1
 . Pn Pn +1 Pn . qn +1 n + 1
n n
= qn +1 q1 (qk +1 qk ) 1 = n
k =1 k =1
k . k n + 2 k 1 n + 1
qn +1 f ( k 1 ) qn +1 f ( k 1 ) n + 1
f ( k ) > f ( f ( k 1 ) ) min { f ( j ) : j n + 1 } qn +1
k n + 2, f ( k ) 1 + qn +1 . qn +2 1 + qn +1
. Pn +1

)(1 n , qn < qn +1
n ) qn = min ( f ( n ), qn +1 ) ( 1
) . qn = f ( n f
)(2 n , )f ( n ) < f ( n + 1
) ( 2 . n , f ( n ) n
n ) ) f ( n + 1 ) > f ( f ( n f
) n + 1 > f ( n ) . n f ( n
n , f ( n ) = n
.


m n . m < n
1978m
. 1978n n m m + n .

m n . 1 m < n
) 1978n = 1978m mod ( 1000

) (1 ) 1000 | 1978m ( 1978n m 1

1000 = 8 125 1978n m 1 8

1978m = 2m 989m . m 3
) ( 1
) ) 125 | ( 9893 1978m 3 ( 1978n m 1

gcd ( 125, 9893 1978m3 ) = 1 9893 1978m3 125

) 125 | ( 1978n m 1
) (1 1978n m = 1 mod 53 1978 = 22 mod 53
:
)(2 ( 22 )n m = 1 mod 53

a = 22 ) ) ( /( 53
r . ( 22 )r = 1 mod 53

) ) ( /( 53 ) 100
5 } ( { 0,1, ,124 . r | 100
r < 100 r 50 . 20
163
 164

125 = 22 + 112 . 112 = 22 mod 53

a 5 = 25 114 11 = 2
5
24 11 = 12 11 = 132 mod 53
512
. a 10
. a 5 = 7 mod 53 = 49 mod 53

a 20 = ( 50 1 )2 = 2500 100 + 1 = 26 mod 53

. r
20
2
a 40 = ( a 20 ) = ( 25 + 1 )2 = 51 mod 53

a 50 = a 40 a 10 = ( 50 + 1 )( 50 1 ) = 2500 1 = 1 mod 53
. r
50 r = 100
min {k : a k = 1 mod 53 } = 100
) ( 2 ) . 100 | (n m n > m 3
n = m + 100k 3 + 100 = 103
n + m 106 ) . (m, n ) = ( 3,103
.

 P . S P
S U V .W Q P
] [ PU ] [ PV ] [ PW .
Q ) . P
( .

O S R .
. = OP
  
u v w ) [ PU ) [ PV ) . [ PW
  
) ( u, v, w .
165 1978
   
) ( , , PO ) . ( u, v, w
   
PO = u + v + w
  
OP = ) ( u, v, w
) ( , , A
} A = {( , , ) 3 : 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
 
 PU = xu x . +
     
OU = PU PO = (x ) u v w
OU = R
(x )2 + 2 + 2 = R 2
2 + 2 = 2 2 x > 0
= x R 2 2 + 2 +
   
. +  PV = yv PW = zw y z

= z = y R2 2 + 2 + R2 2 + 2 +

      
OQ = PQ PO = PU + PV + PW PO

   
= OQ R 2 2 + 2 u + R 2 2 + 2 v + R2 2 + 2 w

 2
OQ = 3 ( R 2 2 ) + 2 + 2 + 2 = 3R 2 2 2

Q S O . 3R2 22
  
L Q ) ( u, v, w . S

S . L
.
 166
  
) . B0 = ( u, v, w ) ( , ,
   
PO ) . ( u, v, w
   
PO = u + v + w
     
= PO u = PO v = OP w
2 + 2 + 2 = 2 = OP 2
  
] [ 0, 2 ) . B = ( u , v , w
  
u = cos u + sin v
  
v = sin u + cos v

B B0 w .
   
) ( , , PO ) . B = ( u , v , w
 
= PO u = cos + sin
 
= PO v = sin + cos
Q L . B

   
= OQ R 2 2 + 2 u + R 2 2 + 2 v + R 2 2 + 2 w

] [ 0, 2 Q  Pw

W w  Cw  Pw
. S : Q .
 
 Pw ) (W ; u, v ) ( X ,Y
Q
= X R 2 2 + 2 cos R 2 2 + 2 sin

= Y R 2 2 + 2 sin + R 2 2 + 2 cos

) X + iY = e i ( R 2 2 + 2 + i R 2 2 + 2
167 1978

= Z R 2 2 + 2 + i R 2 2 + 2

2
Z = = 2 ( R 2 2 ) + 2 + 2
= 2 ( R2 2 ) + 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + = 2R

2

Q  Cw  . Pw
Z +
] [ 0, 2 :
= Z 2R 2 2 2 e i

2 + 2 e i = + i
Re ( Z 2 ) = 2 2
= ( cos + sin )2 ( sin + cos )2
= ( 2 2 ) cos 2 + 2 sin 2
) = ( 2 + 2 ) cos ( 2 2 ) = ( 2 2 ) cos ( 2 2

) Re ( Z 2 ) = ( 2R 2 2 2 ) cos ( 2

2 2
= ) cos ( 2 ) cos ( 2 2
2R 2 2 2

2 2
1
= arccos 2 cos ( 2 2 )
2 2R
2 2


= X + iY ) 2R 2 2 2 e i e i( +

2R 2 2 2
= 2 2 ) ( + i ) e i h (

 168

) h ( t
1
h (t ) = t + ) ) arccos ( cos ( 2t
2
[ [ 0,1
2 2 2 2
= =
2R 2 2 2 2 ( R2 2 ) + 2 2

) sin ( 2t
h (t ) = 1 +
) 1 2 cos2 ( 2t
) sin ( 2t ) 2 2 cos2 ( 2t
1 = 1
) 1 2 cos2 ( 2t ) 1 2 cos2 ( 2t
1 2
1 1 1 > 0
) 1 2 cos2 ( 2t
h
t , h ( t + 2 ) h ( t ) = 2
t 2 ) h ( t 2
] [ 0, 2 ) e i h ( Q
. Cw = Pw S
Q S W C S
] . [ PQ ) . ( PW ) (WQ Q PW
W ) ( PW S  Cw
  1
= . w  Q Cw Q L . PW
PW
: U V W .Q
 W C S ] . [ PQ
 V U C P P ) . ( PW
.

169 1978


} F = { f ( k ) : k 1 } G = { g ( k ) : k 1 f g
. n , g ( n ) = 1 + f ( f ( n ) ) :
) . f ( 240

:

)(1 n , ) f ( n + 1) 1 + f ( n
 m ) f ( m + 1 ) > 1 + f ( m
) 1 + f ( m G k
) g (k ) = 1 + f (m

)) 1 + f (m ) = g (k ) = 1 + f ( f (k

) m = f ( k . m F
)(2 1 + f (m ) < f (m + 1) m F

 m F k f ( k ) = m

1 + f ( m ) = 1 + f ( f (k )) = g ( k ) G

1 + f ( m ) F ) f ( m + 1 ) > 1 + f ( m ) . ( 1

)(3 1 + f ( m ) < f ( m + 1) m F

 n . f ( n + 1 ) > f ( n ) + 2
) ( 3 n F p ) n = f ( p
f ( n ) + 2 G q g (q ) = f ( n ) + 2

) 1 + f ( f (q ) ) = 2 + f ( n
 170

) ) a = f ( f (q F
) a = 1 + f ( n ) = 1 + f ( f ( p )) = g ( p
G .
)(4 n , f ( n + 1) f (n ) + 2

 1F F 1 n
F 0 n . F ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4
)(5 n , ) f ( n + 1 ) = f ( n ) + 1 + 1F ( n
 g ( 1 ) = 1 + f ( f ( 1 ) ) 1 + 1 = 2 1 G
. 1 F p . f ( p ) = 1 p > 1
) 1 = f ( p ) > f ( 1 . f ( 1 ) = 1
 ) ( 5 n 1 m 1
m 1
m 2, f ( m ) = f (1) + m 1 + 1F ( )n
n =1
f ( 1 ) = 1
)(6 m 1, ) [ f ( m ) = m + card ( F [ 1, m
. m = 1
 ) ( 6 ) f ( m m
:
) (7 m 1, ) } f ( m ) = m + card ( { k : f ( k ) < m

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
) f (n 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 12 14 16

) ( 7 ) f ( 240
. f
171 1978

. m f ( m ) 2m
. m f ( m ) = m card {k : f ( k ) < m } = m
= 1 + 1 . = 1+2 5
f ( m ) = m m
= . 1+ 5
2 m f ( m ) = m
. 1 m 10 

f ( k ) = k . k < n 

} { k : f ( k ) < n } = { k : k < n
} = { k : k < n
n
{
< = k : k
}
n
= {k
: k

}


n
card ( { k : f ( k ) < n } ) =

) ( 7
n 1
(
f ( n ) = n + = 1 +

) n = n

. 1 + 1 =
n , f ( n ) = n
. f ( 240 ) = 388

 ABC . AB = AC C
ABC ] [ AB ] [ AC P Q
. ] [ PQ
. ABC
 172

A C C . O
BAC O C ] [ BC C 

BAC
ABC AB = AC 

] . [ BC A O O d
] . [ BC A ) (OO
A d d .
C  M ] [ PQ
. d M
O . BAC

Q M P
M
O
B C C ACB M 

A ABC.
 O ] [ AA ] [ AA C
PCA . 
PMA . CPMA 

)(1  = PA
PCM  M
POM 
PA  C M
.
)(2 
PA 
M = 21 POM
OPA
= 
2 ) ( AP C
OPA
)(3 = 
POM = 
12 BAC 1  ) = ACB
( BAC 
2 2

) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3
 = 1 ACB
ACM 
2
. ACB M
) (CM 

ABC.
173 1978

. :
n n
) (k 1
n , k2 k
k =1 k =1
n
= An . A0 = 0 An ) ( k
n 1
k =1
)n ( n + 1
. An n  n
2
} . {1,2, , n
 n
n n n n
) (k 1 A A
= k2 = ) k 2 ( Ak Ak 1 k 2k kk 2 1
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1
n n 1
A A
= k 2k ( k +k 1 )2
k =1 k =1

n n 1
(k ) A 2k + 1
k 2 = nn2 + ( k + 1 )2 k 2 Ak
k =1 k =1
: , ( n ) = n

n
)n ( n + 1
n , = Bn = ) (k
k =1 2

n n 1
1 1 2k + 1
k = n 2 Bn + k 2 ( k + 1 )2 Bk
k =1 k =1

n n n 1
) (k 1 1 2k + 1
) k 2 k = n 2 ( An Bn ) + ( k + 1 )2 k 2 ( Ak Bk
k =1 k =1 k =1
. m 1, Am Bm
m 1, Am = Bm . m 1, ( m ) = m

 174

1978
. 1 . 1978

.


. H
.
 1978 = 329 6 + 4 P1
330 . B1
M 1 . a1 = min M 1
C 1
} } N 1 = {a a1 : a M 1 \{a1
329 . H :
.1 C 1 . P1
.2 C 1 . P1
 329 = 5 65 + 4  .1
P2 C 1 66 .
) B2 ( B2 = C 1 P2 M 2
. a2 = min M 2
C 2
} } N 2 = {a a2 : a M 2 \{a2
65 . H  .2 :
.1 C 2 . P1 P2
.2 C 2 . P1 P2
C 2 P2
P2 B2 C 1 C 1 . P1
175 1978

 65 = 4 16 + 1  .1
P3 C 2 17.
) B3 ( B3 = C 2 P3
M 3 . a 3 = min M 3
C 3
} } N 3 = {a a 3 : a M 3 \{a 3
16.
H  .2 :
.1 C 3 . P1 P2 P3
.2 C 3
. P1 P2 P3
C 3 P3
P3 B3 C 2 C 2 . P1 P2

 16 = 3 5 + 1  .1
P4 C 3 6 .
) B4 ( B4 = C 3 P4 M 4
. a 4 = min M 4
C 4
} } N 4 = {a a 4 : a M 4 \{a 4
5.
H  .2 :
.1 C 4 . P1 P2 P3 P4
.2 C 4
. P1 P2 P3 P4
C 4 P4
P4 B4 C 3 C 3 . P1 P2 P3
 176

5 = 2 2 + 1  .1
P5 C 4 3 .
) B5 ( B5 = C 4 P5 M 5
. a5 = min M 5
C 5
} } N 5 = {a a 5 : a M 5 \{a 5
.
H  .2 :
.1 C 5 . P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
.2 C 5
. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
C 5 P5
P5 B5 C 4 C 4
. P1 P2 P3 P4

 .1 card (C 5 ) 2 C 5 X Y
. P6
 .2 X
Y P6 . H
H .


QWE
AgD
ZXC


p q
1319
p ( 1 )k 1
q
= k
k =1

1979 . p
2n 1
( 1 )k 1
= Sn :
n Sn
k =1 k
n n 1
1 1
= Sn 2k 1 2k
k =1 k =1
2n 1 n 1 n 1
1 1 1
=
k k =1 2k k =1 2k
k =1

2n 1 n 1 2n 1
1 1 1
= k
= k k
k =1 k =1 k =n

n :
n 1 n 1
1 1
= Sn n +k =
k n 1k
2n 1 k
k =0 k =0

n 1 n 1
1 1 1 3n 1 1
= Sn ( +
2 k = 0 n + k 2n 1 k
= )
) 2 k = 0 ( n + k )( 2n 1 k

n = 2m
m 1 2m 1
1 1
) ( 2m + k )( 4m 1 k =
k 2m 1k
) ( 2m + k )( 4m 1 k
k =0 k =m

m 1
1
) (1 ) S 2m = ( 6m 1
k = 0 2m + k
( ) )( 4m 1 k

177
 178

! ) ( 4m 1
= ) Qm = ( 2m )( 2m + 1 )( 4m 1
! ) ( 2m 1

m 1
1
Pm = Qm
k =0
( 2m + k () 4m 1 k )

) ( 1
)(2 ( 6m 1 ) Pm = QmS 2m

p
= S 2m = 6m 1 . 
q
) ( 2 pQm Qm ) gcd ( ,Qm ) = 1
( 2m + k )0k <2m
. ( Qm Gauss | pQm
gcd ( ,Qm ) = 1 . p

: 6m 1
. k =1
4m 1 ( 1 )k 1
k

m = 330
6m 1 = 1979
43 . 1979


 A0A1A2A3A4
. B0B1B2B3B4 ] [ Ai B j i
j } { 0,1, , 4
.
.
179 1979

X Y ) c ( XY ] [ XY
R B C
C . i Ai Bi
Ai mod 5 Bi mod 5.
 A0A1A2A3A4 .

c ( Ai Ai +1 ) = C . c ( Ai 1Ai ) = C
 ([ Ai B j ])0 j 4
Bk Bk +1 ) . c ( Ai Bk ) = c ( Ai Bk +1
Ai 1 Ai +1  . c ( Ai Bk ) = c ( Ai Bk +1 ) = C
Ai
Ai Bk +1Ai +1 Ai Bk Bk +1
Ai Bk Ai +1 C
C Ai +1Bk Bk +1
Bk Bk +1
C .
Ai 1 Ai +1  . c ( Ai Bk ) = c ( Ai Bk +1 ) = C :
Ai
Ai Bk +1Ai 1 Ai Bk Bk +1
Ai Bk Ai 1 C
C Ai 1Bk Bk +1
Bk B k +1
C .
A0A1A2A3A4 .
 B0B1B2B3B4 .
 .
C
A0A1A2A3A4 C . B0B1B2B3B4
 ([ A0B j ])0 j 4
Bk Bk +1 ) . c ( A0Bk ) = c ( A0Bk +1
 180

A0 A1  c ( A0Bk ) = c ( A0Bk +1 ) = C

Bk +1
A1Bk Bk +1 C .
Bk
A1
A0
 c ( A0Bk ) = c ( A0Bk +1 ) = C
A0Bk Bk +1 C
Bk Bk +1 .
.

 A .
A
. A .
P .

C C . B .
A ) ( AB C D
C . D
A
) ( DD ) ( AB
. ) (
0 2 i 2 2 A B D D .
+ i O C + i O . C

M B
M

O
O

D A P D
181 1979

. ( rad/s ) 1
M M ] [ 0,2

  
 
(OA,OM ) = (O A,O M ) =
) ( ) ( M M
( ) ( + i ) = ( 0 ( + i ) )e i
( ) ( + i ) = ( 0 ( + i ) )e i

( ) = ( + i )( 1 e i ) = 2 i ( + i ) sin ( 2 )e i /2

( ) = ( + i )( 1 e i ) = 2 i ( + i ) sin ( 2 )e i /2

( ) = 2 ( i ) sin ( 2 )e i /2

( ) = 2 ( i ) sin ( )e i /2
2
P z M M
z ( ) 2 = z ( ) 2
2 Re ( z ( ( ) ( ) ) ) = ( ) 2 ( ) 2

( ) sin ( 2 ) Im ( ze i /2
) ) = ( 2 2 ) sin2 ( 2

Im ( ( z )e i /2 ) = 0
z z = +
+ ] [ DD P
] [ DD M M
. .

 182

 P A B . M
AB + AM
= ) ( M. P
BM
B
O B . P
O
O A ) ( , 0, 0 0

B ) ( 0, 0, . > 0

r

A M
= a = AB 2 + 2
M P ) . ( r cos , r sin , 0
r .
a + ( r cos )2 + r 2 sin2
= ) : + , ( r ,
r 2 + 2


a + r 2 + 2 2r cos
= ) ( r,
r 2 + 2

a + r 2 + 2 + 2r a ++r
)(1 = ) ( r, ) ( r, =
r 2 + 2 r 2 + 2

) ( 0, = ( )= 0

a ++x
= ) h : + , h ( x
x 2 + 2

x 2 + 2 (a + + x ) x 2 (a + ) x
= ) h(x 3 = 3
( ) x 2 + 2 ( ) x 2 + 2
183 1979

x 0 a +
) h(x + 0

2a
) h (x a

) . 2 = (a + )(a

)(2 ) ( r , ) (a ,

. r = a
 ) ( 1 ) ( 2
2a
( r , ) + , ) ( r,
a

r = a . = 0
) ( r, ) = (a , . 0
:
A B ) P ( = 0
M P ( M ) = max
A . AB
A O B ) P ( 0
M P ( M ) = max
. M 0 M 0 ) (OA O M 0 A

AM 0 = AO + OM 0 = + r = a = AB
M 0 ) [ AO A
. AB

 184

A a Sa
x1 + 2x 2 + 3x 3 + 4x 4 + 5x 5 = a
x 1 + 23 x 2 + 33 x 3 + 4 3 x 4 + 53 x 5 = a 2
x 1 + 2 5 x 2 + 3 5 x 3 + 4 5 x 4 + 55 x 5 = a 3
) ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4, x 5 . ( + )5

] 2 [ X .
Sa
5
)(1 P 2 [ X ], = ) aP ( a ) kxk P ( k 2
k =1
P = 1 P = X P = X Sa
2

) ( 1, X , X 2
] . 2 [X
a . A ) ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4, x 5 ( + )5 ) ( 1
P ( X ) = ( X a )2
5
2
) kxk ( k 2 a =0
k =1

2
k {1, 2, , 5 }, xk ( k 2 a ) = 0
) ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 , x 5 ) = ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 . a = 0
) ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4 , x 5 ) ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 a
} . {1, 4, 9,16, 25
} A { 0,1, 4, 9,16, 25
a = m 2 0 m 5 ) ( x1, x 2, x 3, x 4, x 5
x k = m k = m x k = 0 k m
( + )5 . Sa
} A = { 0,1, 4, 9,16, 25 .

185 1979

 A E . A
.
E E . an
E n .
a2n 1 = 0
1
= a2n
2
) (( 2 + 2 )n 1 ( 2 2 )n 1
C

D B
. (an )n 1
E A . ABCDEFGH
F H
bn
G
C E n .
G
E n . RXn X E
( )

n.
 . n > 2

RAn
( )
= ) ) ( ABC RC( n 2 ) ) ( ABA RA( n 2

) ) ( AHG RG( n 2 ) ) ( AHA RA( n 2
. an = 2an 2 + 2bn 2
 n > 2

) ) RCn = (CBA RA( n 2 ) ) (CBC RC( n 2 ) ) (CDC RC( n 2
( )

. bn = an 2 + 2bn 2

n > 2, an = 2an 2 + 2bn 2
)(1
bn = an 2 + 2bn 2
a1 = a2 = 0 b1 = 0 .b2 = 1
 186

an 2 2
M = 1 2 Zn = b
n

0 0
Z1 = 0 , Z 2 = 1 , n > 2, Z n = MZ n 2

n 1, Z 2n 1 = M n 1Z1 = 0
n 1, Z 2n = M n 1Z 2
M XM ( X ) = X 2 4X + 2
2 2 . 2 + 2 X n 1 ) XM ( X
n 1 n 1
) (2 2 ) (2 + 2
(2 + 2 X ) + ) (X 2 + 2
2 2 2 2

( 2 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 2
n 1 n 1
n 1
=
M
2 2 + 2 2 2
1 2
1

( 2 2 ) 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2
n 1 n 1
= Z 2n 2 + 2
2 2 2 2


n 1 n 1
) (2 + 2 ) (2 2
= a2n
2
.

QWE
AgD
ZXC


. ABC P ABC D E F
P ) ( BC ) (CA ) ( AB .
BC CA AB
= ) ( P. + + P
PD PE PF
A

A ABC A
F E
PBC PCA PAB
P

B D C 2A = BC PD + CA PE + AB PF

AB CA BC
= x3 = x2 = x1
PF PE PD

= y3 = y1 y2 = CA PE AB PF BC PD

) ( x1y1 + x 2y2 + x 3y 3 )2 ( x 12 + x 22 + x 32 )( y12 + y22 + y 32

) ( AB + BC + CA )2 ( P )( 2A

( AB + BC + CA )2
) (P
2A

y1 y y
= 2 = 3
x1 x2 x3
. PD = PE = PF P
ABC.

187
 188

 n r 1 r n
} n = {1, 2, , n r .
) F ( n, r .
n +1
= ) F ( n, r
r +1

} . Pn r = { B n : card ( B ) = r Pn r
( ) ( )

= .C nr !n
!) r !(n r

1
= ) F ( n, r
C nr ) min ( B
B Pn r( )

) min ( B B Pn r n r +1 p ( )

n r +1 } { B Pn r : min ( B ) = p
( )

} { p + 1, , n r 1 . p
1
card ( { B Pn r : min ( B ) = p } ) = C nr
( )
p

n r +1
1
( )r
= ) min ( B pC nr p
B Pn p =1

Cba = C ba++11 Cba +1

n r +1
= ) min ( B ) p (C nr p +1 C nr p
( )r
B Pn p =1
n r +1 n r
= pC nr p +1 pC nr p
p =1 p =1
n r n r
= ( p + 1 )C nr p pC nr p
p =0 p =0
n r n r
= C nr p = (C nr +p1 +1 C nr +1p ) = C nr ++11
p =0 p =0

n +1
+1
F ( n, r ) = C nr + r
= 1 /C n
r +1

189 1981

 m 2 + n 2 m n
} 1981 = {1, 2, ,1981 . ( n 2 nm m 2 ) = 1
2

2
{
A = ( n, m ) : ( n 2 nm m 2 ) = 1 }
A ) ( n,1 ) ( 1,1 ) ( 2,1
) ( n, 2 ) ( 3, 2 A
} {( 1,1 ), ( 1, 2 ), ( 2, 3 ), ( 3, 5 ), ( 5, 8 ),
( Fn )n 1 A : Fibonacci
:
F0 = 0, F1 = 1, n , Fn +2 = Fn +1 + Fn

n = Fn2+1 Fn +1Fn Fn2

= n +1 Fn +2 ( Fn +2 Fn +1 ) Fn2+1
= ( Fn +1 + Fn ) Fn Fn2+1
= ( Fn2+1 Fn +1Fn Fn2 ) = n

0 = 1 . n = ( 1 )n
n , ( Fn +1, Fn ) A
:
} A = { ( Fn +1, Fn ) : n
.
 ) ( n, m A . n m
2
( n 2 nm m 2 ) = 1 n 2 nm m 2 1
n (n m ) m 2 1 0
n m 0
 190

 ) ( n, m . A n > m . n m m
n m > m
n 2 nm m 2 = n (n m ) m 2
> nm m 2 = m (n m ) > m 2 1
. n m m
 ) ( n, m . A n > m ) ( m, n m . A
1 n m m
) m 2 m(n m ) (n m )2 = ( n 2 nm m 2
 ) ( n, m A m = n . n = m = 1

( m, n m ) : n > m
: A A, ( n, m ) =
) ( 1,1 : n =m

) X = (a,b A ( X p )p 0 A
) X 0 = ( n 0, m0 ) = (a, b X p +1 = ( n p +1, m p +1 )
) X p = ( n p , m p ) . X p +1 = ( X p
na > 1 nk > mk 0 k a
k { 0, , a 1 }, nk nk +1 = mk +1 1
a na = n 0 na a .
na = 1 . Xa = ( 1,1 )

}) = min { k , X k = ( 1,1
) Xk ( 1,1 . 0 k
r } {1, , , + 1
)(1 ) X +1r = ( Fr +1, Fr
191 1981

 . r = 1
X +1r  r ) = ( Fr +1, Fr
) ( m r , n r m r ) = ( X r ) = ( Fr +1, Fr

m r = Fr +1 n r m r = Fr

n r = Fr + Fr +1 = Fr +2

) X r = ( Fr +2, Fr +1 ) ( 1 . r + 1
r = + 1
) ( a, b ) = X 0 = ( F +2 , F +1
} A {( Fn +1, Fn ) : n

} A = { ( Fn +1, Fn ) : n

Fn2 + Fn2+1 Fn +1 1981

F15 = 987 F16 = 1597
. F17 > 1981 m 2 + n 2 m n
1981 ( n 2 nm m 2 ) = 1 . 9872 + 15972
2


 n 2 Pn Qn :
: Pn n
.
: Qn n
.

.1 n . Pn
.2 n .Qn
 192

 P3 . } {k 2, k 1, k
p k k 1 k 2
p = 2 k = 2m . m 2 2
2m 1 1 .
 P2k . k 2
} S 2k = { 2k 2 + j : j 2k
) m2k = max ( S2k ) = 2 ( 2k 1 2k 1 2k
} S2k \{ m2k ) 2k ( 2k 1 ) } lcm ( S2k \{ m2k
. m2k | lcm ( S2k \{ m2k } )
P2k +1 . k 2
} S 2k +1 = { 2k 3 + j : j 2k +1
) m2k +1 = max ( S2k +1 ) = 2 ( 2k 1 2k 1 2k 2
} S2k +1 \{ m2k +1 ) 2 ( k 1 )( 2k 1
) } lcm ( S2k +1 \{ m2k +1 . m2k +1 | lcm ( S2k +1 \{ m2k +1 } )
: Pn . n 4

Q2k . k 3
} S2k = { 2k 6 + j : j 2k
) m2k = max ( S2k ) = 2 ( 2k 3 2k 3 2k 4
} S2k \{ m2k ) 2 ( k 2 )( 2k 1
) } lcm ( S 2k \{ m2k . m2k | lcm ( S 2k \{ m2k } ) Q2k
. S2k S2k
 Q2k +1 . k 4
} S2k +1 = { 2k 7 + j : j 2k +1
m2k +1 ) m2k +1 = max ( S2k +1 ) = 2 ( 2k 3
) } . lcm ( S2k +1 \{ m2k +1 Q2k +1 . S2k +1 S2k +1
193 1981

 Q5 Q7 . n = 5
} S 5 = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } S 5 = { 8, 9,10,11,12
n = 7
} S 7 = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10 } S 7 = { 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12

Q4 . } { x 3, x 2, x 1, x . P4
p x x 1 x 2 x 3
p = 2 . p = 3
 4 x x 1 x 3 4
x 2 4 | 2 .
9 | x ) 3  ( x 1 ) 3  ( x 2 9 
x 3 9 | 3 .
 x 4 x = 6 } { 3, 4, 5, 6

.
: Qn . n = 4

 M
ABC . G
O .
G O M .

) CA = C ( A,
] [ AB ] [ AC
) CB = C ( B , ) . CC = C (C ,
R r ) C = C (G, R
) C = C (O, r .
 194

BAC O A A
O A 

. E F C A C ] [ AC
. AA E AOF
AA A E
= =
AO OF r
:
A
E
F
A
O M

C
B G

B C

k = OA h = HO,k O . k
OA = r
r

k = OB . h ( A ) = A OB = OC
OC
h ( A ) = A h ( B ) = B h (C ) = C
M A B C M
. A B C ) h 1 ( M
ABC h 1 ( M ) = G ) . M = h (G
O M G .
: kR = r R
OM M . rR = r + R OG = k = r +R
r ( )

] [OG . Rr

 f : ) ( x , y :
2

 f ( 0, y ) = y + 1 ) . f ( x + 1, 0 ) = f ( x ,1
 ) ) . f ( x + 1, y + 1 ) = f ( x , f ( x + 1, y
) . f ( 4,1981
195 1981


y > 0, ) f ( 1, y ) = f ( 0, f ( 1, y 1 ) ) = 1 + f ( 1, y 1
( f ( 1, y ) y )y .
f ( 1, 0 ) 0 = f ( 0,1 ) = 1 + 1 = 2

y , f ( 1, y ) = y + 2

y > 0, ) f ( 2, y ) = f ( 1, f ( 2, y 1 ) ) = 2 + f ( 2, y 1
( f ( 2, y ) 2y )y .
f ( 2, 0 ) 0 = f ( 1,1 ) = 1 + 2 = 3

y , f ( 2, y ) = 2y + 3

y > 0, ) f ( 3, y ) = f ( 2, f ( 3, y 1 ) ) = 3 + 2 f ( 3, y 1
( 2y ( f ( 3, y ) + 3 ))y .
20 ( f ( 3, 0 ) + 3 ) = f ( 2,1 ) + 3 = 5 + 3 = 23

y , f ( 3, y ) = 2y + 3 3


y > 0, f ( 4, y ) = f ( 3, f ( 4, y 1 ) ) = 2 f ( 4,y 1 )+3 3

2
f ( 4, 0 ) + 3 = f ( 3,1 ) + 3 = 21+ 3 = 24 = 22
(an )n a 0 = 1 . an +1 = 2an
a1 = 2 a2 = 22
2
a 3 = 22

n , f ( 4, n ) = an + 3 3
 196

) f ( 4,1981 2 1984 . 3
n+3 22

2
f ( 4, n ) = 22 3
.

QWE
AgD
ZXC


f : :
 n m } . f ( n + m ) f ( n ) f ( m ) { 0,1
 f ( 2 ) = 0 f ( 3 ) > 0 . f ( 9999 ) = 3333
) . f ( 1982

f :
)(H ( n, m ) 2 , } f ( n + m ) f ( n ) f ( m ) { 0,1

 p ( An )n
n 0, ) An = 2n f ( 2n p
) ( H
n , 0 f ( 2n +1 p ) 2 f ( 2n p ) 1

1
)(1 n , 0 An +1 An n +1
2
n 1
) n =0 ( An +1 An . ) k =0 ( Ak +1 Ak
An A0 . ( An )n
p
)(2 ) p = lim 2n f ( 2n p
n
. 1 ) ( H
) f ( 2n ( p + 1 )) f ( 2n p ) f ( 2n 1
n , 0 n n n n
2 2 2 2
n ) ( 2 p +1 = p +
p p
)(3 p , p = p

197
 198

) ( 1 p :
n 1
) f ( 2n p 1 1
0 n f ( p ) k +1 = 1 n
2 k =0 2 2
n ) ( 2 ) ( 3
0 p f ( p ) 1

)(4 p , p 1 f ( p ) p
f ( 9999 ) = 3333 ) ( 4
1 1 1
+
3 3 9999
. 660 < 1982 < 661
659 < 1982 1 f ( 1982 ) 1982 < 661
f ( 1982 ) . f ( 1982 ) = 660
: f ) ( H +

n , f ( n ) = n n , f ( n ) = n 1

 A1A2A3 . ak
Ak M k ak Tk
A1A2A3 ak Sk Tk
. Ak ) ( M1S1 ) ( M 2S2 ) ( M 3S 3 .

O . A1A2A3 Sk
) . (OAk
 . T 3 = S2  S3  S1 T 3
O T 3 .O
S1 (T3 ) = T2 S3 (T2 ) = T1 S2 (T1 ) = T3
. T 3 (T3 ) = T3 T 3 ) . (OT3
199 1982

A1

S1 ( S1 ) = T1 S3 (T1 ) = T2 S2 (T2 ) = S 2

S3 S2
T3 T 3 ( S1 ) = S 2
O
T2
) ( S1S2
) (OT3

S 1
T 3 ) (OT3 ) ( A1A2
A2 T A3
1
) . ( S1S2 )  ( A1A2
 T2 = S1  S2  S3
) (OT2 ) ( S 3S1 )  ( A3A1
T1 = S3  S1  S2 ) (OT1 ) . ( S2S 3 )  ( A2A3

A1 ) ( A1S1 X
) . ( A2S2 H X
. H ( S1 ) = A1 S2
S3 S2 ) ( S1S2 ) ( A2S2 ) H ( S2
X
) ( A2S2 A1
) ( S1S2 ) ( A1A2 A2
S1
A2 A3
H ( S 2 ) = A2
S 3 ) ( S1S 3 ) ( S 3S 2 ) H ( S 3
A1 ) ( S1S 3 ) ( A1A3
A2 ) ( S2S 3 ) ( A2A3 A3 . H ( S 3 ) = A3
H G )
( 21 H ( Ak ) = M k } . k {1, 2, 3
H k H  ( Sk ) = M k  = H  H
} {1, 2, 3 ) ( S1M 1 ) ( S2M 2 ) ( S 3M 3
. H .


 200

 ( xn )n . x 0 = 1
.1 m 1
x 02 x12
x m2 1
+ ++ 3.999
x1 x2 xm
.2 ( yn )n y0 = 1
y02 y12 y2
n , + + + n 1 < 4
y1 y2 yn

D ( xn )n
. x 0 = 1
X = ( x n )n D ) S ( X } + {+

x k2
= ) S (X
k = 0 x k +1

min S ( X ) = 4 .1 .2
X D
 X = ( x n )n D n .

:
n 1 2 n 1 xk 2 n 1 xk2 n 1


k xk +1 k +1 xk +1 k +1
x
k = 0
= x x
k =0 k =0 k =0

n 1 2 n 1 x k2 n
x k x k
k
) (1
=0

k = 0 xk +1 k =1

n 1 2 n 1 2
n 1
1 +

k k
x 1 x = 4
k
x k

k =1 k =1 =1

2
n 1 n 1
4 x k x k
k =1 k = 0
201 1982

) ( 1
n 1 n 1 2 n 1 xk2 n
4 x k x k
x k
k =1 k = 0 k = 0 x k +1 k =1

n 1
4xn xk2
)(2 n , 4 n ) S (X
k =1 xk k = 0 xk +1
x
lim n n = 0 :
n k =1 x k

 xk = + :
k =1
xn x0
n 1, 0 n n
k =1 x k k =1 xk

 x k = < + lim x n = 0
n
k =1
xn
. lim ) (0 < x 0 = 0
n kn =1 xk
) ( 2 n . S ( X ) 4
. inf S ( X ) 4
X D
yn = 2 n
 Y = ( yn )n
n 1 n 1
y2 1 1
n ,
yk +k 1 = 4 2k +1 = 4 1 2n < 4
k =0 k =0
( )
. S (Y ) = 4 . min S ( X ) = 4 .
X D


 n . En
x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 = n

.1 En ) ( x , y 2
.
.2 E1982 .
 202

.1 3xy 2 y 3
( x y )3 = x 3 3x 2y + 3xy 2 y 3

x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 = 2x 3 3x 2y + ( y x )3
= x 3 3x 2 ( y x ) + ( y x )3
= ( y x )3 3 ( y x ) (x )2 + (x )3

) X1 = ( x , y En ) X 2 = ( y x , x
X 3 = ( y, x y ) .
X1 = X 2 X 2 = X 3 X 3 = X1
) X1 = ( 0, 0 . n 0 En
.

.2 E2 . 9 ) ( x , y ( /9 )2
. x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 2 mod 9

z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3z mod 9 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 3
z 3 mod 9 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
( z 3 3z ) mod 9 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2

x 3 = mod 9 } . {1, 0,1 3x = 3 mod 9

y /9
x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 = 3y 2 + y 3 mod 9
= ( y )3 3 ( y ) 2 mod 9
203 1982

:
= 0 9 . x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 { 0,1, 8 } :
= 1 9 . x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 {1, 8, 6 } :
= 1 9 . x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 {1, 8, 3 } :
x 3 3xy 2 + y 3 mod 9 } { 0,1, 3, 6, 8
n 9 } { 2, 4, 5, 7 En
. 1982 = 2 mod 9 E1982
.

M . ABCDEF ] [ AC N
] . [CE
AM CN
= =r
AC CE
r B M N .
C B

) . j = exp ( 2 3 i 1
M

D N A

E F
j2 j j2 A B C E.
) 1 + r ( j 1 M
) j + r ( j2 j N . AC = CE


BM = 1 + j2 + r ( j 1 ) = r + ( r 1 ) j

BN = j2 + j + r ( j2 j ) = 1 r 2r j
) ( 1, j B N M
 
det ( BM , BN ) = 0 3r 2 1 = 0
1
= .r
3

 204

S . 100 ) L = ( A0, A1, , An

) ( A0 An . S
P S L P . 1/2
X Y L 1
L . 198

M L ] [ Ak Ak +1 0 k < n
L M ) dL ( M M L

k 1
= ) dL ( M Aj Aj +1 + Ak M
j =0

) = dL ( An L ) M dL ( M

L ] [ 0, .
P S L
12 } {t [0, ] : d(P, (t )) 12

)) t(P ) = min {t [0, ] : dd (P, (t 1
2
}
M L A0 )) (t(P
M L 12 . P
P Q ) t ( P ) t (Q
t ( P ) = t (Q ) = ) M = (
1 1
PQ PM + MQ + =1
2 2
.
P0 M L A0
) t ( P0 ) t (Q Q . S
205 1982

P1 P3 P0 S
) . t ( P1 ) < t ( P3
L1 L2 :
)] ) L1 = ([ 0,t ( P1 )] L2 = ( [ t ( P1 ) ,

} J = { P [ P0P3 ] : d ( P, L1 ) 12

) ) = { P [ P0P3 ] : t [ 0, t ( P1 ) ], d ( P , ( t 1
2 }
. P0 P PP3
. J X J
} X P3 = min { PP3 : P J
t0 ] ) [ 0,t ( P1 d ( X , (t0 ) ) 12 ) . X = ( t0

} J = { P [ P0P3 ] : d ( P, L2 ) 12

) ) = { P [ P0P3 ] : t [ t ( P1 ) , ], d ( P, ( t 1
2 }
. P3
X J J
X J X ] [ P0P3
X P3 < X P3 X J . d ( X , L2 ) > 12
1
) min ( d ( X , L1 ) , d ( X , L2 ) ) = d ( X , L
2
. d ( X , L1 ) 12 X J
X P3 < X P3 . X . X J
) ) d ( X , ( t1 ) .Y = ( t1 1
2 t1 ] [ t ( P1 ) ,

1 1
) ) XY XX + X Y = d ( X , ( t0 ) ) + d ( X , ( t1 + =1
2 2
 206

) ) . Z = ( t ( P1 ] X [ P0P3
100 = P0P1 X P1 X X + XZ + ZP1 XZ + 1
. dL (Z ) dL (X ) XZ 99

100 X P1 X Y + YZ + ZP1 YZ + 1
. dL (Y ) dL (Z ) YZ 99
. dL (X ) dL (Y ) 198 .

QWE
AgD
ZXC


f : + +
 ) ( x , y ( + )2 ) . f ( x f ( y ) ) = y f ( x
 . lim f ( x ) = 0
x +

f : + + .
  ) f (xy x
x ) f (x
) (1 ( x , y ) + + , f =
f (y ) y
 x = y = 1  ) . f ( f ( 1 ) ) = f ( 1
 ) x = y = f ( 1 ) ( 1 ) f ( f ( 1 ) ) = f ( 1
. f ( 1 ) = 1
 z + . f ( z ) = z :
. z > 1  n . f ( z 2 ) = z 2
n n

n = 0 n 
x = y = z 2 . n + 1
n

 . lim z 2 = +
n

f ) ( 1z = 1
z . z < 1 ) ( 1 x = 1 y = z
. 1z
. z = 1
. f ( z ) = z z = 1
 x + ) . z = xf ( x 
f ( z ) = f ( xf ( x ) ) = xf ( x ) = z
1
z = 1 . f ( x ) =
x
x x1   .

