Toan Cao Cap A2

Thc s: V HONG
Bi ging: Ton Cao cp A2 (TVT)

Chng I:
MA TRN NH THC
v H PHNG TRNH
Bi 1: MA TRN
I. MA TRN
1. Khi nim ma trn
Mt ma trn cp m n , k hiu ( )
ij m n
A a

= , l mt bng ch nht gm m n
phn t c vit thnh m dng, n ct nh sau:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .

Trong :
ij
a l phn t v tr dng th i , ct th j ca ma trn A.
Ma trn thng c k hiu bi cc ch ci in hoa: , , , A B C
Tp hp tt c ma trn cp m n c k hiu bi
m n
M

.
V d
Cho
3 4
1 2
1 2 4 8
3 7 9 12
i m
A M
i
| |
|
= e
|
|

\ .
th
11 12 13 31
1, , , 3 ,... a a i a m a i = = = =
2. Cc ma trn c bit
a. Ma trn khng
Nu 0, ,
ij
a i j = th ta ni A l ma trn khng (hay ma trn zero).
K hiu: 0
m n
A

= (hay i khi l 0 nu khng c s nhm ln).
b. Ma trn vung
Nu m n = th A c gi l ma trn vung cp n.
Tp hp tt c ma trn vung cp n c k hiu bi
n
M .

Thc s: V HONG


11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
=
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

Trong ma trn vung, ng cha cc phn t
11 22
, , ,
nn
a a a c gi l
ng cho chnh (hay ng cho) ca A, cn bn thn cc phn t
11 22
, , ,
nn
a a a
c gi l nhng phn t nm trn ng cho chnh.
Trong ma trn vung ta li ch n mt s ma trn c dng c bit. l ma
trn ng cho, ma trn tam gic, ma trn n v.
i. Ma trn tam gic
Ma trn tam gic l ma trn vung c cc phn t nm v mt pha ng cho
chnh bng khng. C th nh sau:
+ Nu 0,
ij
a i j = > (ngha l mi phn t bn di ng cho u
bng 0) ta ni A l mt ma trn tam gic trn.

11 12 13 1n
22 23 2n
33 3n
nn
0
0 0
0 0 0 0
a a a a
a a a
a a A
a
=
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

V d
8 9
0
5
2 0
0 0 6
A =
| |
|
|
|
\ .

+ Nu 0,
ij
a i j = < (ngha l mi phn t bn trn ng cho u
bng 0) ta ni A l mt ma trn tam gic di.

11
21 22
31 32 33
1 2 3
0 0 0
0 0
0
n n n nn
a
a a
a a a A
a a a a
=
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

V d
5 0 0
7 2 0
3 2 6
B =
| |
|
|
|
\ .

ii. Ma trn ng cho
Ma trn ng cho l ma trn vung c tt c cc phn t nm ngoi ng
cho chnh bng 0, ngha l 0,
ij
a i j = = .
ng cho chnh

Thc s: V HONG

A=
11
22
0 0
0 0
0 0
nn
a
a
a
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

V d
1 0 0 0
0 4 0 0
0 0 3 0
0 0 0 2
C

=
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

iii. Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v l ma trn ng cho c tt c phn t nm trn ng cho
chnh bng mt, ngha l
( )
1, 1, ; 0, 1, ; 1,
ii ij
a i n a i j i n j n = = = = = = )
Ma trn n v c k hiu l I (hoc E) v ch r cp ca ma trn ta thm
ch s cp pha di.
Ma trn n v cp n c k hiu l
n
I .

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0 1
n
I =
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

II. CC PHP TON TRN MA TRN
1. Ma trn bng nhau
nh ngha
Cho
( )
ij
m n
A a
= ,
( )
ij
m n
B b
= ta ni ; , :1 ,1 .
ij ij
A B a b i j i m j n = = s s s s
2. Ma trn chuyn v
a. nh ngha
Cho
( )
ij
m n
A a
= ,
( )
ij
n m
B b
= , ta ni B l ma trn chuyn v ca A nu
, , =
ij ji
b a i j
K hiu:
T
B A =
V d Cho
1 3 5 6 0
3 2 9 1 5
2 5 1 1 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
th
1 3 2
3 2 5
5 9 1
6 1 1
0 5 3
T
A
| |
|
|
| =
|
|
|
\ .

Thc s: V HONG

b. Tnh cht
Cho ,
m n
A B M

e , khi :
i. ( )
T T
A A =
ii.
T T
A B A B = =
3. Php cng hai ma trn
Php cng hai ma trn ch c thc hin trn hai ma trn cng cp.
a. nh ngha
Cho
( )
ij
m n
A a
= ,
( )
ij
m n
B b
= . Ta gi tng ca A v B (k hiu l A B + ) l
mt ma trn ( )
ij m n
C c

= c xc nh bi:
;1 ,1
ij ij ij
c a b i m j n = + s s s s
A B v gi l hiu ca ma trn A v B.
V d:
Vi
1 2 3
4 5 6
A
| |
=
|
\ .
v
5 4 3
5 3 0
B
| |
=
|
\ .
th
6 6 6 4 2 0
;
9 8 6 1 2 6
A B A B

| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ . \ .

b. Tnh cht
Cho , ,
m n
A B C M

e khi :
i. Tnh giao hon: A B B A + = +
ii. Tnh kt hp: ( ) ( ) A B C A B C + + = + +
iii. 0 0
m n m n
A A A

+ = + =
iv. ( ) ( ) 0 A A A A + = + =
v. ( )
T T T
A B A B + = +
4. Php nhn mt s thc vi mt ma trn
a. nh ngha
Cho
m n
A M

e v o e . Ta gi tch ca o vi A (k hiu l A o ) l mt ma
trn c xc nh bi

( )
,
ij
A a o o =
V d

Thc s: V HONG

Vi 3 o = v
1 2 3
1
6 5
3
A
| |
|
=
|
\ .
th
3 6 9
3
18 15 1
A A o

| |
= =
|

\ .

b. Tnh cht
Cho ,
m n
A B M

e v , k t e , khi :
i. ( ) ( ) kt A k tA =
ii. ( ) k t A kA tA + = +
iii. ( ) k A B kA kB + = +
iv. ( ) ( )
T T
kA k A =
5. Php nhn hai ma trn
a. nh ngha
Dng nhn ct: Cho
( )
1 2
1
...
n
n
A a a a
= ,
1
1
1
.
.
.
n
n
b
b
B
b
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

A.B = a
1
.b
1
+a
2
.b
2
+ . . .+a
n
.b
n

Tng qut: Cho
( )
ij
m n
A a
= ,
( )
ij
n p
B b
= .
. AB=
( )
ij
m p
C c
= ) l ma trn c xc nh bi:
1
,1 ,1
n
ij ik kj
k
c a b i m j p
=
= s s s s

Nh vy
ij
c chnh l tng tt c cc tch ca mi phn t hng i ca A vi
phn t cng th hng ct j ca B theo s sau:
( )
1
2
3 1 2 3
...
...
j
j
j i i i in
nj
j
b
b
b i a a a a
b
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
Cot
Hang

Thc s: V HONG

V d
Vi
1 2
4 1
5 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
v
3 7 4 3
5 2 1 1
B

| |
=
|

\ .
th
13 3 6 5
. 7 23 15 13
0 41 17 12
A B
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

Lu :
Tch ca hai ma trn ch thc hin c khi s ct ca ma trn th nht bng s
dng ca ma trn th hai. Phn t v tr ( , ) i j ca ma trn tch c c bng
cch ly cc phn t dng i ca ma trn th nht nhn vi tng phn t ct j
ca ma trn th hai (theo th t ) ri cng cc kt qu li.
11 12 1
11 1 1
21 2 2
1 2
1
1 2
n
j n
j n
i i in
n nj nn
n n nn
a a a
b b b
b b b
a a a
b b b
a a a
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ . |
\ .

Khi ,
n
A B M e th AB v BA cng tn ti nhng ni chung AB BA = . Ni cch
khc tch ca ma trn vung khng c tnh giao hon. Nu AB BA = th A v B
c gi l giao hon nhau.
V d

1 2
1 0
A
| |
=
|
\ .
,
1 0
1 1
B
| |
=
|
\ .
th
3 2
1 0
AB
| |
=
|
\ .
v
1 2
2 2
BA
| |
=
|
\ .
, do AB BA = .
V d

1 0
0 0
A
| |
=
|
\ .
v
0 0
1 0
B
| |
=
|
\ .
th
0 0
0 0
AB
| |
=
|
\ .
mc d 0 A= v 0 B = .
Do khng nh Nu 0 AB= th 0 A= hay 0 B = l sai.
b. Tnh cht
Cho , ; , ; ,
m n n p p q
A A M B B M C C M

' ' ' e e e , khi :
i. ( ) ( ) AB C A BC =
ii. 0 0 ; 0 0
n p m p r m r n
A A

= =
iii. ( ) A B B AB AB ' ' =
iv. ( ) A A B AB A B ' ' =
v. ( )
T T T
AB B A =

Thc s: V HONG

vi. ( ) ( ) ( ), k AB kA B A kB k = = e
vii. Nu A l ma trn vung th . ... =
m
A A A A gi l ly tha ca A.
III. CC PHP BIN I S CP MA TRN BC THANG
1) Php bin i s cp
Php bin i e :
/ e
A A
e gi l php bin i s cp trn dng (ct) ca ma trn:
Loi 1: i ch hai dng (ct) i v j ca A vi nhau ( ) i j =
Loi 2: Nhn tt c cc phn t ca mt dng (ct) i vi mt s thc 0 k = .
Loi 3: Cng vo hng (ct) i mt hng (ct) j sau khi nhn vi vi s 0 k = .
V d

2
2
1 2 1 2
4 3 8 6
1 1 1 1
d
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
;
1 3
3
1 2 4 5
4 3 4 3
1 1 1 1
d d +
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

2 3
1 2 1 2
4 3 1 1
1 1 4 3
d d
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

2) Ma trn bc thang: Cho
m n
A M

e , ta ni A l ma trn bc thang nu tha cc
iu kin sau :
i) Cc dng bng 0 (nu c) nm di dng khc 0.
ii) Hai dng khc 0 bt k th phn t khc 0 u tin ca hng trn
nm ct nh hn so vi phn t khc 0 u tin ca hng di.
Nu phn t khc 0 u tin l s 1 v trn ct cc phn t cn li u
bng 0 th ta gi ma trn l ma trn bc thang rt gn.
V d:

1 0 0 3 5 1 19
3 2 2 0 1 0 5 2 4 2
0 5 3 ; 0 0 1 4 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A B
| |
|
| |
|
|
| = =
|
|
|

\ .
|
|
\ .
l cc ma trn bc thang
m ln

Thc s: V HONG

1 0 0 0 5
1 0 2
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 3
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 1 3
C D
| |
| |
|
|
|
= =
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l cc ma trn bc thang rt gn

IV. MA TRN KH NGHCH
1. nh ngha:
Cho
n
A M e , ta ni A kh nghch nu tn ti
n
B M e sao cho AB BA I = = .
Khi , B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A, k hiu B =
1
A
.
V d: Cho
3 4 6 1 2 2
0 1 1 ; 2 0 3
2 3 4 2 1 3
A B
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |

\ . \ .

ta c AB BA I = = . Do A kh nghch v B l nghch o ca A.
Khi A c nghch o ta ni A khng suy bin.
2. Tnh cht
a) A kh nghch det 0 =
b) Ma trn nghch o ca A (nu c) l duy nht.
c) Nu A kh nghch th
1
, , ( , 0)
T
A A A o o o
e = cng kh nghch v

1 1 1 1 1 1
1
( ) , ( ) ( ) , ( )
T T
A A A A A A o
o

= = =
d) Nu A v B cng kh nghch th tch AB cng kh nghch v

1 1 1
( ) AB B A

=
e) Khi A kh nghch, n l s nguyn m th
( )
1
n
n
A A

=
3. Phng php tm ma trn nghch o
Dng cc php bin i s cp
Php bin i s cp trn dng a A v I th ng thi cng a I v
1
A .

1
(A| I) (I | A )

V d:
1) Tm
1
A
bit
3 4 6
0 1 1
2 3 4
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

2) Cho
1 2
3 4
A

| |
=
|
\ .
v
1 1
2 1
B

| |
=
|
\ .

Tm: a)
1
A
;
1
B
;
( )
1
t
A

b)
1
( . ) AB

,
1
(2 ) A

;
3
A
.

