Power System Representation

using One Line Diagrams

 One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram
One Line Diagram Symbols
OLD Symbols
Impedance Diagram from One line
diagram
 Four Bus power system

One Line Diagram Reactance Diagram

 Admittance Diagram

Reactance Diagram Admittance Diagram

 In power system engineering we are
concerned with the analysis of the power
system down to the major loads and this
will mean that the analysis will stop at the
distribution system voltages.
Many distributions feeders attached to a
single bus in a distribution substation are
lumped into a single load.
 Per unit system
Sbase: System MVA base is the same
throughout the entire power system (say
100 MVA)
The MVA base is a number used to
convert loads, generated power and loss
quantities to per unit power quantities.
Per Unit quantity

Per Unit Quanitities
 Analysis of a power system in
per unit: Steps
1) Convert all three phase bus load MW
and MVAR, generator MW and MVAR, to
three phase per unit quantities using the
3phase system base.
2) Convert all actual resistance, inductive
and capacitive reactance values to per unit
using the Zbase for each particular part of
the power system where each r, x etc. is
located.
 3) Carry out all calculations in per unit,
solving for the per unit bus voltage
magnitudes and bus phase angles, line
currents, and transmission losses.
4) Convert from per unit back to actual
MW, MVAR, MVA, and KV.
 T1 T2
G1 Line 1 G2

Section D
Section A Section B
Line 2 Line 3

T3

Section C M
 Seven Bus Case: One-line
System has
three areas 44 MW -42 MW -31 MW 31 MW 80 MW
1.05 PU
3
0.99 PU
4
30 MVR Area top
1 1.00 PU
62 MW 106 MW -37 MW 110 MW -32 MW
has five
AGC ON 40 MVR
94 MW
buses
Case Hourly Cost AGC ON
38 MW 16933 $/MWH
-14 MW
-61 MW
32 MW
1.04 PU 79 MW -77 MW 1.01 PU
2
Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 PU 1.04 PU
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
Area left 200 MW AGC ON
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH 0 MVR
201 MW AGC ON
has one
Area right has one
bus
bus
 Summary
One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram
is a graphical representation of the power
system
OLD is the starting point for Power System
Analysis
Equivalent circuits are different from OLDs
Power system analysis programs give
different techniques to create OLDs