207
 208

 C1 C 2 O1 O2 .
. A C1 . C 2
C1 P1 C 2 P2
[ PQ
C 1 Q1 C 2 .Q2 M 1 ] 1 1

M 2 ] . [ P2Q2 1AO2 = M 1AM 2

.O 

) (O1O2 M 1
P1 ) (O1O2 M 2 P2 ) . (O1O2
P2
D
P1 A

M 1 O1 M2 O2

) (1 
M 
1AO1 = M 2AO2

 M 1AO1
M 1O1 
sin M 1AO1

sin M 1AO1
)(2 = =
O1A 
sin O1M 1A 
sin M 2M 1A

 M 2AO2
M 2O2 
sin M 2AO2

sin M 2AO2
)(3 = =
O2A 
sin O2M 2A 
sin M 1M 2A

 O1P1M 1 O2P2M 2
209 1983

M 1O1 MO MO MO
= 1 1 = 2 2 = 2 2
O1A O1P1 O2P2 O2A
) ( 2 ) ( 3

sin M 1AO1

sin M 2AO2
)(4 =

sin M 2M 1A

sin M 1M 2A

M
 ) ( 1 2M 1A = M 1M 2A


AM 1M 2 .
 B A C1 . C 2
) ( AB ) ( P1P2 . D D
C1 ( DP1 )2 = DA DB D
C 2 ( DP2 )2 = DA DB D ] [ P1P2
) ( M 1P1 ) ( M 2P2 ) ( DB ) ) ((O1O2
) ( DB ] [ M 1M 2 . AM 1 = AM 2
AM 1M 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 1 .

 a b c .
2abc ab bc ca
xab + ybc + zca x y z .

.1 b c .
} L(b,c ) = { b + c : ( , ) 2

max ( \L(b,c ) ) = bc b c = ( b 1 ) ( c 1 ) 1

 gcd ( b, c ) = 1 c b /b
x cx . /b
 210
r { 0,1, , b 1 } , ! { 0,1, , b 1 } : c = r mod b

 N ) . (b 1 )( c 1 r
N b 0 r < b
} { 0,1, , b 1 . c = r mod b N c
. b k . N = kb + c
kb = N c ( b 1 ) ( c 1 ) ( b 1 )c
1 b > b
k > 1 . k ) . N L(b,c
 bc b c ) L(b,c
b + c = bc b c
( + 1 )c = ( c 1 )b ( + 1 )b = ( b 1 )c
gcd ( b, c ) = 1 b + 1
+ 1 b ( + 1 )b 0
. bc b c ) L(b,c
max ( \L(b,c ) ) = bc b c
.2
} L(a,b,c ) = { a + b + c : ( , , ) 3

max ( \L(a,b,c ) ) = 2abc ab bc ca

 gcd ( bc, a ) = 1 bc
a
/a x bcx . /a
r { 0,1, , a 1 } , ! { 0,1, , a 1 } : bc = r mod b

 N . 2abc ab bc ca r
N a 0 r < a
211 1983

} { 0,1, , a 1 . cb = r mod a
N bc . a k . N = ka + bc

ka = N bc N ( a 1 ) bc
> 2abc ab bc ca abc + bc
> ( bc b c )a
k > bc b c ) k L(b,c
m n k = mb + nc
) N = bc + mab + nca L(a,b,c
 A = 2abc ab bc ca ) L(a,b,c
. A = ab + bc + ca
a A = bc mod a a
( + 1 )bc a bc a + 1
. a 1 c 1 . b 1

A = ab + bc + ca
( c 1 )ab + ( a 1 )bc + ( b 1 )ca
3abc ab bc ca
) . A L(a,b,c
A = 2abc ab bc ca
) L(a,b,c
max ( \L(a,b,c ) ) = 2abc ab bc ca
.


 ABC E ] [ AB ] [ BC ] [CA
. ABC
 212
E
.

E
.
E
F G .
A B C







BA = 23 BC CB = 23 CA AC = 23 AB
) ( AB ) ( B C ) (C A
A ) ( BC ) (CA ) ( AB.
B A B C
F G
C
A B . F ) ( AB
B D E A C ) ( BC . [ BC ]\{A} G
D C ) . ( BC BDC
B D G .C F
B C F ) (C B ) ( AC
. [ AC ]\{B } G
E A ) ( BC
AEC G .

 1983 10
5

. ) P ( f )(
. A ) P ( f )( N A
213 1983

= NA 3k
k A

. N = 0
N An [ N A[ 0,n
( )
A ) P ( f )( n
= N An
( )

3k
k A,k <n

a mod b a
. b
 :
n 1
n , 2 3k = 3n 1 < 3n
k =0

n , N An = N A mod 3n
( )

1
) (1 n , < 0 N An
( )
3n
2
1A A 1 n A
0 n . \A ) N A( n +1 ) N An = 3n 1A ( n
( )

)(2 n , 1A ( n ) = 3n ( N A( n +1 ) N An ( )
)
A N A .

}) B = { N A : A P ( f )(
B .
A B C ) P ( f )(

N A + NC = 2N B

) ( N A, N B , NC .
) ( 1
 214
n , N An + NCn = ( N A + NC ) mod 3n
( ) ( )

= ( 2N B ) mod 3n = 2N Bn ( )

) ( 2
n , ) 1A ( n ) + 1C ( n ) = 21B ( n

n B n A n C
B A C . A C B
n B n A n C
.B A C
A C B A C A = B = C .
B .
} k + B = { k + b : b B
k . ] BN = ( 1 + B ) [ 1, N
} {1, , N .
BN
3p 1
1 + N [ 0, p 1 ] BN N 1
2
3p 2N 1
) p log 3 ( 2N 1
p log 3 ( 2N 1 )
PN = log 3 ( 2N 1 )
{1 + N A : A { 0,1, , PN 1 } } BN
. card ( BN ) 2PN
N = 105 PN = 11
card ( B105 ) 2048 > 1983
.

a b c .
215 1983

a 2b ( a b ) + b 2c (b c ) + c 2a ( c a ) 0
.

x y z
a +b +c
=p x = p a y = p b z = p c
2
a b c x y z .

a = y +z b = z +x c = x +y

) F ( a, b, c ) = a 2b ( a b ) + b 2c (b c ) + c 2a (c a

) F ( a, b, c ) = 2 ( xy 3 + yz 3 + zx 3 ) 2xyz ( x + y + z

2
) xyz ( x + y + z )2 = ( x 3y z + y 3z x + z 3x y
) ( x 3y + y 3z + z 3x )( x + y + z

3 3 3
x y y z z x
= = x =y =z
z x y
F (a,b, c ) 0 . a = b = c

.


 216

QWE
AgD
ZXC


x y z x + y + z = 1

7
0 xy + yz + xz 2xyz
27

P x y z
) P ( X ) = ( X x )( X y )( X z
= X 3 X 2 + ( xy + yz + zx ) X xyz

P ) ( 12 ) = ( 21 x )( 21 y )( 21 z ) = 81 + 21 ( xy + yz + zx 2xyz

xy + yz + zx 2xyz 1 1 1 1
)(1
2
=
2 (
x
2()
y
2 ()
z +
8 )
 x y z x + y + z = 1
21 1
2

= ) ( 12 x )( 21 y )( 21 z 1
2
x
1
2
y
1
2
z
1
8

xy + yz + zx 2xyz 1
2
=
2
x ( )( 21 y )( 21 z ) + 18 0
.

 x y z x + y + z = 1
21
) ( 12 x )( 12 y )( 12 z ) ( 1
xy + yz + zx 2xyz 1
2
=
2
x ( )( 12 y )( 21 z ) + 18 18 < 547
217
 218
x y z 21
) ( 12 x ) ( 12 y ) ( 12 z
16
xy + yz + zx 2xyz 1 1
2
=
2
x
2 (
y () )( 12 z ) + 18
1 1 7
3 +
6 8 54
.

 ) (a,b :
.1 7 ) . ab (a + b
.2 77 . (a + b )7 a 7 b 7

) (a, b .
2
) ( a + b )7 a 7 b 7 = 7ab ( a + b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2

 ) (a, b .1 .2
) 7
ab ( a + b ) 73 | ( a 2 + ab + b 2

19 18 = 342 = 1 mod 73

a 2 + ab + b 2 = ( a 18b )( a + 19b ) mod 73

7
b ) 7
( a 18b ) ) 7
(a + 19b
7 ) 7 | ( 37b
7 b ( . 37
7
b a 2 + ab + b 2 = 0 mod 73
a 18b = 0 mod 7 3 a + 19b = 0 mod 7 3

19 = 324 mod 73
a = 18b mod 7 3 a = 324b mod 7 3
219 1984

 ) (a, b
) 7
b (a = 18b mod 7 3 ) 7
b (a = 324b mod 73
7
a ) 7
( a + b ) 7
ab ( a + b 7
. .2 ) (a, b
.1 .2
}) ) {( a, b ) 2 : ( 7
b ) ( (a = 18b mod 73 ) (a = 324b mod 73
) ( 1,18 ) ( 18,1
a + b .

 O A .
. M O ) C ( M
1 
  
( M ) = OM + O ) arg(OA,OM
OM

  
arg(OA [ [ 0, 2 ) ,OM

  
. (OA M ) (OA ) ,OM
) .C (M

O A ) . ( 1, 0
. C
O .
M = re i r > 0 [ [ 0, 2
C ( M ) = C . +

C (M ) = C r + ) = = r ( r
r
< 2 2
} = {re i r ( r ) : 0 < r
[ r ( r ) [ 0, 2 r ] ] 0, C ( M ) = C
M .
 220

) C(M
A

) P ( A . ) c ( M

r
O A
M
M .

2 2 5
. :
} : ] 0, 5 [ P ( A ) , ( t ) = { c ( M ) : M C t
t [ ] 0, 5 .C t
) P ( A
r 0 < r < ) . ( r ) = (
C r ) M = re i r ( r
) . (OA
} ) c ( M ) ( r ) = ( ) = {c ( P ) : P C ( M
.

 ABCD ) (CD
) . ( AB ) ( AB ) (CD
) ( BC ) ( AD.

O ] . [ AB O ) (CD
AA BB A B
) (CD ] [ AB O ) (CD 12 AB
. AA + BB = AB
D
A

B
C
E
A O B
221 1984

) A ( XYZ . XYZ
12 CD ) (CD
] [ AB
1
) (1 = ) A ( ACD ) + A ( BCD AB CD
2
E ] [ AC ] . [ BD :
) (CD ] [ AB
1
= ) A ( AED ) + A ( BCE ) + 2A ( ECD AB CD
2
: ) ( AB ] [CD
1
= ) A ( AED ) + A ( BCE ) + 2A ( EAB AB CD
2
) (CD ] [ AB ) ( AB
] [CD ) . A ( ECD ) = A ( EAB

)(2 EA EB = EC ED
AEB . ) ( 2 
CED 

EA ED
=
EC EB
) ( AC BD .

 n n > 3 p .
d .
2d n n + 1
<n3 < 2
p 2 2

x . x
 222
D
C

 :
M
.
A B
] [ AC ABCD M
] [ BD MAB AB < MA + MB MCD
CD < MC + MD
AB + CD < AC + BD
.
( Ak )0k <n
Ak } k { 0,1, , n 1 . Ak mod n dij
] [ Ai Aj k ] . [ Ak Ak +1
 i } { 0,1, , n 1 j } {i + 2, , i + n 2
Ai Ai +1Aj Aj +1
Ai Aj + Ai +1Aj +1 > Ai Ai +1 + Aj Aj +1
. dij + di +1, j +1 > i + j
n 1 i +n 2 n 1 i +n 2
> (dij + di +1, j +1 ) ( i + j )

i = 0 j =i + 2 i =0 j =i + 2

n 1 n 1
2 > dij ( n 3 ) i + j
j {i +1,i 1 }
i =0 i =0 } j {i +1,i ,i 1


n 1
2 > dij ) ( ( n 3 ) i + p i +1 i i 1
j i 1 i =0

4d > ( n 3 ) p + np p p p = 2 ( n 3 ) p
2d > ( n 3 ) p .
223 1984

 .
r n r .
) min ( r , n r .
 . n = 2m + 1 r } { 2, , m
r ([ Ai Ai +r ])0i <n . n
di,i +r = Ai Ai +r i + i +1 + + i +r 1

n 1 n 1
m m
d = di,i +r ( i + i +1 + + i +r 1 )

i =0 r =2 i =0 r =2
m
)m (m + 1
( rp = p 2
1 )
r =2
2d n n + 1
. m ( m + 1 ) 2 = 2
p 2 2

 . n = 2m r } { 2, , m 1
r ([ Ai Ai +r ])0i <n . n
r = m ([ Ai Ai +m ])0i <m . m
di,i +r = Ai Ai +r i + i +1 + + i +r 1

n 1 m 1 m 1

= d i,i +r + di,i +m
d
i = 0 r =2 i =0
n 1 m 1 m 1 p

( i + i +1 + + i +r 1 ) +

i = 0 r =2 i = 0 2
m 1
mp mp )m (m 1

2
+ = rp
r =2 2
+p
2 ( 1 )

2d n n + 1
m 2 2 = 2
p 2 2

.
 224
a b c d 0 < a < b < c < d ad = bc
k m a + d = 2k b + c = 2m
.a = 1


c ( 2k 2m ) = c ( d + a b c ) = cd + ac bc c 2
= cd + ac ad c 2 = ( c a ) ( d c ) > 0
. 2k > 2m
ad = cb ) a ( 2k a ) = b ( 2m b
) (1 ) ( b a )( b + a ) = b 2 a 2 = 2m ( b 2k m a

b a = 2r p b + a = 2s q p q .
b 2k m a . r + s = m b + a b a
r 1 . s 1
r 2 s 2 4 ) 2b = (b + a ) + ( b a
b . r = 1 . s = 1
 s = 1 r = m 1 2m 1 b a
c > b 2m 1 2m = b + c > 2m 1 + 2m 1 .
 r = 1 s = m 1
2m = c + b > a + b = 2m 1q
2 > q q = 1

)(2 a + b = 2m 1
) ( 1 ( 2k m +1 1 )a = b ) ( 2 . a = 22m 2k
a a = 1 . k = 2m 2 n
1
a = 1, b = 2n 1, c = 2n + 1, d = 22n 1
.


. ABCD ] [ AB
. . AD + BC = AB

M
C

I ] [ AB
D L
N ] [ BC ] [CD ] [ AD
L M N .
A B
I
r 2
.CBA
BAD 2

DCB
 ABCD
= 2

ICB
DCB
=
2
) ( IC

. DIN
.CIL
=
=
 ILC LC = r tan . ND = r tan
r
= . IB  BLI ) LB = r cot ( 2
sin 2
r
= . IA  INA NA = r cot 2
sin 2
0 < x < 2
1 1 cos 2x 2 sin2 x
= cot 2x = = tan x
sin 2x sin 2x 2 sin x cos x

IA NA LC = r ( sin12 cot 2 tan ) = 0
1
IB ND LB = r cot 2 tan = 0
sin 2

AB AD BC = ( IA NA LC ) + ( IB ND LB ) = 0
.
225
 226
 n k . 0 < k < n
} M = {1, 2, , n 1 .
:
 i M i n i .
 i k M i k i i k .
M .

M ( ) = k n k /n
k . n 0 ( ) < n ( ) = 0
n k gcd ( k, n ) = 1 n
. < n . M, ( ) M

: M M ) ( p ) = (q
n ) k ( p q gcd ( k, n ) = 1 n
p q p = q . p q < n M
.
M . < n 1 k = ( ) + q n
k ( + 1 ) = ( ) + k + q n
k + ( ) < n
) k + ( : k + () < n
( + 1 ) =
k + ( ) n : k + ( ) n

}) ( + 1 ) k { ( ) , n (

 ) ( + 1 ) ( ) n (
 ) ( + 1 ) ( .
}) { ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( n 1 M
. .
227 1985

= P ( P [ X ]) 
n
k =0 ak X k
) o ( P P
) } o ( P ) = card ( { k : ak = 1 mod 2
(Qn )n ] [ X .Qn = ( 1 + X )n
: m
m
) ) o Q( k ) o (Q( 0
k = 0

 :
n n
n , ( 1 + X )2 = 1 + X 2 mod 2

. n = 0 n

n +1 n 2 n 2
( 1 + X )2 = ( ( 1 + X )2 ) = (1 + X 2 ) mod 2
n n +1 n +1
= 1 + 2X 2 + X 2 mod 2 = 1 + X 2 mod 2
. n , o (Q2n ) = 2
 Pk :
: m
( m ) k ) ( E
m
) ) . o ( i = 0 Q( i ) ) o (Q( 0
Pk . k
 ( m ) = 0 m = 0 P0 .
 ( m ) 1 ( 0 ) = 0 ( 1 ) = 1 m = 1

m
Q( 0 ) = 1 i = 0Q(i ) = Q0 + Q1 = 2 + X
) ( E.
( 0 ) = 1 m = 0 ) ( E .
. P1
 228
 Pj j k . Pk
: . m ( m ) < k
) ( E P m .
( )

) ( E ( m ) = k .
n . n = log 2 k 2n k < 2n +1
m
Q ) . i = 0 Q( i :
 . ( 0 ) 2n
) Q = ( 1 + X )2 B ( X ) = ( 1 + X )2 A ( X
n n
) Q( 0

m
= ) B ( X ) A ( X ) = Q( 0 )2 ( X
n
Q i 2 ) ( n ) (X
i =0

Pk 2n i ( i ) 2n m
) . o ( A ) o ( B
n
) Q (X ) = B (X ) + X 2 B (X mod 2
n
) Q( 0 ) ( X ) = A ( X ) + X 2 A ( X mod 2

n n n n
deg A = ( 0 ) 2 ( m ) 2 = k 2 < 2
deg B = ( m ) 2n = k 2n < 2n
) ( E
) ) o (Q ) = 2o ( B ) 2o ( A ) = o (Q( 0
. ( 0 ) < 2n r
} r = max { j : ( j ) < 2n

. ( r ) < 2n ( r + 1 ) ( m ) = k
r m
2n
= Q ) Q( i ) + (1 + X Q( i )2n

 = 0
i =r +1
 i

A B
deg A < 2n . deg B < 2 .Q = ( A + B + X B ) mod 2
2n n
229 1985

Pr
) (1 ) o (Q( 0 ) ) o ( A

n
) o (Q ) = o ( A + B + X 2 B ) = o ( A + B ) + o ( B
. deg ( A + B ) < 2n
) o (R + S ) o (R ) + o (S

) o ( A ) = o ( A + 2B ) = o ( A + B + B ) o ( A + B ) + o ( B

)(2 ) o ( A ) o (Q
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( E . Pk
Pk k .
.


M . 1985
. 23 M
.

:
} P = { p1, p2, , pn . n
M
. 3 2n + 1 M . P
M .

P
} P = { 2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23

n = 9 . 1985 > 3 29 + 1 = 1537

 230
 n p ) p ( n p
n
} p ( n ) = max { : p | n
m
0 ( m ) = m mod 2 = m 2 m /2
 ) M( 2 M . A
) M( 2 } A = {a, b ) ( A . ab
N ) M( 2 :
.1 A B N A B = . A B
.2 A N ) ( A .
.3 N .
= N . card ( N ) 2n
card ( A N A ) 2 2n ) M1 = M\( A N A
card ( M1 ) 3 2n + 1 2 2n 2n + 1

) ) ) 0 : M1 { 0,1 }n , k ( 0 ( p1 ( k ) ) , , 0 ( pn ( k
M1 a b ) 0 ( a ) = 0 ( b
N .1 .2
ab }  = N {a, b

. 3 . card ( N ) 2n + 1

) ) ) ) 1 : N { 0,1 }n , A ( 0 ( p1 ( ( A ) ) ) , , 0 ( pn ( ( A
N } A = {a, b } B = {c, d
) 1 ( A ) = 1 ( B
) abcd = ( A ) ( B .
.

231 1985

 ABC C O A C
] [ AB ] [ BC K N .
OMB .
ABC KBN B . M

C1 ABC C 2
. KBN
.
B  B 
C1 C1
C2
C2
M M
K N
C C
N K
O O
E C A C A E

) (CA C C1 ) ( NK
C . C 2 ) (CA ) ( NK
M B . ) (CA ) ( NK
. E E C C1 C 2
E ) ( BM C1 . C 2
ECNM . .
  .
1 2 ) ( ) (

= NMB
EMN
= BKN
= NCE

= ACN

  .
2) (1 ) (

= BMN
NME
= BKN =


= NKA

ECN
) ( 1 BMNK ) ( 2
KNCA . ECNM
.
 232
 KBMN . EM EB = EN EK
EN EK E C EN EK
OE 2 ON 2
)( EM EB = OE 2 ON 2

 ECNM . BM BE = BN BC
BN BC B C BN BC
OB 2 ON 2
) ( BM EB = OB 2 ON 2

)( ) ( EB = EM + MB
( EM BM ) ( EM + BM ) = OE 2 OB 2

ME 2 MB 2 = OE 2 OB 2

       
) ( ME + MB )( ME MB ) = (OE + OB )(OE OB

     
( ME + MB ) BE = (OE + OB ) BE

    
ME + MB = 2MO + OE + OB

 
MO BE = 0
OMB .
=

2

 x ( x n )n 1
1
x1 = x , n 1, xn +1 = xn xn + ( n )
x
n 1, 0 < x n < xn +1 < 1
233 1985

( Pn )n :
1
P0 ( X ) = X , (
n , Pn ( X ) = Pn 1 ( X ) Pn 1 ( X ) +
n )
n Pn Pn
. + Pn ( 0 ) = 0 . n
Pn ( 1 ) > 1 n . n
(an , bn ) ] [ 0,1
1
Pn ( an ) = 1 Pn ( bn ) = 1
n +1
Pn . an < bn

1
(
Pn +1 ( an ) = Pn ( an ) Pn ( an ) +
n +1 )
1 1
= 1 <1 ) = Pn +1 ( an +1
n +1 n+2
, an < an +1
1
(
Pn +1 ( bn ) = Pn ( bn ) Pn ( bn ) +
n +1 )
1
= 1+ ) > 1 = Pn +1 ( bn +1
n +1
. bn > bn +1
n , 0 an < an +1 < bn +1 < bn 1
( Pn )n ) t Pn ( t
] [ 0,1 ) ( 0, 0 ) (bn ,1
t
t [ 0,1 ], ) Pn ( t
bn
1 a
1 t = an n
n + 1 bn
b 1
n , 0 bn an n
n +1 n +1
. lim ( bn an ) = 0
n
 234
( an )n
( bn )n
n , 0 an < an +1 < < bn +1 < bn 1
( xn )n
n 1, ) x n = Pn 1 ( x
 n . 0 < xn < xn +1 < 1
. 0 < x < 1
Pn + 0 < xn +1 < 1
x n +1  1
  
) 0 < Pn ( x ) < Pn ( bn
. n 1, x < bn
1
x n > 1 x n > 0 x n < xn +1
n
11/n xn
  
) Pn 1 ( an 1 ) < Pn 1 ( x
. n 1, an < x

n , an < x < bn
n . x = lim an = lim bn =
n n
 . x =
n , an 1 < < bn 1
Pn 1 +
1
n , 1 < xn < 1
n
1
1 < x n + 0 < xn x n +1 < 1
n
0 < x n < x n +1 < 1
.



d 2 5 . 13
a b } { 2, 5,13,d ab 1 .

2d 1 5d 1 13d 1
.
m . m
m } { 0,1, , m 1 .
m = 16
. 13
} Q16 = {k 2 mod 16 : k } = { 0,1, 4, 9

2d 1

} ( 2d 1 ) mod 16 { 0,1, 4, 9

} ( 2d ) mod 16 { 2,10

} d mod 16 {1, 5, 9,13

d mod 16 ( 5d 1 ) mod 16 ( 13d 1 ) mod 16
1 4 12
5 8 0
9 12 4
13 0 8

} d mod 16 { 5, 9 5d 1
} d mod 16 {1,13 13d 1 .
2d 1 5d 1 13d 1 .

235
 236
 A1A2A3 . P0 An = An 3 n
. 4 ( Pn )n Pn +1 :
Pn An +1 . 23
P1986 = P0 A1A2A3 .

) . j = exp ( 23 i

n , ) Pn +1 = An +1 + j ( Pn An +1
n
P3n +1 = ( 1 j ) A1 + j P3n
P3n + 2 = ( 1 j ) A2 + j P3n +1
P3n + 3 = ( 1 j ) A3 + j P3n + 2

) ) P3n + 3 = ( 1 j ) A3 + j ( ( 1 j ) A2 + j ( ( 1 j ) A1 + j P3n
= ( 1 j ) ( A3 + j A2 + j2 A1 ) + P3n

n :
n , P3n = n ( 1 j ) ( A3 + j A2 + j2 A1 ) + P0
m P3m = P0
A3 + j A2 + j2 A1 = 0
1 + j + j2 = 0
) A3 = A2 + e i /3 ( A1 A2

A3 A1 A2 . 3 A1A2A3
.
( m , ) A1A2A3 ( ) P3m = P0
m = 662 . 3 662 = 1986

237 1986


. x y z
y < 0 x + y y z + y .
.
.

x i i . 0 i 4
.
4 4
= ) F ( x 0 , x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 xi2 + ( xi + xi +1 )2
i =0 i =0

. x i = x i mod 5

) : 5 5, ( x 0 , x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) ( x1, x 2 , x 3, x 4 , x 0
) s : 5 5, ( x 0 , x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) ( x 0 , x 0 + x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 + x 0

x i < 0
. i = i  s  i
. F  = F ) = ( F F  s )( x 0, , x 4
= ( x1 + x 2 )2 ( x 0 + x1 + x 2 )2 + ( x 3 + x 4 )2 ( x 3 + x 4 + x 0 )2
) = ( 2x1 + 2x 2 + x 0 )( x 0 ) + ( 2x 3 + 2x 4 + x 0 )( x 0
) = 2x 0 ( x 0 + x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4

= S
4
i = 0 xi
( F F  i ) ( x 0 , , x 4 ) = ( F F  s )  i ( x 0 , , x 4 ) = 2x i S

S > 0 i x i < 0
) F ( x 0 , , x 4 ) > F  i ( x 0 , , x 4
( i )0i 4 ) F ( x 0, , x 4
.

 238
 A B n n 5
XYZ .O OAB
OAB Y Z X .
. X

R O . 2n C0
Z ] [ AB B ) A Y
] [ AB (.A ) . C = Rk ( C0
0k <n

. C0
) 1 + i cot ( n 0 2
O A B . . AB = 2
z ] [ 0, 2 . Z Y y
z 2e i ] . [ 0, 2n z
X
C0 2 z
=
O ) sin ( 2n sin ( 2n )

: AZY
Y
2 YZ AZ
n =
A Z B 
sin ZAY 
sin AYZ
X V ] [YZ Z n 2
Z ) . sin( 1/n x X

i ein y + z i ein i
x =z
) sin ( n 2
z (= ) z +
) sin ( n
e

) 1 sin ( 2n
=


+ i e i( n )
) sin ( n ) cos ( n
2
) 1 sin ( n
=

sin ( n ) + i cos ( n )
) sin ( n ) cos ( n
239 1986

1 ) sin ( n ) 2e i( 2 n
= x (
) sin ( n ) cos ( n )
= ) + i cos ( n
) sin ( 2n
) cos ( n

] [ 0, 2n X ] [OC 0

) e i( 2 n
= ( O 2
n ) = 0
) sin ( n

1 ) e i( 2 n
) = ( .C 0

n
) cos ( n ) sin ( n
 1 
= OC 0 (
) cos ( n
1 AO )
Z B M ] [ AB X
] [OC 0 O C 0 Z M A X
] [OC 0 C 0 O ] . C0 = [OC 0 C
) 1 cos ( n
. 2
)] Rk ( [OC 0 AB
) sin ( n 0 k <n

. n = 5

C
O

.

 f +
+ :
.f ( 2 ) = 0 
.x [ 0, 2 [ , f (x ) 0 
. ( x , y ) ( + )2 , ) f ( xf ( y ) ) f ( y ) = f ( x + y 
 240

f : + +    .
x + f ( x + 2 ) = f ( xf ( 2 ) ) f ( 2 ) = 0
  .
) ( x 2, f (x ) = 0
x [ [ 0, 2 
) 0 = f ( 2 ) = f ( x + 2 x ) = f (( 2 x ) f ( x )) f ( x

f ( ( 2 x ) f ( x ) ) = 0  .
. ( 2 x ) f ( x ) 2
2
) ( x [ 0, 2 [ , ) f (x
2x
x [ [ 0, 2 [ . ]x , 2
) 0 f ( ) = f ( x + x ) = f (( x ) f ( x )) f ( x
) ( ( x ) f ( x ) < 2
2
]x , 2 [ , < ) f (x
x
2
2
) x [ 0, 2 [ , f ( x
2x
) ( f .
0 [: x [ 2, +

f : + +, f ( x ) = 2
[ : x [ 0, 2
2 x

f  
 . ) ( x , y ( + )2
2x
( y < 2 ) < 2 x + y < 2
2 y
f .

241 1986

P .
d P P1, P2, , Pk
P d d ||ox
. d ||oy . ([P2i 1P2i ])1i k /2
:
d
P4

P3
d P2
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

P1

d
. P .

.
. .
.
 242
:




) n ( k } n = {1, , n k
.
n
! k n ( k ) = n
k =0

n n . n Sn
n
) } n ( k ) = card ( { Sn : card ( Fix ( ) ) = k
) Fix ( } . { j n : ( j ) = j

A n
} n ( A ) = { Sn : Fix ( ) = A
n \A
card ( n ( A ) ) = n card( A ) ( 0 )
. 0 ( 0 ) = 1 ) Pn( k n
k
= } (nk ) = { Sn : card ( Fix ( ) ) = k ) n ( A
) APn( k

) ) ( n ( A
) APn( k

= ) n ( k ) (k
) card ( n ( A ) ) = C nk n k ( 0
APn

) (1 ) 0 k n n ( k ) = C nk n k ( 0

( (nk ) )0k n Sn
n
= ) card ( Sn ) ) card ( (nk
k =0

243
 244

n
)(2 n , = !n ) n ( k
k =0

:
n n n
 
1
) k n ( k = kC nk n k ( 0 ) = n C nk ) 1 n k ( 0
k =0 k =1 k =1
n 1 n 1

) = n C nk 1 n 1k ( 0 ) = n n 1 ( k
k =0 k =0

! = n (n 1 )! = n

) ( 1  kC nk = nC nk 11 
) ( 2  . .

 . ABC A ] [ BC
L ABC . N K
L ) ( AB M L ) . ( AC
ABC AKNM .

N
O ABC
C
M L
R . AON
2 ( B + 12 A
NOA ) 

O
h
:
A K B
1 AN

 + 1A
= sin ( B ) 2
2
R


 + 1A
AN = 2R sin ( B
) (1 ) 2

AKL AML K
) ( AN M ) . ( AN h
K . AKL
245 1987

)(2 A ( AKNM ) = h AN
) A ( AKNM . AKNM

 = (B 
 + 1A
ALB ) 2

ALB :
AB AL
=
 
) sin ( B + 2 A
1 
sin B


sin B
= AL AB
 + 1A
sin ( B 
) 2

AKL
 ) AL sin ( 1 A
h AL = AK KL = AL cos ( 12 A 
) 2

1  
)(3 = h  = 1 sin A sin B AB
AL sin A
 + 1A
2 sin ( B 
) 2
2
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3
A ( AKNM ) = R AB sin A  = 1 AB BC sin B
 sin B 
2
ABC
.


 ) ( x1, , xn x12 + x 22 + + xn2 = 1

p . 2 ) (a1, , an
i n , ai p 1
p 1
a1x1 + a 2x 2 + + an xn n
pn 1
 246

yk = xk 1 k n . D = { 0,1, , p 1 }n
:
n
= ) : D , ( 1, , n kyk
k =1

 ) ( 1, , n D
n n
) 0 ( 1, , n yk2 ) k2 ( p 1 n
k =1

 = k
 
1
1 k p 1

] . I = [ 0, ( p 1 ) n
 ( I j )0 j < pn 1 :
p 1 p 1
Ij = j n n, ( j + 1 ) n n
p 1 p 1
= I pn 1 card ( D ) = pn n I j
0 j < p 1

) ( 1, , n ) ( 1, , n D
) ( 1, , n ) ( 1, , n . I j0

p 1
) ( 1, , n ) ( 1, , n n
pn 1
0 k n k 0 x k = 0
) sgn ( xk x k 0
n
p 1
(
k k ) k xk


pn 1
n
k =1 ak

ak = ( k k ) k 0 k n .


 f :
f ( f ( n ) ) = n + 1987
n
247 1987

:
: p . f :
) (P n , f ( f ( n ) ) = n + p
p .

f : ) . ( P f
f  f .
} f ( k ) < p A = {k : k < p
} f ( k ) p B = {k : k < p

 k A ) q = f ( k
q < p f (q ) = k + p p
q B . f ( A ) B
 k B . s = f ( k ) p
) f ( f (s )) = s + p = f (k
f . f ( s ) = k < p
s p f ( f ( s p ) ) = s
k = f ( s ) = f  f ( f ( s p )) = f ( s p ) + p p
. . s < p s < p f ( s ) < p
s A ) k = f ( s ) . k f ( A ) . B f ( A
 . f ( A ) = B ) card ( A ) = card ( B f
. ) ( A, B [ [ 0, p
p ) p = card ( A ) + card ( B ) = 2 card ( A p
.
f
 p = 2m n n + m ) . ( P
.
 248
n . 3 P n

P .

} P = { Ak : 1 k n Ak ) . ( k, k 2
 ) d ( Ak , A Ak A :
2
= ) d ( Ak , A ( k )2 + ( k 2 2 ) = k 1 + ( k + )2
: N r
p
r ) . = r p q
q
p 2 = Nq 2 q p
q = 1 . gcd ( p, q ) = 1 . ( r = p

( k + )2 < 1 + ( k + )2 < ( 1 + k + )2
1 + ( k + )2
( k , ) 2n , k d ( Ak , A )
 i j k ) A ( Ai Aj Ak
Ai Aj Ak
1 k i j i
= ) A ( Ai Aj Ak det 2 ) = ( k i ) ( j i )( j k
2 2 2 2 2
k i j i


( i, j , k ) 3n , card ( {i, j , k } ) = 3 A ( Ai Aj Ak ) +
.


n . 2 k 2 + k + n
[ 0, ( k 2 + k + n )0k n 2 n
3 k ]
.
249 1987

:
: q :
.1 m } {q + 1, , 2q m
} . {1, 2, , q
)(H k {q + 1, , 2q } , gcd ( m, k ) = 1
. k {1, , 2q } , gcd ( m, k ) = 1
.2 m ) ( H m < ( 2q + 1 )2 m
.

gcd ( m, 2q ) = 1 m . r
} {1, 2, , q k = log2 ( qr )
2k r q < 2k +1r 2q
) ( H gcd ( m, 2r +1r ) = 1 m
gcd ( m, r ) = 1 .1
m ) ( H m < ( 2q + 1 )2 .1
gcd ( m, k ) = 1 k 1 k m m
.
. = n3 n = 32 + s s
] [ 0, 6 + 2 = 0 . 1
P Pk :
k (k + 1 ) + n P

: Pk k } . { 0,1, ,
Pk k } . { + 1, , n 2
k .
Pk . k < k . Pk m
k ( k + 1 ) + n k } . { + 1, , n 2
 250

( 2k + 1 )2 m = 3k 2 + 3k + 1 n

= 3k 2 + 3k + 1 3 2 s
= 3k 2 + 3k 32 3 + 3 + 1 s
= 3 ( k )( k + + 1 ) + 3 + 1 s
3 ( 2 + 2 ) + 3 + 1 s = 9 + 7 s > 0
m < ( 2k + 1 )2 . s 6 + 2
gcd ( m, q ) 1 q } . {k + 1, , 2k
) (1 gcd ( m q ( 2k + 1 q ) , q ) 1

2 2
) m q ( 2k + 1 q ) = k + k + n + q q ( 2k + 1
= ( q k 1 )( q k ) + n
= k (k + 1) + n
k = q k 1 } { 0,1, , k 1
Pk k ( k + 1 ) + n ) ( 1
(n + k (1 + k )) | q

q 2k 2 ( n 2 ) < 2n

q k ( k + 1 ) + n n
. q = k ( k + 1 ) + n
k 2 = q k n = k + 1 n n 2 + 1 n = 1 < 0
.
gcd ( m, q ) = 1 k + 1 q 2k m < ( 2k + 1 )2
m . Pk
.



O R r . r < R
P B
. ) ( BP C
) ( BP P ) A
. (A = P
.1 . AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2
] [ BC .2
) ( BP
Q P
A B
M O
O P ) . ( BP M
M
Q ] [ BC ] . [ PQ
C .1
AB 2 = AP 2 + PB 2 = AP 2 + ( BM MP )2
AC 2 = AP 2 + PC 2 = AP 2 + ( BM + MP )2
. AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 ( AP 2 + BM 2 + MP 2 )
OMB BM 2 = R 2 OM 2 OMP
MP 2 = r 2 OM 2 APQ AP = 2OM
) AB 2 + AC 2 = 2 ( 4OM 2 + R 2 OM 2 + r 2 OM 2
) = 2 ( 2OM 2 + R 2 + r 2
) BC 2 = 4BM 2 = 4 ( R 2 OM 2
AB 2 + AC 2 + BC 2 = 4OM 2 + 2 ( R 2 + r 2 ) + 4R 2 4OM 2
= 6R 2 + 2r 2
AB 2 + AC 2 + BC 2 B
. 6R 2 + 2r 2
251
 252
.2 B Q M
] [ PQ M Q h P
. 12 M ) (Q
h ] . [OP

 n ( Ak )1k 2n +1
. B :
 k } 2n +1 = {1, , 2n + 1 . card ( Ak ) = 2n
 i j 2n +1 i j . card ( Ai Aj ) = 1
 B . ( Ak )k 2n +1
n B 0 1
( Ak )k 2n +1 0
n

n ( Ak )1k 2n +1 B
   .
k 2n +1 } Dk = 2n +1 /{k j
Ak S j Dk :
S j = { Dk : j A } Dk
  . j Ak , S j
 j j Ak = . S j S j
S j S j { j , j } A Ak  .