Thc s: V HONG

Bi 2: NH THC
I. NH THC CA MA TRN VUNG
1. nh thc ca ma trn vung cp mt
Ma trn vung cp mt (ch c 1 phn t) c dng A = (a
11
)

th nh thc ca
ma trn A (k hiu A hay det( ), A A ) l mt s trong c xc nh bi:

11 11
det( ) A A a a = = =
2. nh thc ca ma trn vung cp hai
Ma trn vung cp hai c dng
11 12
21 22
a a
A
a a
| |
=
|
\ .
th:

11 12
11 22 12 21
21 22
det( )
ij
a a
A A a a a a a
a a
= = = =
3. nh thc ca ma trn vung cp ba
Ma trn vung cp ba c dng
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
A a a a
a a a
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
th:
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
11 22 33 12 23 31 13 21 32 13 22 31 12 21 33 11 23 32
11 22 33 12 23 31 13 21 32 13 22 31 12 21 33 11 23 32
det( )
( ) ( )
ij
a a a
A A a a a a
a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
= = =
= + +
= + +
Trong trng hp ny, ta c th nh A bng Quy tc Sarius nh sau: Ghi li 2 ct
th nht v th hai bn phi ct th ba ca A to thnh mt ma trn 3 dng 5 ct.
Khi A s bng tng cc tch trn ng cho chnh tr i tng cc tch trn
ng cho ph nh s sau:

ct 1 ct 2 ct 3 ct 1 ct 2

11 12 13 11 12
21 22 23 21 22
31 32 33 31 32
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .

V d: Tnh nh thc ca
4 1 2
2 3 1
5 1 4
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Thc s: V HONG

det( ) (4.3.4 1.1.5 2.2.1) (2.3.5 4.1.1 1.2.4) 15 A A = = + + + + =
V d: Tm x bit:

( )
1 2 3
2 3 1 0 *
1 3 x
=
Theo quy tc sarius ta c:
1 2 3
2 3 1 9 2 6 9 1 12 2 7
1 3
x x x
x
= + + =
Vy t
( ) * ta c:
2
0 2 7 0
7
x x A = = =
4. nh thc ca ma trn vung cp n
Cho
n
A M e , k hiu ( / ) A i j l ma trn c c t ma trn A bng cch xo
b dng i v ct j ca A,

l ma trn cp (n 1).
V d: Cho
2 3 5
1 4 2
1 6 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
th
3 5
(2/1)
6 1
A
| |
=
|
\ .

a. Phn ph i s: Gi s ( )
ij n
A a M = e .
Phn t ( 1) .det ( / )
i j
ij
c A i j
+
= c gi l phn ph i s ca
ij
a .
b. nh thc ca ma trn vung cp n
Gi s ( )
ij n
A a M = e . Khi ta c: (1)

Cng thc (1) c gi l cng thc khai trin nh thc theo dng 1.
V d
Cho
2 3 5
1 4 2
1 6 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .
. Tnh det( ) ? A =
p dng cng thc khai trin nh thc theo dng 1, ta c:

11 12 13
2 3 5 A c c c = + +
Khi : det( ) 2.0 3.1 5.2 13 A = + + =
Tng qut:
- Tnh detA theo dng th i:

- Tnh detA theo ct th j:

V d:
11 11 12 12 1 1
det( ) ...
n n
A a c a c a c = + + +
1 1 2 2
det( ) ...
i i i i in in
A a c a c a c = + + +
1 1 2 2
det( ) ...
j j j j nj nj
A a c a c a c = + + +

Thc s: V HONG

Tnh
1 2 3
2 3 1
1 3 x
bng cch khai trin theo dng 2.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 3 2
1 2 3
2 1 1 3 1 3
2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1
3 3 2 1
1 3
2. 1 . 2.3 1. 3.1. 1.3 .3 1 1 1.1 2.3
2 6 3 3 3 1 1 6 12 2 9 9 1 6 2 7
x x
x
x x
x x x x x
+ + +
= + +
= + +
= + = + + + =

Nhn xt: T (1) v (2) ta thy, nu 0
ij
a = th 0
ij ij
a A = , do khi tnh det( ) A
ta c th khai trin det( ) A theo mt dng hoc mt ct no c nhiu h s bng 0
nht.

V d
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | | ( )
5 5 5 5 4 4
5 5 4 4 3 2
5 5 4 4 3 2
1 2 3 0 5
1 2 3 0
1 2 3 2 3 1 0 2
2 3 1 0
4. 1 4. 1 . 5 1 2 3 1 0 2 0 0 3
0 2 0 0
0 2 0 6 7 0 5 4
6 7 0 5
0 0 0 0 4
1 3
4 1 . 5 1 .2 1
2 1
4 1 . 5 1 .2 1 . 1. 1 2.3
4.1. 5 .1.2 1 . 1 6 40. 7 280
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
= =
= (

= = =

II. CC TNH CHT CA NH THC
1. det( ) det( )
T
A A = .
2. Nu
n
A M e c t nht mt dng (ct) l dng 0 th det( ) 0 A = .
V d

0 0 0
1 2 3 0
4 5 6
= ,
1 1 0
1 2 0 0
4 5 0
=

Thc s: V HONG

3. Nu A' nhn c t A bng cch i ch hai dng (ct) bt k v cc dng
(ct) khc gi nguyn th det( ) det( ) A A ' = .
4. Nu A c hai dng (ct) ging nhau th det( ) 0 A = .
V d :
1 2 3
1 2 3 0
4 5 6
=
5. Nu nhn mt dng (ct) ca
n
A M e vi mt phn t o e th det( ) A tng
ln o ln.
Ch : det( . ) .det
n
k A k A = vi
( )
ij
n n
A a
= .
V d
a/
2 4 1 2
2
1 3 1 3
=
b/
2 2
2 4 4 8 2 4
det(2 ) 2 2 det
1 3 2 6 1 3
A A A
| |
= = = =
|
\ .

6. Nu hai dng (ct) ca mt ma trn c cc h s tng ng t l nhau th
det( ) 0 A = .
V d

1 2 5
1 2 3 0
2 4 0
=
7. Nu cc phn t dng i ca ma trn A c dng: , 1, ,
ij ij ij
a b c j n = + = th
det det det A B C = +
vi B v C l nhng ma trn c c t ma trn A bng cch thay dng i ca A
bi cc gi tr
ij
b v
ij
c tng ng.
V d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a t b c a b c t b c
a t b c a b c t b c
a t b c a b c t b c
+
+ = +
+

8. Nu A' c c t A bng cch cng k ln hng (ct) r vo hng (ct) s (r = s)
th det( ) det( ) A A ' = .
V d

(2) (2) 3(1)
1 2 1 2
1
3 7 0 1

= =

Thc s: V HONG

9. Nu ( )
ij n
A a M = e l mt ma trn tam gic hoc ma trn ng cho th
11 22
det( )
nn
A a a a = .

11 12 13 1
22 23 2
33 3
...
0 ...
0 0 ...
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ...
n
n
n
nn
a a a a
a a a
a a
a
11
21 22
31 32 33
1 2 3
0 0 ... 0
0 ... 0
... 0
... ... ... ... ...
...
n n n nn
a
a a
a a a
a a a a
=
11
22
33
0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ...
nn
a
a
a
a
=
11 22 33
...
nn
a a a a =
V d

( ) ( )
5 3 3 4 5
0 3 2 5 2
5.3.2. 8 . 2 480 0 0 2 3 3
0 0 0 8 4
0 0 0 0 2
= =

III. TNH NH THC BNG CC PHP BIN I S CP
tnh nh thc ca mt ma trn vung ta c th dng cng thc khai trin
theo dng hoc theo ct. Ngoi ra ta c th dng cc php bin i s cp a ma
trn ca nh thc cn tnh v dng tam gic ri p dng tnh cht 9 hoc ta c th va
p dng cc php bin i s cp va dng cng thc khai trin theo dng (ct) vi
lu :
e
A A
'

Nu e loi 1 th ' A A =
Nu e loi 2 th ' . A A o =
Nu e loi 3 th ' A A =
V d: Tnh nh thc
3 3 1 2
2 2 3 1
1 2 3 4
4 1 3 5
A
.= 30
tnh nh thc ta bin i xut hin nhiu phn t bng 0 trn dng 1.
V d Tnh nh thc

(1) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
A + + + + = =

Thc s: V HONG

IV. HNG CA MT MA TRN
1. nh thc con cp k ca mt ma trn
nh thc con cp k ca mt ma trn A cp m n l mt nh thc c to
thnh t ma trn A bng cch b i m k dng v n k ct.
V d

2 1 3 0
1 4 5 2
3 1 4 6
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
c cc nh thc con cp 3 sau :

2 1 3 2 1 0 2 3 0 1 3 0
1 4 5 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 2 , 4 5 2
3 1 4 3 1 6 3 4 6 1 4 6

2. Hng ca ma trn
a. nh ngha
Hng ca mt ma trn A l cp ln nht ca cc nh thc con khc 0 ca A v
c k hiu l
( ) r A .
V d: Tm hng ca ma trn

1 3 4 2
2 1 1 4
1 2 1 2
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

Ta c A c cc nh thc con cp 3:

1 3 4 1 3 2 3 4 2 1 4 2
2 1 1 0, 2 1 4 0, 1 1 4 0, 2 1 4 0
1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2

= = = =

v mt s nh thc cp 2:

1 3 1 2
7 0, 0
2 1 2 4
= = = .
Nh vy tt c cc nh thc con cp 3 ca ma trn A u bng 0 v c mt
nh thc con cp 2 ca A khc 0 nn theo nh ngha r(A) = 2.
b. nh l
Nu A l ma trn bc thang th hng ca A bng s dng khc 0 ca n.
V d
a. A=
0 1 2 1 2 0
0 0 0 5 3 3
0 0 0 0 9 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
, B=
1 9 0 5
0 0 1 7
0 0 0 0
| |
|
|
|
\ .
l cc ma trn bc thang v
r(A) = 3, r(B) = 2.

Thc s: V HONG

b.
1 2 3 1 4 5 6 1 5
0 4 5 2 0 0 2 7 0
,
0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 4 7 0 0 0 3 4
C D

| | | |
| |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
khng l cc ma trn bc
thang.
3. Phng php tm hng ca ma trn
a. Phng php nh thc bao quanh
Khi tm hng ca ma trn nu bit mt nh thc con no khc 0, ta ch cn
xt cc nh thc bao quanh n m khng cn xt cc nh thc con khc.
V d: Tm hng ca ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
.
- Xt nh thc con cp 2 ca ma trn A:

1 2
3 0
4 5
= =
Xt cc nh th con cp 3 bao quanh nh thc trn:

1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 0, 4 5 6 0
7 8 9 10 11 12
= =
Suy ra r(A) = 2.
b. Phng php bin i s cp v hng
V cc php bin i s cp trn dng khng lm thay i hng ca ma trn nn
ta dng cc php bin i s cp a ma trn cho v ma trn bc thang. Khi y
hng ca ma trn cho l hng ca ma trn bc thang.
V d
Tnh
( ) r A vi
3 1 7 17
1 4 5 2
0 2 4 2
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .
.
Gii

1 2 2 2 1
3 3 2
3
2
11
3 1 7 17 1 4 5 2 1 4 5 2
1 4 5 2 3 1 7 17 0 11 22 11
0 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4 2
1 4 5 2
0 11 22 11
0 0 0 0
d d d d d
d d d
A

+

| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
| |
|

|
|
\ .

Vy
( ) 2 r A = v c 2 dng khc khng.

Thc s: V HONG

4. ng dng ca nh thc
a) Nhn din ma trn kh nghch v tm ma trn nghch o
A kh nghch khi v ch khi detA = 0 v khi :

( )
1
1
det
t
ij
A c
A
=
trong ( ) 1 det ( / )
i j
ij
c A i j
+
= .
b) Gii phng trnh ma trn: Cho A, B kh nghch th
-
1
. A X C X A C
= =
-
1
XB C X CB
= =
-
1 1
. . . . A X B C X A C B

= =
(Vi iu kin cc php nhn tn ti)

V d
Cho
1 1 0
2 2 1
1 0 1
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
;
1 2
3 0
2 1
B
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

a/ Tm
1
A .
b/ Tm ma trn X bit . AX B = .
Gii
a/ Tm
1
A .
- Cch 1
Lp ma trn: ( | ) A I

2 2 1
3 3 1
2 3 2 2
2 2 3
2
( 1)
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
( | ) 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1
d d d
d d d
d d d d
d d d
A I

+
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |

\ . \ .
| | | |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .

1 1 2
1 0 0 2 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
d d d

| | | |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .

