NH THC

A. Tm tt l thuyt:
I/ Tnh cht c bn ca nh thc:
TC1: Php chuyn v khng lm thay i nh thc
TC2: Nu i ch hai dng bt k ca ma trn vung th nh thc i du
TC3: Nu nh thc c mt hng ch gm ton s khng th nh thc bng khng.
TC4: Mt nh thc c hai hng ging nhau th bng khng.
TC5: Nu nhn mi phn t ca mt hng no vi k th nh thc c nhn ln
vi k
TC6: Mt nh thc c hai hng t l th bng khng
TC7: Nu dng th i no ca A c tnh cht: aij = bj + cj (j = 1, 2, ..., n) th:
det(A) = det(B) + det (C)
Trong cc phn t dng th i trong B l b1, b2, b3..., bn, ca C l c1,...,cn
TC8: Nu c mt hng l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hng khc th nh thc bng
khng
TC9: nh thc khng thay i nu ta thm vo mt hng no t hp tuyn tnh
ca cc hng khc.
II/ Tnh nh thc:
(1) i vi cc nh thc cp 3 c th dng quy tc Sarrus tnh.
(2) Tnh nh thc bng php khai trin theo dng (hay ct)
n
det A = aijAij ; i = 1, 2, ..., n
j =1
n
hoc det A = aijAij ; j = 1, 2, ..., n
i =1
trong : Aij = (-1)i+j detSij (vi Sij l ma trn c c t ma trn A bng cch xa i
dng i v ct j
(3) Tnh nh thc bng cc php bin i s cp a nh thc v dng tam gic.
(4) Phng php thay i cc phn t ca nh thc: Da vo tnh cht sau:
Nu ta cng vo mi phn t ca nh thc D vi cng mt phn t x th nh thc
s tng mt lng bng tch ca x vi tng cc phn b i s ca mi phn t trong D.

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

B/ Bi tp:

Bi 3.1 nh thc ca mt ma trn thay i th no nu ta vit cc dng ca ma trn theo

th t ngc li

Bi 3.2 nh thc cp n thay i nh th no, nu ta i du mi phn t ca nh thc

Bi 3.3 nh thc phn i xng l nh thc m cc phn t nm i xng nhau qua

ng cho chnh th i nhau, ngha l aik = - aki. Chng minh rng: nh thc phn i
xng cp n bng khng nu n l.
Bi 3.4 Gii cc phng trnh:
x2 ... xn-1

1 x
1 a1 a1 2 ... a1n-1
a/ 1 a2 a2 2 ... a2n-1 =0 b/

. . . . . . . . . .
1 an an 2 ... ann-1

1
1 1 1 ... 1
1-x 1 ... 1
.1 . 1 2-x ... 1 =0

1
. . . . . . . .
1 1 ... (n-1)-x
trong a1, a2, ..., an i mt khc nhau
1 1 2
Bi 3.5 Khng tnh nh thc. Chng minh rng: A = 1 8 5
chia ht cho 13
5 4 3
Bi 3.6 Chng minh rng:

a+x b+y c+z a b c x0 x y z

01 1 1 1

a/ x + u y+v z+w x y z 0 y z = 0 z2 y2
=2 b/
y z 0 x 1 z2 0 x2
u+a u v w
v+b w+c
z y x 0 1 y2 x2 0
Bi 3.7 Khng khai trin nh thc, tnh

b
a b c 1

a/
n2 (n+1)2 (n+2)2
(n+1)2 (n+2)2 (n+3)2 b/
c c
a
a 1
b 1
(n+2)2 (n+3)2 (n+4)2 b+c c+a a+b
2 2 2
1
Bi 3.8 Khng khai trin nh thc, chng minh rng:
2
1 a bc 1 a a
a. 1 b ca
b. 1 b b
2
= (b a)(c a)(c b) 2 = (b a)(c a)(c b)
1 c ab 1 c c

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

 1 1 1 1r 1 1 1
c. a b c = (a + b + c)(b a)(c a)(c b) d.
1 1 1 = (1 r)3
3 3 3
a b c r r 1 1
r r r 1
1 1 1
e. a b c = (ab + ac + bc)(b a)(c a)(c b)
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
4
1 a a
f. 1 b b
4 2 2 2
4 = (a + b + c + ab + ac + bc)(b a)(c a)(c b)
1 c c

a +b +c a+b a a

g.
a+b a +b + c a a = c2(2b+c)(4a+2b+c)
a a a+b+c a +b
a a a+b a +b + c
1+a a a a
h.
b 1+b b b =1+a+b+c+d
c c 1+c c
d d d 1+d
Bi 3.9 Tnh

246 427 327 13 5 7 2

13547 13647
a. b. 1014 543 443 c.
2 3 4
28423 28523
-342 721 621 -2 -3 3 2
1 3 5 4
31 1 1 1
12 2 3 4
-21 2 3 4

d.
3 1 1 e.
3 4 1 f.
1 -4 3
1 1 3 1 3 4 1 2 3 -4 -1 2
1 1 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 3 -2 -1
1 1
2 1 1 1 1 5 6 0 0 0
4 99 83 1
3 1 1 1 5 6 0 0
h. 1 i. 0
0 8 16 0
g. 1 4 1 1 1 5 6 0
60 17 134 20
15 43 106 5 1
1 1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1 0
0 0
0
1
0
5
1
6
5
Bi 3.10 Tnh

0x x y z
11 1 1 1


a. y
0 y z
b. 1
1 cosc cosb
z 0 x cosc 1 cosa
z y x 0 1 cosb cosa 1
1 x
1 1 1 ... 1 a1 x x ... x
0 1 ... 1 a2 x ... x
c. 1 1 0 ... 1 d. x x a3 ... x
1 x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 ... 0 x x ... an

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

Bai tap ai So Tuyen Tnh Nam hoc: 2003 - 2004 2

-1 2
1 2 3 ... n 1 2 2 ... 2
0 3 ... n 2 2 ... 2
e. -1 -2 0 ... n f. 2 2 3 ... 2
-1 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-2 -3 ... 0 2 2 ... n

-1
1 1 1 ... 1 1

1 1 1 ... 1
2 0 ... 0 0
g.
x1 x2
x12 x22 x32
x3 ... xn
... xn2 h.
0 -1 2 ... 0 0

. . . . . . . . . .
. 0. 0 -1 ... 0 0

0
. . . . . . . . . .
x1n-1 x2n-1 x3n-1 ... xnn-1
0 0 ... -1 2

Bi 3.11 Hy xt xem cc h phng trnh bi 2.12, h phng trnh no l h Cramer.

Gii h phng trnh theo phng php trn.

Bi 3.12 Gii li bi 2.15 v 2.16 bng phng php nh thc

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L