= 2n 1 card ( S j ) card j A S j card ( Dk ) = 2n
j Ak j Ak k

. j Ak , card ( S j ) = 1  :
 B . ( Ak )k 2n +1
253 1988

} Bn = {( i, j ) : 1 i < j 2n + 1
) ( i, j Bn ) ( i, j B 
}) Ai Aj = { ( i, j
) . : Bn B, ( i, j ) ( i, j 

2n +1
= ) card ( B ) = card ( Bn ) } card ( {i : 1 i j 1
j =2
2n +1 2n
= ) ( j 1 ) = j = n ( 2n + 1
j =2 j =1

( Ak ,n )k 2n +1 Bn
} ) ( j = k ) Ak ,n = {( i, j ) Bn : ( i = k
} = {( i, k ) : 1 i < k } {( k , j ) : k < j 2n + 1

2n ( Ak ,n ) Ak
2n . k 2n +1, ( Ak ,n ) = Ak
 .
. k 2n +1, (  } : B { 0,1 x ) = n
x Ak

. = 
k 1 2n +1
k 2n +1, ( i, k ) + ( k, j ) = n
i =1 j =k +1

2n +1 k 1 2n 2n +1
+
( i , k ) ) ( k , j ) = n ( 2n + 1
k =1 j =k +1
k = 2 i =1

(p,q )B ) (p, q
n

) . x B ( x ) n ( 2n + 1 n
.
 254
n B
( Ak )k 2n +1 B     .
n = 2m B = B2m
} B2m = {( i, j ) : 1 i < j 4m + 1

1 k 4m + 1 Ak = Ak ,2m
} ) ( j = k ) Ak = Ak ,2m = {( i, j ) B2m : ( i = k
} = {( i, k ) : 1 i < k } {( k , j ) : k < j 4m + 1

   .
} : B { 0,1  .
. m
m = 1 m = 2 .m = 3





A1






A2



A3






A1








A2
A4



A5


A1

A3









A6


A2
A4


A7

A3
A5



A8
A4

A6


A9



A7
A5 A10


A8
A11
A9 A12
m =1 m =2 m =3 A13

m = 1
.
2 +1
2 s
} 0 : mod 4 { 0, 3
+ 1
s =
mod 2 =
2 } 1 : mod 4 {1, 2


: B2m { 0,1 } , ( i, j ) = ( i + j + si +1s j ) mod 2
255 1988

( i, j )
1 ( 1 )i + j
( i, j ) = + ( 1 )i + j si +1s j
2 2
4m +1 k
k 1 4m +1
(X ) = ( i, k ) + ( k, j )
X Ak i =1 j =k +1
k 1
1 ( 1 )i +k
= 2 2 + ( 1 )i +k si +1sk
=1
i 

1
4m +1
1 ( 1 )k + j
+ + ( 1 )k + j sk +1s j

j =k +1 2 2
  

k 1 k 1
k 1 ( 1 )k
1 =
2

2 ( 1 )i + ( 1 )k sk ( 1 )i si +1
i =1 i =1
k 4m +1 4m
4m + 1 k ( 1 )
2 =
2

2 ( 1 )i ( 1 )k sk +1 ( 1 )i si +1
i =k +1 i =k

4q 4q +1 4q 1
( 1 )i +1 si +1 = ( 1 )i si = ( 1 )i si
i =1 i =2 i =0
q 1
= ( s4 s4 +1 + s4 +2 s4 +3 ) = 0
=0

k 1 4m +1 4m + 1
( 1 )i + ( 1 )i = ( 1 )i ( 1 )k = 1 ( 1 )k
i =1 i =k +1 i =1

k 1
1 + ( 1 )k
1 + 2 = 2m + ( 1 )k ( sk + sk +1 ) ( 1 )i +1 si +1
2 i =1
 256
4q
( 1 )i +1 si +1 = 0
i =1
4q +1
( 1 )i +1 si +1 = s 4q +2 = s2 = 1
i =1

4q + 3 4q + 2
( 1 )i +1 si +1 = 1 + s0 = 1 ( 1 )i +1 si +1 = 1 s3 = 1
i =1 i =1

1 0 : = 1 mod 4
( 1 )i +1 si +1 =
i =1 1 : 1 mod 4


0 : = 3 mod 4
s +1 + s = 1 : = 0 mod 2

2 : = 1 mod 4


1 0 : = 1 mod 2
( 1 ) ( s +1 + s ) ( 1 )i +1 si +1 =
i =1 1 : = 0 mod 2

1
1 + ( 1 )
) ( 1
= ( s +1 + s ) ( 1 )i +1 si +1
i =1 2

1 + 2 1 + 2 = 2m

( X ) = 2m = n
X Ak

. n
( Ak )k 2n +1     n .

257 1988

 f : :
 f (1 ) = 1 . f ( 3 ) = 3
 n
) .f ( 2n ) = f ( n
) .f ( 4n + 1 ) = 2 f ( 2n + 1 ) f ( n

) .f ( 4n + 3 ) = 3 f ( 2n + 1 ) 2 f ( n 
n 1988 . f ( n ) = n

f 2
. n . n ( A )2
2 . A
n f ( n ) (n )2 ( f ( n ))2
1 1 1 1
2 1 10 01
3 3 11 11
4 1 100 001
5 5 101 101
6 3 110 011
7 7 111 111
8 1 1000 0001
9 9 1001 1001
10 5 1010 0101
11 13 1011 1101
12 3 1100 0011
13 11 1101 1011
14 7 1110 0111
15 15 1111 1111

( bb1 b1b0 )2 ) m b 0
( = log2 m ( b0b1 b1b )2 ) f ( m
. m < 16 Pn
. n Pn : ) ( 0, , n 1
n 1 n
{ 0,1 }n 1 f 2n + k 2k = 1 + n k 2k
k =0 k =1
 258
Pn . 1 n 3 Pn n
} {1, 2, , m 1 . Pm
= x = ( bmbm 1 b0 )2 . bm = 1
m
k = 0 bk 2k
= . y = ( bmbm 1 b2 )2 x = b0 + 2b1 + 4y
m 2
k =0 bk +2 2k
:
 . b0 = 0 x bk +1 = k
m 1
= z k 2k x = 2z
k =0

f Pm 1
m 1
f x = f z = 1+
( ) ( )
m 1k 2k
k =1
m 1 m
k
=1+ bm k 2 = 1+ bm k 2k
k =1 k =1
. b0 = 0 Pm .
 ) . (b0, b1 ) = ( 1, 0 x = 1 + 4y

) f ( x ) = f ( 1 + 4y ) = 2 f ( 1 + 2y ) f ( y

Pm 1 Pm 2
) f ( ( bmbm 1 b2 01 )2 ) = f ( x ) = 2 f ( ( bm b21 )2 ) f ( ( bm b2 )2
m 2 m 2
= 2 2m 1 + bm k 2k bm k 2k
k =0
k = 0
m 2
m
=2 + bm k 2k = ( 10b2 bm 1bm )2
k =0

Pm .
 ) . (b0, b1 ) = ( 1,1 x = 3 + 4y
) f ( x ) = f ( 3 + 4y ) = 3 f ( 1 + 2y ) 2 f ( y
259 1988

Pm 1 Pm 2
) f ( ( bmbm 1 b211 )2 ) = f ( x ) = 3 f ( ( bm b21 )2 ) 2 f ( ( bm b2 )2
m 2 m 2
= 3 2m 1 + bm k 2k 2 bm k 2k
k =0
k =0
m 2
= 2m + 2m 1 + bm k 2k = ( 11b2 bm 1bm )2
k =0
Pm .

}) ( f ( n ) = n ) A = { n : ( n 1988
f ( n ) = n n .
L 2 + 1
} L = {( 1 1 0 )2 : ( k )0k < { 0,1 }
S n 2 + 1
f ( n ) = n
} S = {( 112 211 )2 L : k {1, , /2 } , k = k


card ( S ) = 2 /2

1988 = 211 ( 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 ) = ( 11111000010 )2

( = } ) {n 1988 : f ( n ) = n (
0 10
S )\( S 10 )] ]1988, 2047

] . S10 ]1988, 2047

( 11234543211 )2 1989 = ( 11111000011 )2

5 4
k 2k ( 1 k ) 210k + 2
k =1 k =1
 260
} { 1, 2, 3, 4 1

5 4
26 2 k 2k ( 1 k ) 210k + 2 2 + 26
k =1 k =1

1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 1
} S10 ]1988, 2047 ] {( 11111011111 )2 , ( 11111111111 )2
.
card ( S10 ]1988, 2047 ]) = 2
) (
10 /2
card ( {n 1988 : f n = n } ) = 2 2
( )
= 0
4
= 2 2k /2 + 2 ( 2k +1 )/2 + 25 2

k = 0
5
= 2k + 30 = 26 2 + 30 = 92
k =1
n 1988 f ( n ) = n
. 92

x
70
k 5
x k
4
k =1

. 1988

n
n
k
= ) f : ( \ n ) , f ( x x k
k =1

f \ n = I 0 I 1 I n 1 I n
[ I 0 = ],1 [ I n = ]n, + [ I k = ]k, k + 1 . 1 k < n
261 1988

h > 0 } . Eh = { x \ n : f ( x ) h
 f I 0 = . Eh I 0
 1 k < n f I k
lim f ( x ) = +, lim f ( x ) =
x k + x ( k +1 )

f ( x ) = h I k x k
] Eh I k = ]k , x k
 f I n
lim f ( x ) = +, lim f ( x ) = 0
x n + x +

f ( x ) = h I n x n
] Eh I n = ]n, x n

= Eh ] ]k , x k
1k n

Eh
n n
)n (n + 1
= ) ( Eh ( x k k ) =

xk 2
k =1 k =1

x k I k . f ( x ) = h
f (x ) = h P (x ) = 0
P
n
1
= ) P (X (X j )
h k
) k (X j
1 j n =1 1 j n , j k

deg P = n ( x k )1k n P
. X n 1 P k =1 x k
n

n
n 1 n )1 n (n + 1
xk = j + h k = 1 + h
k =1 k =1 k =1 2 ( )
5 )n (n + 1
= ) . ( Eh n = 70 = h . ( Eh ) = 1988
4 2h
.
 262
 ABC . A D . A
] [ AB ABD ACD
] [ AC K L . ABC
. AKL

. AK = AL = AD
A
C1
K C2
I
J L
B D C
:
 K ] [ AB L ] [ AC AK = AD = AL
L AK . X
) ( AB K ) . ( AD ) ( K L . AK X
A  AK X ADB
C 1 S1 1
K C2
BAD 1
I
J C L
1
B D C
1
ABD I . 1
C1
X AK X . I
AK X ) . ( K L
 J C 2 ADC
) . ( K L ) ( K L C1
C 2 K = K . L = L . AK = AL = AD
AUVW .UVW
1 1 1
= AABC AAKL = AK AL = AD 2 AD BC
2 2 2
263 1988

M ] [ BC BC = 2AM 2AD
1
= AABC AD BC AD 2 = 2AAKL
2
M D ABC
.

 a b ab + 1 a + b
2 2

a 2 + b 2 ab + 1 .

. 0 < a b q
a 2 + b 2 . ab + 1
 a = b a 2 + 1 2a 2 a 2
2 (a 2 + 1 ) | 2 a = 1 q = 1
.
 0 < a < b
} ) ) ( 2 + 2 = q ( + 1 ) Dq = {( , ) 2 : ( 0 < <
Dq . (a, b ) Dq c
} c = min { : , ( , ) Dq
d
0 < c < d ) c 2 + d 2 = q ( cd + 1
. m = cq d

qcd < q ( cd + 1 ) = c 2 + d 2 < cd + d 2
qc < c + d . m < c

m 2 + c 2 q ( mc + 1 ) = ( qc d )2 + c 2 qc ( qc d ) q
= c 2 + d 2 q ( cd + 1 ) = 0
 264

( ) ) m 2 + c 2 = q ( mc + 1
. m 0
 m > 0 ( m, c ) Dq c
. m < c
 m = 0 ) ( . q = c 2 q
.
.


QWE
AgD
ZXC


( Ai )1i 117
} {1, 2, ,1989 117

17 .

:
 } 1989 = {1, 2, ,1989 1989 995
Ai
1989 995
= 17 995
117
 k 1989 k = 1990 k k
} 1989 \{ 995 } .C k = {k, k
. 2 995
} 1989 = { 995 (
1k 994
Ck )
 17 = 3 + 2 7 Ai
7 (C k )1k 994 Di
. 3 995
 ( Di )1i 117
3 3 995
. (C k )1k 994
 995 ( Di )1i 117
D117 } . D117 = C 1 { 995 } = {1, 995,1989
( Di )1i 116
. (C k )2k 994
card ( 1i 116 Di ) = 3 116 = 2 174
J } { 2, , 994 174
1i 116 Di = k J C k

265
 266
( Di )i 116
} D2 +1 = {a, b, c } D2 +2 = {a, b, c
D2 D2 +1 = C a Cb Cc

a b c a b c
} . { 2, ,1988
0 57 :
a = 470 + b = 528 + c = 1987 2
] a [ 470, 527 ] b [ 528, 585 ] c [ 1873,1987
] a [ 1463,1520 ] b [ 1405,1462 ] c [ 3,117
] [ 3,117 ] [ 470, 527 ] [ 528, 585 ] [ 1463,1520 ] [ 1405,1462
] [ 1873,1987 .
} D2 +1 = {a , b , c } D2 +2 = {a , b , c

} J = { 470 + : 0 115 } {1 + 2, 0 58
( Di )1i 117 3
. 3 995
117

Di = { 995 } C j
i =1 j J

1989 \( 117
= ) i =1Di Cj
j 994 \J

card ( 994 \J ) = 994 175 = 819 = 7 117
994 \J 117
( J i )1i 117 7 ) Ai = Di ( j J i C j
( Ai )1i 117 .

267 1989

A C
 . ABC 

B C
ABC . A1 

B1  C C .C 1 A0
) ( AA1  B  .C
B0 .C 0 A0B0C 0
AC 1BA1CB1 . ABC
B0
 B  C
C0
A
C1
B1
) ( AC ) ( BC ) ( AB
I A
) ( AA1 

A0 ) ( AA1
B C
A1
 B  .C
B0 .C 0
A 0

 I ABC
ABC.

 = 1A
IAC CAB  1 = CBB 1 = 1 B 
2 2

ABI

B  1  1
0IA = 2 A + 2 B

 B . B1A = B1I 0IA = IAB1



IAB0 A

B= 1AB0
 CAB
IAC = 1  1A
12 B 
2 2 2

  
 + 1A
( 12 B
IB = 0A B = 0IA ) 2

2 2

 B . B1A = B1B0 1AB0 = IB0A



B1 ] [ IB0 . IAB0 ) A ( P
P ) . A ( IAB0 ) = 2A ( IAB1
 268
) . A ( IAC 0 ) = 2A ( IAC 1
) A ( IBC 0 ) = 2A ( IBC 1 ), A ( IBA0 ) = 2A ( IBA1
A ( ICA0 ) = 2A ( ICA1 ), ) A ( ICB0 ) = 2A ( ICB1

A ( A0B0C 0 ) = 2A ( AC 1BACB
1 )1
 a b c ABC
A
B 1
A  B  C R . 
C
BA1C BC = a
1

B C 12 a tan ( 12 A
A1 ) 
A1 a2  ) = R 2 sin 2 A
 tan ( 1 A

= ) 1
A ( BAC tan ( 12 A ) 2
4
x = tan ( 1 A  = 2x
sin A ) 2

1 + x2
2 x3
A BAC
( 1 ) = 4R 2
) (1 + x 2
)  y = tan ( 12 B )  z = tan ( 12 C
z3 y3
A ( AC 1B ) = 4R 2 2 A (CB1A ) = 4R 2 2
) (1 + z 2 ) (1 + y 2

) S = A ( BA1C ) + A (CB1A ) + A ( AC 1B

S 4R 2 x3 y3 z3

= + +
3 3 ( 1 + x 2 )2 ( 1 + y 2 )2 ( 1 + z 2 )2

x3 y3 z3
4R 2 3 2 2 2
) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + y 2 ) (1 + z 2

xyz
S 12R 2
2 2 2 2
3
) (1 + x ) (1 + y 2 ) (1 + z 2
269 1989

ABC
 sin B
A ( ABC ) = 2R 2 sin A  sin C

xyz
= 16R 2 2
( 1 + x ) )( + y 2 )( 1 + z 2
1

S 3
) (1 3 ) ( 1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 )( 1 + z 2
A ( ABC ) 4

1
f : 0, , f ( t ) = ln
2

cos2 t ( )
) = 2 ln ( cos t

f ) f ( t ) = 2 tan ( t [ [ 0, 2
f [ [ 0, 2 .
1 A B  C  A  +B
 +C

f + f + f f
3 2 2 2 6

1 4
3
( ln ( 1 + x 2 ) + ln ( 1 + y 2 ) + ln ( 1 + z 2 ) ) ln
3 ) (

4
3 ) ( 1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 )( 1 + z 2
3
) ( 1 ) S A ( ABC
) A ( AC 1BA1CB1 ) = S + A ( ABC

) A ( AC 1BA1CB1 ) 2A ( ABC

) A ( A0B0C 0 ) = 2A ( AC 1BA1CB1 ) 4 A ( ABC

.

 270
 n k Q n
. P Q
1
k .Q . k < + 2n
2

) S = Q( 2 Q
.Q
D )] ( P , [ AB P Q ] [ AB
S . P . D Q S D
:
 ] s = [ AB S
} Qs = { P Q : ( P, s ) D
Qs Q . s
Q
. card (Qs ) 2
 P Q
} S P = {s S : ( P, s ) D
SP Q P
. Q k
) k ( k 1
2 P P
S . ) . card ( SP ) k ( k21

D = Qs = S P
s S P Q

) k (k 1 ) k (k 1
= ) card ( D ) card ( SP ) card (Q 2
=n
2
P Q
) n (n 1
= ) card ( D = card (Qs ) card ( S ) 2 2
2
s S
271 1989

) n ( n 1 ) n k ( k21
k 2 k + 2 2n
. k < 12 + ( k 12 ) = k 2 k + 2n
2 1
4 < 2n

 ABCD ] [ AB ] [ BC ] [ AD
) (CD AB = AD + BC P
h AP = h + AD . BP = h + BC
1 1 1
+
h AD BC

. h
C A A D C B B
C ] . [ AB
C P h
C A C B C D ) . ( AB
C
C
P C E
D
D P

A B A B
CA CA
CB CB

P+ C A
C B C D ] . [CD C
C A C B ] [CD
P+ C A . C B C
C A C B .
h h0 ) (CD .
C D C A . C B
. h0
 272
E C . APED
E P ED 2 = AP 2 AX 2
= ( AD + h0 )2 ( AD h0 )2 = 4AD h0

BPEC
D X A EC 2 = 4BC h0
ABCD .CD 2 = 4AD BC
CD = CE + ED
2 AD BC = 2 BC h0 + 2 AD h0

1 1 1
= +
h0 AD BC
h h h0 .

 n S n
.

2 k m . Ak ,m = ( m ! )2 + k
Qk ,m ! m k
m . k
2 2
) (1 ) Ak ,m = k 2 (Qk ,m ) + k = k ( k (Qk ,m ) + 1

 Ak ,m k
.
 Ak ,m p Ak ,m
) ( 1 :
2
k (Qk ,m ) + 1 = 0 mod p k = 0 mod p
} S = { Ak ,n +1 : 2 k n + 1 .
273 1989

 S2n } 2n = {1, 2, , 2n
P i } {1, 2, , 2n 1
(i ) (i + 1) = n
n S2n P
.
( Bk )k n
( Ai )i 2n 1 } Ai = {i, i + 1
( Si ,k )( i ,k ) S2n } . Bk = {k, k + n
2n n

} Si ,k = { S2n : ( Ai ) = Bk
= Tk . P = Tk P Si ,k
k n i 2n 1

P ) . card ( P ) 12 card ( S2n

:
: ( X j )j n
n

card X j
j n card ( X j ) ) card ( X Xk
j =1 1 <k n

n
n = 1 . n = 2 n

card X j = card X j + card ( Xn +1 ) card ( X j Xn +1 )
j n +1 j n j n
n +1
card ( X j ) card ( X Xk ) ) card ( X Xn +1
j =1 1 <k n 1 n
n +1
= card ( X j ) ) card ( X Xk
j =1 1 <k n +1

. n + 1
 ! ) card ( Si ,k ) = 2 ( 2n 2
2n 1
= ) card ( Tk !) card ( Si,k ) = 2 ( 2n 1
i =1
 274
 < k
0 : ij 1
card ( Si,k S j , ) =
2 2 ( 2n 4 ) ! : ij >1

= ) card ( T Tk ) card ( Si ,k Sj ,
1i , j 2n 1
! ) = 4 ( 2n 2 )( 2n 3 ) ( 2n 4 ) ! = 4 ( 2n 2

n
) card ( P card ( Tk ) ) card ( T Tk
k =1 1 <k n
)n (n 1
n 2 ( 2n 1 ) ! ! ) 4 ( 2n 2
2
n 1
( 2n ) ! ! ) ( 2n
2n 1
n 1
! ) = ( 2n (
2n 1 )
! ) > ( 2n
2
.


QWE
AgD
ZXC


C ] [ AB ] [CD . E M
] [ EB E
DEM ) ( BC ) ( AC F G .
AM EG
= .t
AB EF
CEG . BMD 

DBM ACBD .

= ECG

DEG

G
D
M
B . DE
DME 


F

A
E
.CEG BMD



C
CEG BMD
EC EG
) (1 =
BM DM
CEF . AMD 

DAM ACBD .


= ECF

= GED
FEC
= DME


= DMA

CEF AMD
AM DM
)(2 =
EC EF
) ( 1 ) ( 2
EG AM AM t
= = =
EF BM AB AM 1t
.


275
 276
 n 3 E 2n 1
. k .
n
. E k k E
.

P ) . = exp ( 22ni1

} E = { k : k } = { k : 0 k < 2n 1
1 E :
: E E , z n +1 z
1 : E E , z n 2 z
B E )
( z B ( z ) B . 1 ( z ) B
B E : z
B ( z ) B 1 ( z ) B
z E , ) ) z B ( z ( B ) ) ( z 1 ( B
) ) z E \( ( B ) 1 ( B

) ) B E \( ( B ) 1 ( B

= ) ) B ( ( B ) 1 ( B

= ) . ( B ) ( 2 ( B ) B
z E , 2 ( z ) = 2n + 2 z = 3 z
B E :
= ) ( B ) ( 3B B
277 1990

n } { 0,1, , 2n 1
}) = ) n = max { card ( B ) : ( B E ) ( ( B ) ( 3B B
n . E k
. n + 1
B ) ( B 3B B

card ( ( B ) ) + card ( 3B B ) card ( E ) = 2n 1

) card ( ( B ) ) = card ( B ) card ( B ) card ( 3B B
2 card ( B ) 2n 1 . card ( B ) n 1
. n n 1
3B B 3B B
) ) ( B (B .
B 3B B
3 .
E
} A( r ,a,b ) = { 3k +r : a k < b
n 3 .
 n mod 3 = 0 . n = 3m
n = n 1 B
. 3m 1 gcd ( 3, 2n 1 ) = 1 3
2n 1
} E = { 3k : 0 k < 6m 1

} B = { 3k : 0 k < 3m 1
. card ( B ) = 3m 1 = n 1
 278
6m = ) n +1 = 3m +6m = 3( 3m
} ( B ) = { 3( k + 3m ) : 0 k < 3m 1
} = { 3k : 3m k < 6m 1
} ) 3B B = B { 3( 3m 1 . ( B ) ( 3B B ) =
B . n 1
:
) (1 n mod 3 = 0 n = n 1
 n mod 3 = 1 . n = 3m + 1
n = n 1 B
. n 1 = 3m gcd ( 3, 2n 1 ) = 1
3 2n 1
} E = { 3k : 0 k < 6m 1

} B = { 3k : 0 k < 3m
. card ( B ) = 3m = n 1
n +1 = 3m + 6m + 3 6m + 3 = 2 ) = 3( 3m +1
} ( B ) = { 3( k + 3m +1 ) : 0 k < 3m
} = { 3k : 3m + 1 k < 6m + 1
} ) 3B B = B { 3( 3m . ( B ) ( 3B B ) =
B . n 1
:
)(2 n mod 3 = 1 n = n 1
 n mod 3 = 2 . n = 3m + 2
. n = n 2 gcd ( 3, 2n 1 ) = 3
E A0 A1 A2
} Ar = { 3k +r : 0 k < 2m + 1 r } . { 0,1, 2
279 1990

3Ar = Ar . ( Ar ) = Ar B
Br = B Ar r } { 0,1, 2
= ) ( B ) ( 3B B

3
r { 0,1, 2 } , = ) ( Br ) ( Br Br
r } { 0,1, 2 . 2 card ( Br ) card ( Ar ) = 2m + 1
r { 0,1, 2 } , card ( Br ) m
card ( B ) = card ( B0 ) + card ( B1 ) + card ( B2 ) 3m = n 2
. n n 2
B 3m .
r } { 0,1, 2
} Br = { 3k +r : 0 k < m
. B = B0 B1 B2 card ( B ) = 3m = n 2
:
) } ( Br ) = { 3( k +m +1 )+r : 0 k < m } = Ar \( Br { 3m +r

} 3Br Br = Br { 3m +r
= ) ( B ) ( 3B B
B . n 2
:

)(3 n mod 3 = 2 n = n 2

) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 n . k
k n + 1
n } n mod 3 { 0,1 n 1 . n mod 3 = 2

 280
 n Pn n 2
. 2n + 1 n . Pn

P1 P3 . Pn
n 2n + 1 . Pn n
} . {1, 3   :
 a . gcd ( a, 6 ) = 1
bk = 23 a + 1
k

k 0, ( 3k +1 | bk ) ( 3k + 2 )  bk
. k
 k = 0 gcd ( a, 6 ) = 1 a

2a + 1 = ( 1 )a + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0 mod 3
. 3 | b0
3  a a = 3q + r } . r {1, 2
2a = ( 23 ) 2r = ( 1 )q 2r mod 9
q

} 2a mod 9 { 2, 4, 7, 5
2a + 1 0 mod 9 . 9  b0
. k = 0
 . k bk = 3k +1ak . 3  ak

k 3
) bk +1 = ( 23 a ) + 1 = ( bk 1 )3 + 1 = bk (bk2 3bk + 3

) bk +1 = 3k + 2ak ( 32k +1ak2 3k +1ak + 1
3k + 2 | bk +1 . 3k + 3  bk +1
. k + 1
 .
281 1990

 n 2
2n = 1 mod n
p n p
} p = min {k > 0 : 2k = 1 mod p
p < p 1 p . n
 :
 p | n ) n | ( 2n + 1 2n = 1 mod p
} {k > 0 : 2k = 1 mod p n
p .
 2p 1 = 1 mod p Fermat
} {k > 0 : 2k = 1 mod p
p 1 m p . m p p 1
 p m p p = m pQ + R
. 0 R < m p
Q
1 = 2 p = ( 2m p ) 2R = 2R mod p
2n + 1 n . p 2
R 0 p R p
0 < p < mp p 1
 n : p
n = pq + r , 0 r < p

q
1 = 2n = ( 2 p ) 2r = ( 1 )q 2r mod p

. 2r = ( 1 )q +1 mod p r > 0
m p q = 1 mod 2 p . q = 0 mod 2
r = 0 p n  .
 282
. n 1
. Pn
 p n 
p < p p | n p = 1 21 = 1 mod p . p = 3
3 . n
 3k 3 . n n = 3k a . 3  an
2  a . gcd ( a, 6 ) = 1 Pn
) . 32k | ( 23 a + 1 
k
( 32k a 2 ) | ( 2n )+ 1
2k k + 1 . k 1
n = 3a . gcd ( a, 6 ) = 1
 . a > 1 p a . p 5
 p n . p
p = 1 . p = 3
2 = 1 mod p 23 = 1 mod p
p = 3 . a = 1
. n = 3
} n 2 | ( 2n + 1 ) n {1, 3
.

f : + +
) f (x
( x , y ) + +, = ) ) f ( xf ( y
y

) ( .
( n )n ( ) card ( {k : k 0 } ) < +

} P = { Pk : k .
283 1990

: ( ) +, ( n )n Pn n

n
+ ) . (
f ( P )=( P
n
n
n
n
2n +1
2n ) )( P
n
2n
2n +1

x = Pnn y = Pnn +
n n

= ) xf ( y) ( P )( P )( P ) ( P
n
2n
2n
n
2n +1
2n +1
n
2n +1
2n
n
2n
2n +1

=( P )( P )
2n + 2n +1
2n
2n +1 2n
2n +1
n n

(P
= ) ) f ( xf ( y
n
2n +1 2n
2n )( Pn
2n 2n +1
2n +1 )
=( P 2n +1
2n )( P )( P )( P
2n
2n +1
2n
2n
2n +1
2n +1 )
n n n n

=( P )( P ) ( P ) = f yx
( )
2n +1 2n n
2n 2n +1 n
n n n

f .


n 0 A B
n1 n2 n3 :
R1 n2k A n2k +1 ] . [ n2k , n22k
n2k +1
R 2 n2k +1 B n2k + 2
n2k + 2
) . p p (. 1

A 1990 B . 1 n0
A B
.
 284

2 n0 5 B n0 8
A } n0 { 6, 7
.
n 2 ) ( n n
. n .
 B . 2 n0 5 n2k +1 B
n2k + 2 . n2k +2 = ( n2k +1 ) :
 :

n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
) (n 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
n 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
) (n 2 3 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 1

 n 0 } { 2, , 5 n1 } { 2, , 25 B
n2 } {1, , 4
n2 = 1 . B n2 } . { 2, 3, 4
 n2 } { 2, 3, 4 n 3 } { 2, ,16 B
n 4 } {1, 2, 3
n 4 = 1 . B n 4 } . { 2, 3
 n 4 } { 2, 3 n5 } { 2, , 9 B
n6 } {1, 2
n6 = 1 . B . n6 = 2
 n6 = 2 A n7 } . { 2, 3, 4
B n8 = 1.
285 1990

 A ] . n 0 [ 45,1990 A n1 1990
.
 A ] . n0 [ 30, 44 A
n1 = 840 = 7 5 3 23
B n2 :

} { 8407 , 8405 , 8403 , 8402 , 8404 , 8408

. 105 A n3 = 1990.
 A ] . n0 [ 15, 29 A
n1 = 210 = 7 5 3 2
B n2 :

} { 2107 , 2105 , 2103 , 2102

. 30 A n3 = 840  .
A } . n0 {12,13,14 A
n1 = 105 = 7 5 3
B n2 :

} {1057 , 1055 , 1053

. 15 A n3 = 210  .
 A } . n0 { 8, 9,10,11 A
n1 = 60 = 5 3 22

B n2 :

} { 605 , 603 , 604 , 602

. 12 A n3 = 105 .
 286
 A . n0 = 1991 A
n1 = 1991 = 11 181
B n2 } {11,181 A
n = 11  . n2 = 181
 r A
( 11 )r 181 + 1 n 0 ( 11 )r +1 181
r = 0 .
0 r < .

( 11 ) 181 + 1 n 0 ( 11 ) +1 181
A n1 = ( 11 ) +1 181 B n2
} {( 11 ) +1 , ( 11 ) 181, ( 11 ) 1 181, ,181
n2
1
] [ 121,181 ( [ 11
r =0
( )r ] 181 + 1, ( 11 )r +1 181 )
A n2.
 n0 = 6 . n0 = 7
:
n 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
) (n 2 1 4 1 6 1 1 3 2 5 4 1
n 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
) (n 2 3 5 1 6 1 4 5 2 1 3 1

A1 n1 } {30, 42 B
) n2 = ( n1 B n2 } { 2, 3, 4, 5
. A 30 42
.
287 1990

n1 = 30 B n2 } . { 6,10,15
10 15 A . 7
B n2 6 .
n1 = 42 B n2 } . { 6,14, 21
14 21 A
. 7 B n2 6 .
A ( n2k +1 )k 0 30 B
( n2k )k 1 . 6
.

 1990
} . {k 2 : 1 k 1990

n = pqr p q r
n
} . {k 2 : 1 k n . n = 1990 = 199 5 2

 : { 0, , n 1 } n
n 1
) (C ( k )2 k =0
k =0

) . = exp ( 2n i ( Am )0m <n Am

k = 0 ( ( k ) )2 k 1 .
m

x mod y x y
} { 0,1, , y 1 . y
n ) (
) ( ) = 1 + ( mod p ) + p ( mod q ) + pq ( mod r
 288

1 ( ) 1 + p 1 + p ( q 1 ) + pq ( r 1 ) = pqr = n

n , ( ) {1, , n } = n
) . : n n , (
.
 qr pr pq
u v w . uqr + vpr + wpq = 1
a = uqr b = vpr . c = wpq
.
.
) : n p q r , ( mod p, mod q, mod r
: p q r n , ( i, j , k ) (ai + bj + ck ) mod n
) ( i, j , k p q r
( ai + bj + ck ) mod p = ai mod p = i mod p = i
p | b p | c . a = 1 mod p
( ai + bj + ck ) mod q = j ( ai + bj + ck ) mod r = k
) . ( i, j , k ) = ( i, j , k . = I p q r
n = pqr
= I p q r . = 1

: p q r n , ( i, j , k ) 1 + i + pj + pqk
) ( i, j , k ) = ( i , j , k 1
p i = i p
j + qk = j + qk q j = j
. k = k .
= .
289 1990


n 1
( )2 = ( ( i, j , k ) ) ( i, j ,k )
k =0 ( i , j ,k ) p q r
p 1 q 1 r 1
= ( 1 + i + pj + pqk )2 ai +bj +ck
i =0 j =0 k =0

p 1 q 1 r 1
= p 2q 2 ai bj k 2ck +
i = 0 j = 0 k = 0
p 1 q 1 bj r 1 ck
ai
2pq 1 + i k +
( )
i = 0 j = 0 k = 0
p 1 ai q 1 bj

r 1
2p q j k ck +
2
i = 0 j = 0 k = 0
p 1 q 1 r 1
( 1 + i + pj ) ai +bj ck
2
i = 0 j = 0 k = 0
=0
a = 1 .
. a = 1 mod p p | a n | a
a 1
p 1
ap 1
ai = a 1
=0
i =0

. n | ap
r 1 q 1
ck
=0 bj =0
k =0 j =0

.

 290

QWE
AgD
ZXC


I ABC .
A
B
C A B C .

1 AI BI CI 8
<
4 AA BB CC 27

AAB
AA AB
C =




+ 1A
sin ( B
sin B ) 2
A
B AIB
I
AI AB
=




+ 1A
sin ( 2 B
) sin ( 2 B ) 2
A C B 1 1

sin ( B
+ 1A

+ 1A

) 2
)
sin ( B
AI sin ( 12 B ) 2
= =
AA
+ 1A
sin ( 12 B


) cos ( 1 B
)

) 2 sin B 2 cos ( 12 C 2

+ 1A
1
) )
( B
+ A
sin ( B 2 ) = sin ( 2 B +
1
2

B
= sin ( 2 12 (C
) ) = cos ( 1 (C

B
))

2

AI 1
) tan ( 1 B
))

= ( 1 + tan ( 12 C 2
AA 2
x y z
) x = tan ( C2 ) tan ( B2 ) y = tan ( A2 ) tan ( C2 ) z = tan ( B2 ) tan ( A2

AI 1+x

=
AA 2
CI 1+z BI 1+y
= =
CC 2 BB 2

291
 292

AI BI CI
=
AA BB CC

1
= ) ( 1 + x ) ( 1 + y )( 1 + z
8






) y + z = tan ( A2 ) tan ( C2 ) + tan ( B2 ) tan ( A2




) ) = tan ( A2 ) ( tan ( C2 ) + tan ( B2





) ) = tan ( 2 C2 B2 ) ( tan ( C2 ) + tan ( B2
) tan ( C
2 ) + tan ( B
2


= = 1 tan ( C2 ) tan ( B2 ) = 1 x
( tan
C

2 + B
2 )
. x + y + z = 1

3
= 3
( 1 +2 x )( 1 +2 y )( 1 +2 z ) 16 ( 3 + x + y + z ) = 23
8
.
27

1
= ) ( 1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz
8
1+x +y +z 1
> =
8 4
.


 n . 6 } {a j : 1 j k
n .
a2 a1 = a 3 a2 = = ak ak 1 > 0
n . 2
293 1991

gcd ( n,1 ) = gcd ( n, n 1 ) = 1

a1 = 1 ak = n 1
a2 a1
i {1, , k } , ai = 1 + ( i 1 )
n 1 = 1 + ( k 1 )
n = 2 + (k 1)

:
 n gcd ( 2, n ) = 1
a2 = 2 . = 1 gcd ( n, i ) = 1 i
} {1, 2, , n 1 n .
 n = 0 mod 4 n = 4b . b 2
gcd ( 2b 1, n ) = gcd ( 2b + 1, n ) = 1 gcd ( 2b, n ) 1

= 2 n
n .
.2
 n = 2 mod 4 n = 4b + 2 . b 2
gcd ( 2b + 3, n ) = gcd ( 2b + 5, n ) = 1 gcd ( 2b + 4, n ) 1

2b + 5 < n = 2
. gcd ( 2b + 1, n ) = 1 . n = 2 mod 4
.


 } . S = 280 = {1, 2, , 280 k

S k .
 294

. 217
 A S 2 3
5 . 7 A ) (
} { 2, 3, 5, 7 .
B A . card ( B ) = 5
) B : B { 2, 3, 5, 7 } , ( . B
. k ) . k > card ( A
) . card ( A Sa a : S
} Sa = { na : 1 na 280
280
. na = card ( Sa ) =
a
A = S2 S3 S5 S7
gcd ( a, b ) = 1
Sa Sb = Sab
card ( A ) = n2 + n3 + n5 + n7 n6 n10 n14 n15 n21 n35
+ n30 + n 42 + n70 + n105 n210
= 140 + 93 + 56 + 40 46 28 20 18 13 8
+ 9 + 6 + 4 + 2 1 = 216
. k > 216
 C S 217
5 .
:
 A0 1 . S . card ( A0 ) = 60
A0 = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67,
71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109,
113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167,
173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227,
229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, } 277
295 1991

 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 :
A1 = {2 47, 3 43, 5 41, 7 37, 11 23, 13 19},
A2 = {2 43, 3 41, 5 37, 7 31, 11 19, 13 17},
A3 = {2 41, 3 37, 5 31, 7 29, 11 17, 13 13},
A4 = {2 37, 3 31, 5 29, 7 23, 11 13},
A5 = {2 31, 3 29, 5 23, 7 19, 11 11}.

S
Q 88.
card (Q ) = card ( )
Ai = 88
0 i 5

C S . 217
i { 0,1, , 5 } , card ( Ai C ) 4
card (Q C ) 6 4 = 24
) card ( C ) = card (Q c C ) + card (Q C
) card (Q c ) + card (Q C
( 280 88 ) + 24 = 216
. i0 } { 0,1, , 5 card ( Ai0 C ) 5
Ai0 C
. .

} {1, 2, , k  G k .

.
) G = (V , E V
E } V ( 2 ) = {e V : card (e ) = 2
. G :
} {a, b ) V ( 2 ( x i )0i n +1 V
i { 0,1, , n } , x 0 = a x n +1 = b { xi , x i +1 } E
 296

.
.
a
a ) a (

 a 1 a
.
 a j j + 1
a .
) G = (V , E
.

Ea ) G = (V , E
a
} } Ea = {e E : b V , e = {a, b

) G = (V , E . k = card ( E ) 1
G : E k :
E . 

V 

. 2
V .
i 0 1 . 

X . 
297 1991

) .G = (V , E
.1 : i 0 E X V } .V { X
.2 E X \E } e = {X ,Y E X \E
.1.2 e i i + 1 . ( e ) i
.2.2 E e . E E {e} :
.3.2 Y X Y V X
.V V {X } :
.4.2 .2
.3 } { x V : Ex \E X
.2
.4.
:
.2 k
.
X V :
 X V X . 1
 e ( e ) = i
j . 1 j < i .2 e
e e X . (e ) = i + 1
E X gcd ( (EX ) ) = 1 . gcd ( i, i + 1 ) = 1
.2 } E X = {e X
.
V = V . b
V V a .V ( x i )0i n +1 V

x 0 = a x n +1 = b i { 0,1, , n } , { xi , x i +1 } E
 298
} i0 = max { j : x j V
u = xi0 V v = x i0 +1 V
} e = {u, v E v V .3.2
e E Eu \E u V .3
.
. E = E .3 V = V

= x V : Ex \E
E = x V E x E . E = E
.

ABC X . ABC

. XCA
XBC 
XAB 

6
A
a b c
BC CA AB . P
Q
R Q R X ] [ BC
X
] [CA ] [ AB . p q r
B P XP XQ XR C

XA XB XC . ) A ( XYZ
. XYZ

) A ( XAB ) + A ( XBC ) + A ( XCA ) = A ( ABC

) rc + pa + qb = 2A ( ABC
299 1991

) 2A ( ABC ) BC AP BC ( AX + XP ) = a ( + p

rc + pa + qb a + pa
rc + qb a
2 xy x + y
) (1 2 rq bc a

) 2A ( ABC ) CA BQ b ( + q
) 2A ( ABC ) AB CR c ( + r

)(2 2 pr ca b 2 qp ab c
) ( 1 ) ( 2
8pqr

)(3  ) sin ( XBC
sin ( XAB ) = r p q 1
 ) sin ( XCA
8

XAB XBC  XCA  
6

ABC
sin ( XBC  ) > 1
sin ( XAB sin ( XCA  ) > 1
5  ) > 1
2 2 2 6

 ) sin ( XBC >)
 ) sin ( XCA 1
sin ( XAB
8
XAB
XBC 
XCA 
) ( 3 

.
6

 300

. 1 ( xn )n
( i, j ) 2 , i j xi x j i j
1

( yn )n M yn M
n .