Vy
1
2 1 1
1 1 1
2 1 0
A

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
.
- Cch 2
Dng qui tc Sarius tnh c: 1 A = .
Tnh cc
ij
c :

Thc s: V HONG


1 1
11
2 1
( 1) 2
0 1
c
+
= =
2 1
21
1 0
( 1) 1
0 1
c
+
= =

1 1
12
2 1
( 1) 1
1 1
c
+
= =
2 2
22
1 0
( 1) 1
1 1
c
+
= =

1 3
13
2 2
( 1) 2
1 0
c
+
= =
2 3
23
1 1
( 1) 1
1 0
c
+
= =

3 1
31
1 0
( 1) 1
2 1
c
+
= =
3 2
32
1 0
( 1) 1
2 1
c
+
= =

3 3
33
1 1
( 1) 0
2 2
c
+
= =

1
2 1 1
1 1 1
2 1 0
A

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

b/ Tm ma trn X bit . AX B = .

1 1 1 1
. . . . . . . A X B A A X A B I X A B X A B

= = = =
2 1 1 1 2 7 3
1 1 1 . 3 0 6 1
2 1 0 2 1 5 4
X
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

V d
Tm
1
B
vi
3 4 5 7
2 6 3 4
4 1 0 3
5 0 21 13
B
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
.
Gii
Lp ma trn m rng : ( | ) B I .
1 1 2
2 2 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
2
4
5
3 4 5 7 1 0 0 0 1 2 8 3 1 1 0 0
2 6 3 4 0 1 0 0 2 6 3 4 0 1 0 0
( | )
4 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 3 0 0 1 0
5 0 21 13 0 0 0 1 5 0 21 13 0 0 0 1
1 2 8 3 1 1 0 0
0 10 19 2 2 3 0 0
0 9 32 9 4 4 1 0
0 10 19 2 5 5 0 1
d d d
d d d
d d d
d d d
B I

| | | |
| |

| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .

|

\
( )
C D
|
|
|
=
|
|
.
V dng 2 v dng 4 ca ma trn C ging nhau nn ( )
det 0 4, C r C = <
( )
1
4 det 0 r B B B
< = khng tn ti.

Thc s: V HONG

Ch : Cc php bin i s cp trn dng ca A khng lm thay i hng ca A nn
nu trong qu trnh bin i ma trn c mt dng bng 0 hoc c hai dng bng nhau
hay t l nhau th ta kt lun
( ) r A khc cp ca A .
A khng c ma trn nghch o.
V d :
2 1 4
1 4 2
1 14 2
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
. Tm
1
A
.
Gii
V 0 A = nn
1
A
khng tn ti.
V d

2 1 0 0
0 1 2 3
2 2 0 0
1 1 0 4
A
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
. Gi
11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24 1
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44
a a a a
a a a a
A
a a a a
a a a a
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
.
Tnh
31
. a
Gii

31 13
0 1 3
1 1
. . 2 2 0
1 1 4
a c
A A
= =

-
( ) ( )
2 3 3 3
2 1 0
2 1
1 .2. 2 2 0 2. 1 .4. 16.
2 2
1 1 4
A
+ +
= = =

-
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 3
0 1 3
2 0 2 2
2 2 0 0 1 .1. 1 .3.
1 4 1 1
1 1 4
0 1. 8 0 3. 2 2 8 12 4
+ +
= + +

= + + = + =

V d: Cho ma trn
1 2 3
2 5 3
1 0 8
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
. Tnh
1
A
.
Gii
det( ) 1 0 A = = tn ti
1
A
.

( )
1
40 16 9 40 16 9
1
1 13 5 3 13 5 3
5 2 1 5 2 1
t
ij
A c
A

| | | |
| |
= = =
| |
| |

\ . \ .
.

Thc s: V HONG

Bi 3: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH
I. nh ngha
1. H phng trnh tuyn tnh
- H m phng trnh tuyn tnh c n n s l h c dng:
( )
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
*
..........
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
vit gn:
1
, 1,
n
ij j i
j
a x b i m
=
= =

trong :

( ) 1 i m;1 j n
ij
a s s s s l cc h s cho trc.

( ) 1
i
b i m s s l cc h s t do.

1 2
, , ,
n
x x x . l cc n s cn tm.
t :

( )
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
ij
mxn
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A a
a a a
| |
|
|
= =
|
|
\ .
: ma trn h s.

1
2
...
m
b
b
B
b
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
: ct h s t do ;
1
2

...
n
x
x
X
x
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
: ct cc n.
th
( )
* c vit di dng : . AX B = .
K hiu:
11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
( )
n
n
m m mn m
a a a b
a a a b
A A B
a a a b
| |
|
|
= =
|
|
|
\ .
: ma trn m rng ca h pttt
( )
* .
Nh vy bit h pttt A v ngc li bit A h pttt.
c bit:
- Nu B l ma trn khng th ( )
* gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht.
- Nu m n = (s phng trnh bng s n) v A 0 = th
( )
* gi l h phng
trnh tuyn tnh Cramer .
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3 4
1 3 4
1 2 3
3 2 5 1
5 2 3
7 3 2
x x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ + =
+ =

Xc nh , , A X B, A .

Thc s: V HONG

Gii

1
2
3
4
3 2 5 1 1 3 2 5 1 1
5 0 2 1 , , 3 , 5 0 2 1 3
7 1 3 0 2 7 1 3 0 2
x
A X x B A
x
x
| |
|
| |
| |

| |
|
|
|
|
|
= = = =
|
|
|
|
| | |

\ . |
\ .
\ .
|
\ .

2. Nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh
- Ta ni
1 2
( , , , )
n
n
c c c e l mt nghim ca h
( )
* nu khi thay
1 1 2 2
, , ,
n n
x c x c x c = = = vo
( )
* th tt c cc ng thc trong
( )
* u c tho.
V d: Cho h phng trnh
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 0
2 2 10
3 2 5
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ + =

th (1, 2,3) l nghim ca h.
Ch
- i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh th ch c mt trong ba trng hp
nghim xy ra l:
o hoc h c nghim duy nht
o hoc h v nghim
o hoc h c v s nghim.
- i vi mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht th ch c mt trong hai
trng hp nghim xy ra l:
o hoc h c nghim tm thng
1
( , , ) (0, , 0)
n
x x = .
o hoc h c v s nghim.
3. Hai h phng trnh tng ng
nh l
Hai h phng trnh tuyn tnh (c cng s n) c gi l tng ng nhau
nu n c cng tp hp nghim.
Nh vy hai h phng trnh tng ng nhau nu:
C hai h u v nghim.
Hoc mi nghim ca h th nht cng l nghim ca h th hai v
ngc li.
nh l
Cho hai h gm m phng trnh tuyn tnh n n trn c ma trn m rng
ln lt l ( ) A A B = v ( ) C C D = .
Khi , nu A C (ngha l A B
cac phep bien oi s cap
) th hai h trn tng
ng nhau.
Do gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh ta dng:
cc php bin i tng ng a h phng trnh cho v mt
h phng trnh tuyn tnh n gin hn nhng tng ng vi n.
hoc dng cc php bin i s cp a ma trn m rng v mt
ma trn tam gic hoc ma trn bc thang.

Thc s: V HONG


Cc php bin i tng ng trn h
phng trnh tuyn tnh
Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn
m rng
1. i ch cc phng trnh trong h.
2. Nhn hai v ca mt phng trnh trong
h vi mt s khc khng, cn cc
phng trnh khc gi nguyn.
3. Cng vo hai v ca mt phng trnh
trong h cc v tng ng ca mt
phng trnh khc trong h sau khi
nhn hai v vi cng mt s, cn cc
phng trnh khc gi nguyn.
4. B i nhng phng trnh trong h c
tt c cc h s bng 0.
1. i ch cc dng ca ma trn rng.
2. Nhn mt dng ca ma trn m rng
vi mt s khc khng, cn cc dng
khc gi nguyn.
3. Cng vo mt dng ca ma trn m
rng vi cc phn t tng ng ca
mt dng khc sau khi nhn vi
cng mt s, cc dng khc gi
nguyn.
4. B i nhng hng c tt c cc phn t
bng 0.

II. iu kin h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim
nh l Cronecker - Capelli
H phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim khi v ch khi hng ca ma trn h s A
bng hng ca ma trn h s m rng A .

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
n
n
m m mn m
a a a b
a a a b
A
a a a b
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .

V A so vi A nhiu hn mt ct (ct B), nn ni chung:
( )
( ) r A r A > .
Theo nh l Cronecker Capelli ta c:
-
( )
( ) r A r A > : h phng trnh v nghim.
-
( )
( ) r A r A = : h c nghim v

( )
( ) r A r A n = = : c nghim duy nht.

( )
( ) r A r A r n = = < : h c v s nghim v n r n t do.
III. Phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
4. Phng php kh n lin tip (Phng php Gauss)
a. H tam gic
i. nh ngha
H tam gic c dng:

Thc s: V HONG


11 1 12 2 1 1
22 2 2 2
...
...
( 0)
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
n n
n n
ii
n n n
a x a x a x b
a x a x b
a
a x b
+ + + =
+ + =

Ma trn m rng
11 12 1
22 2
0
0 0
n
n
nn
a a a
a a
A
a
=
1
2
n
b
b
b
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .

ii. Cch tm nghim
V
( )
( ) r A r A n = = nn h c nghim duy nht. tm nghim ta
xc nh ln lt
1 1
, ,...,
n n
x x x
theo th t t phng trnh di ln trn.

1 1
.
n
n n
nn
b
x x x
a

| |
= .
|
\ .

V d: H phng trnh
3 5
2 3 1
4 6
x y z
y z
z
+ =
+ =

c ma trn m rng l
3 1 1 5
0 2 3 1
0 0 4 6
| |
|

|
|
\ .
v nghim duy nht l
5
4
11
4
3
2
x
y
z
.
b. H hnh thang
i. nh ngha
H hnh thang gm k phng trnh, n n l h c dng:

11 1 12 2 1 1 1
22 2 2 2 2
(**)
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
k k n n
k k n n
kk k kn n n
a x a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x b
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + =

Ma trn m rng :
11 12 1 1 1
22 2 2 2
... ...
... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
k n
k n
kk kn n
a a a a b
a a a b
A
a a b
| |
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .

ii. Cch tm nghim

Thc s: V HONG

V
( )
( ) r A r A k n = = < nn h hnh thang gm k phng trnh, n n c
v s nghim. tm nghim ta chn k n chnh, gi s l
1 2
, , ,
k
x x x ,
th cc n cn li
1 2
, , ,
k k n
x x x
+ +
l n t do ta chuyn sang v phi
a h v dng tam gic.
(**)
11 1 12 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
22 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
1 1
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
k k k k n n
k k k k n n
kk k n k k k kn n
a x a x a x b a x a x
a x a x b a x a x
a x b a x a x
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + =
+ + =

Gn cho cc n
1 2
, , ,
k k n
x x x
+ +
cc gi tr tu tm cc cc n cn
li
1 2
, , ,
r
x x x .
V d : Gii h phng trnh
3 2 2 4 5
2 2
x y z t
y z t
+ + =
+ =

Gii
H phng trnh cho c ma trn m rng l
3 2 2 4 5
0 1 2 1 2
| |
|

\ .
.
V
( )
( ) 2 r A r A = = < 4 nn h c v s nghim.
T h cho
3 2 5 2 4
2 2
x y z t
y z t
+ = +
= +
2 2
3 2 2
z a
t b
y z t
x z t
= e
= e

= +
= +

Vy h c 2 n t do l , z t v 2 n chnh , x y . Do h c v s nghim xc
nh bi:
( , , , ) (3 2 2 , 2 2 , , ), , x y z t a b a b a b a b = + + e
c. H phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut
gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut
( )
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
*
..........
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

theo phng php Gauss ta kh dn cc n s a v h tam gic hoc h hnh
thang (ch s dng nh l Cronecker Capelli).
Ch
Khi dng cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn m rng nu xut hin mt
dng c dng: (0 0 0 ) a vi 0 a = th h v nghim.

Thc s: V HONG

V d: Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php Gauss:

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 3
2 3 6 2
3 2 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ + =
+ =
+ + =

Gii
(2) (2) 2(1)
(3) (3) 3(1)
(3) (3) (2)
1 1 4 3 1 1 4 3
2 3 6 2 0 1 14 4
3 2 2 1 0 1 10 8
1 1 4 3
0 1 14 4
0 0 24 12
+

| | | |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .
| |
|

|
|

\ .

Nh vy, h phng trnh ban u tng ng vi h:

1 2 3
2 3
3
4 3
14 4
24 12
x x x
x x
x
+ + =
+ =

1
2
3
2
3
1
2
x
x
x

V d: Gii h phng trnh

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
3 2 5 7 3
3 2 1
2 7 3 5 2
3 2 7 5 8 3
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

bng phng php Gauss nh sau:

(2) (2) (4)
(3) (3) 2(1)
(4) (4) 3(1)
1 3 2 5 7 3 1 3 2 5 7 3
3 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 9 6 9 2
2 1 7 3 5 2 0 7 11 13 19 4
3 2 7 5 8 3 0 11 13 20 29 6

| | | |
| |

| |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .

7
(3) (3) (2)
3
11
(4) (4) (2)
3
1 3 2 5 7 3
0 3 9 6 9 2
0 0 10 1 2 26 3
0 0 20 2 4 40 3
+
+
| |
|

|
|

|
|

\ .

Thc s: V HONG

(4) (4) 2(3)
1 3 2 5 7 3
0 3 9 6 9 2
0 0 10 1 2 26 3
0 0 0 0 0 4

| |
|

|
|

|
|
\ .

Vy h phng trnh v nghim.

V d: Gii h phng trnh:
1 2 4 5
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
3 2
2 1
4 2 6 3 4 7
2 4 2 4 7 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

(2) (2) (1)
(3) (3) 4(1)
(4) (4) 2(1)
1 1 0 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 2
1 1 2 1 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 3
4 2 6 3 4 7 0 6 6 15 0 15
2 4 2 4 7 1 0 2 2 10 5 5

| | | |
| |

| |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .

(3) (3) 3(2)
(4) (4) (2)
1 1 0 3 1 2
0 2 2 2 1 3
0 0 0 9 3 6
0 0 0 12 4 8

+
| |
|
|
|
\ .

12
(4) (4) (3)
9
1 1 0 3 1 2
0 2 2 2 1 3
0 0 0 9 3 6
0 0 0 0 0 0

| |
|
|
|
\ .

H phng trnh ban u tng ng vi h

1 2 4 5
2 3 4 5
4 5
1 2 4 5
2 3 4 5
4 5
3 2
2 2 2 3
9 3 6
2 3
2 3 2 2
9 6 3
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
+ =
+ + + =
= + +
= +

1 3 5
2 3 5
4 5
5 6 7 6
5 6 5 6
2 3 1 3
x x x
x x x
x x
= +
= + +
= +

mu thun

Thc s: V HONG


3
5
1 3 5
2 3 5
4 5
5 6 7 6
5 6 5 6
2 3 1 3
x a
x b
x x x
x x x
x x
= e
= e
= +
= + +
= +

Vy h c 2 n t do l
3 5
, x x v 3 n chnh l
1 2 4
, , x x x . Do h c v s
nghim xc nh bi:
1 2 3 4 5
( , , , , ) (5 6 7 6 , 5 6 5 6 , , 2 3 1 3 , ) x x x x x a b a b a b b = + + + +
V d : Gii h phng trnh
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2
3 2 2 4
1
x x x
x x x
x x
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
.
Gii
Ta c:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2 1 1 1 2
3 2 2 4 3 2 2 ; 4
1 0 1 1 1
x x x
x x x A B
x x
+ + = | | | |
| |
+ + = = =
| |
| |
+ =
\ . \ .

Lp ma trn m rng :

( )
1 1 1 2
| 3 2 2 4
1 0 1 1
A A B
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .

3 3 2 2 2 1
3 3 1
3
1
2
3
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
3 2 2 4 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
0
1
1
d d d d d d
d d d
x
x
x

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
=

1 2 3 4
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
2 3 2
2 3 5
2 3 3 2
4 6 7
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
.

Thc s: V HONG

( )
3 3 1 2 2 1
3 3 1
4 4 1
3 3 2
2
4
2 3 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2
2 3 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 3
|
2 3 3 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 1 0
4 6 1 1 7 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 1 1 2
0 0 1 1 3
0 0 0 3 12
0 0 0 0 0
d d d d d d
d d d
d d d
d d d
A A B

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
= =
| | |

| | |

\ . \ . \ .
\
( )
1
2
3
4
1
5 3
2
( )
1
4
x t
x t
t R
x
x
=
|

|

|
=
e
|

=
|

.
=

V d : Chng minh h phng trnh
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
2 2 2
4 5 3
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =
+ =
v nghim.

3 3 2 2 2 1
3 3 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 0 3 4 0 0 3 4 0
1 4 5 3 0 3 4 2 0 0 0 2
d d d d d d
d d d
+

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

V ( )
( )
2 3 r A r A = < = nn h v nghim.
5. Thut Ton Gauss Jordan
Quy tc thc hin:
a ma trn m rng A v dng ma trn bc thang rt gn (ma trn bc thang rt
gn l ma trn bc thang m phn t khc khng u tin ca dng khc khng l 1,
cn cc phn t trn ct u bng 0).
T ma trn bc thang rt gn ta c h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng ng vi h
phng trnh cho, gii h ny ta c nghim ca h phng trnh.

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 3 0
2 2 1
1
3 5 1
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ + =
+ =

Gii
Lp ma trn m rng A:

Thc s: V HONG


1 2 3 0
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
4 1
0 1 2 1 2 1 0 5 4 1
5 5
1 1 1 1 0 3 2 1
0 3 2 1
3 1 5 1 0 5 4 1
0 5 4 1
7 2
1 0
5 5 1 0 0 1
4 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
5 5
0 0 1 1
2 2
0 0
5 5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
A
| |

| | | |
|
| |

|
| |
=
|
| |

|
| |
|

\ . \ .
\ .
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
\ .
|
\ .

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh l :
1
2
3
1
1
1
x
x
x
=
.
6. Thut ton Cramer (ch dng khi s n bng s phng trnh)
Gii h phng trnh:

11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
n n
n n
n n nn n n
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

t:

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
1 2
,
n
n
n n nn m
a a a b
a a a b
A B
a a a b
| | | |
| |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

gii h bng thut ton Cramer ta lm nh sau:
Tnh: D A = ,
( )
, 1,
i i
D A i n = = (
i
A c c bng cch thay ct i ca A bng ct
h s t do B).
- Nu 0 D= : h phng trnh c duy nht nghim , 1,
i
i
D
x i n
D
= = .
- Nu
0
0
i
D
D
=
- =
h phng trnh v nghim.

- Nu
0
, 1,
0
i
D
i n
D
=
th h phng trnh c th v nghim hoc v s nghim.

Lc ny phi quay li gii bi ton bng thut ton Gauss hoc Gauss Jordan.
Ch :
Ta c th gii h phng trnh Cramer theo phng php ma trn.
V AX = B l h Cramer nn det(A) 0 suy ra tn ti
1
A
nn nghim l
1
. X A B
=

Thc s: V HONG

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2 1
2 4
1
x x x
x x x
x x
+ =
+ + =
+ =

-
1 2 1
2 1 1 6 0
1 0 1
D
= = =
h c nghim duy nht.

-
1
1 2 1
4 1 1 6
1 0 1
D

= =
-
2
1 1 1
2 4 1 0
1 1 1
D

= =

-
3
1 2 1
2 1 4 12
1 0 1
D
= =

Vy
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
0
2
D
x
D
D
x
D
D
x
D
= =
= =
= =
.
V d: Tm m h phng trnh
1 2 3
1 3
1 3
1
2 1
2 7
x mx x
x x
mx x
+ =
+ =
+ =
c nghim duy nht.

Gii
Yu cu bi ton 0 D = .
Ta c:
2
1 1
2 0 1 4
0 2
m
D m m
m
= =
Vy
2
0 4 0 0 4 D m m m m = = = . = .
V d: Gii v bin lun theo tham s m h phng trnh sau:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 0
2 ( 2) ( 5) 2
( 1) 2
x x x
x m x m x
mx x m x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =

Gii

Thc s: V HONG


1 2 2
2 2 5 ( 1)( 3)
1 1
D m m m m
m m
= =
+

1
0 2 2
2 2 5 4(3 )
2 1 1
D m m m
m
= =
+

2
1 0 2
2 2 5 0
2 1
D m
m m
= =
+

3
1 2 0
2 2 2 2( 3)
1 2
D m m
m
= =
Bin lun:
- Nu
1
0
3
m
D
m
=
H c nghim duy nht.

1
1
2
2
3
3
4(3 ) 4
;
( 1)( 3) 1
0
0;
( 1)( 3)
2( 3) 2
( 1)( 3) 1
D m
x
D m m m
D
x
D m m
D m
x
D m m m

= = =
= = =

= = =

- Nu
1
0
3
m
D
m
=
=

=

Vi 1 m= : ta c 8 0 D = = H v nghim.
Vi 3 m= : ta c
1 2 3
0 D D D = = =
p dng phng php Gauss c kt qu chnh xc.
(2) (2) 2(1)
(3) (3) 3(1)
(3) (3) (2)
1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0
2 1 2 2 0 5 2 2
3 1 4 2 0 5 2 2
1 2 2 0
0 5 2 2
0 0 0 0
+

+
| | | |
| |

| |
| |

\ . \ .
| |
|
|
|
\ .

Thc s: V HONG

H phng trnh ban u tng ng vi h
3
2 3
1 2 3
2 2
5 5
4
2 2
5
x a
x x a
x x x
= e
= =
= =

Vy vi 3 m= h c v s nghim ( )
1 2 3
4 2
, , , , ,
5 5
x x x a a a
| |
= e
|
\ .

V d: Bin lun theo m s nghim ca h phng trnh sau:

( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
2
1 2 3
2
2 5 3 2
0
x x x m
x x x m
x x m m x
+ =
+ =
+ =

Gii
3 2 2 1
3 1
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 5 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
d d d d
d d
m m m
m
m m m m m m m m

+

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

-
2
0
0
1
m
m m
m
=
=
h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.

-
2
0
0
0
m m
m
m
=
=
h phng trnh c v s nghim.

-
2
0
1
0
m m
m
m
=
=
h phng trnh v nghim.

Ch : Ta c th gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut bng cch kt hp c
cc phng php trn.

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 7 3 6
3 5 2 2 4
9 4 7 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

V ( )
( )
2 r A r A = = nn h c v s nghim ph thuc 2 tham s, chn x
3
, x
4
lm tham
s ta c h:

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 7 6 3
3 5 4 2 2
x x x x
x x x x
+ =
+ =

Thc s: V HONG


2 7
11
3 5
D = =

3 4
1 3 4
3 4
6 3 7
9 2
4 2 2 5
x x
D x x
x x

= = + +

3 4
2 3 4
3 4
2 6 3
5 10
3 4 2 2
x x
D x x
x x

= =

Do

1 3 4
1
2 3 4
2
9 2
;
11
5 10
11
D x x
x
D
D x x
x
D

= =
+ +
= =

Vy nghim ca h l:

1
2
3
4
9 2
11
5 10
11
a b
x
a b
x
x a
x b

+ +
= e
= e

Thc s: V HONG

BI TP PHN MA TRN

1. Cho cc ma trn:

1 3 1
1 4 2
A
(
=
(

,
1 2
4 1
2 3
5 1
B
(
(

(
=
(
(

,
(
(
(
=
1 1 2
0 1 3
1 2 1
C ,
1 1 2 1
5 1 2 4
1 3 1 2
D
(
(
=
(
(

a) C th lp c tch ca nhng ma trn no trong 4 ma trn trn ?
b) Hy tnh CDBA. Cp ca ma trn tch l bao nhiu ?
c) C th tnh c cc tch DBAC, ACDB khng? Nu c th cp ca
n l bao nhiu ?
2. Thc hin php nhn AB, BA (nu c) trong :
a)
3 1 3
4 2 1
A
(
=
(

,
1 5 3 2
2 1 3 1
1 0 2 2
B
(
(
=
(
(

b)
(
(
(
=
3 0 1
1 3 2
3 1 4
A ,
(
(
(
=
3 0 1
1 2 4
2 3 1
B
3. Cho ma trn
(
(
(
=
0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
B
Hy tnh BB
T
, B
T
B, B
2
, B
3
. Chng minh B
n
= u vi n 3.
4. Tnh:

k
1 0
1 1
A
(
= ,
k
nn
22
11
a ... 0 0
... ... ... ...
0 ... a 0
0 ... 0 a
B
(
(
(
(
=
5. Hy tm f(A) vi f(x) = x
2
5x + 3 vi
1 1
2 3
A
(
=
(

BI TP PHN NH THC
1. Tnh nh thc cp 2:

2 3
4 4
,
sin cos
cos sin
x x
x x
,
3 2
1 1
1
x
x x x
+ +
,
1 a
a a

2. Tnh nh thc:

3 1 5
2 4 3
1 3 2
A

= ,
1 2 3
2 5 2
3 1 4
B
=

Thc s: V HONG

3. Tnh nh thc:

b 0 b
0 b 0
1 b 1
A
= ,
x 1 x
1 x 0
x 1 x
B
=
4. Tnh nh thc:

1 3 0 2
2 0 1 3
1 5 3 2
4 3 2 1
A
= ,
1 4 3 2
5 0 1 4
1 2 0 3
3 5 2 1
B
=
5. Hy tnh nh thc:

1 z a az
1 y a ay
1 x a ax
A
2 2
2 2
2 2
+
+
+
= ,
2 2 2
z y x
z y x
1 1 1
B =
6. Tm x t cc phng trnh sau:
a) 0
1 1 1
3 2 x
9 4 x
2
= b) 0
4 1 0
1 1 x
2 3 x
2
=
7. Tnh nh thc:

0 1 1 1
d c b a
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
A

= ,
t 1 1 1
z 2 1 1
y 1 2 1
x 1 1 2
B = ,

0 c b 1
c 0 a 1
b a 0 1
1 1 1 0
C = ,
y x y x
x y x y
y x y x
D
+
+
+
=
8. Tnh nh thc cp n:
n n 2 n 1 n
n 2 2 2 1 2
n 1 2 1 1 1
y x 1 ... y x 1 y x 1
... ... ... ...
y x 1 ... y x 1 y x 1
y x 1 ... y x 1 y x 1
A
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
= ,
x x ... x x 1
x x ... x x 1
... ... ... ... ... ...
x x ... x x 1
x x ... x x 1
x x ... x x 1
B
1 n 2 1
n 2 1
n 1 n 1
n 1 n 2
n 1 n 2 1
=
0 x ... x x 1
x 0 ... x x 1
... ... ... ... ... ...
x x ... 0 x 1
x x ... x 0 1
1 1 ... 1 1 0
C = ,
n 3 2 1
n 3 2 1
n 3 2 1
n 3 2 1
a x ... a a a
... ... ... ... ...
a ... a x a a
a ... a a x a
a ... a a a x
D
+
+
+
+
=

Thc s: V HONG


MA TRN NGHCH O

1. Tm ma trn nghch o:

(
=
2 1
1 2
A ,
(
=
4 2
3 1
B ,
(

=
7 3
2 1
C ,
(
=
4 7
2 5
D
2. Tm ma trn ngch o :
(
(
(

=
2 8 5
1 3 2
1 1 1
A ,
1 3 2
2 1 1
3 8 5
B
= ,
(
(
(

=
2 3 2
1 2 1
2 1 1
C
(
(
(

=
0 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
D ,
(
(
(
=
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
E
3. Tm ma trn X bit :
a)
(
=
(
1 4
3 2
X
1 3
2 1
, b)
(
=
(
1 0
2 5
5 2
3 1
X
4. Tm ma trn X tho mn phng trnh:

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

2 1 4
1 3 1
0 1 2
3 2 5
2 3 1
3 5 1
X
5. Tm tt c gi tr ca p sao cho A kh nghch v tm ma trn nghch o.

(
(
(
1 1 2
0 1 1
p 0 1

HNG CA MA TRN
1. Tm hng ca ma trn :

3 2 1
4 1 2
1 0 3
A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
,
1 2 1 3
3 4 0 1
2 2 1 2
B
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

2. Tm hng ca ma trn :

1 3 5
2 5 4
3 1 2
4 1 0
A
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
;
0 2 4
1 4 5
3 1 7
0 5 10
B
| |
|

|
=
|
|
\ .
;
1 1 0 1
1 1 2 2 ;
2 0 2 1
C
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

1 2 3 4
4 2 3 1 ;
0 0 0 0
D
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
E
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
;
1 4 9 7
1 2 4 1 ;
5 6 10 7
F

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Thc s: V HONG


1 0 1 5
0 2 5 6 ;
0 0 0 0
G
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
1 3 4 1 9
2 6 8 2 18
0 0 0 0 0
3 9 4 9 0
H

| |
|

|
=
|
|
\ .

3. Xc nh hng ca ma trn A sau ty thuc gi tr ca tham s (tham s l
mt s thc) :

(
(
(
(

=
3 3 1 4
4 17 10 1
2 7 4 1
2 1 3
A ,
(
(
(

=
1 6 10 1
5 a 1 2
2 1 a 1
B
4. Xc nh hng ca ma trn :
(
(
(
(

1 1 2 2 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1

5. Chng minh rng:
a.
3 3 3
1 1 1
( )( )( )( ) a b c a b c a b b c c a
a b c
= + +

b.
3
1 1 1
1 1 1
( 3)( 1)
1 1 1
1 1 1
a
a
a a
a
a
= +

c.
3
x a a a
a x a a
(x 3a)(x a)
a a x a
a a a x
= +

d.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
b c c a a b a b c
b c c a a b 2 a b c
b c c a a b a b c
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + +

e. ( )( )( )
a b c d
a u c d
a u b v c w d
a b v d
a b c w
=

Thc s: V HONG

f.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + +

g.
x a a a
a x a a
a a x a
a a a x
| |
1
( 1) ( )
n
x n a x a

= +
6) Tnh gi tr cc nh thc sau:

a)
1 0 0 0
3 1 1 1
4 2 2 1
5 1 0 0
b)
2 3 8 7
0 3 3 2
0 0 1 4
0 0 0 2

c)
6 0 0 5
2 0 0 0
1 7 2 5
8 3 1 8

d)
1 0 3 1
5 3 15 0
3 1 9 0
7 2 21 4

f)
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 1
3 4 5 1 2
4 5 1 2 3
5 1 2 3 4

e)
x y 0 0 0
0 x y 0 0
0 0 x y 0
0 0 0 x y
y 0 0 0 x

Thc s: V HONG

CHNG II
KHNG GIAN VECT
BI 1. KHNG GIAN VECT n CHIU
IV. VECT n CHIU V KHNG GIAN VECT
7. Vect n chiu
- Mt b n s thc c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh c gi l mt vect
n - chiu.
Ta thng dng cc ch ci in hoa , , , , , , , A B C X Y Z k hiu cho vect.
C hai cch vit b n s thc ca vect . X
+ Theo hng ngang:
1 2
( , , , )
n
X x x x = - cn gi l vect dng.
+ Theo hng dc:
1
2
n
x
x
X
x
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
- cn gi l vect ct.
Trong , ( 1, , )
j
x j n e = gi l ta th j hay l thnh phn th j ca
vect X .
- Vect khng l vect c tt c cc thnh phn u bng khng, k hiu 0 hoc 0 .
Vy 0 (0,0, ,0) = hay 0 (0, 0, , 0) = .
- Vect i ca vec t
( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
X x x x = , k hiu l , X v c xc nh nh sau:

( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
X x x x =
- Mi vect n chiu c thnh phn th i bng 1, cc thnh phn khc u bng 0
gi l vect n v n chiu v k hiu E
i

.

( )
( )
( )
1
2
1, 0, 0,..., 0
0,1, 0,..., 0
... .... ... ...
0, 0, 0,...,1
n
E
E
E
=
=
=

- Hai vect n chiu
1 2
( , , , )
n
X x x x = v
1 2
( , , , )
n
Y y y y = c gi l bng
nhau v vit l X Y = , khi v ch khi cc thnh phn tng ng ca chng bng
nhau tng i mt, tc l:
, 1,
j j
X Y x y j n = = =

Thc s: V HONG

V d : Cho hai vect ( , , ) X a b c = v (0,5,8) Y =

0
5
8
a
X Y b
c
=
= =

8. Cc php ton vect
a. Php cng
Tng hai vect n - chiu
1 2
( , , , )
n
X x x x = v
1 2
( , , , )
n
Y y y y = l mt
vect n - chiu, k hiu l X Y + c cc ta bng tng cc ta tng ng ca
chng, tc l:

1 1 2 2
( , , , )
n n
X Y x y x y x y + = + + +
b. Php nhn vect vi mt s thc
Tch ca mt s thc k vi mt vect n - chiu
1 2
( , , , )
n
X x x x = l mt
vect, k hiu l kX , c cc ta l ta ca X c nhn vi k , tc l:

1 2
( , , , )
n
kX kx kx kx =

V d : a) Cho (0,3, 2) X = va ( 1, 2, 0) Y = .

( )
0 ( 1),3 ( 2),( 2) 0 ( 1, 1, 2) X Y + = + + + =
b) Cho (1, 2, 1) X = v
1
2
k = ta c
1 1
, 1,
2 2
kX
| |
=
|
\ .

Cc tnh cht ca php cng v nhn
1) X Y Y X + = +
2) ( ) ( ) X Y Z X Y Z + + = + +
3) 0 X X + =
4) ( ) 0 X X + =
5) 1.X X =
6) ( ) ( ) k lX kl X =
7) ( ) k l X kX lX + = +
8) ( ) k X Y kX kY + = +
c. Php tr vect
Hiu hai vect n - chiu
1 2
( , , , )
n
X x x x = v
1 2
( , , , )
n
Y y y y = l mt
vect n - chiu, k hiu l X Y v c xc nh nh sau:

1 1 2 2
( ) ( , ,..., )
n n
X Y X Y x y x y x y = + =

Thc s: V HONG

9. Khng gian vect
nh ngha. Gi s V l tp hp bt k, V = C
.
Nu trn V c trang b hai
php ton:
+ Php cng (k hiu +) hai phn t ca V :
, : X Y V X Y V e + e
+ Php nhn (k hiu .) phn t ca V vi s thc:

, : X V k kX V e e e

tho mn 8 tnh cht:
1. , : X Y V X Y Y X e + = +
2. , , : ( ) ( ) X Y Z V X Y Z X Y Z e + + = + +
3. Tn ti phn t 0 V e , sao cho: : 0 X V X X e + =
4. , X V e tn ti mt vect i, k hiu l X , tho ( ) 0 X X + =
5. , 1. X V X X e =
6. , , : ( ) ( ) X V k l k lX kl X e e =
7. , , : ( ) X V k l k l X kX lX e e + = +
8. , , : ( ) X Y V k k X Y kX kY e e + = +
th ta gi V cng hai php ton trn l mt khng gian vect trn R v phn t ca V
c gi l vect.
K hiu ( , ,.) V + gi l khng gian vect V trn R.
V d:
a) R vi php cng v php nhn thng thng l khng gian vect trn chnh
n.
b) Tp hp cc ma trn vung cp 2 vi php ton cng hai ma trn v nhn ma
trn vi mt s thc l mt khng gian vect trn R.
c) Tp hp cc vect trong khng gian Oxyz vi php cng vect v php nhn
vect vi mt s thc thng thng l mt khng gian vect 3 chiu trn R, k hiu
3
.
10. Khng gian vect n chiu

nh ngha. Tp hp cc vect n chiu vi hai php ton: php cng hai vect
v php nhn vect vi mt s tha mn 8 tnh cht nu trn gi l khng gian vect n
chiu, k hiu
n
.
11. Khng gian vect con
nh ngha. Gi s V l mt khng gian vect trn R. Tp con W khc rng
ca V c gi l khng gian vect con (hay khng gian con) ca khng gian vect V
nu 2 iu kin sau c tha mn:
i) Nu X, Y e W th X + Y e W.

Thc s: V HONG

ii) Nu X e W th k.X e W. ( k e R ).
Hai iu kin trn c th gp chung thnh : Nu X, Y e W th k.X+lY e W. ( k, l
e R ).
V d
a) Khng gian vect V bt k u c hai khng gian con l bn thn tp V v
tp {0} gm ch vect khng. Cc khng gian con ny c gi l khng gian con tm
thng.
b) W=
0
, ,
0
a
a b
b
(
e
`
(
)
l khng gian vect con ca M
2
(tp cc ma trn vung
cp 2).
c) Tp cc ng thng i qua gc to l khng gian vect con ca R
2
.
d) Tp
{ } ( , 0, 0), L a a = e l khng gian vect con ca R
3
.
e) Tp cc nghim ca h m phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht n n l khng
gian con ca R
n
.
f) Tp
{ } ( ,1,1), L a a = e khng l khng gian con ca R
3
.
V. MI LIN H TUYN TNH TRONG KHNG GIAN VECT
n

12. T hp tuyn tnh
nh ngha. Cho
1 2
, ,...,
m
X X X l cc vect ca khng gian vect
n
. Ta ni
vect
n
X e l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
1 2
, ,...,
m
X X X nu tn ti
1 2
, ,...,
m
k k k e sao cho:

1 1 2 2
1
...
m
m m i i
i
X k X k X k X k X
=
= + + =

Ch : Nu X l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vec t vect X
1,
X
2
, ,X
m
th ta cn ni X
biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vect X
1,
X
2
, ,X
m
.

V d. a) Cho
( )
3
4, 0,1 X = e v
1 2 3
(1, 0,1), (2,1, 0), (0,1,1) X X X = = = .

Vect X l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
1 2 3
, , X X X v
1 2 3
2 X X X X = +
b) Trong khng gian vect R
2
cho cc vect: X = ( 2,3), X
1
= ( 0,1), X
2
= ( 1,1).
Ta thy X = X
1
+ 2X
2
. Vy X l t hp tuyn tnh ca hai vect X
1
, X
2
.
Lu : Vect 0 lun l t hp tuyn tnh ca mt h bt k cc vect
1 2
, , ,
n
X X X .
13. H sinh
nh ngha. H vect S c gi l h sinh ca h vect M nu mi vect
trong M l t hp tuyn tnh ca nhng vect trong S.
V d. Trong
2
, xt
{ }
2
1 2
(1,0), (0,1) S X X = = = c . Mi
2
X e vit c nh
sau:

Thc s: V HONG


1 2
( , ) (1, 0) (0,1) X a b a b aX bX = = + = +
ngha l X l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca
1 2
, X X .
Vy S l mt h sinh ca
2
.
14. c lp tuyn tnh, ph thuc tuyn tnh,
a. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha. H vect
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
m
X X X c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh nu tn
ti m s thc k
1
, k
2
, , k
m
khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho:

( )
1 1 2 2
... 0
m m n
k X k X k X + + + = -
nh ngha. H cc vect khng ph thuc tuyn tnh c gi l h c lp
tuyn tnh, ngha l cc vect
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
m
X X X c lp tuyn tnh nu v ch nu ng
thc:

1 1 2 2
... 0
m m n
k X k X k X + + + = ch tha mn khi k
1
= k
2
== k
m
= 0
V d. H
{ }
3
(1, 2,1),(1,1, 2),(1, 4, 1) S = c ph thuc tuyn tnh v:
3(1, 2,1) 2(1,1, 2) (1, 4, 1) 0 =
b. Cc phng php xt s c lp tuyn tnh, ph thuc tuyn tnh ca mt
h vect
Dng nh ngha:
xt s ph thuc tuyn tnh, c lp tuyn tnh ca mt h vect ta gii
h phng trnh:

1 1 2 2
... 0
m m n
k X k X k X + + + =
( ) - vi cc n s l
1 2
, ,...,
m
k k k .
- Nu h
( ) - c nghim duy nht k
1
= k
2
== k
m
= 0 th h vect
{ }
1 2
, , ,
m
X X X c lp tuyn tnh.
- Nu h
( ) - khng c nghim duy nht (tc
( ) - c nghim khng tm thng)
th h vect
{ }
1 2
, , ,
m
X X X ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d
H vect sau l c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?
a.
{ }
4
1 2 3
( 5,1, 2,7), (1, 2,5, 4), (2, 4,1,6) S X X X = = = = c
b.
{ }
4
1 2 3
(3, 4,1,7), ( 2,6,8, 1), ( 13, 24,13, 23) T X X X = = = = c
Gii
a. Xt phng trnh
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 k X k X k X + + =

Thc s: V HONG

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
( 5,1, 2, 7) (1, 2,5, 4) (2, 4,1, 6) (0, 0, 0, 0)
5 2 0
2 4 0
2 5 0
7 4 6 0
k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

+ + =
+ =

Ma trn ho h phng trnh, ta c:
(2) (2) 5(1)
(1) (2) (3) (3) 2(1)
(4) (4) 7(1)
(3) (3) (2) (2) (4
(4) (4) (2)
5 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 4
1 2 4 5 1 2 0 9 22
2 5 1 2 5 1 0 9 7
7 4 6 7 4 6 0 10 22
1 2 4
0 9 22
0 0 15
0 1 0
+

+
+

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |

| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
| |
|
|
|
\ .
)
22
(4) (4) (3)
(4) (4) 9(2)
15
1 2 4
0 1 0
0 0 15
0 9 22
1 2 4 1 2 4
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 15 0 0 15
0 0 22 0 0 0

+
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

| | | |
| |
| |

| |
| |
\ . \ .

H phng trnh c nghim duy nht
1 2 3
( , , ) (0, 0, 0) k k k =
Vy S l tp c lp tuyn tnh.
b. Xt phng trnh
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 k X k X k X + + =
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
(3, 4,1, 7) ( 2, 6,8, 1) ( 13, 24,13, 23) (0, 0, 0, 0)
3 2 13 0
4 6 24 0
8 13 0
7 23 0
k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
+ + =
=
+ + =

+ + =

Ma trn ho h phng trnh, ta c:

Thc s: V HONG

4
(2) (2) (1)
3
1
(3) (3) (1)
3
7
(4) (4) (1)
3
3
(2) (2)
10
3
(3) (3)
26
3
(4) (4)
11
3 2 13 3 2 13
4 6 24 0 10 3 20 3
1 8 13 0 26 3 52 3
7 1 23 0 11 3 22 3
3 2 13
0 1 2
0 1 2
0 1 2
+

| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |

\ . \ .

| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

(3) (3) (2)
(4) (4) (2)
3 2 13
0 1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0

| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

H phng trnh ban u tng ng vi h:
3
2 3
1 2 3
2 2
2 13
3
3 3
k a
k k a
k k k a
= e
= =
= + =

Vy phng trnh
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 k X k X k X + + = c v s nghim nn T l tp ph
thuc tuyn tnh.
Dng ma trn
xt s c lp tuyn tnh, ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h vect :

{ }
1 2
, , , ( , ,.)
n
m
S X X X = c +
ta lp ma trn
n m
A
c cc ct l cc vect
1 2
, , ,
m
X X X ri tm hng ca
n m
A
.
( )
( )
n m
r A m
s
- Nu ( )
n m
r A m
= th S c lp tuyn tnh.
- Nu ( )
n m
r A m
< th S ph thuc tuyn tnh.

Ch : Nu m n = th
n m
A
l ma trn vung nn c th gii bng cch khc :

S c lp tuyn tnh
n m
A

kh nghch det( ) 0
n m
A

=
S ph thuc tuyn tnh
n m
A

khng kh nghch det( ) 0
n m
A

=
V d
Da vo tham s k xt tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh, c lp tuyn tnh ca h
vect sau:
{ }
3
1 2 3
(1, 2, ), (2, 2,1), (2, 5, 1) S X k X k X k k = = = = + c

Thc s: V HONG

Gii
Cch 1:Tm r(A)

(2) (2) 2.(1)
(3) (3) .(1)
(3) (3) 2.(2) (3) (2)
1
(2) .(2)
5
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 2 5 0 2 1
1 1 0 2 1 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
0 2 1 0 5 1
0 5 1 0 2 1
1 2 2
1
0 1 ( 1)
5
0
k
A k k k k
k k k k
k k k
k k k
k
k
+

+
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
+ + +
\ . \ .
| | | |
| |
+
| |
| |
+
\ . \ .

(3) (3) ( 2).(2)
1 2 2
1
0 1 ( 1)
5
2 1 1
0 0 ( 1)(3 )
5
k
k
k
k k
+
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|
+
\ .
|
\ .
Ta c :
( ) 3 ( 1)( 3) 0
1
3
r A k k
k
k
= =
=

Do h c lp tuyn tnh khi
1
3
k
k
=
v ph thuc tuyn tnh khi

1
3
k
k
=

Cch 2: Dng nh thc
Ta tnh c det ( 1)( 3) A k k =
Bin lun:
S c lp tuyn tnh
1
det( ) 0
3
k
A
k
=

S ph thuc tuyn tnh
1
det( ) 0
3
k
A
k
=
=

=

c. Cc nh l c bn v s ph thuc tuyn tnh
nh l. iu kin cn v h vect
1 2
, , ,
m
X X X ( 2) m > ph thuc tuyn
tnh l c t nht mt vect ca h biu din tuyn tnh c qua cc vect cn
li.
H qu.

Thc s: V HONG

a. Mt h c cha vect 0 th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
b. Mt h ch gm mt vect khc vect 0 th c lp tuyn tnh (hay h c lp
tuyn tnh th khng cha vect 0).
c. Mt h vect cha mt h con ph thuc tuyn tnh th n ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
d. Mt h vect c lp tuyn tnh th mi h con ca n l c lp tuyn tnh.
e. Nu trong mt h c hai vect no t l th h ph thuc tuyn tnh.
V d:
a. H {(1,1,0),(0,0,0),(0,1,1)}: ph thuc tuyn tnh.
b. H {(1,1,0),(3,-5,0),(0,1,1), (1, 2, 1)}: ph thuc tuyn tnh.
nh l. Trong khng gian
n
mi h vect c s vect ln hn s chiu n u
l h ph thuc tuyn tnh.

BI 2. C S CA KHNG GIAN VECT
n

MA TRN I C S
VI. C s ca khng gian vect
n

15. C s ca khng gian vect
n

nh ngha. Mi h vect n chiu c lp tuyn tnh v c s vect ng bng
n c gi l mt c s ca khng gian
n
.
V d
Trong khng gian
n
, tp cc vect
{ }
1 2
(1,0, ,0), (0,1, ,0), , (0,0, ,1)
n
c c c c = = = =
l mt c s ca
n
.
C s ny c gi l c s n v hay c s chnh tc ca khng gian vect n
chiu.
V d. Tp
{ }
1 2
(2,1), (3,0) A X X = = = c phi l c s ca khng gian
2
khng?
- Tp A c hai vect hai chiu.
- Kim tra xem h vect trn c c lp tuyn tnh khng?
Ta c
2 3
3 0
1 0
= = nn h vect cho c lp tuyn tnh.
V vy, A l c s ca khng gian
2
.

Thc s: V HONG

nh l. Mi vect X ca khng gian vect n chiu
n
u vit c mt
cch duy nht di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca nhng vect c s.
Chng minh
Gi s
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o o = l mt c s ca khng gian vect
n
. Khi
1 2
, , , ,
n
X o o o l 1 n + vect ph thuc tuyn tnh. Do tn ti
1 2
, , , ,
n
k k k k e , khng phi tt c u bng 0 sao cho:
1 1 2 2
0
n n
k k k k o o o o + + + + =
Nu 0 o = th
1 1 2 2
0
n n
k k k o o o + + + =
V
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o c lp tuyn tnh nn suy ra
1
0
n
k k = = =
Vy 0 o = , suy ra
1
1
n
n
k k
X
k k
o o =
t , 1,
i
i
k
x i n
k
= = nhn c
1 1 2 2 n n
X x x x o o o = + + +
S biu din X qua cc vect
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o l duy nht v nu
1 1 2 2 n n
X y y y o o o = + + + th
1 1 1 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n n n
x y x y x y o o o + + + =
T suy ra
1 1 2 2
0
n n
x y x y x y = = = =
hay
1 1 2 2
, , ,
n n
x y x y x y = = =
V d
Trong khng gian
2
c c s
{ }
1 2
(2,1), (1, 2) o o o = = = v vect
(4,1) X = . Biu din X qua c s o ?
Gii Xt h phng trnh:

1 1 2 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
2
(2,1) (1, 2) (4,1)
9
2 4
5
2 1 2
5
k k X
k k
k
k k
k k
k
o o + =
+ =
+ =

=

Vy X biu din tuyn tnh qua c s o :
1 2
9 2
5 5
X o o = +

16. Ta ca mt vect i vi mt c s
nh ngha. Mt b n s thc
1 2
( , , , )
n
k k k tha mn h thc:
1 1 2 2 n n
X k k k o o o = + + +
c gi l to ca vect X trong c s
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o o = .

Thc s: V HONG

K hiu:
| | ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
X k k k
o
= hay
| |
1
2
...
n
k
k
X
k
o
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .

V d. Trong khng gian
3
cho vect (0,3, 4) X = v c s
{ }
1 2 3
(1, 2, 2), (2, 3,6), (1,1,7) o o o o = = = =
Hy tm to ca vect X trong c s o ?
Gii
t
1
2
3
[ ]
k
X k
k
o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
, ta xt h thc:

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 0
2 3 3
6 7 4
X k k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
o o o = + +
+ + =
+ =
+ + =

Ma trn ho h phng trnh trn ta c:

(2) (2) 2(1)
(3) (3) 2(1)
(3) (3) 2(2)
1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
2 3 1 3 0 1 3 3
2 6 7 4 0 2 5 4
1 2 1 0
0 1 3 3
0 0 1 2
+

| | | |
| |

| |
| |
\ . \ .
| |
|
|
|

\ .

H phng trnh tng ng nhn c c dng sau:
1 2 3 1
2 3 2
3 3
2 0 4
3 3 3
2 2
k k k k
k k k
k k
+ + = =

+ = =

= =

Vy
4
[ ] 3
2
X
o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Ch . To ca mt vect ph thuc vo c s m ta ang xt, to
ca mt vect thay i khi ta thay i c s.

Thc s: V HONG

17. C s ca mt khng gian con
Cho L l khng gian con ca khng gian
n
.
nh ngha. Mt h vect P
1
, P
2
, , P
r
ca khng gian L c gi l mt c s
ca n nu tha mn hai iu kin sau:
1. P
1
, P
2
, , P
r
c lp tuyn tnh.
2. Mi vect X L e u biu din tuyn tnh qua P
1
, P
2
, , P
r
.
Ch . Mt khng gian con c nhiu c s, s vect trong mi c s l nh
nhau.
nh ngha. S vect trong mt c s ca mt khng gian con L ca khng gian
n
c gi l s chiu ca khng gian con . Khng gian con L c s chiu bng r
c gi l khng gian con r chiu. K hiu dim(L) = r.