) P ( f ) ( .
= ) : P ( f ) ( ) , ( A 2k
k A

n 2
( m(n ), m(n) 1, , 1(n ), 0(n ) )2
} . A = {k : k(n ) = 1
= . XA 2k A ) P ( f ) ( X A :
k A

 A B ) P ( f ) ( A B i
AB 2i ) ( A ) ( B
. ( A ) ( B ) 2i
= XA XB 2k = 2k A,B ( k ) 2k
k A /B k B / A k

} A,B ( k ) {1, 0,1 A,B ( k ) = 0 . k < i

i 2 2
X A X B 2i 2k
= 2
k =i +1
2 1


2 2
X A X B ( A ) ( B )
2 1
 A ) P ( f ) (

1
0 XA 2k =
1 2
k =0

= x n ( xn )n . 2 1 X
) 2 2 1 ( n




a b c 1 < a < b < c

) (a 1 ) (b 1 )(c 1 . abc 1

) ( a, b, c 3 . = a 1 = b 1
. = c 1 1 < <
+ + + + + +
) | ( + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ) F ( , , + + + + +


F ( , , ) 1< <
 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 59
) F ( , , + + + + + = <1
3 4 5 20 15 12 60
} . {1, 2
) F ( 2, ,  . = 2 6 7
83
84

}. {3, 4, 5
 = 3 F ( 2, 3, ) = 1 + 611 ) k = F ( 2, 3,
6 | 11 .
= ) F ( 2, 5, ) k = F ( 2, 5, 17 + 8
10  = 5
2 ( 5k 4 ) = 17 .

= ) F ( 2, 4, ) k = F ( 2, 4, ) 7( + 2
8  = 4
( 8k 7 ) = 14 14
5 = 14 ) . ( , , ) = ( 2, 4,14

301
 302
 . = 1
1 1 1 ) ( 2 + 1 ) ( 2 + 1
F ( 1, , ) = 1 + 2 + + = 3

) F ( 1, , ) | ( 2 + 1 )( 2 + 1
gcd ( , 2 + 1 ) = 1 ) | ( 2 + 1 ) . | ( 2 + 1
< 2 + 1 < 2 ) | ( 2 + 1
. = 2 + 1 ) | ( 2 + 1 ) | ( 4 + 3
| 3 > 1 = 3 . = 7 ) . ( , , ) = ( 1, 3, 7
1 < < F ( , , )
) ( , , ) = ( 2, 4,14 ) . ( , , ) = ( 1, 3, 7
F ( 2, 4,14 ) = 1 . F ( 1, 3, 7 ) = 2
) ( a, b, c 3 1 < a < b < c abc 1
) (a 1 ) (b 1 )(c 1 ) ( 3, 5,15 ) . ( 2, 4, 8

 f :
( x , y ) 2, f ( x 2 + f ( y ) ) = y + ( f ( x ) )2

f : ) . ( E
 . f ( 0 ) = 0 ) a = f ( 0 ) b = f ( 1
x = y = 0 ) ( E . f (a ) = a 2 x = 0 y = 1
. f (b ) = 1 + a 2 x = 1 y = 0 . f ( 1 + a ) = b 2

2 2 2
) ) f (a + b ) = f (a + f ( 1 + a
= 1 + a + ( f ( a ) )2 = 1 + a + a 4

) ) f (a 2 + b 2 ) = f (b 2 + f ( a
2
) = a + ( f ( b ) )2 = a + ( 1 + a 2
303 1992

2
a + (1 + a 2 ) = 1 + a + a 4
. a = 0
 x = 0 ) ( E . y , f  f ( y ) = y

 ) f ( y y
( x , y ) 2, f ( x 2 + y ) = f ( y ) + ( f ( x ) )2

 f z > y x = z y
z = x 2 + y . f ( z ) = f ( y ) + ( f ( x ) )2 f ( y )
x . :
 f ( x ) > x ) x = f ( f ( x ) ) f ( x
.
 ) x > f ( x f ( x ) f ( f ( x ) ) = x
.
. f ( x ) = x . x , f ( x ) = x
x x ) ( E
.


9 .
. n
.

n 33 32
.
. (A0, B0, B1, B2, B3, R0, R1, R2, R3 ) :
 304
B1
B2
B0

B3

A0

R3

R0
R2
R1
:
 ] [ B0B2 ] [ B1B3 ] [ R0R2 ] [ R1R3 .
 B0B1B2B3 R0R1R2R3.
 ([ A0Ri ])0i 3 ([ A0Bi ])0i 3.
 0 i, j 3 ] [ Ri B j i j
i j.
Bi = Bi mod 4 . Ri = Ri mod 4
. :
 . R1R2R3R4 ] [ Ri Ri +1
] [ Ri Bi ] [ Ri Bi + 2
] [ Ri +1Bi ] [ Ri +1Bi + 2
. .
 ] . [ A0Bi
] [ Ri Bi
] [ Bi Ri + 2 .
] [ A0Ri ] [ A0Ri +2 . .
 ] [ Ri Bi ] [ Ri Bi + 2
] [ Bi Bi + 2 .
305 1992

.
. . n 33
. n = 33
.
. X
. X.
A . X
} ([ AC ])C X \{A . ([ AC k ])0k 2
AC 0C 1 AC 1C 2 AC 2C 0 C 0C 1C 2 .
.

 C M d . C P
Q R d M C
PQR.

d ) ( 0,r r > 0 I
C ) ( m, 0 m > 0 . M
) Q ( m + t , 0 ) R ( m t, 0 . t > m P ) ( x , y
IPQ
  2
) r 2 PQ 2 = det ( IP, IQ

r 2 ( ( x m t )2 + y 2 ) = ( r ( x m t ) + ( m + t ) y )2

) (1 ) r 2y = ( y 2r ) ( m + t )2 + 2rx ( m + t

IPR

)(2 ) r 2y = ( y 2r ) ( m t )2 + 2rx ( m t
 306
) ( 2 ) ( 1

)(3 ( y 2r ) m + rx = 0

) J ( 0, 2r d C
) N ( 2m, 0 d C . M
) ( 1 ) ( 2 x y t
) 2r ( t 2 m 2 2mr 2
= y x =
t 2 r 2 m2 t2 r 2 m2
C PQR y > 0
. t > m 2 + r 2 t m 2 + r 2 , + P

d ( y 2r ) m + rx = 0 x
d J . N
:
d
P

C J
I

d
R M N Q
.



 S 3 .Oxyz
) (Oxy Sxy Syz Sxz S
) (Oyz ) (Oxz .
2
S Sxy Syz Sxz
X X ) card ( X . X
307 1992

Px Py Pz ) (Ox ) (Oy ) (Oz

:
) Px : 3 3, Px ( ( a, b, c ) ) = ( a, 0, 0
) Py : 3 3, Py ( ( a, b, c ) ) = ( 0, b, 0
) Pz : 3 3, Pz ( ( a, b, c ) ) = ( 0, 0, c

Pxy = Px + Py Pyz = Py + Pz Pxz = Px + Pz

) (Oxy ) (Oyz ) (Oxz.

n Pn :
S Pz ( S ) = n
2
S ) Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( S ) Pxz ( S

Pn n .
 . n = 1 } Pz ( S ) = {c
) ) S Pxz ( S ) Pyz ( S ) : ( a, b, c ) ( ( a, 0, c ) , ( 0, b, c

) S Pyz ( S ) Pxz ( S

. S = Pxy ( S )
2
S ) Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( S ) Pxz ( S
P1.
 Pk k < n n 2 . Pn
S . Pz ( S ) = n m M
}) . { : ( 0, 0, ) Pz ( S n 2 . m < M
c m < c < M
} K = { ( x , y, z ) S : z < c } L = {( x , y, z ) S : z c
 308

S = K L K L = L K

Pxz ( S ) = Pxz ( L ) + Pxz ( K )

Pyz ( S ) = Pyz ( L ) + Pyz ( K )

Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( K )

Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( L )
L K
L Pxy ( L ) Pyz ( L ) Pxz ( L ) Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( L ) Pxz ( L )

K Pxy ( K ) Pyz ( K ) Pxz ( K ) Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( K ) Pxz ( K )

S Pxy ( S ) ( Pyz ( L ) Pxz ( L ) + Pyz ( K ) Pxz ( K ) )

2 2
(a + b )( a + b ) ( aa + bb ) = ( ba ab ) 0

2
S Pxy ( S ) ( Pyz ( L ) + Pyz ( K ) ) ( Pxz ( L ) + Pxz ( K ) )
Pxy ( S ) Pyz ( S ) Pxz ( S )
. Pn


309 1992

n ) S ( n
k n 2 k .
k

= S n = max p : k p , (a1, ak ) k : n 2
( )
a j2

j =1

. n 4, .1 S ( n ) n 14
2

.2 n . S ( n ) = n 2 14
.3 n . S ( n ) = n 2 14

) S ( n
. p Dp
p .

Dp = kk 2 : ( k , k ) ( k 1 k = p )
k 1
D1 .
n ) R ( n p n 2 Dp
} R ( n ) = min { p 2 : n 2 Dp
. R ( n ) = S ( n ) + 1
.1 . n 2 Dn 2 13
n 4 . n 2 Dn 2 13 ( k )k

n 2 = kk 2 n 2 13 = k
k 1 k 1

= . 13 ) k 2 k ( k 2 1
k 4 13 k ( k 2 1 ) 15k
k 4, k = 0
. 13 = 32 + 83 3 } { 0,1
3  13 . 3  5 n 2 Dn 2 13 R ( n ) n 2 13
. S ( n ) n 2 14
 310
.2 D1 D2
. 25 100 169 ...
D3 169
169 = 132 = 122 + 52 = 122 + 42 + 32
13 . S ( 13 ) = 169 14 = 155
k 155, 169 Dk

169 = 4x 1 + ( 4y x ) 4 + ( 4z + 2 y ) 16 + ( 2 z ) 64 + 1 9
) ( x , y, z
} A = {( x , y, z ) 3 : 0 x 4y, y 4z + 2, z 2
169 ) . D5+ 3( x +y +z
A } {( x ,10, 2 ) : 0 x 40 } {( x , 2,1 ) : 0 x 8
}) {( 0, 0, 0 ) , ( 0,1, 0 ), ( 1,1, 0
} { 0,1, , 52 } { x + y + z : ( x , y, z ) A
169 D5+ 3k k } . { 0,1, , 52 169 D2
) (1 k { 0,1, , 53 } , 169 D2 + 3k

169 = ( 1 + 4x ) 1 + ( 4y + 2 x ) 4 + ( 4z + 2 y ) 16 + ( 2 z ) 64

) ( x , y, z
} B = {( x , y, z ) 3 : 0 x 4y + 2, y 4z + 2, z 2
169 ) . D7 + 3( x +y +z
} { 0,1, , 54 } { x + y + z : ( x , y, z ) B

169 D7 + 3k k } . { 0,1, , 54 169 D1

169 = 42 + 52 + 2 82 D4
)(2 k { 0,1, , 56 } , 169 D1+ 3k
311 1992


169 = (3 + 4x ) 1 + (4y + 1 x ) 4 + (4z + 1 y ) 16 + (2 z ) 64 + 2 9
) ( x , y, z
} C = {( x , y, z ) 3 : 0 x 4y + 1, y 4z + 1, z 2
169 ) . D9+ 3( x +y +z
C } {( x , 9, 2 ) : 0 x 37 } {( x , 2,1 ) : 0 x 7
}) {( 0, 0, 0 ) , ( 0,1, 0 ), ( 1,1, 0
} { 0,1, , 48 } { x + y + z : ( x , y, z ) C
169 D9+ 3k k } . { 0,1, , 48 169 D3
169 = 4 22 + 32 + 122 D6
)(3 k {1, , 51 } , 169 D3k
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3
k {1, ,155 } , 169 Dk
N = 13 . S ( N ) = N 2 14
.3 .
 n 20 :
3n
)(4 k , 14 k n Dn k
4
n 20 .
 . n = ( n 4x ) 12 + x 22
n
0x n Dn 3x
4

( 0 k 34n ) (k = 0 mod 3 ) n D n k

 . n = ( n 1 4x ) 12 + ( x 2 ) 22 + 1 32
n 1
2x n Dn 23x
4
 312

( 8 k 3n 4+ 5 ) (k = 2 mod 3 ) n D n k

 . n = ( n + 2 4x ) 12 + ( x 4 ) 22 + 2 32
n+2
5x n Dn 13x
4

(16 k 3n +4 10 ) (k = 1 mod 3 ) n D n k

   ) . ( 4
( Ep )p1
= Ep = D1 D2 Dp Dj
1 j p

.
 p q
)(5 ( a, b ) Ep Eq , ab Epq
) (a, b Ep Eq k . pq
- . k q b Dk a D1
k
a = 2
= b 2
=1

k
= ab = b ( )2 Dk
=1

- k = nq + r n p 1 r . q b Dq
b Dr a Dn +1
n q r
= b a = 2 + 2 = i2 j2
=1 i =1 j =1

) ( 5
n r n q
2
= ab = 2b + 2b ) ( j + ( i )2 Dnq +r
=1 j =1 =1 i =1
313 1992

) ( 4 ) ( 5 .
 n m :
S ( n ) = n 2 14 S ( m ) = m 2 14
. S (nm ) = (nm )2 14
n 2 En 2 14 . m 2 Em 2 14 ) ( 5

)n 2m 2 E(n 2 14)(m 2 14

)(6 k {1, ,(n 2 14)(m 2 14)} , n 2m 2 Dk
) ( 4
)3(n 2 14)(m 2 14
k , 14 k n 2m 2 Dn 2m 2 k
4
n 2 169 . m 2 169
)3(n 2 14)(m 2 14
)(7 n 2m 2 k n 2m 2 14 n 2m 2 Dk
4
2 169
2 14 14
2 =1+ 2 1+ < 1.1
14 14 155

n2 m2 7
2 2 < < 1.21
n 14 m 14 4

)3(n 2 14)(m 2 14
n 2m 2 )< (n 2 14)(m 2 14
4
) ( 6 ) ( 7
k {1, , n 2m 2 14 } , n 2m 2 Dk
. S (nm ) = (nm )2 14
n } {( 13 ) : r . S (n ) = n 2 14
r

 314

QWE
AgD
ZXC


n . 1
P ( X ) = X n + 5X n 1 + 3
P
.


q p
= ) B (X bk X k = ) A(X ak X k
k =0 k =0

] [X ) . P ( X ) = A ( X ) B ( X p 1 q 1
. p + q = n a pbq = 1 . a0b0 = 3
a p = bp = 1 a0 = b0 = 3 } . {1,1
) P ( X ) = A ( X ) B ( X 3 ] F3 [ X
. F3 = /3 ] F3 [ X
) P ( X ) = X n X n 1 = X n 1 ( X 1
p 1
A ( X ) = X p + ak X k +
k =1
q 1
B ( X ) = X q + bk X k
k =1
bk = bk mod 3 . ak = ak mod 3 P = AB
) A ( X ) B ( X ) = X n 1 ( X 1
X n 1 | A B gcd ( X n 1, A ) = 1 . 0 mod 3
X n 1 | B
n 1 deg B = q = n p n 1
p = 1 } . A ( X ) { X 1, X + 1 P ( 1 ) = 9 0
. P ( 1 ) = 4 ( 1 )n 1 + 3 0 P ] . [X

315
 316
 ABC . D ABC
ADB AC BD = AD BC  = + ACB 
2
AB CD
= . .1
AC BD
.2 C C1 C 2
ACD BCD.

.1 E BCE C
) ( BC . A
E AC EC
= ADB
 = ACE
C AD BD
ADB ACE .
D BAD 
 = EAC
AC AE
A B
= BAE
 = DAC

AD AB
E
ABE ADC
C
AB BE
=
AD CD
D
. AB CD = AD BE
A B AB CD AD BE BE
= = = = 2
AC BD AD BC BC
.2 ADB ) [ DX

C ) [ DY D C1 C 2.
ADX 
 = ACD

D AD . C1

A X Y
B DB . C 2
DCB 
YDB 


. XDY
 = ADB  ACB ADX  =
2
 + YDB  = ACB 

D C1 C 2 ] [CD
C C1 C 2 .

317 1993

 . n 2
n n .

.
n
.

R n .
 2 R :

 n 3 n R . n + 3 R
( n + 3 )2 A1 :

A1 C 0 C 1
n 3 :

n
C0 C1

3 n
C 2

n n

C2 C3
 318
n 3 3 3
C 3 . n n n R
.n + 3 R
 . 4 R
:

C0 C1 C2 C3
C 3 :

. 4 R
 . 5 R 
:

C0 C1 C2 C3
C 3 C 3 . 5 R
3  n . n R { 2, 4, 5 } R
 .

3 | n . n R
: R W
. B .

1
. 1
319 1993

r
w
b .
. n = 3m 3m 3m
3m 2 3m 2
3m 2 .

x = 3m 2 + r w b
y = 3m 2 + w r b
. z = 3m 2 + b r w
x y z mod 2
. . n R
3
. n

 P Q R ) m ( PQR 0
P Q R
PQR .
A B C X

) m ( ABC ) m ( ABX ) + m ( AXC ) + m ( XBC

) m ( ABC ABC
) A ( ABC .

) 2A ( ABC
= ) m ( ABC
) max ( AB, BC ,CA
 320
 X . ABC AX BX
CX ABC . BC
D
.
F
Y EF D .
Y
DY DE . DF
) DY max ( DE , DF

E
  2
: [ 0,1 ] , ( t ) = DE + tEF

 
( t ) = DE 2 + 2tDE EF + t 2EF 2
t ] [ 0,1
) ) ( t ) ( 1 t ) ( 0 ) + t ( 1 ) max ( ( 0 ) , ( 1

 
t [ 0,1 ], ) DE + tEF max ( DE , DF

Y [ EF ], ) DY max ( DE , DF

A . ABC
) L = max ( AB, BC , AC

C
X . C
X ) (CX ] . [ AB
B C

AX max ( AC , AC ) max ( AC , AB ) L
BX L .CX L
) 2A ( ABX ) 2A ( ABX
= ) m ( ABX
max AB, AX , BX
( ) L
) 2A ( XBC ) 2A ( AXC
) . m ( XBC ) m ( AXC
L L
321 1993

) A ( ABC ) = A ( ABX ) + A ( AXC ) + A ( XBC

) 2A ( ABX ) 2A ( AXC ) 2A ( XBC
= ) m ( ABC + +
L L L
) m ( ABX ) + m ( AXC ) + m ( XBC
X . ABC
A
 X ABC.

X ) ( BC C B . X
B A C X
 ) ( BC ) ( BX
) (1 ) ) d ( A, ( BX ) ) = d ( A, ( BC

A
 X X ABX
X
C C . ABC
C
XX B CC B
B C X
XX BX
= 1
CC BC
)(2 ) ) d ( X , ( BA ) ) d (C , ( BA
 B B ABX B A
B A . ABC
A
B
. BB < AA
B
ABX . BX < AX
B A C X
BAX


BAC
 < BAX

2
 > BA sin BAC
BB = BA sin BAX  = BB

) BB min ( AA, BB
)(3 ) ) ) d ( B, ( AX ) ) min ( d ( B, ( AC ) ) , d ( A, ( BC
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) m ( ABX ) m ( ABC .
 322
 . ) ( AX ) ( BC
) .Y
( . .
A  ] .Y [ BC 
:
Y
B C ) m ( ABY ) m ( ABX
X ) m ( AYC ) m ( AXC

) m ( ABC ) m ( ABY ) + m ( AYC ) m ( ABX ) + m ( AXC
) m ( ABX ) + m ( AXC ) + m ( XBC
.
A  ] .Y [ BC 
:
Y
B C ) m ( ABY ) m ( ABX
X ) m ( ABC ) m ( ABY

) m ( ABC ) m ( ABX ) m ( ABX ) + m ( AXC ) + m ( XBC
.

f :
f ( 1 ) = 2 n , f ( f ( n ) ) = f ( n ) + n

) f ( f (n )) f (n ) f (n
n , = +1
) f (n n n

limn (f (n ) / n ) = . 2 = + 1
323 1993

= f ) f (n . n 1+ 5
2


f : , f (n ) = round(n ) = n + 1/2
. f (1) = 2 

f (n ) n . n 1
2


n : 

n = f ( f (n )) f (n ) n
= f ( f (n )) f (n ) + ( 1)f (n ) n
= f ( f (n )) f (n ) + ( 1)( f (n ) n ) + ( 2 1)n
) = f ( f (n )) f (n ) + ( 1)( f (n ) n

n f ( f (n )) f (n ) + ( 1) f (n ) n
1 1
+ = <1
2 2 2
n n = 0
n , f ( f (n )) = f (n ) + n
.

 n . 1 n ( k )0k <n
k k . k mod n
. .
( si )i : si i
i 1 i 1 .
:
 M n .
 n = 2p . M n = n 2 1
 n = 2p + 1 . M n = n 2 n + 1
 324

F2 ) . ( /2, ,
} { 0,1 . 2 1
0 .
i ) i = ( 0( i ), 1( i ), , n( i)1 F2n
) . ( i , i +1, , i +n 1 i +r
i . r( i ) = 1
. 0 = (1,1, ( i )i 0 
),1
 
n
) i +1 = s ( i s
) s : F2n F2n , ( 0 , 1, , n 1 ) ( 1, 2 , n 1, n 1 0

) . i , i = s i ( 0 k
. k = 0
s t = s 1

) t : F2n F2n , ( 0 , 1 , , n 1 ) ( n 2 n 1 , 0 , 1 , n 2

s
F2n . F2
S T s t . F2n

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1

T = 0 S = 0
0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

Vi Ti . i

i , Vi = S iV0
325 1993

 : { 0,1, , 2n } F2n , i Vi
i j
0 i < j 2n Vj = Vi S jV0 = S iV0 S
S j iV0 = V0 } { : S V0 = V0
} M n = min { : S X 0 = X 0
. M n 2n
 . n = 2p S n 1 = I n .
2

.T = S 1 ) Q ( X .T

X 0 1 1
1 X 0 0

Q ( X ) = det (T XI n ) = det 0
0

0 0 1 X


Q (X ) = Xn X 1

) . X 2 X 1 mod Q ( X j
p

p+ j j
X2 X2 1 ) mod Q ( X
j . j + 1
j = p
2p p
X2 X2 1 X 1 1 X ) mod Q ( X

( X 2 gcd (Q ( X ), X ) = 1 ) Q ( X 1 ) X
2p
1

. X n Q (T ) = 0 X 2 1 ) Q ( X 1
2 2p
1 1

.S n S n = I n .T n
2 2 2
1 1 1
= In
S n M n = n 2 1 . X 0 = X 0
2
1

: 0 . n 2 1 = 0
 326
 . n = 2p + 1 S n n +1 = I n
2

. T .Q ( X ) = X n X 1

p
X2 +1
) X 1 mod Q ( X
j
p+ j
+2j j
X2 X2 1 ) mod Q ( X
j . j + 1
j = p
2p
+ 2p p
X2 X2 1 ) mod Q ( X
X
2p
+ 2p +1 p
+1
X2 X2 X Q (X ) 1 1 ) mod Q ( X

22 p + 2p + 1 = ( n 1 )2 + n = n 2 n + 1
. X n Q (T ) = 0 ) Q ( X 1
2
n +1

.T n S = I n
2
n +1

S n M n = n 2 n + 1 . S n X 0 = X 0
2 2
n +1 n +1
= In
.


QWE
AgD
ZXC


n A n
) } ( n = {1, 2, , n A . ( A + A ) n A

1 n +1

card ( A ) a A
a
2
} . A + A = {a + b : (a, b ) A A

A n m 1
( A + A ) n A A :
a1 < a2 < < am
ak + am +1k n k
m2+1
} A ]am +1k , +[ = {a j : m + 1 k < j m
k 1
} {a j + am +1k : 1 j k
k .
k {1, , m 2+1 } , ak + am +1k n + 1
m +1
2 m + 1 k k < k m

k {1, , m } , ak + am +1k n + 1

) 2 a ( n + 1 ) card ( A
a A

1 n +1

card ( A ) a A
a
2
.
327
 328
 ABC . AB = AC M ] [ BC
O ) ( AM ) (OB ) . ( AB
Q ] [ BC B C E
) ( AB F ) . ( AC E Q F
. ) (OQ ) ( EF
.QE = QF

 ) . (OQ ) ( EF
A
 = OQE
EBO  =
2
E .OEQ OQEB 
 = OBQ
Q C
B M
F
O  = OQF
FCO  =
2
.OFQ OCB OQCF 
 = OCQ

OEQ
 = OFQ .OBQ 
 = OCQ 

OFE .OE = OF ] [OQ

OEF .QE = QF

A  .QE = QF
Q ) (OQ ) ( AB E
E
Q ) ( AC F . E E
B C
M ) (OQ ) ( E F 
F
O FQF
EQE  .QE = QF 

EQE , FQF
 = FEB
EFC 
) ( AC ) ( AB . E = E
. F = F ) . (OQ ) ( EF .

329 1994

 k ) f ( k
} {k + 1, k + 2, , 2k 2
. 1
 m k
. f ( k ) = m f : .
 A m
card ( {k : f ( k ) = m } ) = 1

P
. 2
} P = { 2 + 2 + 2 : ( , , ) 3, 0 < <
1P 1 k P
0 k . P

) f ( k + 1 ) f ( k ) = 1P ( 2k + 1 ) + 1P ( 2k + 2 ) 1P ( k + 1

n P 2n P

k , ) 1P ( 2k + 2 ) = 1P ( k + 1

k , ) f ( k + 1 ) f ( k ) = 1P ( 2k + 1
2k + 1 P 1 + 2 + 2
> > 0 k 2 + 2 . > 0
Q
2

} Q = { 2 + 2 : ( , ) 2, 0 <
 330
2k + 1 P k Q
k , ) f ( k + 1 ) f ( k ) = 1Q ( k

k 1 n 1 f ( 1 ) = 0

n 1

n , = f n
( )
) [ 1Q ( k ) = card (Q ]1, n
k =1

Q . 3
5 6 9.
Q
: Q ( 1 ) = min Q = 3 ) ( k
1 k < n ) }) . ( n ) = min (Q\{ ( 1 ) , , ( n 1
.Q
m
[ ( m ) < k ( m + 1 ) { ( 1 ) , , ( m )} = Q ]1, k

( m ) < k ( m + 1 ) f ( k ) = card (Q ]1, k [ ) = m


m , f ( (m + 1 )) = m
f  .

m , ) card ( {k : f ( k ) = m } ) = ( m + 1 ) ( m

} A = {m : card ( {k : f ( k ) = m } ) = 1

} = {m : ( m + 1 ) = ( m ) + 1

} = { f ( (m + 1 )) : (m + 1 ) 1 Q
331 1994

) ( m + 1 Q
) . ( m Q A

) ) A = { f ( u ) : ( u Q ) ( u 1 Q ) } = f (Q ( 1 + Q

) .Q ( 1 + Q u = 2 + 2 0 < .Q
 2 . u 1 = 1 + 2 + + 21 + 2 Q
 = 0 . u 1 = 2 Q
 = 1 . u 1 = 1 + 2 Q

} Q ( 1 + Q ) = { 2 + 2p : p > 1
p > 1
) } f ( 2 + 2p ) = card ( {1 + 2p } { 2i + 2 j : 0 i < j < p
)p ( p 1
=1+
2

)p ( p 1
A = 1+{ 2
:p 1 }
 .
: 0 q < p
)p ( p 1
2q + 2p n < 2q +1 + 2p f ( n ) = q +
2
) f ( n . n

 ) ( m, n n 3 + 1
. mn 1

) ( n, m . nm 1 . n 3 + 1
k ) . n 3 + 1 = k ( nm 1
) (1 k + 1 = nh . h = km n 2 1
 332
h
) h + m = ( k + 1 ) m n 2 = n ( hm n

)(2 h + m = n . = hm n 1
) ( n, m, , h 4
h + m = n hm = n +

(n 1 )( 1 ) + ( m 1 ) ( h 1 ) = 2
. 2 0
2 . ) . M = ( n, m, , h

M = ( 2, 2, 2, 2 ) ) . ( n, m ) = ( 2, 2
M = ( 1, 3, ?, 2 ) ) . ( n, m ) = ( 1, 3
M = ( 1, 2, ?, 3 ) ) . ( n, m ) = ( 1, 2
M = ( 2,1, 3, ? ) ) . ( n, m ) = ( 2,1
M = ( 3,1, 2, ? ) ) . ( n, m ) = ( 3,1
M = ( ?, 3,1, 2 ) ) ( n, m ) = ( 5, 3 . n = h + m
M = ( ?, 2,1, 3 ) ) ( n, m ) = ( 5, 2 . n = h + m
M = ( 2, ?, 3,1 ) ) ( n, m ) = ( 2, 5 . hm = n +
M = ( 3, ?, 2,1 ) ) ( n, m ) = ( 3, 5 . hm = n +
) ( n, m S :

}) S = {( 1, 2 ) , ( 2,1 ) , ( 1, 3 ) , ( 3,1 ) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2, 5 ) , ( 5, 2 ) , ( 5, 3 ) , ( 3, 5

S . S
.

333 1994

 I [ ]1, + . 1
f : I I :
 x y I
) f ( x + f (y ) + xf (y ) ) = y + f (x ) + yf (x
) f (x
x [ ]1, 0 [. ] 0, + 
x

f : I I   .
 I f ( ) =  x y
f ( ) = . = 2 + 2 . 0
> 0 > 
) f ( ) f (
=1 < =1

< 0 1 < < < 0
) f ( ) f (
=1 < =1


) ( f ( ) = ) ( = 0
 y = x 

f ((x

+ ( 1 + x ) f ( x ))) = x
) + ( 1 + x ) f ( x

x + ( 1 + x ) f ( x ) = 0
x
f (x ) =
1+x
x   . x
1+ x


A :
S P A
\A k S . k 2
 334


: P, ( n ) = pn
p1 = 2 p2 = 3 p3 = 5 p4 = 7 .
n
}) Vn = { B : ( card ( B ) = n ) ( min ( B ) > n

V = Vn
n 1

A :
=A {p
k B
k : B V }
A
5 7 .
S . P p
S k pk = p k 2 p .
( j )1 j k +1 1 = k
} j +1 = min {r > j : pr S
. 1 j k
n = p 1 p 2 p k m = p 2 p 3 p k p k +1

} B1 = { 1, 2, , k k Vk
min ( B1 ) = k } B2 = { 2, , k , k +1
k Vk . min ( B2 ) = 2 > k m A
n A k . S
.

QWE
AgD
ZXC


d A B C D .
C1 ] [ AC C 2 ] [ BD X .Y
) ( XY ) ( XY ] [ BC . Z P
. Z ) (CP C1 C M
) ( XY ) ( AM ) ( BP C 2 B . N
) ( DN .

P
Q ) ( AM ) . ( XY
X
C2 Q ) ( DN ) . ( XY
N Q M
Q .Q = Q
A B Z C D
C1 AMC C1


Y ] [ AC
=
. AMC 2

CMQZ .
ZQA
ZCP



ZQ AZ
= AZQ . PZC
ZC PZ
1
= ZQ AZ ZC
PZ
CXA AZ ZC = ZX 2
ZX 2
) (1 = ZQ
PZ
Q ZD BZP
ZX 2
)(2 = ZQ
PZ
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ZQ = ZQ .Q = Q .

335
 336
 a b c . abc = 1
1 1 1 3
3 + 3 + 3
a (b + c ) b ( c + a ) c (a + b ) 2

x y . z :
 x y z
u = , ,
y +z z +x x + y

) v = ( y + z, z + x, x + y
  2  
- ( u v ) u 2 v 2
x2 y2 z 2
( x + y + z )2 2 + + ) ( x + y + z
y + z z + x x + y

x 2 2 2
y z
x + y + z 2 + +
y + z z + x x + y

x +y +z
3 xyz
3

2 2 2
33 x y z
xyz + +
2 y +z z +x x +y
1 1 1
= x = y = z abc = 1
c b a
.

 S P
: S
T S, = ) ( card ( T ) = 3 ) A ( T ) (A
A T

) A ( T T .
n n > 3  P S
P . n N n > 3 . P
337 1995

. P S

 4 
4 . P S
. S

. .
1 1
1

1
1 1 1 1
6 3

 S P
n . 5 :

.
P S P
A1 . S
 P S A1 A2
A4

A5
A3 A4 A5 . S
A2 A3
A1A2A3 :
) A ( A1A2A3 ) = A ( A1A2A4 ) + A ( A2A3A4 ) + A ( A3A1A4
) = A ( A1A2A5 ) + A ( A2A3A5 ) + A ( A3A1A5
) . ( A4 ) = ( A5
A1 A4  P . S
A5 ] [ A1A3
A1A3A4 A5 ) S
A2 A3 . (card ( S ) 5 A2 P
.
 338
A1A2A3Aj j = 4 j = 5
) A ( A1A2A3 ) + A ( A1A3A4 ) = A ( A1A2A4 ) + A ( A2A3A4
) A ( A1A2A3 ) + A ( A1A3A5 ) = A ( A1A2A5 ) + A ( A2A3A5
) . ( A4 ) = ( A5
A5
A1  P k k 5
A4 . S P A1
A2 A3 A4 . A5
A2 A3 A1A2A3Aj j = 4 j = 5
) A ( A1A2A3 ) + A ( A1A3A4 ) = A ( A1A2A4 ) + A ( A2A3A4
) A ( A1A2A3 ) + A ( A1A3A5 ) = A ( A1A2A5 ) + A ( A2A3A5
) . ( A4 ) = ( A5
A4 A5 S .
) d = ( A4A5 S
A1 . A2 A1A2A4 A1A2A5 A4
A5 ) ( A1A2
d ) ( A1A2 . A3 . S
 A3 d A1 . A2
d ) ( A1A3
A1 A2 A3 .
 A3 d A1 . A2
A1A3A4 A1A3A5 M
] [ A4A5 ) . ( A1A3
A2A3A4 A2A3A5 M
) . ( A2A3 M = A3 A3 A4 A5
.
n  P . n > 4 } N = { 4 .

339 1995

 x 0
( x k )0k 1995 x 0 = x1995
2 1
) (E x k 1 + = 2x k +
x k 1 xk

. 1 k 1995


1 2 a 1
2x +
x
=a+ x
a (
2
x
a() =0 )
{ x
x k k 1 ,
1
2 x k 1 }
) ( E

) (1 x k +1 {x 4
k 1
, x k 1,
1
,
2
2x k 1 x k 1 }

} An = { 22 j : n j n
( x k )0k 2m +1 ) ( E . 1 k 2m + 1
1 x
= b p a = 0
x0 2
) x 2 p +1 ( aAp ) ( bAp
p } . { 0,1, 2, , m
 . p = 0 A0 = {1 }
} x 1 {a, b } = { x20 , x10
) ( E . k = 1
. x 2 p 1  p 1 ) ( aAp 1 ) ( bAp 1
x 2 p 1 = a 22 j p < j < p ) ( 1
) x 2 p +1 {a 22( j 1 ), a 22 j , b 22 j , b 22( j 1 ) } ( aAp ) ( bAp
x 2 p 1 = b22 j p < j < p ) ( 1
) x 2 p +1 {b 22( j 1 ), b 22 j , a 22 j , a 22( j 1 ) } ( aAp ) ( bAp
.
 340
( x k )0k 2m +1 ) ( E k
} . {1, 2, , 2m + 1 . x 0 = x 2m +1

)(2 x0 ( x2 A ) x1 A
0
m
0
m


1 1
1 Am ) ( 2 x 0 Am
x0 2
x 02 Am x 0 } . { 2 j : m j m
. x 0 2m
( x k )0k 2m +1 :
2m k : 0 k 2m
xk = m
2 : k = 2m + 1
1 x k 1
= . x 2m +1 = x k 1 k 2m
x 2m 2
( x k )0k 2m +1 ) ( E 1 k 2m + 1
. x 0 = x 2m +1 = 2m
2m x 0
( x k )0k 2m +1 x 0 = x 2m +1
) ( E . 1 k 2m + 1
2m + 1 = 1995 . m = 997
x 0 . 2997 .


ABCDEF

= EFA
BCD AB = BC = CD DE = EF = FA
=
3
. AGB G H
= 2

= DHE
3

AG + BG + GH + DH + EH FC
341 1995

:
: C . XYZ V
XY . Z .VX + VY = VZ


V
X ) ( XV Z
S C T ) (VZ ) ( XT
. S

= XTZ
XVZ
= XYZ
=
Z
3
Y
XVZ = VZT ) . ( XV ) ( ZT



T
XVS STZ .

) (1 VZ = VS + SZ = VX + ZT


= YXT
ZXT
= VZT
YZT
= VZY

3
ZT = VY ) ( 1 VZ = VX + VY
.
] [ AB ] [ ED
ABC . DEF
F E
F

H
G A
D

B
C C
C A F C D F
) . ( BE .CF = C F
 342

= 2
BGA G

AB C
3
. ABC

)(2 GA + GB = GC
DE
= 2
DHE H 
3
F . DEF

)(3 HD + HE = HF
) ( 2 ) ( 3
C F C G + GH + HF = GA + GB + GH + HD + HE
CF = C F .

Z 2p
p . } = { 0,1, , 2p 1
B :
{
) B = A Z 2 p : ( card ( A ) = p ) ( k A k = 0 mod p }

) P ( k ) ( X X k
. ) p ( A
A p

p ( A ) = k mod p
k A

} A0 = { 0,1, , p 1 } A1 = { p, p + 1, , 2p 1

m } { 0,1, , p r } { 0,1, , p 1 ) B ( m, r
:
{ B0 B1 : ( B0, B1 ) P m ( )
( A0 ) P ( p m ) ( A1 ) , p ( B0 B1 ) = r }
343 1995

p ( A0 ) = p ( A1 ) = 0
{ A1 } : r = 0, { A0 } : r = 0,
B ( 0, r ) = B ( p, r ) =
: 0<r : 0<r
a :
a : A0 A0 , k ( k + a ) mod p = k p a
. p a
B ) P ( p ) ( Z2 p ) T ( B
) T ( B ) = 1 ( B A0 ) ( B A1
) T ( B ) . P ( p ) ( Z2 p T
) P ( p ) ( Z2 p
) T 1 ( B ) = 11 ( B A0 ) ( B A1
B ) . B ( m, r
card ( T ( B ) A0 ) = card ( ( B A0 ) ) = card ( B A0 ) = m

card ( T ( B ) A1 ) = card ( B A1 ) = p m


p ( T ( B ) ) = ( k + 1 ) + k mod p
k B A0
k B A1

= card ( B A0 ) + k mod p
k B
= ( m + r ) mod p = m p r

) T ( B ( m, r ) ) B ( m, m p r

k 0, ) T ( B ( m, km p r ) ) B ( m, ( k + 1 ) m p r
T
k 0, ) ) card ( B ( m, km p r ) ) card ( B ( m, ( k + 1 ) m p r
 344

card ( B ( m, r ) ) = card ( B ( m, pm p r ) )

k { 0, , p 1 } , card ( B ( m, r ) ) = card ( B ( m, km p r ) )

gcd ( m, p ) = 1 p 1 m < p
k km p r ( /p , + ) m
1 m < p { 0, , p 1 }
r { 0, , p 1 } , card ( B ( m, r ) ) = card ( B ( m, 0 ) )


card B ( m, r ) = p card ( B ( m, 0 ) )
0r < p


card B ( m, r )
= p card 1m< p B ( m, 0 )
1m < p 0r < p


B ( m, r ) = P ( p ) ( Z2 p )\{ A0 , A1 }
1m < p 0 r < p
B ( m, 0 ) = B \{ A0 , A1 }
1m < p

C 2pp 2 = p ( card ( B ) 2 )
C 2pp 2
card ( B ) = 2 +
p
.