V d
Cho L l tp hp con ca khng gian vect
4
xc nh bi:
{ }
4
( , , , ) 2 3 0 L X a b c d a c b d = = e = + =
a. Chng minh L l mt khng gian con ca
4
.
b. Chng minh
{ }
1 2
(1,0, 2,0); (0,3,0, 1) X X = = l c s ca L, suy ra dim (L).
Gii
a. chng minh L l khng gian con ca
4
ta phi chng minh:

( )
( ) ,
( ) ,
i L
ii X L Y L X Y L
iii X L k kX L
= C
e e + e
e e e

b. chng minh
{ }
1 2
(1,0, 2,0); (0,3,0, 1) X X = = l c s ca L ta phi
chng minh:
(i)
1 2
, X X c lp tuyn tnh
(ii) Mi vect X L e u biu din tuyn tnh qua
1 2
, X X .
VII. Hng ca mt h vect
18. C s ca mt h vect
nh ngha. Cho mt h m vect n chiu: {X
1
, X
2
, , X
m
}. C s ca h {X
1
,
X
2
, , X
m
} l mt h con ca n tha mn 2 iu kin sau:
(i). c lp tuyn tnh
(ii). Mi vect ca h u biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vect ca h con .
V d. Cho h {X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
} vi:
X
1
= (1, 2, 0, 1)
X
2
= (1, 3, 2, 0)

Thc s: V HONG

X
3
= (2, 3, 2, 3)
X
4
= (1, 4, 4, 1)
H {X
1
, X
2
}l c s ca {X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
} v:
- {X
1
, X
2
} c lp tuyn tnh.
- Mi vect ca h {X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
} u biu din tuyn tnh qua cc vect
X
1
, X
2
.
Tht vy
X
1
= 1.X
1
+ 0.X
2
X
2
= 0.X
1
+ 1.X
2
X
3
= 3.X
1
1.X
2
X
4
= (1).X
1
+2.X
2
Ch . Mt h vect c th c nhiu c s khc nhau, tuy nhin s vect trong mi c
s l bng nhau.
v d trn ta c th chn h {X
1
, X
2
}hoc h {X
1
, X
3
}hoc h {X
1
, X
4
}hoc
h {X
2
, X
4
}hoc h {X
3
, X
4
}lm c s u c.
19. Hng ca mt h vect
nh ngha. Hng ca mt h vect l s vect c s ca mt h vect . K
hiu hng ca h vect l r.
V d. Hng ca h vect {X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
} vi:
X
1
= (1, 2, 0, 1), X
2
= (1, 3, 2, 0), X
3
= (2, 3, 2, 3), X
4
= (1, 4, 4, 1) l 2.
20. Cc nh l c bn v hng ca mt h vect
nh l. Nu hng ca mt h m vect n chiu l r th mi h con ca n c s
vect ln hn r u ph thuc tuyn tnh.
nh l. Nu hng ca mt h m vect n chiu l r th mi h con ca n gm r
vect c lp tuyn tnh u l c s ca n.
nh l. Cc php bin i s cp khng lm thay i hng ca mt h vect.
21. ng dng nh thc v ma trn kho st mt h vect
Mun kho st mt h vect, ta lp ma trn nhn h vect lm h vect hng
hoc h vect ct, khi :
- Ta tm hng ca h vect thng qua vic tm hng ca ma trn.
- Xc nh c s ca mt h vect thng qua nh thc con c s ca ma trn.
- Nhn bit h ph thuc tuyn tnh hay c lp tuyn tnh cn c vo hng v
s vect ca h.
V d. Cho h vect
{ }
1 2 3 4
, , , X X X X vi:

Thc s: V HONG


1
2
3
4
(2, 1,3,1)
(4, 2, 6, 2)
(6, 3,9,3)
(1, 1, 1, 1)
X
X
X
X
=
=
=
=

a. Tm hng v c s ca h vect trn.
b. Biu din cc vect cn li ca h qua c s trn.
Gii
a. Lp ma trn
2 1 3 1
4 2 6 2
6 3 9 3
1 1 1 1
A
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
, tm r(A).

(2) (2) 4.(1)
(1) (4) (3) (3) 6.(1)
(4) (4) 2.(1)
(2) (4)
2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 0 6 2 2
6 3 9 3 6 3 9 3 0 9 3 3
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 0 3 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 3 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
A

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
| |
|

|
|
|
\ .

Vy r(A) =2 v c s ca h l
{ }
1 4
, X X .
b. Biu din
{ }
2 3
, X X qua
{ }
1 4
, X X . Ta c :
Gii phng trnh X
2
= k
1
X
1
+ k
2
X
4
v X
3
= k
1
X
1
+ k
2
X
4
tm k
1
v k
2
.
Ta c th vit di dng ma trn sau :
1 4 2 3
(1) (4) (2) (2) (1)
(3) (3) 3.(1)
(4) (4) 2.(1)
2 1 4 6 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 0 2 0 0
3 1 6 9 3 1 6 9 0 2 0 0
1 1 2 3 2 1 4 6 0 1 0 0
X X X X
A
+ + + +
+

| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
=
| | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Suy ra cc h phng trnh sau:

Thc s: V HONG


1 2 1
2 1 4
2 2
1 2 1
3 1 4
2 2
2 2
2 0
2 0 0
3 3
3 0
2 0 0
k k k
X X X
k k
k k k
X X X
k k
+ = =

= +

= =

+ = =

= +

= =

VIII. MA TRN CHUYN C S
22. Ma trn chuyn c s
Xt
n
c hai c s
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o o = v
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
| | | | = . Lp ma
trn vung P trong ct th j l to ca vect
j
| trong c s o :
1
2
[ ]
j
j
j
nj
a
a
a
o
|
| |
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .
,
ngha l:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
1 2
([ ] [ ] [ ] )
n
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
P
a a a
o o o
| | |
| |
|
|
= =
|
|
\ .

Ta gi P l ma trn chuyn c s t o sang | v k hiu l ( ) P o | .
V d.
3
c hai c s :
{ }
{ }
1 2 3
1 2 3
, ,
, ,
o o o o
| | | |
=
=
.
Bit rng:
1 1 2 3
2 1 3
3 1 2 3
1
7
3
9 5
8
2 4
5
| o o o
| o o
| o o o
= +
= +
= +

Tm ma trn chuyn c s t o sang | ?
Gii
Ta c :
Lp
1 2 3
8
1 9
5
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] ) 7 0 2
1
5 4
3
P
o o o
o | | | |
| |
|
|
= =
|
|
\ .

Thc s: V HONG

23. Tnh cht
n
l mt khng gian vect n chiu v , , o | l cc c s ca
n
. Khi ,
ta c cc khng nh sau:
i. ( )
n
P I o o =
ii. ( ) P o | kh nghch v
1
( ) [ ( )] P P | o o |

=
iii. ( ) ( ). ( ) P P P o | o | =
V d
a.
3
c c s
{ }
1 2 3
, , o o o o =
Ta c:
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
3 1 2 3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
= + +
= + +
= + +

Vy
1 2 3 3
1 0 0
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] ) 0 1 0
0 0 1
P I
o o o
o o o o o
| |
|
= = =
|
|
\ .

b.
2
c cc c s , , o | vi
2 3
( )
7 1
P o |

| |
=
|
\ .
v
4 5
( )
6 9
P |
| |
=
|
\ .

Tnh ( ) P | o v ( ) P o ?
Gii
1
1
2 3 1 3 1 3
1 1
( ) [ ( )]
7 1 7 2 7 2 23 23
P P | o o |

| | | | | |
= = = =
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

2 3 4 5 26 17
( ) ( ). ( ) .
7 1 6 9 22 44
P P P o o | |

| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

24. Cng thc i to
n
l mt khng gian vect n chiu v
n
c cc c s o v | . Ta c:
:[ ] ( ).[ ]
n
X X P X
o |
o | e =
V d
2
c cc c s , o | vi
2 3
( )
7 1
P o |

| |
=
|
\ .
. Xt vect
2
X e c
2
[ ]
7
X
|
| |
=
|
\ .
. Hi [ ] ? X
o
=

Thc s: V HONG

Gii
Theo cng thc i to , ta c:
[ ] ( ).[ ]
2 3 2
.
7 1 7
25
7
X P X
o |
o | =
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .

Vy
25
[ ]
7
X
o

| |
=
|
\ .

25. Phng php tm ma trn i c s
a. To vect trn c s chnh tc
n
n
c c s chnh tc:

{ }
1 2
(1,0, ,0), (0,1, ,0), , (0,0, ,1)
n
c c c c = = = = .
Gi s
1 2
( , , , )
n
n
X X X X = e , ta c:
1 1 2 2 n n
X X X X c c c = + + +
hay
1
2
[ ]
n
X
X
X
X
c
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .

To vect trn c s chnh tc l trng hp n gin nht.
b. Ma trn chuyn c s trong
n

n
n
c cc c s
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
o o o o =
v
{ }
1 2
, , ,
n
| | | | = .
Ta tm ma trn chuyn c s t o sang | nh sau:
1 2
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )
n
P
o o o
o | | | | =
v qu trnh ny rt phc tp, ta phi gii mt h gm n phng trnh vi n n s.
n gin ta tm ma trn chuyn c s t c s chnh tc sang c s o v | nh sau:
1 2
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )
n
H P
c c c
c o o o o = =
1 2
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )
n
K P
c c c
c | | | | = =
Dng tnh cht (iii) ta tm c

Thc s: V HONG

1
1
( ). ( )
[ ( )] .
.
L P P
P K
H K
o c c |
c o

=
=
=

V d
Trong khng gian
3
, cho hai h vect:
{ }
1 2 3
( 3,4,6), (0,1,1), (2, 3, 4) o o o o = = = =
{ }
1 2 3
(3, 4,9), (2,1,2), ( 7,1,4) | | | | = = = =
a. Gii thch , o | l hai c s ca
3
?
b. Tm ( ) L P o | = ?
c. Xt
3
X e c
2
[ ] 1
9
X
|
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
. Tm vect X ?
d. Xt
3
( 5,0,8) Y = e . Hi [ ] ? Y
o
=
Gii
a. Gii thch , o | l hai c s ca
3
?
Lp ma trn
1
3 3 2
3
3 4 6
0 1 1
2 3 4
A
o
o
o
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |

\ . \ .
v
1
3 3 2
3
3 4 9
2 1 2
7 1 4
B
|
|
|
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |

\ . \ .

Ta thy det 1 0 A= = v det 1 0 B = = . Vy , o | l hai c s ca
3
.

b. Tm ( ) L P o | = ?
3
c c s chnh tc
{ }
1 2 3
(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1) c c c c = = = =
Ma trn chuyn c s t c s chnh tc c sang c s o :
1 2 3
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )
3 0 2
4 1 3
6 1 4
H P
c c c
c o o o o = =
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Tnh
1
1 2 2
2 0 3
2 1 3
H
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Ma trn chuyn c s t c s chnh tc c sang c s | :

Thc s: V HONG

1 2 3
( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )
3 2 7
4 1 1
9 2 4
K P
c c c
c | | | | = =
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Khi :
1
1
( ). ( )
[ ( )] .
.
1 2 2 3 2 7
2 0 3 . 4 1 1
2 1 3 9 2 4
29 8 3
33 10 2
37 11 1
L P P
P K
H K
o c c |
c o

=
=
=
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

c. Xt
3
X e c
2
[ ] 1
9
X
|
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
. Tm vect X ?
Ta c:
1 2 3
2 9
2(3, 4,9) (2,1, 2) 9( 7,1, 4)
( 67, 2, 20)
X | | | = + +
= + +
=

d. Xt
3
( 5,0,8) Y = e . Hi [ ] ? Y
o
=
Cch 1: t [ ]
u
Y v
w
o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

2 3
( 5, 0,8) ( 3, 4, 6) (0,1,1) (2, 3, 4)
3 0 2 5 11
4 3 0 14
6 4 8 14
Y u v w
u v w
u v w u
u v w v
u v w w
o o o = + +
= + +
+ + = =

+ = =

+ = =

Thc s: V HONG

Vy
11
[ ] 14
14
Y
o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Cch 2: Do ( 5, 0,8) Y = nn
5
[ ] 0
8
Y
c
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

M
1 2 2 5 11
[ ] ( ).[ ] 2 0 3 . 0 14
2 1 3 8 14
Y P Y
o c
o c

| | | | | |
| | |
= = =
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Vy
11
[ ] 14
14
Y
o
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
.