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


r 20 12 .
:
. r
.
.1 r 2 . 3
.2 . r = 73
.3 r = 97


} B = {( i, j ) : 0 i 19, 0 j 11
) S ( 0, 0
) E ( 19, 0
. r
( M k )1k m .1 2 | r
B
M 0 = S, Mm = E, = k { 0, , m 1 } , M k M k +1 r

) . M k = ( k , k
k { 0, , m 1 } , ( k +1 k )2 + ( k +1 k )2 = r

x , x 2 = x mod 2 2
k { 0, , m 1 } , k +1 + k +1 = k + k mod 2

m + m = 0 + 0 mod 2
0 + 0 = 0 m + m = 19
. 2 | r
345
 346
3 | r ( M k )1k m
B
M 0 = S, Mm = E, = k { 0, , m 1 } , M k M k +1 r

) . M k = ( k , k
k { 0, , m 1 } , ( k +1 k )2 + ( k +1 k )2 = 0 mod 3

) (1 ) 3 | (t 2 + s 2 ) ( 3 | t ) ( 3 | s ) 3 | (t + s

k { 0, , m 1 } , k +1 + k +1 = k + k mod 3

m + m = 0 + 0 mod 3
0 + 0 = 0 m + m = 19
3 | r.
) ( 1 t 2 = s 2 mod 3
t 4 = s 4 mod 3 x 3 = x mod 3 x
t 2 = s 2 mod 3 t 2 = s 2 mod 3
t 2 = s 2 = 0 mod 3 3 t . s
.2 r = 73
. 73 = 32 + 82
) ( 8, 3 ) . ( 3, 8
:

) Start T ( 0, 0 ) ( 0, 10 ) T ( 11, 9
c ` c
) ( 3, 8 ) ( 8, 7 ) ( 19, 6
c ` c
) ( 11, 5 ) ( 0, 4 ) ( 11, 3
c ` c
) ( 3, 2 ) T ( 8, 1 ( 19, 0 ) T Finish

.
347 1996

.3 r = 97 . 97 = 42 + 92
) ( 9, 4 ) . ( 4, 9
( M k )1k m B
M 0 = S, Mm = E, = k { 0, , m 1 } , M k M k +1 r
) . M k = ( k , k k

k { 0, , m } , k = k mod 2
4
 k = 0 ) . M 0 = ( 0, 0
 k = k /4 mod 2 . k < m :
 . 0 k < 4 . k = 0 mod 2
) ( k +1, k +1 ) = ( k 9, k + 4
. k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2 = 1 mod 2
) ( k +1, k +1 ) = ( k 4, k + 9
) (k < 3 . k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2 = 0 mod 2
 . 4 k < 8 . k = 1 mod 2
) ( k +1, k +1 ) = ( k 9, k 4
. k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2 = 0 mod 2
 . 8 k < 12 . k = 0 mod 2
) ( k +1, k +1 ) = ( k 9, k 4
. k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2 = 1 mod 2
) ( k +1, k +1 ) = ( k 4, k 9
) (k > 8 . k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2 = 0 mod 2
k +1 = k +1 /4 mod 2
. m = m /4 mod 2
) . ( m , m ) = ( 19, 0 . r = 97
.
 348
 P ABC
 ACB
APB  = APC  ABC 
D E APB APC.
) ( AP ) ( BD ) (CE .

:
: P . ABC X Y Z P
) ( BC ) (CA ) ( AB . XYZ
A B C P .
. ZXY
 = CPB
 A YZX 
 = BPA  C XYZ 
 = APC  B  

.YZ = AP sin A
XZ = BP sin B  XY = CP sin C  

A  AZPY
 = PYZ
PAZ 
Z CYPX
P Y
 = XYP
XCP 
B X C
 = XCP
XYZ 
 + PAZ
 +A
 ACP
=C  CAP

 ) = APC
 ( APC
= B  B

. ZXY
 = CPB  A YZX 
 = BPA C 
Y  M ] [CP M
.YPXC
P C
M
MYX
 = MXY  = C
2
MYX 

X
. MX = MY = 12 PC
XY PC
=
)
sin(2C 
2 cos C
 XY = PC sin C .
349 1996

A . X Y Z
P ) ( BC ) (CA ) ( AB
Q R
Z
. 
D E Y
P XYZ XYZ  = XZY 
B X C . XY = XZ 
 CP sin C = BP sin B
CP BP
) (1 =
CA BA
ACP ] [ AP
Q ) (CE 

ABP ] . [ AP
R ) ( BD 

RP BP QP CP
= =
RA BA QA CA
QP RP
.Q = R = ) ( 1
QA RA
) (CE ) ( BD ) ( AP . .

 } . = { 0,1,
f :
( n, m ) 2 , ) f ( m + f (n )) = f ( f ( m )) + f ( n

f : .
 n = m = 0 ) f ( f ( 0 ) ) = f ( f ( 0 ) ) + f ( 0
. f ( 0 ) = 0
 ) N = f ( . f } N = { 0
n , f ( n ) = 0 .
} N { 0 . a = min ( N \{ 0 } ) 1
 n = 0 ) m , f ( f ( m ) ) = f ( m
f ( x ) = x x . N . x = f ( x ) x N
 350
 ) ( x , y N N
f ( x + y ) = f ( x + f ( y )) = f ( f ( x )) + f ( y ) = x + y
. x + y N N + N = N
0 . N . a N
 ) ( x , y N N x > y . z = x y
)) x + z = y = f (y ) = f ( z + f ( x
= f ( f ( z )) + f ( x ) = f ( z ) + x
z = f ( z ) z N . ( N N ) = N
 x . N x a x = aq + r r
} . { 0,1, , a 1 aq a N
. r = x aq N a . N
. r = 0 f ( ) = a
f (x ) = x a | x
 f ( k ) = ak . 0 k < a x .
x a x = aq + r r
} . { 0,1, , a 1
) ) f ( x ) = f ( r + aq ) = f ( r + f (aq
= f ( f ( r ) ) + f ( aq ) = f ( r ) + aq
= ar + aq

f ( x ) = x x mod a + ax mod a
f 0 a ( k )0k <a
0 = 0 . x , f ( x ) = x x mod a + ax mod a
f
. .
.

351 1996

 a b 15a + 16b
16a 15b .
.

15a + 16b = n 2 16a 15b = m 2 m n .

) (1 15n 2 + 16m 2 = 481a 16n 2 15m 2 = 481b

481
)(2 ) n 4 + m 4 = 481 ( a 2 + b 2

. 481 = 13 37
 13 ) ( 2 n 4 + m 4 = 0 mod 13 13  n
) . x = n 1m ( /13 x 4 = 1 mod 13
x 12 = 1 mod 13 Fermat

x 12 = 1 mod 13 x . 13
13 | n 13 | m.
 37 ) ( 2 n 4 + m 4 = 0 mod 37 37  n
) . x = n 1m ( /37 x 4 = 1 mod 37
x 36 = 1 mod 37 Fermat
x 36 = 1 mod 37 x . 37
37 | n 37 | m.
n m . 481
4812 a = 31 481 . b = 481
.

 352
) ( AB )  ( DE ) ( BC )  ( EF ABCDEF
) . (CD )  ( FA RA RC RE
FAB BCD DEF . p .
p
RA + RC + RE
2
C B . = DEF
= BCD  = FAB 

FB
= . 2RA ] [ FB
D A sin
) (CB ) ( EF
] [ AB ] [ FA
E F
) . (CB
FB FA sin + AB sin
] [ FB ] [ DC ] [ DE
) . (CB
FB CD sin + DE sin

2FB ( FA + CD ) sin + ( AB + DE ) sin

sin sin
) 4RA ( FA + CD ) + ( AB + DE
sin sin

sin sin
) 4RC ( FA + CD ) + (CB + EF
sin sin
sin sin
) 4RE ( AB + DE ) + (CB + EF
sin sin
1
x + 2
x
4 ( RA + RC + RE ) 2p
.

353 1996

p q n . p + q < n
( x k )0k n x 0 = xn = 0
i {1, 2, , n } , } xi x i 1 { p, q
i j i < j ) ( i, j ) ( 0, n . x i = x j


} A = {i n : xi x i 1 = p
} B = {i n : xi x i 1 = q
) = card ( A ) . = card ( B
= A B A B = n
. + = n
n
= 0 = xn x 0 ) ( xi xi 1 ) = ( xi xi 1 ) + ( xi xi 1
i =1 i A i B

p = q > 0 . > 0
 . gcd ( p, q ) = 1 ) p | ( q . p |
m = pm . = qm r = p + q
+ = n . n = rm p + q < n
.m 2
x i = x j j > i
j
=0 ) ( x k x k 1
k =i +1
)] = p card ( A ]i, j ]) q card ( B ]i, j
) )] = p card ( A ]i, j ]) q ( j i card ( A ]i, j
) = r card ( A ]i, j ]) q ( j i

) ) r | (q ( j i gcd ( r , q ) = 1 ) r | ( j i j
. i + r
j = i + r .
 354
( i )0i n r i = xi +r xi .
.1
i +r
= i ) ( x k x k 1
k =i +1
)] = p card ( A ]i, i + r ]) q card ( B ]i, i + r
) )] = p card ( A ]i, i + r ]) q ( r card ( A ]i, i + r
) = r ( card ( A ]i, i + r ]) q
. i { 0,1, , n r } , i r
.2
} i +1 i = ( x i +1+r xi +r ) ( xi +1 x i ) {r , 0, r
.3 i 0 i } { 0,1, , n r
i i +1 > 0 i } { 0,1, , n r 1
.1 i i +1 < 0 i i +1 2r .2
i i +1 > 0 i } { 0,1, , n r 1
i { 0, , n r } , 0i > 0

k { 0,1, , m 1 } , 0kr > 0

0 ( k = 0 kr ) > 0 k = 0 kr 0
m 1 m 1

m 1 m 1
= kr ( x( k +1 )r xkr ) = xn x 0 =0
k =0 k =0

i0 } { 0,1, ,n r i0 = 0
x i0 +r = xi0 .
p
= p  . gcd ( p, q ) = d > 1
d
x p
= q ( yk )0k n yk = k ) ( i, j
d d
) ( 0,n i < j yi = y j . x i = x j .



.
n m
n m . S1
S 2 .
. f ( n, m ) = S 1 S 2
.1 n = m mod 2 ) . f ( n, m
1
.2 ) f ( n, m ) max ( n, m ) ( n, m . 2
2
. 2 C f ( n, m ) C ) ( n, m
.3
C D
.1 n = 2p . m = 2q
) A ( p, q ) B ( p, q ) C ( p, q
) . D ( p, q ) O ( 0, 0
O
. ABDC DCB
ABC S .O
A 1 1 B
C ij ) ( i + 12 , j + 12 ( 1 )i + j
) S (C ij ( 1 )i 1 j 1 = ( 1 )i + j C ij .
) S1 ( ABC ABC
) S1 ( DCB . DCB
ABDC 2S1 ( ABC ) = 2pq S1 ( ABC ) = pq
ABC
S 2 ( ABC ) = 2pq S1 ( ABC ) = pq
. f ( 2p, 2q ) = 0

355
 356
n = 2p + 1 . m = 2q + 1
) A ( p 12 , q 12 ) B ( p + 12 , q 12 ) C ( p 12 , q + 12
) . D ( p + 2 , q + 2 D
1 1
C
) O ( 0, 0 . ABDC DCB
ABC S .O
O
1 1
C ij ) ( i, j ( 1 )i + j
A ) S (C C . B
ij ij

) S1 ( ABC ABC
) S1 ( DCB . DCB
ABDC ) S 2 ( ABC
q p
1
= ) S 2 ( ABC ) S1 ( ABC
2 ( 1 )i + j
j =q i =p
p q
1 1
=
2 ( 1 )i ( 1 )j =
2
i =p j =q
1
= ) . f ( 2p + 1, 2q + 1
2
.2 n m mod 2
.
n = 2p + 1 . m = 2q
C ) A ( 0, 0 ) B ( 2p + 1, 0
) .C ( 0, 2q ) . B ( 2p, 0

) S1 ( ABC ) = S1 ( AB C ) + S1 ( B BC
) S 2 ( ABC ) = S 2 ( AB C ) + S 2 ( B BC
A B B ) S1 ( AB C ) = S 2 ( AB C
) S1 ( ABC ) S 2 ( ABC ) S1 ( B BC ) + S 2 ( B BC
357 1997

) S1 ( B BC ) + S 2 ( B BC BB C q

1
f ( 2p + 1, 2q ) q ) max ( 2p + 1, 2q
2
n m ) . f ( n, m ) 12 max ( n, m
) f ( n, m ) = f ( m, n n m mod 2
) . f ( n, m ) 12 max ( n, m
. n = m mod 2
( n, m ) , ) f ( n, m ) 12 max ( n, m
.3 ) . f ( 2p + 1, 2p
C
) A ( 0, 0 ) B ( 2p + 1, 0
) .C ( 0, 2p ) . B ( 2p, 0

) S1 ( ABC ) = S1 ( AB C ) + S1 ( B BC
A B B
) S 2 ( ABC ) = S 2 ( AB C ) + S 2 ( B BC
) S1 ( AB C ) = S 2 ( AB C
) S1 ( ABC ) S 2 ( ABC ) = S1 ( B BC ) S 2 ( B BC
= 2S1 ( B BC ) p
BB C . p ) S1 ( B BC
( Ak BkC k )0k <2 p
2p ( 1 + k ) ( 2p + 1 )( 2p k )
C k 2p k , Bk ) Ak ( 2p k , k , k
2p + 1 2p

2 p 1 2 p 1
1 1
= ) S1 ( B BC
2 = Ak Bk AkC k
4 p ( 2p + 1 ) k
( 2p k )2
k =0 =0
2p
1 4p + 1
4 p ( 2p + 1 ) k
= = k2
=1 12
 358

4p + 1 1 2p
= ) S1 ( ABC ) S 2 ( ABC = p
6 6

2p 1
= ) f ( 2p + 1, 2p
6

lim f ( 2p + 1, 2p ) = +
p

f . .
: : f

f ( n, m ) = nm ( 1 ) nx + ny d x d y

} . = {( x , y ) + + : x + y 1

 ABC A . B C C
ABC . A U
] [ AB ] [ AC ) ( AU V W
) ( BV ) (CW .T . AU = TB + TC

A
. 
A  B  C ABC

.UAC

V
T ACW
W ] [ AC  =
W
B ABV
 =A .TCB 
 =C 

U
C
.CBT
 =B  +A

BTC  ) (B
 = (C  ) = 2A
 +A 

BTC
BC  ) = BC sin ( B )
= TB sin (C  ++A

)sin(2A 
)sin(2A
359 1997

BC
= TC sin ( B )
 +A

)sin(2A

sin ( B  ) + sin ( B
 ++A  ) = 2 sin ( B
 +A  + ) cos A


BC  + ) = AB sin ( B
) (1 = TB + TC sin ( B ) +
sin A 
sin C
. ABC
 = ACB
AUB  =C CBU   = CAU  =

ABU
 =B AUB  +
 =C ABU 

AB AU
=

sin C sin ( B
) +

) ( 1 .TB + TC = AU
.
A . ) (CW . X

X V
T  =A
 = BAC 
BXC
W
B
C  + ABT
 = XBA  = XCA
 + BAU

U XBT
 + BAU
= UAC  = BAC  =A 
TXB BT = TX
. BT + TC = CX
XBC  +B
 = XBA  = UAC +B  = UBC
 +B  = ABU
. XC = AU
. BT + TC = AU

 360
 ( x k )1k n :
n +1
max xi x1 + x 2 + + x n 1
1i n 2
) Sn } ( n = {1, , n
n
n +1
) kx ( k
2
k =1
n
= ) . f ( ) kx (k
Sn
k =1
n +1
)(H Sn , > ) f (
2
k =1 kxk
n
= ) f ( id > 0
( x i )1i n ( x i )1i n .
} A = { Sn : f ( ) > ( n + 1 )/2
. id A
A ) i = ( i, i + 1 i + 1
i
= ) f (  i ) kx ( k ) + ix ( i +1 ) + ( i + 1 ) x ( i
} k {i ,i +1

) f (  i ) f ( ) = ix ( i +1 ) + ( i + 1 ) x ( i ) ix ( i ) ( i + 1 ) x ( i +1
) = x ( i ) x ( i +1

f (  i ) f () = x (i ) x (i +1) n + 1

n +1
f (  i ) f ( ) ( n + 1 ) >
2
n +1
> ) f (  i .  i A ) ( H
2

) (1 i {1, , n 1 } , A,  i A
361 1997

) i = ( 1, i i 1
n 2 = 1
i +1 = i  i  i 2 i < n
( i )1i <n ( i )1<i n ) ( 1
)(2 i { 2, , n } , A,  i A
i j ij i j
n ij = i  j  i i 2 j 2
. 1 j = j ( i )1<i n ( ij )1i < j n
) ( 2
)(3 ( i, j ) n n , A,  ij A
( ij )1i < j n . Sn
) ( 3 Sn A
n +1
)(4 Sn , > ) f (
2
0 Sn
k n , 0 ( k ) = n + 1 k

n n
= ) f ( 0 ) + f ( id kxk + kxn +1k
k =1 k =1
n n
= kxk + ( n + 1 k ) xk
k =1 k =1
n n
= (n + 1 ) xk = ( n + 1 ) x k
k =1 k =1
) ( 4
n
) n + 1 < f ( 0 ) + f ( id ) ( n + 1 xk n +1
k =1

) k =1 kx ( k
n
. n +1
2 ) ( H Sn

 362
 A = ( aij )( i , j )2n ) Mn (
:
 A } 2n 1 = {1, 2, , 2n 1
( i, j ) 2n , aij 2n 1
 i n i i 2n1
i n , {aik : k n } {aki : k n } = 2n 1

:
.1 . n = 1997
.2 n n .

.1 n n .
:
i n , } Li = {( i, k ) : k n
j n , } C j = {( k , j ) : k n
A = ( aij )( i , j )2n n k
2n 1 } . M k = {( i, j ) : aij = k
n n
= ) card ( M k ) card ( M k Li ) = card ( M k C i
i =1 i =1

n
= ) 2 card ( M k )) ( card ( Mk Li ) + card ( M k C i
i =1
n
= card ( M k ( Li C i ) ) + card ( M k Li C i )
i =1


1

n
) }) = n + card ( M k {( i, i
i =1
) } = n + card ( {i n : aii = k
k i i
. card ( M k ( Li C i ) ) = 1
363 1997

( {i n : aii = k } )1k 2n 1
n
2n 1
) n = card ( n card ( {i n : aii = k } ) 2n 1
k =1

) . (n = 1 k0
= } {i n : aii = k 0
) n = 2 card ( M k0 n . 1997
. 1997
) A( p 2p .2 n = 2p
. 1
1 2 4 6
3 1 7 4
1 2
) A( 2 = A( 1 ) =
5 6 1 2 3 1

7 5 3 1

p = 1 . p = 2 ) A( p I p
2p J p 2p . 1
) A( p +1 2p +1 :
) A( p A( p ) I p + 2p +1J p

) ( p +1
A )= (p p +1 )(p
A + 2 Jp A

) Li ( M ) C j ( M i j
M 1 i 2p
} Li ( A( p +1 ) ) = Li ( A( p ) ) ( 2p +1 + Li ( A( p 1 ) )\{1 } ) { 2p +1
) ) ) C i ( A( p +1 ) ) = C i ( A( p ) ) ( 2p +1 + C i ( A( p 1

Li ( A( p +1 ) ) C i ( A( p +1 ) ) = 2p +1 ( 2p +1 + 2p +1 1 ) = 2p +2 1
Li ( A( p +1 ) ) C i ( A( p +1 ) ) = 2p +2 1 . 2p < i 2p +1
) A( p +1 . .
 364
 ) (a, b
2
a b = ba

:
: a b n m . a n = bm
) = gcd ( m, n m = n = c
a = c .b = c


= b p p
= a p p

pP pP

P ( p )p P ( p )p P
.
pn p
= pm p

pP p P

. p P, p = p
gcd ( , ) = 1 p = p p = p
. p c = p P pp a = c . b = c
) (a, b . ab = ba
2

) = gcd ( a, b 2 x y a = x . b 2 = y
c a = c x . b = cy
) = gcd ( c 2y , c x ) = min ( c 2y , c x ) = min ( b 2, a
 . = a x = 1 . c = a
b 2 = y = ay b = c y = a y
. a 2y 1 = y
a 2 a 2y 1 22y 1 2y > y
) 21 . ( 1 a 2y 1 = y
. a = y = 1 . b = 1 ) . (a, b ) = ( 1,1
365 1997

 . = b 2 < a y = 1 . c = b
a = b x a = b 2x
b x 2 b x 2 = x x 2 . b 2 < a = b 2x = x 2
b x 2 . x 3 x b = x
b 3 .
x 5 b x 2 ( 1 + 2 )x 2 1 + 8 2x 5 1 + 8 ( x 4 ) > x
} . x { 3, 4
x = 3 b = 3 a = 33 ) . (a, b ) = ( 27, 3
x = 4 b = 2 a = 24 ) . (a, b ) = ( 16, 2

{ ( a, b ) : a b }) = ba } = {( 1,1 ) , ( 16, 2 ) , ( 27, 3
2

.


n ) f ( n
n . 2
. f ( 4 ) = 4
4 = 22 = 21 + 21 = 21 + 20 + 20 = 20 + 20 + 20 + 20
. 2n n 3
2 2
/4 /2
f ( 2n ) 2n

n An n
2 . 1 Bn n
2 . 20 = 1
.C n = An Bn
) f ( n ) = card (C n ) = card ( An ) + card ( Bn
:
 n 1 = . An
x x 1 Bn .C n 1 ) . 2  n f ( n ) = f ( n 1
 366
 n . x x 1 Bn C n 1
x x2 An .C n /2
) f ( n ) = f ( n /2 ) + f ( n 1
: f
)f (n 1 : 2 n

f (n ) = n
f
2 ) (
+ f (n 1 ) : 2 | n

f ( 1 ) = 1 ) f ( n n .

n 1 1 k 2n 1

) ) f ( 2n + 2k ) = f ( 2n 1 + k ) + f ( 2n + 2 ( k 1

n 1
2
) f ( 2n 1 + k ) = f ( 2n + 2n ) f ( 2n ) = f ( 2n +1 ) f ( 2n
k =1

) (1 f (2n +1
) f (2n
=) )f (j
2n 1 < j 2n

)(2 f ( 2n +1 ) = 1 + )f (j
1 j 2n

 ) ( 1 f
)(3 ) f ( 2n +1 ) f ( 2n ) + 2n 1 f ( 2n ) = 2n f ( 2n

f ( 2n ) f ( 2 ) 21+ 2++( n 1 ) = 21+n
( n 1 )/2

2
f ( 2n ) 2n . n 2 /2

 0 j < 2n 1
) Aj = f ( 2n 1 + 1 + j ) + f ( 2n 1 j
367 1997

A2 j 1 ) = f ( 2n 1 + 2 j ) + f ( 2n 1 + 1 2 j
) = f ( 2n 1 + 2 j ) + f ( 2n 1 2 j
) A2 j = f ( 2n 1 + 1 + 2 j ) + f ( 2n 1 2 j
) = f ( 2n 1 + 2 j ) + f ( 2n 1 2 j
) A2 j +1 = f ( 2n 1 + 2 j + 2 ) + f ( 2n 1 2 j 2

A2 j = A2 j 1
) A2 j +1 A2 j = f ( 2n 1 + 2 j + 2 ) f ( 2n 1 + 2 j
) ) ( f ( 2n 1 2 j ) f ( 2n 1 2 j 2
) = f ( 2n 2 + j + 1 ) f ( 2n 2 j
f . A2 j +1 A2 j 0
( Aj )0 j <2n 1
j { 0,1, , 2n 1 1 } , ) Aj A0 = 2 f ( 2n 1

2n 2n 1 1
= )f (j ) Aj 2n f ( 2n 1
j =1 j =0

) ( 2
) f ( 2n +1 ) 1 + 2n f ( 2n 1 ) > 2n f ( 2n 1
 k 1
f ( 22k ) 22k 1 f ( 22( k 1 ) ) 2( 2k 1 )++ 3 f ( 2 ) = 2k
2

 k 1
f ( 22k +1 ) 22k f ( 22k 1 ) 22( k ++1 ) f ( 2 ) = 2k +k +1
2

2
. f ( 2n ) > 2n . /4


 368

QWE
AgD
ZXC


ABCD ) ( AC ) ( BD
] [ AB ] [ AB ] [CD . P
] [CD . ABCD
ABCD ABP CDP.

B


O .
P A B C D ) ( a, 0
) ( 0,b ) ( c, 0 ) ( 0, d a b c
C O
A
d .
D
 ) ( X P ,YP . P PA = PB PC = PD
( X P a )2 + YP2 = X P2 + (YP b )2

( X P + c )2 + YP2 = X P2 + (YP + d )2

2aX P 2bYP + b 2 a 2 = 0
2cX P 2dYP + c 2 d 2 = 0

a 2c + c 2a b 2c d 2a a 2d + c 2b b 2d d 2b
= Yp = XP
) 2 ( da bc ) 2 ( da cb

) ( AB  ) ) ( P, ( AB P ) ( AB
x y
+ = 1
a b
1 X P YP
= ) ) ( P, ( AB 2 2 a
+ 1
a +b b

369
 370
P O ) ( AB
1
= ) ) ( P, ( AB ) ( ab bX P aYP
a + b2
2

ABP
ab bX P aYP
= ) A ( ABP
2
X P YP
a 2bd + b 3d ab 2c a 3c + a 2d 2 + b 2d 2 a 2c 2 b 2c 2
= ) A ( ABP
) 4 ( da bc

) (a 2 + b 2 )(bd ac + d 2 c 2
) (1 = ) A ( ABP
) 4 ( da bc
 ) ) ( P, (CD P ) (CD
x y
+ ) (CD = 1
c d
1 X P YP
= ) ) ( P, (CD + +1
c 2 + d 2 c d

P O ) (CD
1
= ) ) ( P, (CD ) ( cd + dX P + cYP
c + d2
2

CDP
cd + dX P + cYP
= ) A (CDP
2
X P YP
cd 2a + c 3a bc 2d bd 3 + a 2d 2 + a 2c 2 b 2d 2 b 2c 2
= ) A (CDP
) 4 ( da bc

) ( c 2 + d 2 )( ca bd + a 2 b 2
)(2 = ) A (CDP
) 4 ( da bc
371 1998

) ( 1 ) ( 2
) ( ca bd ) ( ( a + c )2 + ( b + d )2
= ) A (CDP ) A ( ABP
) 4 ( da bc

A (CDP ) = A ( ABP ) ca = bd

A (CDP ) = A ( ABP ) OC OA = OB OD
ABCD . .

 a b b
. 3 1 . 0 k
k b 1
. : k .
a 2b

J C
card ( C ) = a card ( J ) = b
j J c C ) j (c } { 0,1
j . c ) J ( 2
. J A
}) A = {( { j , j } , c ) J ( 2 ) C : j ( c ) = j ( c
} { j , j
}A{ j , j } ) = {c C : j ( c ) = j ( c
j . j
c
}) Ac = { { j , j } J ( 2 ) : j ( c ) = j ( c
c .
) card ( A :
) (1 = ) card ( A = ) } card ( A{ j , j ) card ( Ac
) { j , j }J ( 2 c C
 372

{ j , j } J ( 2 ), card ( A{ j , j } ) k
) ( 1
) b (b 1
)(2 card ( A ) k card ( J ( 2 ) ) = k
2
 Ac . c x
c 1 ) } x = card ( { j J : j ( c ) = 1 b x
c . 0 Ac
} { { j, j } J ( 2 ) : j (c ) = j (c ) = 1 ) x ( x21
} { { j, j } J ( 2 ) : j ( c ) = j ( c ) = 0 ) (b x )(2b x 1

1
= ) card ( Ac ) ) ( x ( x 1 ) + ( b x )( b x 1
2
) b (b 1
= x 2 bx +
2
2
b ) b ( b 2 ) b (b 2
(
= x
2 )
+
4

4

( b 1 )2 1
) card ( Ac
4 4
) card ( Ac ( b 1 )2
4 b 14
( b 1 )2
) card ( Ac
4
) ( 1
( b 1 )2 a ( b 1 )2
)(3 ) card ( A ) card ( C =
4 4
) ( 2 ) ( 3
b ( b 1 ) a ( b 1 )2
k
2 4
k b 1
. .
a 2b
373 1998

 n ) d ( n n
1 . n
} ) K = { k : n *, d (n 2 ) = kd ( n

P .
n ( p ( n ) )p P
) (card ( { p P : p ( n ) > 0 } ) < +
) p(n
= n p
pP

) ) ( m | n ) ( p P , p ( m ) p ( n

= ) } d ( n ) = card ( {m : m | n ( 1 + p ( )) n
pP

) d (n 2 1 + 2 n )
(

) d (n
= 1 + pp n ( )


pP

K
2
 = d (n ) : n *
K
) d ( n
P


)  = 1 + 2i : ( i ()
K i
i 1 + i
) (
.

.K = K
 374
 1 K ( i )i . i , i = 0
 k K ) ( i )i (
) ( 1 + 2i ) = k ( 1 + i
i i
k . O
. K O
 . K O K O
O \K . ) . q = min ( O \K q . 3
}) m = max { j : 2 j | ( q + 1 m 1 q + 1 = 2m k
k q . K :
q = 2m k 1 k K q K
k K ( i )i

1
1 + 2
= k 1 + ii
i =0
( i )i i = i . 0 i <
i = 2i i < m + .
m + 1 1 m + 1
1 + 2i 1 + 2 1 + 2i +1 1 + 2m

1 +
= 1 + ii 1 + 2i = k 1 +
i =0 i i =0 i =

m
1+2
k ) = q k ( 1 + 2m ) = ( 1 + ) ( 2m k 1
1+
= ( 2m 1 ) k 1 = q k
= q k
m + 1
1 + 2i
= q
1 + i
K
i =0
. q = O \K . K = O
K .
375 1998

 ) (a, b
ab 2 + b + 7. a 2b + a + b

) (a, b n = ab 2 + b + 7
. m = a 2b + a + b an bm = 7a b 2 n
. = 7a b 2 .
 . > 0 :
 b 3 n 9a + 10 > n
. b 3
 b = 2 n = 4a + 9 = 7a 4 n |
< 2n = n 3a = 13 .
 b = 1 n = a + 8 . = 7a 1 = 7n 57
n | n | 57 n 9 } n {19, 57
} a {11, 49 }) . (a, b ) {( 11,1 ), ( 49,1
 . < 0
n > n + = ( a 1 )b 2 + b + 7 ( a + 1 ) > 0
n .
 . = 0 7a = b 2 b = 7 a = 7 2
) ( a, b } {( 7 2 , 7 ) :
) (a, b
} {( 11,1 ) , ( 49,1 )} {( 7 2, 7 ) :
.

] [ BC  I C . ABC C
] [CA ] [ AB K L M . B
) ( KM ) ( LM ) ( LK R S .
RIS .

 376

A

IK = IM BK = BM
) ( BI ] [ KM
L
M
) . ( KM ) ( BI ) ( RS )  ( KM
R I
) . ( RS ) ( BI
B K C
IS 2 = BS 2 + BI 2
S
IR 2 = BR 2 + BI 2

IS 2 + IR 2 RS 2 = BS 2 + BI 2 + BS 2 + BI 2 ( BS + BR )2
) = 2 ( BI 2 BS BR
AML
 = AIL
 = 1 ( A
2
AMIL ) 

RBM
 = 1 ( B
2
BMR ) 
 = 1( A
2
RBM ) 

MRB
 = 1 ( C
2
= )
BM BR
=
) /2
cos(C ) /2
cos(A
SBK
BK BS
=

)cos(A/2 ) /2
cos(C
BM = BK
BR BS = BM BK = BK 2

IS 2 + IR 2 RS 2 = 2 ( BI 2 BK 2 ) = 2 IK 2

2 2 2 2
 ) = IS + IR RS = IK
cos ( RIS >0
2IS IR IS IR
RIS . .



377 1998

 f :
) ( E.
( t , s ) , f ( t 2 f ( s ) ) = s ( f ( t ) )2
) . f ( 1998

f : ) ( E ) . a = f ( 1
t = 1 ) ( E . s , f  f ( s ) = a 2s
. t ,
s = 1 ) ( E f (at 2 ) = ( f ( t ) )2
 x . :
( af ( x ) )2 ) = a 2 ( f ( x ) )2 = a 2 f ( ax 2

) ) = f  f ( f (ax 2 ) ) = f ( f  f ( ax 2

= f ( a ( ax )2 ) = ( f ( ax ) )2

. x , f ( ax ) = af ( x )
 n Pn :
) t , ( f ( t ) )n +1 = a n f ( t n +1
P0 . P1
 . Pn1
n .
( f ( t ) )n + 2 = a n 1 f ( t n ) ( f ( t ) )2 = f ( a n 1t n ) ( f ( t ) )2
) (1 

) = f ( t 2 f  f ( a n 1t n ) ) = f ( t 2a 2a n 1t n
) (E
n +1 n + 2 n +1
= f (a t =) a ) f ( t n +2

) ( 1 Pn +1 .
Pn . n
a b a n | bn +1
. n b . a
a = p P p p b = p P p p P
. ( p )p P ( p )p P.
 378
n , a n | bn +1
p P, n , n p ( n + 1 ) p
p P . n , p ( 1 + n1 ) p n
. p p . a | b

t , ) a | f (t
1
 g : ) . t , g ( t ) = f ( t
a
) ( s, t
a 2s ( g ( t ) )2 = s ( f ( t ) )2 )) = f ( t 2f ( s
) ) = f ( at 2g ( s ) ) = af ( t 2g ( s ) ) = a 2g ( t 2g ( s
g ) ( E . g ( 1 ) = 1
 f g
t , g ( t 2 ) = ( g ( t ) )2 s , g  g ( s ) = s
) ( x , y
) ) ( g ( x ) g ( y ) )2 = g ( x 2 ) ( g ( y ) )2 = g ( y 2g  g ( x 2

= g ( y 2x 2 ) = g ( ( xy )2 ) = ( g ( xy ) )2

( x , y ) , ) g ( xy ) = g ( x ) g ( y

 p ) g ( p . g ( P ) P
g ( p ) =  ) p = g ( ) g (
g ( ) = 1 = g ( g ( ) ) = g ( 1 ) = 1 g ( ) = 1
= 1 g ( p ) P . g ( p ) 1
g ( P ) P s , g  g ( s ) = s
) p g ( p . P
379 1998

 ) p = g ( 2 ) q = g ( 3 ) . r = g ( 37
1998 = 2 33 37
f ( 1998 ) = ag ( 1998 ) = ag ( 2 ) ( g ( 3 ) )3 g ( 37 ) = apq 3r
pqr
pqr 2 3 5 = 30 q 2
pq 3r 4 30 = 120
a 1 . f ( 1998 ) 120
g :
g ( 2a 3b 5c 37d p Q p p ) = 3a 2b 37c 5d p Q p p
} .Q = P \{ 2, 3, 5, 37 g ) ( E
. g ( 1998 ) = 120 120 ) . ( E
.

 380

QWE
AgD
ZXC


P
P . P

P n 3
.
G . P




GM = 0
M P

 P P
.G
 M 0 . P . R = GM 0 G
] [ MM 0 M P . M P, GM = R
P C G . R
 ) ( A0 , A1, , An 1 P C
) ( Ai Ai mod n
. i n
C Ai +1
Ai P






 





Ai ) (GAi 1,GAi +1 Ai Ai
G

] . [ Ai 1, Ai +1
Ai 1
Ai 2
. Ai = Ai Ai
] . [ Ai 1, Ai +1 Ai 1Ai = Ai Ai +1







 


 



 











1
 






i ) = (AG
(Ai Ai +1, AG ) i , Ai Ai 1 ) = (Ai Ai +1, Ai Ai 1
2
G ] [ Ai 1Ai







  








 






(Ai 1Ai , Ai 1G ,) = (AG ) i , Ai Ai 1

381
 382
Ai 1 Ai







 










1
 








) (Ai 1Ai , Ai 1G ) = (Ai 1Ai , Ai 1Ai 2
2
i







 














 






Ai 1Ai = Ai Ai +1 ) (Ai 1Ai , Ai 1Ai 2 ) = (Ai Ai +1, Ai Ai 1
A0, A1, , An 1 n . P
.
.
P
P P .

 n . 1 C
n n 4
( x 1, x 2 , , x n ) ( + ) , ( xix j x i2 + x 2j
) C xk
1i < j n k =1
.

(a + b )2 4ab
n 4 n 2 n
x k = x k2 + 2 xi x j 8 x k2 x i x j
k =1 k =1 1i < j n
k =1 1i < j n

n 4 n
) x k 8 xi x j x k2 8 xi x j ( x i2 + x j2
k =1 k =1
1i < j n 1i < j n

 x p xq x r p < q < r
n 2

) x pxq xk x pxq ( x p2 + xq2 + xr2 ) > x pxq ( x p2 + xq2
k =1

4
n
) x k > 8 xi x j ( xi2 + x j2
k =1
1i < j n
383 1999

 x p xq x k = 0 k
p q
n 2 2 n 2

x k + 2 x i x j 8 x k x i x j = ( x p xq )4
k =1 1i < j n
k =1 1i < j n

n 4
) x k > 8 xi x j ( xi2 + x j2
k =1 1i < j n

1
n
4

( xix j xi2 + x j2 ) xk
1i < j n 8 k =1
) ( x1, , xn ( + )n
} ( x1, , x n ) { ( ei + e j ) : 1 i < j n, +
( ei )1i n . n

 n n n .
.
.
.

) ( i, j n n
) ( 1,1 . (Wk )1k n
1 2 3 4 5 :
1
2 } Wk = {( i, j ) n n : i + j = 2k
3
4 n = 2m : 1 k m
5
}} Wk = {( i, 2k i ) : i {1, 2, , 2k
m < k 2m
} } Wk = {( i, 2k i ) : i { 2 ( k m ) , , 2m
 384
.
.

  


 .

W1 .


W2 .

W3
.


(W2k )1k m
(W2k 1 )1k m
. .

 W2k 1
2k 1 1 k m2+1 ) 2 ( m k + 1
. m2+1 < k m
w

= w ( 2k 1 ) + )2 (m k + 1
1k ( m +1 )/2 ( m +1 )/2<k m
m
)m (m + 1
= k+ = k k =
2
1k m 1k m k =1
k k

) m ( m +1
2
.
385 1999


) m ( m + 1.
:
   
     
   
     
   
       
 
   
n =4 n =6 n =8

 ) m ( m + 1
. ) m( m2+1
.
1 k m Bk
.W2k 1
) 2 card ( Bk ) card (W2k 1
card (W2k 1 )
card ( Bk )
2
( Bk )1k m b
:
m m
card (W2k 1 )
= b ) card ( Bk 2


k =1 k =1
) m (m + 1
( 2k 1 ) + = )2 (m k + 1
2
1k m 2+1 m +1
2 <k m

.
m ( m + 1 ) = n ( n + 2 )/4 .
 386
 ) ( n, p :
 p .
. n 2p

n p 1 . ( p 1 )n + 1

 ) ( 1, p p .
 p = 2
n | 2 ) ( 2, 2
.
 n > 1 . p > 2
n .
q n . 1 1 mod q
} {m : ( p 1 )m = 1 mod q n

} = min {k : ( p 1 )k = 1 mod q
( p 1 )n = 1 mod q gcd ( p 1, q ) = 1
p 1 . /q
} = min {k : ( p 1 )k = 1 mod q
. q 1 n m r
n = m + r 0 r <
/q
1 ( p 1 )n ( ( p 1 ) )m ( p 1 )r ( p 1 )r mod q
r < . r 0 n
k
n = k + 0 <
/q
k
1 ( p 1 )n ( ( p 1 ) ) ( p 1 ) ( 1 )k ( p 1 ) mod q
k = 0 < k
= 0 . < . n = k
387 1999

< q 1 q n n
= 1 . q | p p q
.p = q
. n = p n 3
n 3p . n = p

p
p
( p 1) + 1 = 1 + C pk pk ( 1 )p k
k =0
p
2
= 1 + ( 1 )p + ( 1 )p 1 p + C pk pk ( 1 )p k
k =2

p | C pk 1 k < p p

( p 1 )p + 1 = p 2 mod p 3

) p 2 | ( 1 + ( p 1 )p ) p 3  ( 1 + ( p 1 )p

) p p 1 | ( 1 + ( p 1 )p p 1 2
p = 3 p . ) ( n, p ) = ( 3, 3
p 3 . n > 1
) ( n, p 

}) {( 1, p ) : p P } {( 2, 2 ) , ( 3, 3

P .


 C1 C 2 C M N .
C1 . C 2 C1 C 2
C A . B ) ( AM ) ( BM C1
E F . ) ( EF . C 2
 388

A

O1 O2 O C1 C 2 C
N
E r1 r2 r .
M
C1 C
O2 O1
O M MA C1 
ME
MFE C

F

. MBA
MA 

B
 = MBA
MFE 
) . (O1O2
) ( AB ) ( EF
MEF MAB M
. r1 /r O2
E ) (O1O2 . r2
O2





O2O1 ) O2 ( 0, 0 ) .O1 ( r1, 0
 ) ( x A, yA A A
C1 C 2 (O1A )2 r12 = (O2A )2 r22
( x A r1 )2 + yA
2
r12 = x A2 + yA2 r22

r22
) (1 = xA
2r1






r1
= ME ) ( x M , yM ) ( x E , yE  MA
r
M E
r1 r r1 r
xE = xM + = ) ( xA xM xM + 1 xA
r r r
) ( 1
r r1 r2
)(2 = xE xM + 2
r 2r
. x M
389 1999

 ) ( xO , yO .O





















O1M
O2M = O2O1 + O1M = O2O1 + r1
O1M









OO1 







r
= O2O1 + r1 = O2O1 + 1 OO1
OO1 r r1

r1 ) r ( r xO
x M = r1 + ( r1 xO ) = 1
r r1 r r1
) ( 2
2r1 ( r xO ) + r22
)(3 = xE
2r
 O2O = r r2 O1O = r r1
( xO r1 )2 + yO2 = ( r r1 )2 xO2 + yO2 = ( r r2 )2

2r1xO = xO2 + yO2 + r12 ( r r1 )2
= ( r r2 )2 + r12 ( r r1 )2

2r1 ( xO r ) = ( r r2 )2 + r12 ( r r1 )2 2rr1
= ( r r2 )2 r 2 = r22 2rr2
2r1 ( r xO ) + r22 = 2rr2 ) ( 3
. x E = r2 ) ( EF O2 C 2
. .


. f :
:
) (E f ( x f ( y ) ) = f ( f ( y ) ) + xf ( y ) + f ( x ) 1
x . y
 390

f ) . ( E
 f ( 0 ) = 0 ) ( E x = y = 0 0 = 1
. . = f ( 0 ) 0
 y ) x = f ( y ) ( E
= f ( 0 ) = 2 f ( f ( y ) ) + ( f ( y ) )2 1

+1 1
) (1 y , ( f ( y ) )2
= )) f ( f ( y
2 2
) ( , 2 x = f y = ) ( E
( ) 

f ( f ( ) f ( )) = f ( f ( )) + f ( ) f ( ) + f ( f ( )) 1
) ( 1 ) ) f ( f ( ) ) f ( f (
1 1
f ( f ( ) f ( ) ) = ( f ( ) )2 + f ( ) f ( ) ( f ( ) )2
2 2
1
= ( f ( ) f ( ) )2
2

1
)(2 ( , ) 2, f ( f ( ) f ( ) ) = ( f ( ) f ( ) )2
2
y = 0 ) ( E 

x , f ( x ) = f ( ) + x + f ( x ) 1
= x z ) z = f ( x z ) f ( x z ) z +1 f (
z
) ( 2
( f ( x z ) f ( x z ) )2 z2
f ( z ) = f ( f ( xz ) f ( xz )) = =
2 2
z = ) ( 1
2 1 + 2

= )) = f ( f ( 0
2 2 2
2
z
f ( z ) = 1 z . = 1
2
. ) ( E .


) ( AB CANM
) ( AB . MNBD M C D ) (CD
) (CD . ) ( NA ) (CM P
) ( NB ) ( MD Q ) (CA ) ( DB . E
PE QE.

) ( AB ) (CD
Q M
= BDM
EBA

C P D
ABM


MB

BDM 
N

A B
BDM

= ABM

F

= ABM
EBA


E

= BAM
EAB

ABE ABM EB = MB . EA = MA
) ( AB ] [ EM ) . ( EM ) (CD
) ( MN ( AB ) . F ) ( FA
CANM FA2 = FN FM ) ( FB

MNBD . FB 2 = FN FM . FA = FB
) ( AB ) (CD ) ( AP
) ( FM ) ( BQ
AF NF BF
= =
PM NM QM
. PM = QM ) ( EM ) ( PQ
) ( EM ] [ PQ . PE = QE .
391
 392
 A B C . 1

( A 1 + B1 )( B 1 + C1 )(C 1 + A1 ) 1

:
1 1 1
=C 1+ = A 1 + = B 1 +
A C B

2
1 1 1
+ =A+
C
+ ( B
B ) A+
C
>0

+ >0 +>0
.

1.
. :
1 A 1 1
= AB B + 1 A + 1 + +
B C C BC
A 1
=
C (
B + 2
B )
A 1 2 A
= B
C ( B

C )

C B

B A

( )2 1 1 .
.


393 2000

 k n
. 2 n
. . :
A B A B B
B A . AB = kBA k

.
.
: n
. card ( Im ) 2 F .
P2 n n . Q P2 n
( ) ( )

F ) TQ ( F :
 card ( (Q ) ) = 1 .TQ ( ) =
 card ( (Q ) ) = 2 i Q
) (Q j Q
) . (Q } Q = {i, j ) . ( i ) < ( j
) = TQ ( ) ( ) = ( i
)) (i ) = ( j ) + k ( ( j ) (i
.
) (i ) (j )(

) = TQ (

) ( j ) ( ) (i

} T = {TQ : Q P2 n ( )
 394
.1 a . F
n
) ) M ( ) = max ( ( ) a ( ) = aM ( ) (
1 n
=1

TQ T F ) . = TQ (
card ( (Q ) ) = 1 ) . a ( ) = a (
card ( (Q ) ) = 2 } Q = {i, j ) . ( i ) < ( j
.
n
n
( ) = ) ) ( ) ( i ) + ( j ) + k ( ( j ) ( i
=1
=1
n
) ) = ( ) + ( k + 1 ) ( ( j ) ( i
=1
 ) ( j ) + k ( ( j ) ( i ) ) M ( ) M ( ) = M (
. a ( ) a ( )
 ) ( j ) + k ( ( j ) ( i ) ) > M (
)) M ( ) = ( j ) + k ( ( j ) (i

) ) a ( ) a ( ) = a ( M ( ) M ( ) ) + ( k + 1 ) ( ( j ) ( i
k +1
= a ( M ( ) M ( )) + )) ( M ( ) ( j
k
k +1 k +1
= (k )
a ( M ( )M ( ) ) +
k
) ) ( M ( ) ( j

) (1 ) a ( ) a ( )) ( k +k 1 a )( M ( ) M (
) . ( j ) = M (
a = 1 + 1/k ) . a ( ) a (
:
)(2 F , T T , ) 1+1/k (T ( ) ) 1+1/k (
395 2000

.2 0 F (Tm )m
T ( m )m 0 ) . m +1 = Tm ( m ) ( 2

m ) 1+1/k ( m +1 ) 1+1/k ( m

m ) 1+1/k ( m ) 1+1/k ( 0

n
1
(
1+1/k ( m ) = 1 +
k )
) ) n M ( m ) + ( M ( m ) m (
=1


>0

1
(
1+
k )
) n M ( m
1 1
< k 1 + n > 0
n 1 k
k
) m M ( m ) (
1 k ( n 1 ) 1+1/k 0
( M ( m ) )m
.
1
< k
n 1
.
1
k 0 F .3
n 1
( m )m F . (Tm )m T
m im jm n ) m ( jm ) = M ( m
) m ( im ) = L ( m ) ) . L ( ) = min ( (
1 n

} Tm = T{im , jm ) m +1 = Tm ( m

) ( 1 a = 1 + 1/k
m , ) 1+1/k ( m +1 ) = 1+1/k ( m
 396

m , ) 1+1/k ( m ) = 1+1/k ( 0

n
1
1+1/k ( 0 ) = 1 n + ( ) k
) ) M ( 0 ) + ( M ( 0 ) 0 (
=1
n
1
1+1/k ( m ) = (1 n + ) M ( m)+ )) ( M ( m ) m (
k =1
m
n n
) ) ( M ( m ) m ( )) = ( M ( 0 ) 0 (
=1 =1
1
(
+ n 1
k )
) ) ( M ( m ) M ( 0

1
k ) M ( m ) > M ( 0
n 1

(n 1 k1 )( M ( m ) M ( 0 ) ) 0

n n
)) ( M ( m ) m ( )) ( M ( 0 ) 0 (
=1 =1

m , ) n ( M ( m ) L ( m ) ) M ( 0 ) L ( 0

) M ( 0 ) L ( 0
)(3 m , M ( m ) L ( m ) +
n
n m m
) M ( m ) L ( m +n ) M ( m m
, ) ( 3
) M ( 0 ) L ( 0
m , L ( m +n ) L ( m ) +
n
397 2000

) M ( 0 ) L ( 0
, L ( ( +1 )n ) L ( n ) +
n


, L ( n ) L ( 0 ) + ) ) ( M ( 0 ) L ( 0
n
. lim L ( n ) = +


1
. k
n 1
.

 1 . 100
.
:
.

U 1 U 2 U 3 n 1 . n
 T1
2 V>n +1 1
3
V<n +1 n
n 4 1

n1
V<n +1 V n +1V >n +1 Vn +1
2 . n 1
 T2
W0 3
3 2 1 W1 3
6 5 4

3k
9 8

3k + 2
7

3k + 1
2 W2
W 0 W 1 W 2 3
. 1
 398
T1 T2 P

.
n 3 Pn :
P 1
n T1 .T2
Pn . n
 n = 3
.T1
T1 .T2
 Pn P 1
n + 1 . .
 B1 n + 1 .
B2 1 B3 .
B2 1 m k2
B2 k3 . B3 k3 2 1
B3 k2 2 B2 . 1
n B2 B3
. max ( k2, k3 ) = n . m = k2 + k3 n + 2
. m n + ( n 1 ) = 2n 1 k = m n 1
} {1, , n k B2 . B3

+1+ k
m = k2 + k3 = n

B2 B3 B1 B2 B3

. P
B2 1 .T1
399 2000

 n + 1 .
P 1 n .
T1 T2 .
 1 n T1 B1
1 B2 n
B3 2 . n 1
1 n + 1 P
 n +2 = n +1 + 1 = n +
2
  
? B1 B2 B3

n + 1 . B1 n 4
 n +3 = n +1 +
2 = n +
3
 
B1 B3 B2 B3

. P n = 3 1
n + 1 = 4 T2 :
} B1 = {1, 4 } B2 = { 3 } B3 = { 2
 1 n T2 B
3
. Bk = Bk mod 3 . n mod 3 = r
n +1 + r +1 = n + r +2
   
? Br +1 Br Br + 2

} {r mod 3, ( r + 1 ) mod 3, ( r + 2 ) mod 3 } = { 0,1, 2

1 n + 1
P n + 1 r + 1 Br +1.
.T2 Pn +1.
n 4 T1 .T2
.
1 n P 12
. n 4 n = 100 . 12 .
 400
n
2n + 1 ) n
( .

. r
nr 2nr + 1 . card ( { p P : p | nr } ) = r
P .
:
 a m m 2a + 1 . 2am + 1

m 1
am
2 + 1 = ( 2 + 1 ) ( 1 )p 2a ( m 1p )
a
p =0
 ak = 23 + 1 . k 1
k 1

( bk )k 1 k 1 :
ak +1 = 3akbk gcd ( 3ak , bk ) = 1
a1 = 3 a 2 = 32 a 3 = 33 19 b1 = 1
. b2 = 19 (bk )1k <m
ak +1 = 3akbk gcd ( 3ak , bk ) = 1
. 1 k < m
m 1 3
am +1 = ( 23 ) + 1 = ( am 1 )3 + 1
) = am ( am2 3am + 3 ) = am ( 3amam 1bm 1 3am + 3
) = 3am ( am ( am 1bm 1 1 ) + 1
= 3ambm

bm = am ( am 1bm 1 1 ) + 1 = 3am 1bm 1 ( am 1bm 1 1 ) + 1
gcd ( am , bm ) = 1 . gcd ( 3, bm ) = 1 3
. gcd ( 3am , bm ) = 1
401 2000

( bk )k 1 k 1
:
) (1 ak +1 = 3akbk gcd ( 3ak , bk ) = 1
ak +1 = 3k +1b1b2b3 bk . k 1
3k 1
2 bm = am ( a3m 1 ) + 1 3
+1
> 1 k 2
m 2, bm am + 1 > 1

pm bm m 2

) } pm = min ( { p P : p | bm

m pm . < m

am = 3am 1bm 1 = = 3m a bb +1 bm 1

p | am gcd ( 3am , bm ) = 1 p  bm p pm
. pm | bm
} { pm : m 2 3
( am )m 1.
. ar +1 = 3r +1b2b3 br
nr
nr = 3r +1 pr
2k r

m m = 3p2p3 pr 
23 + 1 23 m + 1 . ar +1 | 2nr + 1 nr | 2nr + 1
r r

} { p P : p | nr } = { 3 } { pm : 2 m r

card ( { p P : p | nr } ) = r
n2000 .


 402

. A1A2A3 K i Ai
Li C
. Ai d3 ) ( K 1K 2 ) ( L1L2
d2 ) ( K 3K1 ) ( L3L1 d1 ) ( K 2K 3
) . ( L2L3 d1 d2 d3
.C

. 0
C
. 1 L1 L2 L3
. 1
A1  a1 . A1
L2
L3 A1 L3 ) (OL3
O
t
A2 L1 A3
a1 = + t ( i ) = ( 1 + i t )

A1 L2 ) (OL2 s
. a1 = ( 1 + i s )
( 1 + i t ) = ( 1 + i s ) s 2 = t 2
1 + it
= s = t . s = t
1 it
2
= 1 + i t
+
2
= a1 = ( 1 + i t )
+

a2 a3 A2 A3
2 2 2
) (1 = a3 = a2 = a1
+ + +
403 2000

 k1 K1 . A1
A1 K1 L1
L3
L2 ) (OL1 t
O k1 = ( 1 + i t )
A2 K1L1 A3 K 1 A1
) (OL1 s . k1 = a1 + s
( 1 + i t ) = a1 + s 1 s + i t = a1
a1 a1
= it
2

1 1 2
k1 = + i t = + a1 a12 = +
2 2 +
k2 k3 K 2 K 3 .
2 2 2
)(2 k3 = + k2 = + k1 = +
+ + +

 .
d M 1 M 2 z1 z 2 .
W . w
z 2 z1
)(3 w = z1 + ) ( w z1
z 2 z1
W W . d
W w ) . ( 3
w z1 = w z1 M 1 ] . [WW

z 2 z1 z z1
w = z1 + ( ( w z 2 ) + ( z 2 z1 ) ) = z 2 + 2 ) (w z2
z 2 z1 z 2 z1
w z 2 = w z 2 M 2 ] . [WW
d ] [WW W W . d
 404
 m1 M 1 L1 ) . (OA1
A1

K2
L2
K3
L3

S1
M1
A2 K1 L1 A3
T1
) ( 3 z1 = 0 z 2 = a1
a1 2 + 1
= m1 = =
a1 + 2
 s1 S1 M 1 ) . ( L1L2
) ( 3 z1 = z 2 =
1 2
s1 = + ( m1 ) = = +

 t1 T1 M 1 ) . ( L1L3
) ( 3 z1 = z 2 =
1 2
t1 = + ( m1 ) = = +

 S1 ) ( K1K 2 T1 ) . ( K1K 3
.
S1 K1 K 2
k1 s1
= .
k2 s1
3 2 ) ( 2
= k2 s1 = k1 s1
) ( + ) ( +
405 2000

k1 s1 ) ( 2 ) ( +
= =
k2 s1 ) ( 3 2 ) ( +
. = :
1
( 1 2 1
) )( 1 + 1 ) ( 2 ) ( +
= = =
( 1 3 1
2 ) )( 1 + 1 ) ( 2 3 ) ( +
S1 K1 K 2 .

2
3 2 ) (
= k3 t1 = k1 t1
) ( + ) ( +

k1 t1 ) ( 2 ) ( +
= =
k 3 t1 ) ( 3 2 )( +
= T1 K 1
K 3 .
 S1 ) ( K1K 2 M 1 d3
) ( K 1K 2 ) . ( L1L2 T1 ) ( K 1K 3 M 1
d2 ) ( K1K 3 ) . ( L1L3
{ M 1 } = d2 d3 m1 = 1 d2 d3
. C
 d1 d3 M 2 L2
) (OA2 C ) (OA2 .
d1 d2 M 3 L3 ) (OA3
. C .
: .

 406

QWE
AgD
ZXC


. ABC O C P

. BCA

ABC

+ . A
6

+ COP
CAB
<
2
A
ABC
 B 
O >C
2 6
B P C 1
)  sin(C B
C 2
sin C cos B  sin B  1
 cos C
2
2OB
C ABC :
 AC cosC
AB cos B  OB

AB cos B  = CP
AC cos C  = BP

BP BO CP
A
B O P 

. BP BO < OP .CP < OP

.COP

< OCP COP

BOC

= 2A OBC 

+ 2A
2OCP  =

< A
COP
= A
OCP  
2 2
.

407
 408
 a b . c
a b c
+ + 1
a 2 + 8bc b 2 + 8ca c 2 + 8ab

Hlder . n
p q 1p + q1 = 1 ( xi )i n ( yi )i n
:
n
n p 1/ p n q 1/q
xiyi xi yi
i =1 i =1 i =1

a 2/3 1/3 3
p = 3 = q ) yi = i x i = ( i2ai
i 2

n
n 2 1/3 n ai 2/3
ai i ai i
i =1 i =1 i =1

n 3
) ( i =1 ai n ai 2

n
i =1 i ai i =1 i
2

n = 3 a1 = a a2 = b a3 = c
= 3 = 2 c 2 + 8ab = 1 b 2 + 8ca a 2 + 8bc
:
) (a + b + c 3
a b c 2
) (1 + +
a 12 + b 22 + c 32 1 2 3
N = (a + b + c )3
N = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3 ( ab 2 + ac 2 + ba 2 + bc 2 + ca 2 + cb 2 ) + 6abc
= a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3 ( a ( b c )2 + b(c a )2 + c ( a b )2 ) + 24abc
) = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 24abc + F ( a, b, c

) . F (a, b, c ) = 3 ( a ( b c )2 + b(c a )2 + c ( a b )2
409 2001

a 12 + b 22 + c 32 = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 24abc

( a + b + c )3 ) F ( a, b, c
=1+ 1
a 12 + b 22 + c 32 a 12 + b 22 + c 32
) ( 1
a b c
+ + 1
1 2 3
. a = b = c .
: :
a b c 3
x 8, + +
2
a + xbc 2
b + xca 2
c + xab 1+x
x 8
= 3 = 2 c 2 + xab = 1 b 2 + xca a 2 + xbc

a 12 + b 22 + c 32 = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3xabc
3abc
T = 3
a + b3 + c3
( a + b + c )3 1 + 8T ) F ( a, b, c 1 + 8T
2 2 = 2 + 2 2 2
a 1 + b 2 + c 3 1 + xT a 1 + b 2 + c 3 1 + xT
0 < T 1 x 8
T 11++xT ] ] 0,1 8T

T = 1 . 1+9 x
( a + b + c )3 9

a 12 + b 22 + c 32 1+x
) ( 1
a b c 3
+ +
1 2 3 1+x
.

 410
 . :
 6 .
 .
.

. B G
P . p P ) B ( p
p ) G ( p
. p ) P ( b b
B ) P ( g g .G

card ( B ) = card (G ) = 4n + 1
. n 3
b B, card ( P ( b ) ) n + 1 . g G, card ( P ( g ) ) n + 1 
) . ( b, g ) B G, P (b ) P ( g 
p0 P
card ( B ( p0 ) ) 3 card (G ( p0 ) ) 3
. n = 5
) ( H :
p P, cardG ( p ) 3 card ( B ( p ) ) 2

} P0 = { p P : card (G ( p ) ) 2
} P1 = { p P : card (G ( p ) ) 3

}) S = {( p, b, g ) P B G : p P (b ) P ( g
 
) (1 card ( S ) card ( B G ) = ( 4n + 1 )2
411 2001

 


card (G ( p )) = 1
p P p P g G ( p )
= card ( {( p, g ) P G : g G ( p )} )
= card ( {( p, g ) P G : p P ( g )} )

= 1 = card ( P ( g ) )
g G p P ( g )
g G
( n + 1 ) card (G )

(2) card (G ( p ) ) ( n + 1 )( 4n + 1 )
p P

(3) card ( B ( p )) ( n + 1 )( 4n + 1 )
p P

.G g 
p P ( g ) , card ( B ( p ) ) 3
B = B ( p ) 
p P ( g )

4n + 1 = card ( B ) 3 card ( P ( g ) ) 3 ( n + 1 )
. n 3
g G , p P ( g ) , card ( B ( p ) ) 4

( H )

card ( B ( p ) ) 4 card (G ( p ) ) 2

g G , P ( g ) P0
card (G ) = 1 card ( P ( g ) P0 )
g G g G

1 = 1= card (G ( p ))
g G p P ( g )P0
p P0 ,g G ( p ) p P0
 412
) ( 2
4n + 1 + ) card (G ( p ) ) card (G ( p ) ) ( n + 1 )( 4n + 1
p P1 p P

)(4 ) card (G ( p ) ) n ( 4n + 1
p P1

 b . B
p P ( b ) , card (G ( p ) ) 3
= G  ) G ( p
) p P ( b

) 4n + 1 = card (G ) 3 card ( P ( b ) ) 3 ( n + 1

. n 3
b B, p P ( b ) , card (G ( p ) ) 4

) ( H

card (G ( p ) ) 4 p P1

b B, P ( b ) P1

= ) card ( B ) 1 card ( P (b ) P1
b B b B

= 1 =1 ) ) card ( B ( p
b B p P ( b ) P1
) p P1 ,b B ( p p P1

) ( 3
4n + 1 + ) card ( B ( p )) card ( B ( p ) ) ( n + 1 )( 4n + 1
p P0 p P

)(5 ) card ( B ( p ) ) n ( 4n + 1
p P0
413 2001

S
) card ( S )) card ( B ( p ) G ( p
p P

) ) card ( B ( p ) G ( p ) ) + card ( B ( p ) G ( p
p P0 p P1

) ) 2 card ( B ( p ) ) + 2 card (G ( p
p P0 p P1
) 2n ( 4n + 1 ) + 2n ( 4n + 1 ) = 4n ( 4n + 1
) . ( 1 ) ( H
. .


 n 3 } n = {1, 2, , n
( k j )j n . Sn
n ! . n Sn
n
=
( )
) kj ( j
j =1

Sn ) ( ) (
! . n

j n
= Aj ) (j
Sn

) j = ( 1, j Sn 1 j
.  1 Sn
= Aj ( j ) =  j ( j ) = ( 1 ) = A1
Sn Sn Sn

n n ) n n ( n + 1
= nA1 = Aj = ( j ) = k
k !n
j =1 Sn
j =1 Sn =1 2
 414
n
n +1
j n , = Aj = ) (j
2
! n ! 0 mod n
Sn

n
) (1 ( = ) k j Aj ! 0 mod n
Sn j =1

! : Sn /n ! , ( ) = ( ) mod n
.
n > 1
n !1 ) n ! ( n ! 1 !n
! k mod n
( )
2
! mod n
2
! mod n
Sn k =0
!n
.
) ( 1 ! mod n ! 0 mod n
2
Sn
) ( ) ( ! . n .

 ABC P ] [ BC Q ] . [CA
ABC
BAC ) ( BQ

) ( AP


=
BAC . AB + BP = AQ + QB
3
ABC
A
] [ AB B P
. BP = BP P
Q
) [ AQ . AP = AP
B P
AP P
P ) ( AP ] . [ P P P
. PP = PP
415 2001

P BPP 
BP = B


BP

P = P 
PB = 12 B
APP APP


AP

P = AP 
P = 12 B

AQ + QP = AP = AP = AB + BP = AQ + QB
P .QB = QP
Q P



= PP
QBP QB = QP 
Q = 12 B
B
P PQB PQP
QB PQ QP
Q P = =


sin BPQ ) /2
sin(B

sin QPP

= sin BPQ
. sin QPP :

B

. BQP ) ( PQ QPP


= PQP
= BPQ 

] [ BP PB = PP
=  B 2 12 B

 = BP = P BPP
3 3

.C = 0

+ BPQ
.QPP B P P 
=
. P ) ( BP ) ( AC
.C = P

C

 = BP 
Q = 12 B
=  C + B 2
3
B  = 2
C A  = 4
 =
9 9 3
.

 416
a b c d . a > b > c > d > 0
) ac + bd = ( b + d + a c )( b + d a + c
ab + cd .

= a + d . = b c
ac + bd = ac + ( c + )d = c + d
) ( b + d + a c )( b + d a + c ) = ( + ) ( b + d a + c
( + )( b + d a + c ) = c + d
)(H ) (a b d ) = (c + b a
n = ab + cd
n = a ( c + ) + cd = a + c
) = gcd ( , n = =
. n = a + c . n = n
 n a + c > 1 1 . 1
 . = 1 ) ( H
a b d = . c + b a =
) c d = (a + b + d c
) . ( 1 + ) (c d ) = ( a + b
. 0 a > c d b > c d
1 1+ a +b
1+
= = >2
c d
0 < < 1 . . > 1
n = n > 1 n > 1 . .
:
) ( ab + cd )( ad + bc ) = ( ac + bd ) ( b 2 + d 2 + bd

ab + cd > ac + bd > ad + bc ab + cd
.



n . T
) ( x , y 2 . x + y < n T
: ) ( x , y
) ( x , y T x x y y
. T n
X T n
.Y
X .Y

0 k < n C k T
. k Rk T
. k X X Y
Y
card ( X ) = C 0C 1 C n 1 card ( Y ) = R0R1 Rn 1
n1

Y C 0C 1 C n 1 = R0R1 Rn 1


X
} { 0,1, , n 1
R( k ) = C k . 0 k < n

O n1 .T

C k = n k = Rk

) O ( 0, 0 Rk = C k . k
417
 418
 T
m T . m
) ( x 0, y 0 x 0 + y0
. T ) ( x 0, j j
} {y0 + 1, , n 1 x 0 ) ( x 0, j
j } { 0, , y 0
C x0 = n 1 x 0 y0
. Ry0 = n 1 x 0 y 0 C x 0 = Ry0
t .C x 0 = Ry0 = t

. m 1 C k k
Rk k
.
k { 0, , n 1 }\{y0 } , Rk = Rk , Ry0 = Ry0 + 1
( )
k { 0, , n 1 }\{ x 0 } , C k =C k , C x 0 = C x 0 + 1

} : { 0, , n 1 } { 0, , n 1
. k { 0, , n 1 } , R ( k ) = C k
 ( x 0 ) = y0 R( k ) = C k k
} . { 0, , n 1
 ( x 0 ) y0
} A = {i : C i = t } B = { j : Rj = t
x 0 A . y0 B i A
R ( i ) = C i ( i ) B . ( A ) B
j B ) Rj = C 1( j 1 ( j ) A
1 ( B ) A . ( A ) = B
419 2002

bb b b B
= bb  R ( k ) = C k k } . { 0, , n 1
= ( x 0 ),y0 
k { 0, , n 1 } , R ( k ) = C k . ( x 0 ) = y0
) (
k { 0, , n 1 } , R( k ) = C k
. m
.


 ] [ BC .O A
 < 2
0 < AOB
3
AB .C
D 

O ) ( DA ( AC ) . I ] [OA
E . F I CEF.

A
I .CEF
D E .
I
F

B C
O
zC = 1 C 1

. B A e i

. < < ) = exp ( i /2 2
3
. A
D . exp ( i +2 ) = i
OAE OAF E
) z E = exp ( i 3 ) z F = exp ( i + 3 . F
 420
) = exp ( i /6
:
O A B C D E F
0 2 1 1 i 2 2 2 2

I ) ( AC O ) . ( AD
s t


OI = tDA CI = sCA
z I I
) z I = t ( 2 i ) = 1 + s ( 2 1

(1 s )
+ (s t ) + i t = 0
( 1 t ) Re ( ) = 0 . t = 1
I . z I = 2 i
:
: ABC ] [ BC ] [CA ] [ AB a b c
I . I
) ( A;a ) ( B ;b ) . (C ; c


aIA + bIB + cIC = 0

.
.
EF = 22 22 = 2 sin = ) ( 3 3

FC = 1 22 = 2 sin ( 2 + 6 ) = 2 sin ( 2 + 6 ) = 2 Im ( )

EC = 1 22 = 2 sin ( ) = 2 sin ( ) = 2 Im ( )
2 6 2 6
< . 6 < 2
2
421 2002

A = EF zC + FC z E + EC z F
= 3 + 2 Im ( ) 2 2 + 2 Im ( ) 2 2
= 3 i ( ( ) 2 2 + ( ) 2 2 )
= 3 i ( 3 3 + 3 3 )

= 3 i 3 ( + ) = 3 2 i 3 cos ( 6 )
= 3 ( 1 i 3 )

B = ( EF + FC + EC ) z I
= ( 3 + 2 Im ( ) + 2 Im ( ) ) ( 2 i )
= ( 3 + 2 Im ( ( + ) ) ) ( 2 i )

= ( 3 2 i cos ( 6 )( ))( 2
i )

= 3 ( i ( 2 1 ) ) ( i )
= 3 ( i + i 2 ) ( i ) = 3 ( 1 i 3 )
A = B
EF ( zC z I ) + FC ( z E z I ) + EC ( z F z I ) = 0


I EF IC + FC IE + EC IF = 0
. CEF
A ( AM ) .
BM BA c
= = BAC

CM CA b
ca


I . BM = bMB + cMC = 0
c +b
B  ( BI )
C ABC
M

 IA BA c (c + b )
aIA + (c + b ) IM = 0 = =
IM BM ca


. . aIA + bIB + cIC = 0 = 0 bMB + cMC = 0
 422
 ) ( m, n 2 n 3 Am,n a
a n + a 2 1 . a m + a 1
) ( m, n . card ( Am,n ) = +

a Am,n
an + a 2 1 am + a 1 < am + a 2 1
a n < a m n < m . a > 1
) ( m, n 2
card ( Am,n ) = + n 3
m > n . Am
Bn ] [ X :
Am ( X ) = X m + X 1 Bn ( X ) = X n + X 2 1
Am Bn Q R ] [ X

Am = QBn + R deg R < n
) R (x
lim ( ) = 0 x 0
x Bn x

) R (x
x > x 0 , <1
) Bn ( x
a Am,n x 0
) R (a ) A (a
= m } Q ( a ) ]1,1[ = { 0
) Bn ( a ) Bn ( a
. R ( a ) = 0 card ( Am,n ) = +
R . R = 0 Bn
. Am
= m n
Am = X n + + X 1 = X ( Bn + 1 X 2 ) + X 1
) = X Bn + ( 1 X ) ( X +1 + X 1
423 2002

Bn | Am gcd ( X 1, Bn ) = 1 Bn ( 1 ) 0
Bn . X +1 + X 1 + 1 n
2 . n 3
1 = X n + X 2 Bn
) X +1 + X 1 = X +1 + X ( X n + X 2 Bn
= X +1 X n + X X 2 + Bn
Bn . S ( X ) = X +1 X n + X X 2
Bn ( 0 ) = 1 Bn ( 1 ) = 1 [] 0,1
Bn ( ) = 0 Bn S . S ( ) = 0
+1 n + 2 = 0
2 +1 n 2 . + 1 n
= 2 +1 = n = 2 . + 1 = n n = 3
. m = n + = 5 n 3
) card ( Am,n ) = + ( m, n ) = ( 5, 3

) X 5 + X 1 = ( X 2 X + 1 )( X 3 + X 2 1
A5,3 . ( Am,n )m,n 3

 n ( d j )1 j k n
. 1 = d1 < d2 < < dk = n :
Dn = d1d2 + d2d3 + + dk 1dk
 . Dn n 2
 n Dn . n 2

d n d = n /d n
n
j {1, 2, , k } , = dj
dk +1 j
 424

n2 n2 n2
= Dn ++ +
dkdk 1 d3d2 d2d1
k 1 k 1
1 1 1
=n2
n
2

j =1 d jd j +1

j =1 d j d j +1
1 1 = n 2 1 1 < n 2
n 2
d1 dk ( n )
 .
n
= . dk 1 p . n d2 = p
p
k = 2 n = p Dn = p . n 2
k > 2
n2 n2
Dn d1d2 + dk 1dk = p + >
p p
n2
< .1 < p
Dn
n2
= m 1 p Dn | n 2
Dn
q m q n 2 n
p . p Dn  n 2 .
Dn | n 2 n .

f :
) ( E :
) ( f ( x ) + f ( z ) ) ( f ( y ) + f ( t ) ) = f ( xy zt ) + f ( xt + yz

x y z . t

f ) . ( E
1
x , f f ( x ) = x 2 f 0
2
425 2002

f : ) ( E x 0
} . f ( x 0 ) { 0, 12
y = t = 0 x = z = x 0
) 4 f ( 0 ) f ( x 0 ) = 2f ( 0
) . f ( x0 f ( 0 ) = 0
1
2

y = 1 t = 0 x = z = x 0
) 2f ( x 0 ) f (1 ) = 2f ( x 0
f ( 1 ) = 1 . f ( x 0 ) 0
z = t = 0
) (1 ( x , y ) 2, ) f ( xy ) = f ( x ) f ( y
f .
x = y = 0 z = 1 ) ( E
)(2 t , ) f ( t ) = f ( t
f .
y = x t = z ) ( E ) ( 2
)(3 f ( x 2 + z 2 ) = ( f ( x ) + f ( z ) )2
u 0
f ( u ) = f ( ( u )2 + 02 ) = ( f ( u ) + f ( 0 ) )2 0
f .
v > u 0 w = v u
) f ( v ) = f ( w 2 + ( u )2 ) = ( f ( w ) + f ( u ) )2 ( f ( u ) )2 = f ( u
f . +
) ( 3 ) ( 1 x y
( f ( x ) + f ( y ) )2 = f ( x + y ) = f ( ( x + y )2 ) = ( f ( x + y ) )2

( x , y ) ( + )2 , )f ( x +y) = f ( x)+ f ( y
 426
g :
) g : + +, g ( x ) = f ( x
g g ( 0 ) = 0 g ( 1 ) = 1
( x , y ) ( + )2 , ) g ( x + y ) = g ( x ) + g (y
n
n , x +, ) g ( nx ) = ng ( x
x 1
m m , mg ( m1 ) = g ( 1 ) = 1

( n, m ) , g ( mn ) = mn
. r +, g ( r ) = r
x + ( rn )n ( sn )n +
n , sn x rn
. lim rn = lim sn = x g
n n
n , sn g ( sn ) g ( x ) g ( rn ) = rn
n . g ( x ) = x
x 0, f( x)= x

2
x 0, f (x ) = x
. x , . f f ( x ) = x 2


n . 3 n
. ( k )1k n i Oi . 1
.
1 (n 1 )

4
1i < j n OiO j
427 2002

. n 3
.
i j ij i
. j
A3
A4

Oi Oj
ij
C ij
A2
A1

C ij ] [OiO j C ij i . j
] [ A1A3 i ) . (OiO j
C ij i A1 i A2 j C ij
. . A3 ij

) A ) . ((OiO j 
A1A2 3A4

 O . 
ij A1A2 iC ij A2
Oi A2 1 2
) (1 = sin ij = =
OiC ij OiC ij OiO j
ij ( ij ) = 2ij i
. 1
:


} ij = { M i : 0 Oi M OiO j 2
Ki = ij . i } ( ij )j n \{i
j i

) M ij ij M
i j j (

)(2 = ) ( Ki ( ij ) = 2 ij
j i j i
 428
( Ki ) 2
n ) . ( n 1
i Li : M
Li i Li } ( j )j n \{i
Oi
M
Oi M
j
. i
Oj 

} Li = { M i : j n \{i } , Oi M OiO j < 0

= Li Ki M Ki M
( j )j M Li i
} n \{ i

M i } . ( j )j n \{i

)(3 i n , ( Li ) + ( Ki ) 2
0 O . 1


}) N = { M 0 : ( i, j ) 2n , ( i j ) (OM OiO j = 0
N . ( 0 \ N ) = 2


M 0 \ N ) . m ( M ) = max (OM OO j
1 j n

( Li )i n :


} Li = { M 0 \ N : m ( M ) = OM OOi
.
 . 0 \ N = i n Li
 k j = . Lk Lj
 ) . i n , ( Li ) = ( Li
 .  M


Lk Lj OM OO j = OM OOk OM OkO j = 0
M N .
429 2002
  

 i OOi v v + OOi
. i ( Li ) = Li
M Li


j n \{i } , OM OO j < OM OOi



j n \{i } , OM (OO j OOi ) < 0



j n \{i } , OM OiO j < 0



) M = i ( M OM = Oi M


(
M Li j n \{i } , Oi M OiO j < 0 M Li )
Li Li i
) i n , ( Li ) = ( Li
.
n n
)(4 = ) ( Li ( Li ) = ( 0 \ N ) = 2
i =1 i =1

L1 L5

L4

L2 L3

) ( 3
n
2 + ( Ki ) 2n
i =1
 430

n
) ( Ki ) 2 ( n 1
i =1

) ( 2
) ij ( n 1
1i j n
2
= sin ( ij ) ij
OiO j
4 2
OiO j = OiO j
1i < j n 1i j n

= sin ij
1i j n

) ij ( n 1
1i j n

1 ) (n 1

4
1i < j n OiO j

.


QWE
AgD
ZXC


S } . 106 = {1, 2, ,1000000 A

S 101 . ( x i )1i 100 S
( x i + A )i 100
( i, j ) 2100 , = ) (i j ) ( xi + A ) ( x j + A

} . a + B = {a + b : b B

. .
: S n . A
S . k
) k (k 1
n > (m 1 ) 1 +
2( )
B S m
(b + A )b B .


= A } { a a : ( a , a ) A2
} = { 0 } {a a : ( a, a ) A2, a > a

) k (k 1
card ( A ) 1 + C k2 = 1 +
2
( br )2r m b1 S b1 = min S
:

(
)) br = min S \( ( bk + A
1k <r
) : 2r m

)) S \( ( bk + A
1k <r

br ) (b1, b2, , br 1 . 2 r m

431
 432

r 1
)) card( ( bk + A ) card (bk + A ) ( r 1 ) card ( A
1k <r k =1
) ( m 1 ) card ( A ) ( m 1 ) ( 1 + C k2

( )
)) card S \( ( bk + A )) card ( S ) card( ( bk + A
1k <r 1k <r

n ( m 1 ) ( 1 + C k2 ) > 0
. (br )2r m
1 r m Tr ) ( bk + A
1k r

Tr 1 Tr ( S \Tr ) ( S \Tr 1 )
. br +1 br 0 A br Tr
br +1 = br . br ( S \Tr ) Tr br +1 > br
(br )1r m . } B = {br : 1 r m
. card ( B ) = m
i j . 1 i < j m
b bi + A . bj + A A a a
. b = bj + a = bi + a bj bi = a a > 0
a bi + A T j 1
bj = bi + a
A

(b + A )b B
bj
.
n = 106 k = 101 . m = 100
) k (k 1
n = 106 > ( m 1 ) 1 +
2 ( )
= 99 ( 1 + 50 101 ) = 500049

B 197
(b + A )b B .

433 2003

 ) (a, b
a2
2ab 2 b 3 + 1
.

S ) (a, b 2
a2
2ab 2 b 3 + 1
) . (a > 0
) (a,1 S . 2 | a
) (a, b S . b > 1 k
a2
) (1 = k
2ab 2 b 3 + 1
( 2a b )b 2 + 1 1 . 2a b

a b < 2a ( 2a b )b 2 + 1 a 2 + 1
a2 a2
= k <1
2ab 2 b 3 + 1 a 2 + 1
.
)(2 ) ( ( a, b ) S ) ( b > 1 ) ( b = 2a ) ( b < a
b < a ) ( 1
( 2kb 2 a )a = k ( b 3 1 ) > 0
a = 2kb 2 a aa = k (b 3 1 ) > 0
) . ( 2kb 2 a )a = k ( b 3 1 a ) ( a , b
. S
) + = max ( a, a ) . = min (a, a
+ + = 2kb 2
+ kb 2 ) kb 2 + = k ( b 3 1
b 2 b 3 1 < b 3
< b b < a = a . + = a
 434
a < b ) ( 2 . 2a = b
a = 2kb 2 a ) aa = k (b 3 1
a = 8ka 2 a aa = 8ka 3 k
k = a 2 ) . (a, b ) = ( 8a 4 a , 2a
) (a, b S 1 < b < a
) . (a, b ) = ( 8 4 , 2
) ( 2
} S {( 2,1 ) : } {( , 2 ) : } {( 8 4 , 2 ) :
.

} S = {( 2,1 ) : } {( , 2 ) : } {( 8 4 , 2 ) :
.

 :
3
. .
2

.
A
. A M

3 : ABC
c b
m ] . [ BC AM 23 BC
M
B a C ABC
.

a b c ] [ BC ] [ AC ] [ AB m
] . [ AM
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A
) 2bc = (b c )2 (b 2 + c 2
) + ( b c )2 cos A
a 2 = ( b 2 + c 2 ) ( 1 cos A
435 2003

) 4m 2 + a 2 = 2 (b 2 + c 2
) + 2 ( b c )2 cos A
2a 2 = ( 4m 2 + a 2 ) ( 1 cos A

1 + cos A
4m 2 = a 2 ( b c )2 2 cos A

1 cos A 1 cos A
1 + cos A
= a 2 + ( b c )2 1 1 + cos A

1 cos A 1 cos A
) + ( b c )2
= ( a 2 ( b c )2 ) cot2 ( 12 A
a b c a b c . ) cot2 (
2 12 A A
6
] . ] 0,
3 2

cot ( A ) cot2 ( ) = 3 = . A

3
2 1
2 6

4m 2 3a 2 2 ( b c )2 3a 2
. A .
b = c =
3

A0A1A2A3A4A5
. d0 d1 d2 ) ( A0A3 ) ( A1A4 ) ( A2A5 .
(d  
0 , d1 ) + ( d1, d2 ) + ( d2 , d 0 ) = 0 mod

 (d . 3 ) ( d 0 , d1 ) ( d1, d 2 ) 2 , d 0
 

A4
M3 A3  . (d B0 d0 d1
0 , d1 ) 3

M 0 M 3 ] [ A0A1 ] . [ A3A4
B0
A5 A2 B0A0A1 B0A3A4
A0 M0 A1
B0 3
3 3
B0M 3 B0M 0 A3A4 AA
2 2 0 1

3
( A0A1 + A3A4 ) = M 0M 3 B0M 0 + B0M 3
2
 436

3 3
= B0M 3 M 0M 3 = B0M 0 + B0M 3 = B0M 0 A3A4 AA
2 2 0 1
B0A0A1 B0A3A4 B0
) ( M 0M 3


A  
= 0A1A4 = A1A0A3 = A0A3A4 = A1A4A3
 ) ( A0A1 ) ( A3A4
3
0 , d1 ) = B0 = 3
 . (d 

2
(d 
= ) 1, d 2 ) + ( d 2 , d 0
3
mod

. 3 ) ( d1, d 2 ) 2 , d 0
 (d 

 . (d
) 1, d 2

3
 (d
= ) 1, d 2

3


A  
= 1A2A5 = A2A1A4 = A1A4A5 = A2A5A4
 ) ( A1A2 ) ( A4A5
3
 (d
2 , d 0 ) = 3


A  
= 2A3A0 = A3A2A5 = A2A5A0 = A3A0A5
 ) ( A2A3 ) ( A5A0
3
2
. .
3


 . ABCD P Q R D
) ( BC ) (CA ) ( AB . PQ = QR
ADC ) . ( AC 
ABC 

.
ABC a b c d
A B C . D : D .
p . P t s
) p = b + s ( c b ) = d + i t (c b
437 2003

d b
D
= s i t
c b
d b b d
P
= s + it (
c b )
= cb
c b
M L C ) . i t (c b ) = 2 ( c + b d cbd
1
Q
A R 1
) p = ( c + b + d cbd
B 2
q r Q R
1 1
) q = ( a + c + d acd ) r = ( b + a + d abd
2 2

1 1
= PQ = q p a b 1 cd = a b c d
2 2
1 1
= a b c d = AB CD
2 2
1 1
RQ = r p = b c 1 ad = b c a d
2 2
1 1
= b c a d = BC AD
2 2

BA DA
PQ = QR AB CD = BC AD =
BC DC
M 
ABC ) ( AC
ADC ) ( AC . M L 

] [ AC ] [ AB ] [ AC M
MA BA
. L
= ] [ AC
MC BC
LA DA
. = ] [ AC
LC DC
MA LA
PQ = QR = M =L
MC LC
ADC
ABC 
PQ = QR 

) . ( AC .
 438
 n . ( x k )1k n .

2
n ) 2 ( n 1
2 n
2
i
xi x j ) ( xi x j
, j =1 3 i , j =1

( x k )1k n 
.

1
= x yi = xi x . 1 i n
x
n
n i =1 i
n n
= xi x j yi y j = 2 ) ( y j yi
i , j =1 i , j =1 1i < j n

=2 yj 2 yi
1i < j n 1i < j n
n n 1
= 2 ( j 1 )y j 2 ( n i )yi
j =2 i =1
n
= 2 ( 2k 1 n ) yk
k =1

n n
) (1 xi x j = 2 ( 2k 1 n ) yk
i , j =1 k =1

n n n n n
2 2
= ) ( xi x j = ) ( yi y j yi2 + y j2 2 yiy j
i , j =1 i , j =1 i , j =1 i , j =1 i , j =1
n 2
n
= 2n yk2 2 yk
k =1
k =1

0

. k =1 yk = nx nx = 0
n

n n
2
)(2 ( xi x j ) = 2n yk2
i , j =1 k =1
439 2003

-
n 2 n n
)(3 ( 2k 1 n ) yk ( 2k 1 n )2 yk2
k =1 k =1 k =1

)(4 k n , ) yk = ( 2k 1 n

n n n n
( 2k 1 n )2 = 4 k 2 4 ( n + 1 ) k + ( n + 1 )2 1
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1
) 2n ( n + 1 )( 2n + 1
= 2n ( n + 1 )2 + n ( n + 1 )2
3
) n (n + 1
= ( 3 )
) ) ( 2 ( 2n + 1 ) 3 ( n + 1

)n (n 2 1
=
3
) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3
n 2 2 (n 2 1 ) n
2
x i x j ) ( xi x j

i , j =1 3 i , j =1

.
) ( 4
n +1
k n , x k = 2 k ( 2
+x )
( x k )1k n .
( x k )1k n .
a b x k = ak + b 1 k n . a 0
x = a n +2 1 + b x k = a ( k n +2 1 ) + x k . n
( x k )1k n
. .

 440
 p . q
n , ) q  (n p p

p
p
p 1
= p = 1 + p + + p p 1
p 1
p = 1 + p mod p 2
p 1 ) p 2 p 1
q p . q 1 mod p 2
. (p 2
q .
n ) . q | ( n p p . n p = p mod q
q | p ) p | ( p p 1 . n p = p p mod q = 1 mod q
2

r n . /q } r = min {k > 0 : n k = 1 mod q

r q 1 ) ( /q . q 1
r p 2 . n p = 1 mod q
2

r = p 2 ) p 2 | (q 1 . q 1 mod p 2
} . r {1, p n p = 1 mod q . p = 1 mod q
p
p 1 p 1
= p = pk ( 1 mod q ) = p mod q
k =0 k =0

q | p q | p p .
n ) . q | ( n p p
.

QWE
A gD
ZXC


] [ BC
ABC . AB AC
] [ AB ] [ AC M N . O
. MON ] [ BC R

BAC

BMR CNR
A ] . [ BC
C
N
 A ] [ BC
ABC .
M R
 BCNM
B LO C
. MNA AB AC
=B NMA 

=C 

 B C . AN AM
MON
 MON

] . [ MN R ] [ MN
MAN . MAN . AN AM

 C . AMN ] [ MN
MN A . C

MAN 

MN . R C


MN . A

MOB NOC 

= 2B
= 2C  

= ( 2C
MON  ) ( 2B
 ) = 2B
 + 2C 
 = 2A

. MNO

= NMO
=A 

) (ON ) (OM . C R
MON . ABC L
BAC ] . [ BC R

] . [ AL
441
 442
A AMRN 
C
N

= RMN

= RMA
RNC


+ NMA

M R
 +C
= 12 A  = BLR


B L C RMB
= RNM

= RNA


+ MNA
 +B
= 12 A  = CLR

LRNC LRMB
RNC RMB L ] . [ BC
. .

] [X  P
) P ( a b ) + P (b c ) + P ( c a ) = 2P ( a + b + c
a b c . ab + bc + ca = 0

P .
 a = b = 0 ab + bc + ca = 0 c

c , ) P ( 0 ) + P ( c ) = P ( c
c = 0 P ( 0 ) = 0
) c , P ( c ) = P ( c P . 0 P

n
= ) P (X ak X 2k
k =1

a = x ) b = x ( 1 ) c = x ( 1
. ab + bc + ca = 0
) ) P ( x ( 21 ) ) + P ( x ( 2 1 ) ) + P ( x ( 2 2 ) ) = 2P ( x ( 1+ 2
x .
443 2004

x 2n
2n 2n 2n
( 1 ) ( 2 ) 1 )2n + ( 2 1 ) + ( 2 2 ) = 2 ( 1 + 2
.
} [Q ]{ 2 2 .Q
n > 1
) [ ( 2 1 )2n ]{ 2 } = 4n ( 2n 1
( 2 1 )2n { 2 } = 2n

( 2 2 )2n { 2 } = 0

) 1 + 2 )2n { 2 } = 2n + n ( 2n 1
(
) ( 1 2
) ) 4n ( 2n 1 ) 2n = 2 ( 2n + n ( 2n 1
. n = 2 . P = a1X 2 + a2X 4
 X 2 X 4 .
 . P ( X ) = X 2
) ( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + (c a )2 = 2 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ac

) 2 ( a + b + c )2 = 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

) 2 ( a + b + c )2 ( a b )2 ( b c )2 (c a )2 = 6 ( ab + bc + ac
ab + bc + ca = 0
( a b )2 + ( b c )2 + (c a )2 = 2 ( a + b + c )2
. P ( X ) = X 2
 . P ( X ) = X 4
3 = abc 2 = ab + bc + ca 1 = a + b + c

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 12 22
 444

a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 1 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 ( a + b + c ) + 33
= 13 312 + 33
a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 1 ( a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) 2 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 31
= 14 4122 + 413 + 222
= (a b )4 + ( b c )4 + (c a )4
) = 2a 4 + 2b 4 + 2c 4 4a 3 ( b + c ) 4b 3 ( c + a ) 4c 3 ( a + b
) + 6 ( a 2b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2

) = 2a 4 + 2b 4 + 2c 4 4a 3 ( 1 a ) 4b 3 ( 1 b ) 4c 3 ( 1 c
) + 6 ( ab + bc + ca )2 12abc ( a + b + c
= 6 ( a 4 + b 4 + c 4 ) 41 (a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) + 622 1213
) = 214 + 62 ( 32 212
2 = ab + bc + ca = 0 = 214
.
 P
) P ( a b ) + P ( b c ) + P ( c a ) = 2P ( a + b + c
) (a, b, c 3 . ab + bc + ca = 0
} { X 2 + X 4 : ( , ) 2
.



.
n m
.
445 2004

.
 X
Y X
.Y X .Y
Y X .
T 3 4
O . 3, 2,1, 2, 3, 2,1, 2 :
X
X

Y
Y
T O
R m n 

. R
T O . T O
12 mn 3 | n . 3 | m
 4
n 4
m n m
. 4 | nm R :
=R C ij
( i , j ) n m

] C ij = [ i 1, i ] [ j 1, j k ) ( k
1 4 | k 0 . 4
k C ij
) . ij = ( i ) + ( j ij = 2 4 | i 4 | j
1
1
1
1
1
1 ij = 1 4 i j .
1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 } ij { 3, 7 } ij { 5, 7
1 1 1 C ij O C ij T
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
m n m n
= ij ( ( i ) + ( j ) ) = n ( i ) + m ( j ) 2
C ij R i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1
 446
T O R
24 nm 8 | nm 4 n m
. 4 | n . 4 | m
 n m 1 2 . 5
 S 2
) ) ( n {1, 2, 5 } ) ( m {1, 2, 5 } ) ( 3 | mn ) ( ( 4 | n ) ( 4 | m
m n
. ) ( m, n . S
.
) ( m, n . S R m n
T .
 ) ( m, n ) = ( 3k, 4k ) ( m, n ) = ( 4k, 3k
kk .T
 ) ( m, n ) = ( 12k, n gcd ( 12, n ) = 1 } . n {1, 2, 5
n 3 n = 3q + r } r {1, 2 3
n
.q 2
 r = 1 n = 4 + ( q 1 ) 3 R
( 3 ( 4k ) ) 4 ) ) ( 4 ( 3k ) ) ( 3 ( q 1
.
 r = 2 . n = 2 4 + ( q 2 ) 3
R ( 3 ( 4k ) ) 8 ) ) ( 4 ( 3k ) ) ( 3 ( q 2
.
 ) ( m, n ) = ( m,12k gcd ( m,12 ) = 1 } . m {1, 2, 5
S . .

447 2004

 n . 3 ( tk )1k n

1 1 1
n 2 + 1 > ( t1 + t2 + + tn ) + + +
t1 t2 tn
) ( i, j , k 3 1 i < j < k n ti
t j tk .

.
(x 1 2
)x + (y 1 2
)y : x y < 1
. xy < 2

= ( x x1 )2 + ( y y1 )2 1
1 1
= x 2 + y2 + 2 + 2 5
x y
1 1 2 2
= ( x y )2 + + 2xy + 5
x y xy
1 1 2 1
) = ( x y )2 + + 2 ( xy 2
x y xy
1 1 2 2 1
= ( x y )2 + +
x y xy (
) xy ( xy 2
2 )
< 0 ( xy 2 )( xy 12 ) < 0 xy
[ ] 12 , 2 . xy < 2

n n 1 ti t t
= ti = n + i + j
i =1 j =1 t j 1i , j n t j

1i < j n t j ti
ti
= n + n (n 1) + + t j 2

1i < j n t j ti
ti t j 2

= n +
2


1i < j n t j ti
 448

2
ti t j
<1
1i < j n t j ti
) ( i, j , k 3 1 i < j < k n

2
ti
t j ti tk 2
+ <1
t j ti tk ti
2 2
ti t j t t < 1

+ j k
t j ti tk tj
2
ti tk 2 t j tk
+ <1
tk ti tk t j

tk tk tj tj ti ti
<2 <2 <2
ti tj ti tk tj tk

ti < 2 t jtk t j + tk t j < 2 titk ti + tk tk < 2 tit j ti + t j
) ( ti , t j , tk . .


 . ABCD ] [ BD

ABC


.CDA P ABCD
PBC


= BDA
PDC


= DBA

ABCD
. AP = PC

B D A .C
P ABCD
ACD BCD
.
449 2004

D  ABCD .L
) ( DP ) ( AC K
P
) ( BP ) . ( AC
A
K L
C  ABCD
. LDC

= ADB
= KCB
:

. LCD

= DBA
= KBC

B
D DLC CKB
) (1 PKL PL = PK

= PLK


P
BKC BAD 

A C KC AD
K L =
BC BD
ALD BCD
AD AL
B =
BD BC
AL = KC ) ( 1
PKC PLA . PA = PC
D . PA = PC
X
. BCP
P
) ( DC X ) ( DP .Y
C
A
 BCXP

= PBC
DXP


= DBA
B . ADB


= PDX

DPX DAB .
DX DB
BDX


= ADP =
DP DA
DB BX
. = ADP . BDX
DA AP
DX BX
)(2 =
DP AP
 450
D DYX DPC 

DX XY
X . ) ( 2 =
P DP PC
XY BX
C
=
A PC AP
AP = PC . XY = XB


B

= XBY
XPY
= XYB

= XCB

= DCB


Y
. DPX DPX DAB


= DAB

DCB
= XPY

+ DAB
+ DPX

=
ABCD . .


. A
.

n A n 20
n A 20
n
n 20
20
. . 20 | n n A
.
.1 ( an )n 1 } { 0,1, , 9 n
.
an = ( n + 1 ) mod 2 
2 ( ( a2n 1 a1 )10 ) = 2n 1
2 ( ( a2na2n 1 a1 )10 ) = 2n + 1 
) 2 ( m 2 . m
451 2004

. n
 a1 = 2 . a2 = 7
. a2n +1  ) ( a1, a2, , a 2n . n 1 = 4
 .
( a2na2n 1 , a1 )10 = 22n +1 2n 2n = 1 mod 2

(a2n +1a2na2n 1 , a1 )10 = 4 102n + 22n +12n
= 22n +1 ( 2 52n + 2n ) = 22n +12n +1
. 2n +1 = 2 52n + 2n = 1 mod 2 .
a2n +2 } {1, 3, 5, 7, 9
2n + 2 ( a2n +2a2n +1a2na 2n 1 , a1 )10 = 22n + 3 2n + 2 = 1 mod 2

(a2n +2a2n +1a2na 2n 1 , a1 )10 = a2n +2102n +1 + 22n +1 2n +1
) = 22n +1 ( 52n +1a2n + 2 + 2n +1
a2n +2 } {1, 3, 5, 7, 9
52n +1a2n + 2 + 2n +1 = 42n + 2 2n + 2 = 1 mod 2
a2n +2
52n +1a2n + 2 + 2n +1 = 4 mod 8
gcd ( 5, 8 ) = 1
( 25 )n +1 a 2n + 2 + 52n +1 = 20 mod 8 = 4 mod 8
25 = 1 mod 8
a2n + 2 = ( 4 + 32n +1 ) mod 8

4 + 32n +1 8
a2n +2 } {1, 3, 5, 7  .
 ( an )n 1 .
 452
.2 (bn )n 1 } { 0,1, , 9 n
.
bn = ( n + 1 ) mod 2 
2 5n | ( bnbn 1 b1 )10

. n
 b1 = 0 . b2 = 5
 ) (b1, b2, , bn . n 1
) = 5 ( ( bnbn 1 b1 )10
( bnbn 1 b1 )10 = 5 n . 5
n . n
bn +1
bn +1 = n mod 2 ) 5n +1 | ( bn +110n + 5 n

bn +1 = n mod 2 bn +1 2n + 5n n = 0 mod 5
2 3 = 1 mod 5
bn +1 = n mod 2 bn +1 = 3n 5n n mod 5

bn +1 = ( 5n + 4 3n 5n n ) mod 10
} { 0,1, , 9 .
 (bn )n 1.
.
 .1 2
.
 .2 2 5
.
453 2004

 n . 20 n n = 25 k
. gcd ( k,10 ) = 1 20
n
} 2 5 { 2 , 5 , 2 5

25 2m
. M = (c2m c2c1 )10
k > 1 gcd ( 102m , k ( 102m 1 ) ) = 1
q > 1
) ) 102mq = 1 mod ( k ( 102m 1

) q 102m ) . ( ( /( k ( 102m 1 ) )

) ) k | ( 1 + 102m + + 102m(q 1

n ) ) M ( 1 + 102m + + 102m (q 1

2m c2c1 c
 (c 2m c2c1
    c
2m c2c1 )10
 
M M M
q
20
n n A

 454

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


. ABC A1 A2
] [ BC B1 B2 ] [CA C 1 C 2 ] . [ AB
A1A2B1B2C 1C 2
. ) ( A1B2 ) ( B1C 2 ) (C 1A2 .

2
3
A

A1 0 1
C1 




B2
. A2 e i A2B1





C2
B1
j = e 2 i/3 B1B2 e i









B
2
3 B2C 1 j2 = e 4 i/3 C 1C 2
A1 A2 C 




e i .C 2A1
 2  2 2
BC
 2A1 AB2C 1 CA2B1
3 3 3
4 2 4 2
) (1 < 2 < 0<
3 3 3 3


























A1A2 + A2B1 + B1B2 + B2C 1 + C 1C 2 + +C 2A1 = 0
1 + e i + j + e i + j2 + e i = 0 1 + j + j2 = 0
ei + ei + ei = 0
e i e i e i
e i e i + e i ( e i + e i ) = 0
. e 2 i = e i e i e i e i
X 2 + e i X + e 2 i = 0
. ( X je i )( X j2 e i ) = 0 ) ( 1
e i = j e i e i = j2 e i

455
 456

A2B2 = e i + j
B2C 2 = e i + j2 = j e i + j2 = e i + j
C 2A2 = e i + 1 = j2 e i + j3 = e i + j
) ( A1B2 ) ( B1C 2 ) (C 1A2 A2B2C 2 .
. .
A : .
P C1
B2
P PC 2A1A2 .

C2 P .C
= 1C 2P ) (C 2P )  ( BC
3
B1
C 1C 2P .

B A1 A2 C ) ( PC 1 )  ( B1B2 . PC 1 = B1B2

A A2PB1
= 2PB1 C 1PB1B2 .
3
. P ) ( A1C 2 ) ( B2C 1

C 
= 2P C 1 = A2PB1
3
. BA1C 2 P C 1C 2
P C 1C 2 . AC 1B2


C 
= 1AB2 = A1BC 2 AB2 = BC 2 AC 2 = BA2
3
C 2BA2 B2AC 2 . A2C 2 = B2C 2
B2C 2 = B2A2 A2B2C 2 .

 ( an )n 1 .
 {ak : k } {ak : k } .
 n a1, a2, , an n
n .
. ( an )n 1
457 2005

: , k ak . :
} n = {1, 2, , n } Zn = { 0,1, , n 1

n : n Zn , n ( k ) = ak mod n
card ( n ( n ) ) n
) ) n = card ( n ) card ( n ( n
n ( n ) Zn Zn . n n ( n ) = Zn
n . n = Qn n Qn :
Qn : Zn ,Qn ( x ) = x mod n
n ) An = ( n
} An = {ak : k n . n
 j k ) ( k ) = ( j . ak = a j
) n = max ( j , k n ak = a j
. k = j .
 m .  j 0 k0
. ak0 < m < a j0 ) n = max ( j 0, k0
n = min An n = max An
) ( i, j 2n m ai a j m < n
m n ai a j = m ) m ( i ) = m ( j i
j m i = j m = 0 .
ai a j < n ) ( i, j . 2n
n an n 1 ) . An ([ n , n + n 1 ]
n = card ( An ) ( [ n , n + n 1 ] ) = n
An = [ n , n + n 1 ] . An = [ n , n ]
n n ak0 < m < a j0 n . m An
. .
 458
 x y z . xyz 1
x5 x2 y5 y2 z5 z2
+ + 0
x 5 + y2 + z 2 x 2 + y5 + z 2 x 2 + y2 + z 5

-
2
1
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = x 5/2
2
( x
+ y y + z z )
1
(
(x 5 + y2 + z 2 ) + y2 + z2
x )
1
( x 5 + y 2 + z 2 )( yz + y 2 + z 2 ) yz
x
3 5 y2 + z 2
) ( x + y 2 + z 2 )( y 2 + z 2 yz
2 2

x 2 + y2 + z 2 3 y 2 + z 2

x 5 + y2 + z 2 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2

2 2 2 2 2
x +y +z 3 x + z
2
2 5
x +y +z 2 x + y + z
2 2 2

x 2 + y2 + z 2 3 x 2 + y 2

x 2 + y2 + z 5 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2

x 2 + y2 + z 2 x 2 + y2 + z 2 x 2 + y2 + z 2
+ + 3
x 5 + y2 + z 2 x 2 + y5 + z 2 x 2 + y2 + z 5

5 2 5 2 5 2
x x y y z z
52 2 + 2 5 2 + 2 0
x +y +z x +y +z x + y2 + z 5
.

459 2005

 ( an )n
n , an = 2n + 3n + 6n 1
( an )n A

} A = {m : n 1, gcd ( m, an ) = 1
. A

} . A = {1
 . 1 A
 p . . p > 3
Fermat
2p 1 = 1 mod p 3p 1 = 1 mod p 6p 1 = 1 mod p

3 2p 1 + 2 3p 1 + 6 p 1 = 3 + 2 + 1 mod p = 6 mod p

6a p 2 = 0 mod p gcd ( p, 6 ) = 1 . p | a p 2
2 | a1 . 3 | a2 A
. 1 } A = {1 .


ABCD ] [ BC ] [ AD .
] [ AD E ] [ BC F
. BE = DF P ) ( AC ) ( BD Q
) ( EF ) ( BD R
) ( AC ) . ( EF
E F ] [ BC ] [ AD
PQR . P
 460

BCP . DAP P .T
E F ] [ BC ] [ AD
PQR P .T PQTR
.
B
A

R F
Q

C D

DAPT BCTP 

 = DPT
DAT  = BCT


 = CPT
ADT  = CBT 
AD = BC DAT . BCT


AF = CE AT = CT 
 = ECT
FAT
FAT ECT.
 ATC FTE
 = ATE
ATC  + ETC  + FTA
 = ATE  = FTE 
TCQ TCEQ ATC FTE 
 = TEQ
.
RQT RQT 
 = RPT  = BCT = DPT  = RPT  
PQTR . .

461 2005

.

.
.

. n ai i
.
) (1 a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a5 = n
) P ( 2 C
N ) C P ( 2 : ) } (c, { p, p N
c p . p ) . N = card ( N
) P ( 2
2n + 1
) } card ( {c : ( c, ) N
5

2n + 1
= N ) ) card ( {c : ( c, ) N } ) card ( P ( 2
) P( 2
5
. N 6n + 3
c i
card ( { P ( 2 ) : ( c, ) N } ) = C i2

5
= N card ( { : (c, ) N } ) = C i2ai
c C i =0

. N = a2 + 3a3 + 6a 4 + 10a5
)(2 6n + 3 a 2 + 3a 3 + 6a 4 + 10a5

a5 1 a5 = 0 ) ( 1
a2 + 3a 3 + 6a 4 + 10a5 6n
) . ( 2
 462
a5 = 1
N = a2 + 3a 3 + 6a 4 + 10
= 6 ( a 0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + a 4 + 1 ) + 4 6a 0 6a1 5a2 3a 3
) = 6n + 4 ( 6a0 + 6a1 + 5a2 + 3a3
) ( 2 6a0 + 6a1 + 5a2 + 3a3 1
a 0 = a1 = a2 = a 3 = 0
N = 6n + 4 ) w (
.
= 6n + 4 ) } card ( {c : (c, ) N
) P( 2


) P ( 2
( card ( {c : (c, ) N }) 2n 5+ 1 ) = 1
2n + 1
=

5

( ) ( 2

( card ( {c : ( c, ) N } ) ) + 3

5 ( 2n + 1 ) ) = 1
P 0 0

2n + 1 = 5
} 0 = { p0, p0
: 0
card ( {c : ( c, ) N } ) =
+ 1 : = 0
) . P ( 2
q 0 w .
p
} N p = {( c, ) N : p

p . p
3 p + 1 : p q 0
card ( N p ) =
3q 0 : p = q0
463 2005

q 0 c
card ( {( c, ) N : q 0 } ) = 3
p q 0 c

card ( {( c, ) N : p } ) = 3
w
card ( {( w, ) N : p } ) = 4

) } card ( N p ) = card ( {c : ( c, { p, p } ) N
p p

5 : p 0
card ( N p ) =
5 + 1 : p 0
card ( Nq0 ) = 0 mod 3 } mod 3 { 0,1
p } 0 {q 0 5 = 3 p + 1
mod 3 = 2 . a5 1
. 2 .

 464

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


. ABC I ABC.
. PBA

+ PCA

= PBC P ABC


+ PCB

AP AI . P = I
A
C . ABC D
C
) ( IA
P I C B A BAC . C 

. ABC
B C
P ABC ) (

D . PBA

+ PCA

= PBC

+ PCB
:
PCA ) (

=C PBA

 PCB
=B

 PBC

2 ( PBC

+ PCB

) = B
 +C  = A 


= ( PBC
BPC
+ PCB
) = + A
2 2
P ABC ) (
. 1 ( + A
2
] [ BC P ) 

= ( DCB
BDC
+ DBC
+ DAC

) = ( DAB
) = A


C D ) B C (
1 ( + A
2
] [ BC ) 

BC C . C P


. BC
ABC ) ( P 
I ) ( ) ( AD
. BC APD


AP AI = AP + PD AI ID = AP + PD AD 0
P ] [ AD . P = I
465
 466
 P 2006 . P
P . P
P .
P 2003
. P
.

.
. 2003
: ] [ AB L P
A . B L n .
n
. L
2

 . n = 2
 n 2 < n 1003 L
. n L A B
n . P ] [ PQ
PSQ ) L
( .
B
Q
L
S PSQ
SP = SQ A P
S S Q B L LAP
LPS LSQ LQB LAP
P
LQB .
A
467 2006

L
LAP LQB ] . [ PQ
L
LAP
LPS LSQ . LQB
L
n
. LPS LSQ PSQ
2

n
. PSQ .
2
] [ XY .
LXY X Y . P XYZ
Z ) . LXY
LXY
LXY . ( 1003 XYZ
] [ XZ ] [YZ ] . [ XY
LXY LXZ LYZ
2006/2 XYZ
. XYZ
LXZ LYZ
1003 XYZ
.
( Ak )1k 2006 P
( [ A2k 1A2k +1 ])1k 1003 ( [ A1A2k +1 ])2k 1001 2003
( A2k 1A2k A2k +1 )1k 1003
1003 .

 468
 M
2
) ab ( a 2 b 2 ) + bc ( b 2 c 2 ) + ca (c 2 a 2 ) M ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2
a b . c

) f ( a, b, c ) = ab ( a 2 b 2 ) + bc ( b 2 c 2 ) + ca ( c 2 a 2

S = a + b + c
) f ( a, b, c ) = ab ( a b )( S c ) + bc ( b c )( S a ) + ca(c a ) ( S b

) ) = S ( ab ( a b ) + bc ( b c ) + ca(c a

) = S ( ab ( a b ) + b 2c bc 2 + c 2a ca 2
) ) = S ( ab ( a b ) + ( b 2 a 2 )c + c 2 ( a b
) = S ( a b ) ( ab ( b + a )c + c 2
) = S ( a b )( b c )(a c

) (a, b, c ) f ( a, b, c

} M = sup { f ( a, b, c ) : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1, c b a
x = a c y = b c
c b a 0 y x
x y = a b
) x 2 + y 2 + ( x y )2 + S 2 = 3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2
) . f (a, b, c ) = Sxy ( x y
} M = sup { S xy ( x y ) : x 2 + y 2 + ( x y )2 + S 2 = 3, 0 y x

) x 2 + y 2 + ( x y )2 + S 2 = 3 2x 2 + S 2 3 = 2y ( x y
469 2006

1

M ) S x ( 2x 2 + S 2 3
2
) 2x 2 + S 2 3 = 2y ( x y 0 y x
) y 2y ( x y ] [ 0, x y = 12 x
x2
2x 2 + S 2 3 . S 2 3 32 x 2 x 2
2
1 1 3 3 3
= S x ( 2x 2 + S 2 3 ) x 3 3 x 2 x 2 x2
2 4 2 4 2
y = 12 x . S = 3 23 x 2
) x x 6 ( 2 x 2 ] [ 0, 2
x = 32
1 9 2
) S x ( 2x 2 + S 2 3
2 32
. M 9322
= S 2
3 =y 1
2
3
2 =x 3
2
9 2
= ) S xy ( x y 0 y x x 2 + y 2 + ( x y )2 + S 2 = 3
32
. M = 9322 .
: ) (a, b, c
) ( 1 + 32 2,1,1 32 2
.

 ) ( x , y
2

1 + 2x + 22x +1 = y 2

) ( x , y . 2 ) ( x , y
y.
1 1
x < 1 1 < 1 + 2x + 22x +1 1 + + < 2 
4 8
. 1 < y 2 < 2 . x 1
x = 1 y 2 = 1 + 2x + 22x +1 = 2 . 
 470
 x = 0 y 2 = 1 + 2x + 22x +1 = 4 y = 2
) ( 0, 2 ) . ( 0, 2
 . x > 0 y
22x < 1 + 2x + 22x +1 < 22x +2
. 2x < y < 2x +1 z = y 2x [ . ] 0, 2x
t ] [ 1, 2x 1 1 . y = 2x + 2t + 1
( 2x + 2t + 1 )2 = 1 + 2x + 22x +1 = 4
) 4t ( t + 2x + 1 ) = 2x ( 2x 1
4 2x . x 2 x = 2 t ( t + 5 ) = 3
.
) (1 x 3 ) t ( t + 2x + 1 ) = 2x 2 ( 2x 1
 t t + 2x + 1 ) 2x 2 ( 2x 1
2x 1 . t + 2x + 1 > 2x 1
 t 2x 2
) t ( t + 2x + 1 2x 2 t + 1 + 2x
. t + 1 . t + 1 = 2x 2 t
] [ 1, 2x 1 1 } . {1, 2
t = 2x 2 1 t = 2x 1 1
t = 2x 1 1 ) ( 1
6 ( 2x 1 1 ) = 2x 1
2x 1 . t = 2x 2 1
5 ( 2x 2 1 ) = 2x 1 2x 2 = 4 . x = 4
t = 3 . y = 2x + 2t + 1 = 23 ) ( 4, 23 ) . ( 4, 23
 }) {( 0, 2 ) , ( 0, 2 ) , ( 4, 23 ) , ( 4, 23
.

471 2006

 ) P ( X n . 1
Q ( X ) = P
 P
  P . k )  ( X
k
P k . Q ( x ) = x
n .

 ] P [ j
] P [ j j 2 P [ 1 ] = P ] = P  P [ j 1
] .Q = P [ k
} Fix ( j ) = { x : P [ j ] ( x ) = x
. card ( Fix ( k ) ) n
 k = 1 P ( X ) X . n
 k = 2 ) Fix ( 1 ) = Fix ( 2
) . Fix ( 1 ) Fix ( 2 a ) Fix ( 2 ) . Fix ( 1
b = P (a ) a P (b ) = a
t } . Fix ( 2 )\{a, b ) s = P ( t ) . t = P ( s
X Y ) P ( X ) P (Y
) ( X ,Y ] [ X ,Y
) (1 ) P ( X ) P (Y ) = ( X ,Y ) ( X Y

) t a = P ( s ) P ( b ) = ( s, b ) ( s b
) = ( s , b ) ( P ( t ) P ( a ) ) = ( s, b ) ( t , a ) ( t a
t a ( s, b ) ( t, a ) = 1 ) ( s, b ) ( t, a
} {1,1 } {1,1
) . t a = ( s b } {1,1 ) . t b = (s a
= = +1 b a = a b a = b
. = 1 = 1 t + s = a + b
. P (t ) + t a b = 0
 472

} Fix ( 2 ) { x : P ( x ) + x a b = 0

card ( Fix ( 2 ) ) deg ( P ( X ) + X a b ) = n
. k = 2
 . k 3
) Fix ( 1 ) Fix ( k ) Fix ( 1 ) = Fix ( k
. card ( Fix ( 1 ) ) n
 ) Fix ( 1 ) Fix ( k x 0 ) Fix ( k
) . Fix ( 1
P ( x0 ) x0 P[k ] ( x0 ) = x0
( x j )j ) x j = P ( x j 1 j
.
j , x j +k = x j
P ( X ) X
) P ( P ( X ) ) P ( X ) ( X ] [ X
) P ( P ( X )) P ( X ) = ( X )( P ( X ) X

j , ) x j + 2 x j +1 = ( x j )( x j +1 x j

) x1 x 0 = xk +1 xk = ( xk 1 ) ( xk 2 ) ( x 0 )( x1 x 0

x1 x 0 = P ( x 0 ) x 0 0
( xk 1 ) ( x k 2 ) ( x 0 ) = 1
) ) ( ( xk 1 ) , ( xk 2 ) , , ( x 0
} . {1,1
473 2006

j , x j +1 x j = x 1 x 0
) x m = min ( x1, , xk
x m 1 x m = xm +1 x m > 0
j 0, x m 1 = xm +1 x m xm + j 1 = xm + j +1
j m, x j 1 = x j +1 ( x j )j 0
j 0, x j +2 = x j
j , x 2 j = x 0 , x 2 j +1 = x 1
) . x 0 Fix ( 2 ) . Fix ( k ) Fix ( 2
card ( Fix ( k ) ) n
.

P A b
b
b . P A b b
P . P

.
: Q 2n . S
[ AB ] C ABC
S
.
n

( Ak )k Q Ak = Ak mod 2n
k . ( dk )k ) dk = ( Ak Ak +n M k
dk dk +1 k .
dk = dk mod n M k = M k mod n
k = Ak Ak +1Mk k .
 474
Q . ( k )0k <2n
N .Q N (dk )0k <n
Q . 2kn=01 k N Q
. (dk )0k <n
 
uk Ak Ak +n .
2

   
} Pk+ = { M : Ak M uk > 0 } Pk = { M : Ak M uk < 0
 
uk = uk +n
      
) (1 Ak +nM uk +n = ( Ak M Ak Ak +n ) uk = Ak M uk

   
k { 0, , n 1 } , ( Ak N uk )( Ak +1N uk +1 ) > 0
   
A0N u0 AnN un ) ( 1
N
. (dk )0k <n k0 } { 0, , n 1
   
( Ak N uk )( Ak +1N uk +1 ) < 0
0 0 0 0

N . k0 N Pk+0 +1
Pk0
N Pk+0 Pk0 +1 N . k0 +n
Ak +1+n Ak +1+n
Ak +n Ak +n
N

M k k +n Mk
k
N
Ak Ak
Ak +1 Ak +1
N Pk+ Pk+1 N Pk Pk++1

n 1
)(2 ) Q ( k k +n
k =0
475 2006

) ( 2 k } { 0, , n 1
S ) A (Q
= ) A ( k ) + A ( k +n
n n
) A ( R . R
A B A B M Ak Ak +1 Ak +n Ak +1+n
B M k .
A
MA MA
M
) A ( k +n ) = A ( B MA ) A ( B AM
A B
) A ( k +n ) + A ( k ) A ( B AM ) + A ( AMB ) = A ( B AB

B A B AB .
MA < MA
M
) A ( k ) = A ( MAB ) A ( AMB
A B
) A ( k +n ) + A ( k ) A ( B MA ) + A ( AMB ) = A ( AB B
AB B .
P S m . ( bk )1k m Abk
P . bk
m
Abk
H <2
k =1 S

( rk )1k m
m
Abk
k {1, , m } , < rk rk =2
S k =1
k
= rk k n ( rk )1k m
n
} {1, , m . k =1 k = 2n bk P
m

k . Q S 2n
) ( .
 476
[ AB ] Q C Q
S
.
= ABC
n
] [ AB bj P T
bj C :
j
)( A (T ) = j A S = rj S > Abj
n
. Abj H
m
Ab k
2S
k =1

.
: : ( x1, , xm )
m
xk <q
k =1

q . ) ( r1, , rm
m
k {1, , m } , xk < rk rk =q
k =1

. m


QWE
Ag D
ZXC



a1 a2 . an ) i (1 i n
} di = max {a j : 1 j i } min {a j : i j n
} . d = max {di : 1 i n
) (a x 1 x n x1 x 2 xn

d
)( } max { xi ai : 1 i n
2
) (b x 1 x n x1 x 2 xn
)( .

) (a . x 1
x n x1 x 2 xn
d
< } max { xi ai : 1 i n
2

d d
i n , xi < ai < xi +
2 2
i0 n . d = di0 1 j i0
d d
a j < x j + x i0 +
2 2
d
max {a j : 1 j i0 } < x i0 + i0 j n
2
d d
a j > x j x i0
2 2
d
. min {a j : i0 j n } > x i0
2
d d
di0 = max ( a j ) min ( a j ) < xi0 +
1 j i0 i0 j n 2 (
x i0
2 )
=d

. i0 ) (a.

477
 478
) (b :
d
x i = max ( a j ) , i = 1, 2, , n
1 j i 2
. x1 x 2 xn 1 i n :
d
x i ai x i max ( a j ) =
1 j i 2

d d d
x i ai xi min ( a j ) = di = d
i j n 2 2 2
d
) , max ( xi ai ) . (a
1i n 2
d
= ) . max ( xi ai .
1i n 2

 A B C D . E ABCD
BCED . A
] [ DC F ) ( BC .G
. DAB
. EF = EG = EC 
G
D
:
E
F
ABCD F
C
G E
O
.GFC
A
BCED
B . DAB


BCD
. A B C D E F G
DF
. t
DC
[. ] 0,1
479 2007

DF AF BC
= = =t
DG AG BG


(1 ) = =t


= = = = 1



(2) =


= = = 1


(3) =

. EF = EC = EG E
2 = ( ) ( ) 2
2
= + 2 2 Re ( ( )( ) )

2 = ( ) ( ) 2
2
= + 2 2 Re ( ( )( ) )

= =

2 2 Re ( ( )( ) ) = 0

2 2 Re ( ( )( ) ) = 0
 480


2 Re = 1 2 Re =1

( 2 )
( )
1= + =

( 3 ) . = + ( )
. = + ( )

(4) =

: ( 1 )
1
( ) ( ) t ( ) t ( )
= =
( ) ( )

2 1 2
t2 + 2 2 Re ( ( )( ) )
2
= t
2
+ 2 2 Re ( ( )( ) )

( )( ) = ( )( )

2 1
t2 + 2 2 2
2
1 = t2
2
t2 1
= 2 (t 2 2 2
)
t2
t2 1 2
=
t2 2 ( 2 )

= 1 =
. =
481 2007

E BCD
. DF = DA
 = 1 ( ADC
DAF  ) = 1 DAB

2 2

. DAB

 . .
) .
( .
.
.

.

R1 R2 . ) M ( Ri . Ri
R1
. R2
:

) M ( R1 ) > M ( R2 R1 . R2
) M ( R1 ) = card ( R1 R1 R2 ) M ( R1
) M ( R2
) M ( R1 ) M ( R2 1 . 2
.
:
.1 ) M ( R1 ) = M ( R2 .
.2 M ( R1 ) = M ( R2 ) 1 .
 482
M ( R1 ) = p . M ( R2 ) = p + 1 A0
R1
. card ( A0 ) = p A
R1 R2 . A A0
. ) card ( A A0
card ( A ) p mod 2 A
R2 . M ( R2 ) = p + 1
C R2 A C A
a C R1
M ( R1 ) = p + 1 M ( R2 ) = crad (C ) = p + 1
.

A C 1 C 2 C n . R2
K i = C i \A i } . {1, ,n
( K i )1i n .

. R2 R1 :
x1 K 1 . R1 x1 R1 C 1
C 2 C n
n
. M ( R1 ) = M ( R2 ) = p ) (x1 K i
i =1
) x1 A0 A0 A
( . C 2 . x1 x 2
K 2 . x1 x 2 . R1 x 2 R1
C 2 C 3 C n
. C 3 x 2
x 3 K 3 . x 2 R1 .
483 2007

) M ( R1 p . p + 1
p + 1
p + 1 . R2 ) M ( R1 ) = M ( R2
. M ( R1 ) = p
M ( R1 ) = M ( R2 ) = p .

:
p + 1 R2 p + 1 R1
R1 . .

. x1, x 2, , x R1 R2
x i x i +1 1 i < x 1
x . x X p + 1
} R1 = A0 { x 1, , x x 1 x x 1
. X

C 1
x1, x 2, , x 2 C 1 x C 1 x 1 x
x 1 R2 C 1 = A K 1
p + 1 R2 . .


BCA ABC
 ABC 

R ] [ BC P
] [ AC .Q K ] [ BC L ] . [ AC
RPK RQL .
 484
R
) A ( XYZ . XYZ
B

Q
K 
 = C = RPK
RQL 
P 2 2

C L A
) A ( RQL RQ QL
=
) A ( RPK RP PK
QLC PKC
QL QC QA
= =
PK PC PB
) (QL ] [CA ) ( PK ] . [ BC
) A ( RQL RQ QA
=
) A ( RPK RP PB
RQA BPR
 = ABC
ARQ  = RBC  = RBP
 RBA  + PBC  = RBP
 RCA 

 = 2QCA
RQA  = BCA
 = 2BCP
 = BPR

1 RA = RB
A ( RQA ) RQ QA
=1 =
) A ( RPB RP PB
) A ( RQL
. = 1
) A ( RPK

 a b . 4ab 1
) ( 4a 2 1 . a = b
2

) 4a 2 1 = 4a ( a b ) + 4ab 1 4a (a b ) mod ( 4ab 1

2
) ( 4a 2 1 ) ( 4a )2 ( a b )2 mod ( 4ab 1
485 2007
2
) ( 4ab 1 ) | ( 4a 2 1 ( 4ab 1 ) | ( 4a )2 ( b a )2
( 4a )2 ) ( 4ab 1
( 4a )2 b 2 ( 4ab 1 ) (4ab + 1) = 1
( 4ab 1 ) | ( 4a )2 ( b a )2 . ( 4ab 1 ) | ( b a )2
:
( a, b ) * * , ( ( 4ab 1 ) | (a b )2 ) a =b

} S = {( a, b ) : b < a, ( 4ab 1 ) | ( a b )2
.
S ( , ) S 

} + = min {a + b : (a, b ) S

) ( )2 = n ( 4 1
2 2 ( 1 + 2n ) + 2 + n = 0

P ( X ) = X 2 2 ( 1 + 2n ) X + 2 + n

2 + n
= = 2 ( 1 + 2n )

.
P ( ) = n ( 4 2 1 ) < 0
. P <
. < ( , ) S ) ( ,
S . + < + = S .

 486
 n .
} S = {( x , y, z ) { 0,1, , n }3 : x + y + z > 0
( n + 1 )3 1 .
S ) . ( 0, 0, 0

1 k n Pk Qk Rk :
Pk : x = k Qk : y = k Rk : x = k
) ( Pk P Pm S :
( k , ,m ) 3n

3n ) . ( 0, 0, 0
S
) ( 0, 0, 0 . 3n
= 3n < 3n
( Sr )1r Sr : ar X + brY + cr Z + dr = 0
S ) . ( 0, 0, 0

= ) P ( X ,Y , Z ) (ar X + brY + cr Z + dr ) ( X ) (Y ) ( Z
r =1

n
d1d2 d
= ) (T ) = (T i
) 3 ( 0 i =1

) ( 0, 0, 0 ( Sr )1r . 0
P ( i, j, k ) = 0 ) ( i, j , k
. { 0,1, ,n }3
P
} IX = { 0,1, , n 1 } { 0,1, , 3n } { 0,1, , 3n
} IY = { 0,1, , 3n } { 0,1, , n 1 } { 0,1, , 3n
} IZ = { 0,1, , 3n } { 0,1, , 3n } { 0,1, , n 1
487 2007

= ) (ar X + brY + crZ + dr X Y Z

r =1 + +

< 3n + + < n
( , , ) IX < n ( , , ) IY
< n . ( , , ) IZ

= ) (ar X + brY + crZ + dr X Y Z

r =1 ( , , ) IX IY IZ

deg ( (T ) T n ) < n
( X ) (Y ) ( Z ) = X nY nZ n + X Y Z
( , , ) IX IY IZ

) (1 P ( X ,Y , Z ) = X nY nZ n + X Y Z
( , , ) IX IY IZ

:
: n ] [T
n
= ) (Q ) C nk ( 1 )k Q ( k
k =0

! (T n ) = ( 1 )n n (Q ) = 0 . degQ < n

E 0 = 1 j > 0
)T (T 1 )(T j + 1
= Ej
!j
E j ( k ) = 0 0 k < j E j ( k ) = C kj j k

n n
= ) (Ej C nkC kj ( 1 )k = C nj C nk jj ( 1 )k
k =j k =j
nj
= C nj ( 1 )j C nk j ( 1 )k = C nj ( 1 )j ( 1 1 )n j
k =0
 488

n
) ( 1 : j =n
( E j ) =
0 : j <n
( E j )0 j n n
n 1
= Q j = 0 j E j degQ < n ( j )0 j <n
. (Q ) = 0 T n deg (T n n ! En ) < n
! . (T n ) = n ! ( En ) = ( 1 )n n .
] [ X ,Y , Z
:
)(2 = ) ) (Q ( X ,Y , Z ) C niC njC nk ( 1 )i + j +k Q ( i, j , k
0i , j ,k n

n i n j
i
n k
j

( X Y Z ) = C n 1 i C n 1 j C n ( 1 )k k


( ) ( )
i = 0 j = 0 k = 0

) = (T ) (T ) (T
( , , ) I X IY I Z ( X Y Z ) = 0
. ( X nY nZ n ) = ( 1 )n ( n ! )3 ) ( 1
( P ( X ,Y , Z ) ) = ( X nY nZ n ) = d1d2 d 0
) ( 2 P ( i, j , k ) = 0 i j k
} { 0,1, , n . ( P ( X ,Y , Z ) ) = 0 .
. = 3n .

QWE
Ag D
ZXC



ABC H .
H ] [ BC A1 . A2
H ] [CA B1 B2
H ] [ AB C 1
.C 2 A1 A2 B1 B2 C 1 C 2 .

O C ABC R .














H OH = OA + OB + OC




















) AH BC = (OC + OB ) (OC OB



 2


 2
= OC OB = R 2 R 2 = 0













BH CA = 0 .CH AB = 0 H
ABC . H = H







 






OH = OA + OB + OC
A ] [ BC









1 





1
) OA = (OB + OC ) = (OH OA
2 2

















1
) AH = OH OA = (OH + OA
2
A1AO A2AO
OH 2 + OA2 OH 2 + R 2
= (OA1 )2 = (OA2 )2 = OA2 + AH 2 =
2 2

OH 2 + R 2 OH 2 + R 2
= OC 1 = OC 2 = OB1 = OB2
2 2
A1 A2 B1 B2 C 1 C 2 O
. 1
2 ) (OH 2 + R 2
489
 490
 ) (a
x2 y2 z2
+ + 1
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 (z 1)2
x y z 1 . xyz = 1
) ( x , y, z ) (b
1 . xyz = 1

x y 1 . 1 p = xy
. s = x + y
x2 y2 ) x 2 ( y 2 2y + 1 ) + y 2 ( x 2 2x + 1
+ =
( 1 x )2 ( 1 y )2 ( xy x y + 1 )2
2p 2 2ps + x 2 + y 2
=
( p s + 1 )2
2p 2 2ps + s 2 2p
=
( p s + 1 )2
( p s )2 + p 2 2p
=
( p s + 1 )2
( p s + 1 )2 2 ( p s + 1 ) + 1 + p 2 2p
=
( p s + 1 )2
2 p 1 2
=1+ +
s p + 1 s p 1
1 p 1 1 2
= 1 + +
s p 1 p 1
( p 1 )2

1 z2
= z = 1 / p
( p 1 )2 ( 1 z )2

x2 y2 z2 p 1 1 2
+ + = 1 +
s p 1 p 1 1
+
( 1 x )2 ( 1 y )2 ( 1 z )2

) . (a
491 2008

) (b x y
:
p 1 1
+ =0
s p 1 p 1
p = xy s = x + y . s = 3p p 2 x y
T :
T 2 ( 3p p 2 )T + p = 0
. p 1
2 2
= ( 3p p ) 4 p = p ( p 4 )( p 1 )2
x y p
) p ( p 4 .
) ( p, t 2 . p ( p 4 ) = t 2
) ( 4, 0 p = 4 + t .

4 4
=p = t 2
1 1 2
1 1 x y
) 4 ( 1 + 3 2 4
T2 + T+ =0
2 2 1 2
) (1

2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 + ) 1 2
{ x , y, z } = 2 , 2 ,
) ( 1 + ) (1 4
= 2n + 1 n
n +1
= } { x n , yn , zn { n +n 1
( 2
)
,
n2
) , n ( n + 1 }

) (a ) . (b

 492
 n
n 2 + 1 . 2n + 2n

N p p 1 mod 4 . p > 13
p N
}) Sp = {n 0 : p | ( n 2 + 1
Wilson . Sp
( p 1 ) ! 1 mod p
p = 4m + 1
2m 2 2m 2m 4m

k k ( p k )

k ( p 1 )! = 1 mod p

k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1

. ( p 2 1 ) ! Sp
) n p = min ( Sp . :
n p p n p p Sp . n p < p
p p
< . np n p p n p Sp
2 2
. k p = p 2n p > 0
k p2 + 4 4 ( n p2 + 1 ) 0 mod p
) . p | ( k p2 + 4 p > 13 k p2 + 4 17
k p2 13 . k p 4 k p . k p > 4
k p2 + k p > k p2 + 4 p
k p2 > 2n p . p > 2n p + 2n p
p n p n p = nq = n p q
gcd ( p, q ) = 1 ) p | ( n 2 + 1 ) q | ( n 2 + 1 pq
n 2 + 1 ( 2n + 2n )2 < pq n 2 + 1 .
} {n p : p N N .
.

493 2008

 [ f : ]0, +[ ] 0, +
( f ( w ) )2 + ( f ( x ) )2 w2 + x2
=
) f (y 2 ) + f ( z 2 y2 + z 2
w x y z . wx = yz

f .
 w = x = y = z = 1 . f ( 1 ) = 1
 w = z = 1 y = x
) (1 x + , f ( x 2 ) = ( f ( x ) )2
( w, x , y, z ) ( + )4 wx = yz 

f (w ) + f ( x ) w + x
)(2 =
) f (y ) + f ( z y +z
x + ) ( 2 w = x z = 1 y = x 2 

) 2f ( x 2x
= ) (2
1+ f x 1 + x2
( xf ( x ) 1 )( f ( x ) x ) = 0
)(3 x +, } f ( x ) { x ,1/x
:
1
{
= ) B = x + \{1 } : f ( x
x } } A = { x + \{1 } : f ( x ) = x
} A B = + \{1 ) . ( 3

A B a A . b B ) ( 2

x = b w = a y = z = ab
1 b2 a 1 a2 1 b
= ) f ( ab ab + = +
a +b b ab a +b a
a = 1 b = 1
) ( 3 ab
. = B x +, f ( x ) = x
= A . x +, f ( x ) = 1/x
x x x 1/x .
 494
 n k k n k n .
2n 2n 2 1
. .
) ( .
N k
1 n n + 1 2n
.
M k
1 n n + 1 2n
n + 1 2n
N
. .
M

. k
S = ( 2n )k ) p ( 1 p k
j p ) ( j1, j2, , jk . S
S 1
n n + 1 2n . SN
) ( j1, j2, , jk S SN
} { p : j p = i 1 i n . n < i 2n
S
1 n n + 1 2n
n + 1 2n
. SM ) ( j1, j2, , jk S SM
} { p : j p = i 1 i n } { p : j p = i
. n < i 2n
) N = card ( SN ) . M = card ( SM
495 2008

.
j : 1 j n
: 2n n : ( j ) =
j n : n < j 2n
SM ) s = ( j1, , jk SN ) ( s
) ) ( s ) = ( ( j1 ), , ( jk j
n j n
. j n
s SM ( s ) = s : SN SM
( 1 ( s ) )s SM SN
) (1 = ) card ( SN card ( 1 ( )) s
s SM

) s = ( i1, , ik . SM 1 n
} A = { p k : ip =
A .
s SM
. k
n
= k ) card ( A
=1

P A even
) (A A
.
) ) B P even ( A ) ( B A ) ( 2 | card ( B
n
B = ( B ) n ) P even ( A
=1
B
s ) = ( j1B , j2B , , jkB
j pB = ip + n p n B j pB = ip . p n B
A B
B + n
.
 496
) s B 1 ( s B s B
n
) P even ( A ) 1 ( s
=1
) s = ( j1, , jk ) ( Bs
n

. B s } = A { p k : j p = + n
n n
) ) card ( 1 ( s ) ) = card P even ( A ) = card ( P even ( A
=1 =1
A B A\B
A .
1 1
= ) ) card ( P even ( A ) card ( P ( A ) ) = 2card( A
2 2

n
1 1 n
= ) ) card ( 1 ( s n 2
) card( A
= n 2 =1 card( A ) = 2k n
2 =1 2
) ( 1
= ) card ( SN card ( 1 ( ) s ) ) = 2k n card ( SM
s SM

N /M = 2k n .
. ] A = [ X1, , X 2n
X1, X 2, , X 2n A :
1
= ) ) (G (X1, , X 2n ) 12 nG (1, , n , n +1, , 2n
22n (1 ,,n )2n
1
= ) ) (G (X1, , X 2n )12 nG (1, , n , 0, , 0
2n (1 ,,n ){1,1}n

.
n 2n
1 ( 1 )j 1 + ( 1 )j
( X11 X 2n2n =)
j =1 2 j =n +1 2

( X11 X 2n2n ) = 1 ( j )1 j n
( j )n < j 2n ( X11 X 2n2n ) = 0 .
497 2008

( j )1 j n ( X11 X 2n2n ) = 1
. ( X11 X 2n2n ) = 0 ( j )n < j 2n
S s = ( j1, j2, , jk )
1 : s SN
( X j1 X j2 X jk ) =
0 : s SN

1 : s SM
( X j1 X j2 X jk ) =
0 : s SM

F ( X1, , X 2n ) = X j1 X j2 X jk
( j1 ,, jk ) S

( F ( X1, , X 2n ) ) = card ( SN ) = N
( F ( X1, , X 2n ) ) = card ( SM ) = M

2n 2n 2n 2n k

F ( X1, , X 2n ) = Xj Xj 1 2
X jk = X j

j1 =1 j2 =1 jk =1 j =1

1
N =
22n 12 n F ( 1, , n , n +1, , 2n )
( 1 ,,2n ){ 1,1 }2n

1
M =
2n 12 nF ( 1, , n , 0, , 0 )
( 1 ,,2n ){ 1,1 }n

. M N
N 
1
N =
22n 12 n F ( 1, , n , n +1, , 2n )
( 1 ,,2n ){ 1,1 }2n
n n
1
= 2n
2 C np ( 1 )p C nq ( n 2p + n 2q )k
p =0 q =0
 498

) } p = card ( {1 i n : i = 1
) } q = card ( {n + 1 i 2n : i = 1

n n
1
= N
2 2n k C np ( 1 )p C nq ( n p q )k
p =0 q =0
2n
1
=
22n k
(n r )k ( 1 )p C npC nq
r =0 p +q =r ,
0 p,q n

X r ( 1 )p C npC nq
p +q =r
2 n
( 1 X )n ( 1 + X )n = ( 1 X )

n
1
= N
22n k ( 1 ) C n(n 2)k
=0

M 

1
= M
2n ) 12 n F ( 1, , n , 0, , 0
( 1 ,,2n ){ 1,1 }n
n
1
=
2n C n ( 1 ) ( n 2 )k
=0
N
. = 2k n
M

 ABCD . BA BC 1
ABC 2 . ADC
) [ BA A
) [ BC C ) ( AD ) . (CD
1 2 .
499 2008

.

Q
S

Z R

D 3

L
A

J 2
I

K 1

.1
) (1 BA + AD = BC + CD
P Q R S ) ( BA ) (CD ) ( AD
) ( BC .
BP = BA + AP = BA + AR = BA + AD + DR
. BA + AD = BP DR BC + CD = BS DQ
) ( 1 BS = BP . DQ = DR
 500
.2 I 1 ) ( AC J 2
) . ( AC . AI = CJ
p1 ABC p2 . ADC

AI = p1 BC CI = p1 BA
. AI CI = BA BC
AJ = p2 CD CJ = p2 AD
.CJ AJ = CD AD ) ( 1
AI CI = CJ AJ
AC 2AI = 2CJ . AI = CJ
.3 3 ABC ] . [ AC
] [ AC J .CJ = AI = p1 BC
4 ADC ] [ AC
] [ AC I . AI = CJ = p2 AD
.4 K I 1 L J
2 ) ( AC D
. Z 1 K
) ( AC 2 . L
B 1 3 K 1
) ( AC 3 . J B K J .
B 1 K
1 . Z B K Z
.
D 2 4 L 2
) ( AC 4 . I D L I .
501 2008

D 2 L
2 . Z D L Z .
Z ) ( BJ ) . ( DI
) AI = CI
AB = BC ( .
H Z . H ( L ) = I
) ( LJ ) ( IK ) ( AC ) H ( J ) ( IK
) H ( J ) ( ZJ ) H (J ) ( IK ) ( ZJ
.K
] H ( [ LJ ] ) = [ IK H ( 2 ) = 1 ] [ LJ

2 ] [ IK . 1 2 1
Z
. .

 502

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


n a1, a2, , ak ) (k 2
} {1,2, , n n )ai (ai +1 1
i } . {1,2, , k 1 n ). ak (a1 1

:
Pi : a1 a1ai mod n
i } . {2, , k
P2 n ) a1(a2 1
. H
Pi . Pi +1
ai aiai +1 mod n

Pi H Pi
a1 a1ai a1(aiai +1 ) (a1ai )ai +1 a1ai +1 mod n
. Pi +1
Pk
a1ak a1 mod n

n ) ak (a1 1 a1ak ak mod n

. a1 ak mod n a1 ak
a1 ak n

a1 ak }. {1,2, , n


503
 504
 ABC O . P
] [CA Q ] . [AB K L M
] [BP ] [CQ ] [PQ . ) (PQ
K L . M .OP = OQ

PQC ) (ML ] [PQ ] [CQ ) . (AC
PQB ) (MK ] [PQ ] [BQ
) . (AB

)(1  = CAQ
LMK 

P
L K
O
M
B

Q
A

 = PML
APM ) . (ML) || (AP 

ML 
. MKL 
PML 
 = MKL
. PML 

)(2  = APQ
MKL 

) (1 ) (2 APQ MKL
MK ML
)(3 =
AP AQ
2MK = QB . 2ML = PC ) (3
)(4 AQ BQ = AP CP
505 2009

AP CP P ABC
R 2 OP 2 R . AQ BQ
R2 OQ 2 OP = OQ ). (4


 (sk )k 1 .
(ssk )k 1 (ssk +1 )k 1 . (sk )k 1
.

A dA B dB
k 1, ss = A + kdA, ss +1 = B + kdB
k k

(sk )k 1
k 1, sk < sk + 1 sk +1

k 1, ss < ss +1 ss
k k k +1

k 1, A + kdA < B + kdB A + (k + 1)dA

AB A + dA B
k 1, < dB dA
k k
dA = dB k . . d = dA = dB
k 1 :
sk +1
d = ss
k +1
= ss
k
(s j s j 1 ) sk +1 sk 0

g =sk +1
1

(sk +1 sk )k 1
M = max(sn +1 sn ), ) m = min(sn +1 sn
n 1 n 1
 506
q p
M = s p +1 s p , m = sq +1 sq

ss ss = ss ss = A + d (s p + M ) A ds p = dM
s p +1 sp s p +M sp

ss
p +1

dM = ss
s p +1
ss
sp
= (s j s j 1 ) M (ss
p +1
ss ) = Md
p
j =ss
p +1

j {ss , ss + 1, , ss }, s j s j 1 = M
p +1 p +1 p +1

 M = ss ss = B A
p +1 p

ss ss = ss ss = B + d (sq + m ) B dsq = dm
s p +1 sp sq +m sq

ss
q +1

dm = ss
sq +1
ss
sq
= (s j s j 1 ) m(ss
q +1
ss ) = md
q
j =ss
q +1

j {ss +1, ssq +1 + 1, , ss }, s j s j 1 = m
q q +1

 m = ss +1 ss = B A
q q

m = M  
n 1, sn +1 sn = m
. ( sn )n 1

507 2009

 ABC . AB = AC 
CAB ] [BC
D 
ABC ] [CA . E K
ADC .  = 45
BEK

.CAB

I ABC . E ] [DC
E ) (IC 
. ACB :
A

I
K

B C
D E

 = IDC
IEC ) (BE . E = D  = 90

ABC BA = BC 
ABC 

 = 60
.CAB
 = IE
IDK IDE K  . E D  = 45
K = IEK

 = KIE
KIE  = KDE
 = 45
BIC

45 = IBC  = 1 (ABC

 + ICB  ) = 1 (180 CAB
 + ACB )
2 2
 = 90
.CAB
CAB  = 60
CAB  = 45
BEK  = 90


.CAB

 508
 f
a b :
a ) f (b )f (b + f (a ) 1
) ( .

f : :
.1 a b . } {1, a,b
. a = b
:
a 1 < b < a +1
. b = a
.2 . = f (1) 1 0 b .
}) {1, f (b), f (b +
) . f (b) = f (b +
) M = max1 f (

b 1, f (b ) M

a = 2M + 1 b = 1

)a > f (b ) + f (b + f (a ) 1

a ) f (b ) f (b + f (a ) 1 .
= 0 . f (1) = 1

.3 b = 1 a a 1 )) f ( f (a
. f (f (a )) = a
f.
509 2009

.4 f (1) = 1 . = f (2) 1 > 0

a = 2 b 2 ) f (b ) f (b +

f (b) 2 < f (b + ) < f (b ) + 2

) f (b + ) f (b
0 < f (b + ) f (b) 1

b , f (b + ) f (b ) = 1

.5 b n ) n (b
} {1,1
) f (b + n ) f (b + (n 1)) = n (b

n (b)n +1(b) < 0 n (b) + n +1(b) = 0

)f (b + (n + 1)) = f (b + (n 1)

2 = 0 f .
n > 0, )n (b ) = n +1(b

) (b } {1,1 ) n (b) = (b . n
n > 0, ) f (b + n ) f (b + (n 1)) = (b

(b) = 1
n > 0, f (b + n) f (b) = n

n ) . f (b (b) = 1
n > 0, f (b + n ) f (b + (n 1)) = 1
 510

n 0, f (b + n ) = f (b) + n
b = 1 n 1 n

n , f (1 + (n 1)) = n

) n = + 1 = f (2 ) f (1 + 2 ) = f (2 = 1 f
. > 0

n , f (n ) = n

n n .

 a1, a2, , an . M
n 1
. s = a 1 + a 2 + + an
0 n
a1, a2, , an .
. M

. n n = 1 n = 2
. n 3
. n
an = max(a1, , an ), m1 = min M
:

) (a m1 < an . an M an
m1
n 1 } M \{m1 . n 2
511 2009

) (b m1 < an an = m j M . j
(a1, an ),(a2, an ), ,(an 1, an ) : n 1
n 1 (ak + an )1k <n
. an = m j } M \{m j n 1
i 1 i < n ai + an M
) (ai , an m1 m j
n 2
} M \{m1, m j . n 3

) (c . m1 an . m1
an
} . M \{m1 m1
. m1 ai
an . ai
. M
.

 512

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


f : x y :
f (dx t y L = f (x ) d f (y )t
da t a . a

f
) (E (x , y ) 2 , f (dx t y L = f (x ) d f (y )t
x = 0 y = 0 ) (E
f (0) ( d f (0)t 1 ) = 0
:
. d f (0)t = 1 y = 0 ) (E
x , f (x ) = f (0L
d f (0)t = 1 [ f (0) [1,2 c [ [1,2
x , f (x ) = c
. f (0) = 0 x = 1 y = 1 ) (E
f (1) ( d f (1)t 1 ) = 0
:
 . f (1) = 0 x = 1 ) (E
y , f (y ) = 0
. d f (1)t = 1 y = 1 ) (E 

x , )f (x ) = f (dx t
. f ( 21 ) = f (0) = 0 x = 2 y = 21
) (E f (1L = f (2)d f (21)t = 0 : .
f [ . {0} [1, 2
) . (E

513
 514
 ABC I .
. ) (AI . D E

BDC F ] [BC
 = CAE
. BAF G ] . [IF  < 1 BAC

2
) (EI ) (DG .

D I . D ) (GD ] [IF ] [ID

IFD ) . (FD
)(1  = FD
GDI  A
 = AEC
) ABC ABF AEC . 

 = EAC
BAF . ( 

AB AF
=
AE AC

)(2 AB AC = AE AF
D
C E
D

I G
F

A B

. ID = CD
 = IAC  =1 A
 + ICA
DIC
2
) ( + C
 = ICB
 + BCD
 = ICB
 + BAD  =1 A
ICD
2
) ( + C
515 2010

= 
. ICD ] [ID C
2
  1 C ) = 1 B = IBA 
CD A = DIC = ( A
2 2 2
.CAD AIB ACD  = IAB 

AB AI
=
AD AC

)(3 AB AC = AI AD
) (2 ) (3
AE AI
=
AD AF
 = FAI
IAE AEI . AD F 
D D
C E C E
D D

I G I G
F F

A B A B

L L

)(4  = FD
IEA  A
) (1 ) (4
 = IEA
GDI 
L ) (EI ) (DG
 = LEA
LDA 

ALDE L .

 516
 g : n m
) (g(m ) + n )(g(n ) + m .

n ) . g(n + 1) = g(n
a m = n + 1
(a + n )2 < (g (m ) + n )(g (n ) + m ) < (a + n + 1)2

) (g(m ) + n )(g(n ) + m .
n , ) g (n + 1) g(n

n ) . g(n + 2) = g(n
a m = n + 2
(a + n )2 < (g (m ) + n )(g (n ) + m ) < (a + n + 1)2

) (g(m ) + n )(g(n ) + m .
n , })g (n ) {g (n + 2), g(n + 1
n . g(n + 1) g(n ) 2
p ) . g(n + 1) g(n r 1 p
) . g(n + 1) g(n
g (n + 1) g(n ) = p rq gcd(p, q ) = 1

. r = 2 + 1 t
t > ) p 2t +1 > g(n
) . m = p 2t +1 g(n

g(n ) + m = p 2t +1
) g (n + 1) + m = p 2t +1 + p 2 +1q = p 2 +1(p 2(t ) + q

p 2t +1 p g(n ) + m
p . g(m ) + n
517 2010

p 2 +1 p . g(n + 1) + m
p . g(m ) + n + 1
p . (g(m ) + n + 1) (g(m ) + n ) = 1
 . r = 2 2 t
t 2 ) . pt + p > g(n
) . m = pt + p g(n
)g(n ) + m = p(pt 1 + 1
)g (n + 1) + m = pt + p + p 2 q = p(pt 1 + p 2 1q + 1
p p g(n ) + m
p . g(m ) + n
p p . g(n + 1) + m
p . g(m ) + n + 1
p . (g(m ) + n + 1) (g(m ) + n ) = 1

n , g (n + 1) g (n ) 1
.
n , g (n + 1) g(n ) = 1
(n )n 0 } {1, +1
n , g (n + 1) g (n ) = n

n , n + n +1 0
. n , n = n +1
n , g (n + 1) = g (n ) + 0
n , g(n ) = g(0) + n 0 g 0 = 1
g . g(n ) = n + c .

 518
 P ) ABC . (CA CB ) (AP
) (BP ) (CP ABC K L M
. C AB . S
SC = SP . MK = ML

R T ) (SP R
C
K 
. ALC
L T
P
S R  = SPC
. SCP SC = SP 
A B
 = 1 CAP
 = 1 CR
 + RM

SCP
2 2
( )
M
    1
SPC = RPC = CR
2
+ MT ( )

)(1  = MT
RM 

SP 2 = SC 2 = SA SB ) (SP
 = PBA
. SPA APB 

 = 1 LRA
 = 1 LR
 + RA

PBA
2 2
( )
    1
SPA = RPA = RA
2
(
+ TK )

)(2  = TK
LR 

) (1 ) (2

 = MK
LM
. LM = MK .

519 2010

 B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 .

:
 B j 1 j 5
. B j +1
 Bk 1 k 4
Bk +1 . Bk +2

2010(2010 . B1, B2, B3, B4 , B5 B6
2010
)

  :
T
 ] : [a, b
1
] [a 1, b + 2
T
 : [a, b, c ]
2
] [a 1, c, b
:
: T3
2b
) (T1 T
T3 : [a, 2 , 0] [a, 0, 2b +1 ]
b 2
[a 1, 2
b +1
], 0

T3 a :
(T )a
b +a
T3 : [a,2b , 0]
3
[0, 2 ], 0
: T4
T T d Td
T4 : [c, d , 0, 0]
1
[c, d 1,2, 0 ]
3
[c, 0, 2 , 0 ]
2
][c 1, 2 , 0, 0

T4 c :
(T )c
T4 : [c, d, 0, 0]
4
[0, E


 E

]  E (d ), 0, 0
c

) E (x . 2x
 520
:
T1 T2
][1,1,1,1, 1,1 ] [1,1,1, 1, 0, 3 ] [1,1,1, 0, 3, 0

T2 T1
][1,1, 1, 0, 3, 0 ] [1,1, 0, 3, 0, 0 ] [0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0

T2 T1
][0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0 [0, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0] ] [0,1, 5, 0, 0, 0

T1 T1
][0, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0 [0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0] ] [0, 0, 6, 2, 0, 0

T4
][0, 0, 6,2, 0, 0 [0, 0, 0, E


 E

]  E (2), 0, 0
6

22
22
22
D =E


 E

  E (2) = 2
6

2010 2010
<2 112010
2010 < 2048 = 211
2010 2010 4 22110
2010(2010 )
< 2112010 < 22 2 )= E (222114 ) = E  E (22114

)22114 < 216 = E  E (4) = E  E  E (2

2010
2010(2010 )
< E  E  E  E  E (2) < D
2010(2010 4
2010
)

1 2010
) 2010(2010
= U
4
U < D T2 D U :
D U
) (T2
][0, 0, 0, D, 0, 0 ][0, 0, 0,U , 0, 0

T1 3U
U 2U
1 ) (T 1 ) (T
[0, 0, 0,U , 0, 0] [0, 0, 0, 0, 2U , 0 ]
] [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4U

.

521 2010

a1, a2, a 3, . s

n > s, }an = max{ak + an k : 1 k n 1
N s
n > N , an = a + an

} {1, 2, , s
a a
= max k : 1 k s
k
n
an a
)(1 n 1,
n
n s .
n . n < m k
} {1, 2, , m 1 am = ak + am k
:
a a a
am = ak + am k k + (m k ) = m

) (1 n = m ) (1.

 n > 0 bn
bn = na an

) (1 bn 0 . n

1 n ) ) (1(n ), 2(n ), , s(n s

bn = 1(n )b1 + 2(n )b2 + + s(n )bs
 522
. n s n
. n < m k } {1, 2, , m 1
am = ak + am k
bm = ma am
= ka + (m k )a ak am k
= bk + bm k

s
= bm (j(k ) + (jm k ) )bj
j =1

) j(m ) = j(k ) + j(m k . j = 1, 2, , s

n n > s . bn bn
bn bn = (n )a an na + an
= (an an a ) 0

an . n > s
 (br +k )k 0 0 r < .

} M = max{bj : 1 j s
1 n . bn M
. n
 M = 0 bn = 0 n
a
n 1, an = n

an = a + an . n
M > 0 J
} J = { j : 1 j s, b j > 0
523 2010

j J
n 1, j(n )bj i(n )bi = bn M
i J

= max j J dM /bj t

n 1, j J , j(n ) dM /bj t

(bn )n 1 :

} {1b1 + + sbs : (1, , s ) {0, , }s

r } . {0,1, , 1 (br +k )k 0
K r
k > K r , br +k = br +(k 1)

) K = max(K 0, , K 1
k > K , r {0, , 1}, br +k = br +k
N = K
n > N , bn = bn

n > N , an = a + an
.

 524

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


    
  



) f : X Y , x f ( x X
Y x f ( x ) x X
) y = f ( x .Y

) f : X Y , x f ( x
f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) x1 = x 2

) f : X Y , x f ( x f ( x ) = b
x X b .Y

) f : X Y , x f ( x
.

X Y
) card ( X Y ) = card ( X ) card (Y

X Y Z
) card ( X Y ) = card ( X ) + card (Y ) card ( X Y

.

f : X Y
 f ) . card ( X ) card (Y
 f ) . card ( X ) card (Y
 f ) . card ( X ) = card (Y
 ) card ( X ) = card (Y f f
f.

n ! . n

525
 526

k n

!n
= Ank ) = n ( n 1 ) ( n k + 1
!) ( n k
k n
.

k n
!n
= C nk
!) k ! (n k
k n.

. Dirichlet
nk + 1 n
k + 1 .

m n m n n m

m | n k
. n = km
m . m

.
m m .

) ( x1, , xn ) gcd ( x1, , x n

) ( x1, , xn
. ) lcm ( x1, , x n
) ( x1, , xn .
) ( x1, , xn 1

.
527

p p > 1
} a | p a {p, 1,1, p

. Bzout
x y gcd ( x , y ) = 1
a b . ax + by = 1
) ( x1, , xn
gcd ( x1, , x n ) = 1 ) ( a1, a2, , an
. a1x1 + + anx n = 1

. Gauss
a | bc gcd ( a, b ) = 1 a | c

.
P n
( n ) : P , p p ( n )
 .card ( { p P : p ( n ) > 0 } ) < +
) p (n
= .n p 
pP

) ( q, r
. ) (a, b ) } ( \{ 0
a = qb + r . 0 r < b

n 0 a b n
a = b mod n a b mod n ) n | (b a
. b a n :
 ( a = b mod n ) ( a = b mod n ) a + a = ( b + b ) mod n

 ( a = b mod n ) ( a = b mod n ) aa = bb mod n

x n y x = y mod n
/n
. n
 528

Fermat.
. n , p  n n p 1 p = 1 mod p

.



.1 : 2
.

.
.

ABC ] [ BC ] [CA ] [ AB a b c

A  B .C 


a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A


 R
a b c
= = = 2R

sin A 
sin B 
sin C
 ) A ( ABC ABC
1 
A ( ABC ) = bc sin A
2

= ) A ( ABC ) p ( p a )( p b )( p c
. 2p = a + b + c
 r ABC

) A ( ABC
= r
p
529

ABCD .
. ACB  ABCD 
 = ADB

. ABC  ABCD 
 = ADC

. ) (a1, , an ) (b1, , bn
n 2 n n
akbk ak2 bk2
k =1 k =1 k =1

k {1, 2, , n } , ak = bk

. ) ( a1, , an ) ( b1, , bn p
1 1
q [ ]1, + + = 1
p q
n
n p 1/ p n q 1/q
akbk ak bk
k =1 k =1 k =1

k {1, 2, , n } , ak = bk

) (a1, , an AM
GM HM QM :
a1 + + an
= GM n = AM a1 an
n
a12 + + an2 1 1
= QM HM = n + +
n a1 an

HM GM AM QM
. a1 = a2 = = an
 530

 HARDY & WRIGHT. An Introduction to the theory of numbers. Oxford

University Press.
 GRAHAM & KNUTH & PATASHNIK. Concrete Mathematics. Addison-
Wesely Publishing Company.
 DIEUDONN. Algbre linare et gometrie lmentaire. Hermann.
 HARDY & LITTLEWOOD & PLYA. Inequalities. Cambridge University
Press.

QWE
Ag D
ZXC


 
 
.
}. { 0,1, 2,
}. {1, 2,
= 0 1 . n n
.
. ] [ X
0 . n 1 n
n . n
/n . n
/p . p Fp
.
.
] [ X
. +
. +
.
z z
. 1 i
z | |z
. z ) arg ( z
A . B ) ( AB

A . B ] [ AB

A . B ) [ AB

AB ] . [ AB

AB A . B
) C (O, R O . R
531
 532

B ) [ BA ) [ BC  B . 
ABC
   
. AB AC 
) (AB, AC
   
AB . AC AB AC
a . b ) gcd (a, b
a . b ) lcm (a, b
a . b a |b
a . b a b
a mod n a . n
! n n n ( n 1 ) 1 . 0! = 1
!n
= C nk n k k C nk
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Sn . n
. det



    !"#

. :
. I . N
. C . E
. F . G
. A . G3

  

G3 G G E E N 1959
G3 G3 G G I N 1960
G3 G G E I E 1961
G G E G3 I N 1962


C E E G G3 E 1963
G3 C C G I N 1964
G G E G3 E I 1965
G E E G3 G C 1966
C N G N G3 G 1967

.
533
 534

  

N F G3 E N G 1968
I C G G3 E N 1969
C G3 C I N G 1970
C G G3 N G3 I 1971
G3 F I N G C 1972
I E G I G3 G 1973
C I C N G C 1974
F G N G N I 1975
E E C C E G 1976
F E I N I G 1977
C I G F G3 N 1978
C E G3 G C N 1979
F G N C C G 1981
G G E I G F 1982
I N G N G F 1983
N I G G N I 1984
I G N I N G 1985
C F G C G N 1986
N G F I G C 1987
N G I F C G 1988
C N G C G C 1989
N C F N C G 1990
I G A C N G 1991
N G3 G C F N 1992
N F G A G N 1993
N F N N G C 1994
C I E G I G 1995
C G N F G C 1996
F N C I G I 1997
F G N N C G 1998
F G N C I G 1999
G N C G C G 2000
N G N C I G 2001
535

  

I F N N G C 2002
N I G G N C 2003
N G I C F G 2004
C G N I N G 2005
G E E I C G 2006
C N G A G I 2007
G C F N I G 2008
A F G N G N 2009
N A G N G F 2010
 536



1992

.1985

.

.1990

.

1959
.