Chng III: NH X TUYN TNH
BI 1. GI TR RING VECT RING

IX. Gi tr ring, vect ring, khng gian con ring
26. Ton t tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Cho V v ' V l hai khng gian vect ty . nh x : ' f V V c gi l nh x
tuyn tnh (hay ton t tuyn tnh) nu n tha mn 2 iu kin sau :
i) Vi mi
( ) ( ) ( ) , : x y V f x y f x f y e + = +
ii) Vi mi
( ) ( ) , : x V f x f x o o o e e =
V d
1) Chng minh nh x
3 2
: f xc nh bi :
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , 2 , f x x x x x x =
l ton t tuyn tnh.
2) Chng minh nh x
3 2
: f xc nh bi :
1 2 3 1 2 3 1
( , , ) ( , 4) f x x x x x x x = + +
khng l ton t tuyn tnh.
27. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh
nh ngha

Thc s: V HONG

Cho V l khng gian vect n chiu, V' l khng gian vect m chiu v
: f V V' l ton t tuyn tnh. Gi s
{ } { }
' ' '
1 2 1 2
, ,..., ' , ,...,
n m
E e e e E e e e = = va l hai c s
ca V v V' .
Khi mi f (e
i
) V' e nn u c th biu din qua c s ' E , gi s ta c :
( )
( )
( )
' ' '
1 11 1 21 2 1
' ' '
2 12 1 22 2 2
' ' '
1 1 2 2
...
...
.................................................
...
m m
m m
n n n mn m
f e a e a e a e
f e a e a e a e
f e a e a e a e
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +

Khi ma trn A cp m n c to thnh bi ct th i ca n l ct ta ca
vect f (e
i
) c gi l ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh f i vi cp c s E, ' E .

11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
... ... ... ...
...
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
(
(
(
=
(
(

c bit khi f l mt ton t tuyn tnh trn V th thng ch xt ma trn ca f
trn cng mt c s (v ta thng xt trn c s chnh tc).

V d. Cho nh x
3 3
: f xc nh bi :
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 3
, , 2 , , f x x x x x x x =
1) Lp ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh f i vi cp c s chnh tc.
2) Lp ma trn ca ton t tuyn tnh f i vi c s E vi :

{ }
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ; (1,1,1), (1,1, 0), (1, 0, 0) E u u u u u u = = = =
28. Gi tr ring, vect ring, khng gian con ring ca cc ton t tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Gi s V l khng gian vect. S gi l gi tr ring ca ton t tuyn tnh
: f V V nu tn ti vect x = 0 sao cho
( ) f x x = .
Vect x = 0 c gi l vect ring ng vi gi tr ring .
nh ngha
Cho l mt gi tr ring ca ton t tuyn tnh f trn khng gian vect V. Khi

E() = {xeV / f(x) = x}
c gi l khng gian con ring ca f ng vi gi tr ring .
Ch : E() \ {0} l tp tt c cc vect ring ca f ng vi gi tr ring . Nh vy c
v s vect ring ng vi mi gi tr ring .
29. Gi tr ring, vect ring ca cc ma trn vung
nh ngha

Thc s: V HONG

Gi s A l ma trn vung cp n. S c gi l gi tr ring ca A nu tn ti
vect
( )
1 2
( , ,..., ) 0, 0,..., 0
n
x x x x = = sao cho
1 1
2 2
(*)
... ...
n n
x x
x x
A
x x
( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

thun tin i khi ta vit (*) di dng : Ax x = , tc xem
1
n
n
x M

e .
Vect x = 0 gi l vect ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring .
V d
1) Cho ma trn
3 0
8 1
A
(
=
(

. Chng minh = 3 l gi tr ring ca A ng vi
vect ring
( )
2
1, 2 . x= e
2) Cho ma trn
1 1 0
0 2 0
2 1 3
B
(
(
=
(
(

. Chng minh = 2 l gi tr ring ca A ng vi
vect ring
( ) 1,1,1 x= .
Ch : Nu x l vect ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring th cx, trong c l
mt hng s khc khng ty , cng l vect ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring .
nh l
Gi s : f V V l ton t tuyn tnh, A l ma trn ca f i vi mt c s o
no ca V. Ta c :
(i) l gi tr ring ca f l gi tr ring ca A.
(ii) x l vect ring ca f ng vi gi tr ring x l vect ring ca A
ng vi gi tr ring .
Nh vy bi ton tm vect ring v gi tr ring ca mt ton t tuyn tnh
tng ng vi bi ton tm vect ring v gi tr ring ca ma trn ca n trong mt
c s no v ta cng c th s dng song song ngn ng ma trn v ngn ng ton
t tuyn tnh trong cc pht biu.
30. a thc c trng ca ma trn
nh ngha
Cho ma trn vung A cp n.
a thc
( ) det A I c gi l a thc c trng ca A. K hiu ( ), ( ).
A
_ _
Phng trnh
( ) det 0 A I = c gi l phng trnh c trng ca ma trn A.
Ma trn A I c gi l ma trn c trng ca ma trn A.
V d. Hy tm phng trnh c trng ca ma trn
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
A
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

nh l (Hamiltn Cayley)
Mi ma trn u l nghim ca a thc c trng ca n, ngha l : ( ) 0.
A
_ =
ng dng : Dng tnh gi tr ca mt a thc ma trn.

Thc s: V HONG

Cho ma trn A v a thc f. Bi ton t ra l hy thu gn f(A) v t tnh
f(A). Thc hin php chia f() cho ( )
A
_ ta c:

( ) ( ). ( ) ( )
( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ).
A
A
f q r
f A q A A r A r A
_
_
= +
= + =

V d: Tnh
8 5 4 2
3
1 0 2
( ) 2 3 4 , = 0 -1 1
0 1 0
f A A A A A I A
| |
|
= + +
|
|
\ .
.
Gii
a thc c trng ca A l :
3
( ) 2 1.
A
_ = +
Chia ( ) f cho ( )
A
_ ta c d l
2
( ) 24 37 10. r = +

2
3
( ) ( ) 24 37 10
1 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 0
24 0 2 1 37 10 1 1 10 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 48 26
0 95 61
0 61 34
f A r A A A I = = +
| | | | | |
| | |
= +
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

X. Phng php tm gi tr ring, vect ring, c s ca khng gian ring
ca nh x tuyn tnh f (ca ma trn A)
Cho f l ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vect V v A l ma trn ca f trong
c s E. tm cc gi tr ring, vect ring, c s ca khng gian ring ca f (v ca
A) ta tin hnh cc bc sau :
1. Lp a thc c trng ( )
A
_ =
( ) det A I .
2. Gii phng trnh c trng ( )
A
_ = 0 tm cc gi tr ring .
3. Vi mi gi tr ring va tm c, gii phng trnh
( ) 0 A I x = (*) tm
cc vect ring
( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x x = ng vi gi tr ring .
Khng gian nghim ca phng trnh (*) chnh l khng gian con ring E(). Do
mi h nghim c bn l mt c s ca khng gian con ring E().
V d : Tm cc gi tr ring, vect ring, c s v s chiu ca khng gian con ring
ca ma trn
3 2 0
2 3 0
0 0 5
A
(
(
=
(
(

.
Gii
Phng trnh c trng ca ma trn A:
( ) ( )( )
2
3 2 0
det 2 3 0 1 5 0
0 0 5
A I

= = =

c nghim = 1 v = 5. Vy cc gi tr ring ca A l = 1 v = 5 (bi2).
Vi = 1 ta c :

Thc s: V HONG


( ) 0 A I x =
1
2
3
2 2 0 0
2 2 0 0
0 0 4 0
x
x
x
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

1
2
3
,
0
x t
x t t
x
=
= e

Vy cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 1 l cc vect khc khng c dng :

1
1
0 0
t
x t t
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

.
C s ca khng gian con ring E(1) l vect (1, 1, 0) v dim E(1) = 1.
Vi = 5 ta c

( ) 0 A I x =
1
2
3
2 2 0 0
2 2 0 0
0 0 0 0
x
x
x
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

1
2
3
, ,
x t
x t t s
x s
=
= e

Vy cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring = 5 l cc vect khc khng c dng :

1 0
1 0
0 1
t
x t t s
s
( ( (
( ( (
= = +
( ( (
( ( (

.
C s ca khng gian con ring E(5) l {(-1, 1, 0) ;(0, 0, 1)} v dim E(5) = 2.

BI 2. CHO HA MA TRN VUNG
XI. Cho ha ma trn
31. nh ngha
Cho ma trn vung A. Ma trn A gi l cho ha c nu tn ti ma trn kh
o P sao cho P
-1
AP l ma trn cho. Khi ta ni ma trn P lm cho ha ma trn A
v A c cho ha bi P.
32. iu kin cho ha c
nh l
Gi s A l ma trn vung cp n. iu kin cn v A cho ha c l n
c n vect ring c lp tuyn tnh.
H qu
Nu A c n gi tr ring i mt phn bit th A cho ha c.
nh l
Ma trn vung A cho ha c khi v ch khi A c n gi tr ring (k c bi)
v s chiu ca tt c cc khng gian con ring bng s bi ca cc gi tr ring tng
ng.
Ngha l nu A c cc gi tr ring phn bit
1 2
, ,...,
k
vi s bi tng ng l
1 2
, ,...,
k
n n n th
A cho ha c
1 2 1 2
n i
... ...
dim ( ) rank(A - I ) = r
k k
i i i
n n n n n n n n
E n
+ + + = + + + =

=

V d. Trong cc ma trn sau, ma trn no cho ha c ?

Thc s: V HONG

1)
0 1
0 2
A
(
=
(

2)
2 1
3 0
B
(
=
(

Gii
1) Phng trnh c trng ca ma trn A l :
( )
2
1
det 2 1 0
0 2
1
A I

= = + =
= lagia trrieng boi cua A

Vi = 1, gii phng trnh
( ) 0 A I x = ta c vect ring ca ma trn A l
( )
0
0, 0
0
x hay x
(
= =
(

.V A ch c mt vect ring v khng c lp tuyn tnh nn A
khng cho ha c.
2) Phng trnh c trng ca ma trn B l :
( )
2
2 1
det 2 3 0
3
1
3
B I

= = =
lacac gia trrieng cua B

Vi = -1, gii phng trnh
( ) 0 B I x = ta c vect ring
{ }
1
1
, \ 0
3 3
a
x a a
a
( (
= = e
( (

Vi = 3, gii phng trnh
( ) 0 B I x = ta c vect ring
{ }
2
1
, \ 0
1
b
x b b
b
( (
= = e
( (

Ta thy ma trn B c hai vect ring
( ) ( )
1 2
1, 3 1,1 x x = = va l hai vect c lp tuyn
tnh. V vy ma trn B cho ha c.

XII. Thut ton cho ha mt ma trn
Cho ma trn vung A cp n. cho ha ma trn A ta c thut ton sau :
Bc 1 : Lp a thc c trng ca A v gii phng trnh c trng tm cc gi tr
ring ca A.
a) Nu A khng c gi tr ring no th A khng cho ha c. Thut ton
kt thc.
b) Nu A c k gi tr ring khc nhau tng i mt
1 2
, ,...,
k
vi s bi
tng ng l
1 2
, ,..., .
k
n n n
- Trng hp
1 2
...
k
n n n n + + + < th A khng cho ha c. Thut ton kt
thc.
- Trng hp
1 2
...
k
n n n n + + + = th lm tip bc 2.
Bc 2 : Vi mi gi tr ring
i
, tm dimE(
i
).

a) Nu tn ti
i
m dimE(
i
)< n
i
th A khng cho ha c. Thut ton kt
thc.

Thc s: V HONG

b) Nu dimE(
i
) = n
i
i=1,k th A cho ha c. Vi mi
i
tm mt c s
ca khng gian con ring E(
i
) sau lm tip bc 3.
Bc 3 : Lp ma trn P c cc ct l cc vect c s ca cc khng gian con ring
E(
i
), i=1,k . Khi P l ma trn lm cho ha A.
Ma trn P
-1
AP l ma trn cho vi cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ln lt l
cc gi tr ring ng ca A (gi tr ring
i
xut hin n
i
ln, i=1,k ).
V d.
Tm ma trn P lm cho ha ma trn A vi

Gii
Gii phng trnh c trng ta tm c cc gi tr ring ca A l = 5 v = 1.
- Vi = 1 ta c vect ring
1
1
1
0
p
(
(
=
(
(

- Vi = 5 ta c hai vec t ring
2 3
1 0
1 , 0
0 1
p p
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

D dng kim tra thy
{ }
1 2 3
, , p p p c lp tuyn tnh, do
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0
P
(
(
=
(
(

lm cho ha ma trn A. Tht vy :

1
1 1
0
3 2 0 1 0 1 5 0 0
2 2
0 0 1 2 3 0 1 0 1 0 5 0
1 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 1
0
2 2
P AP
( ( (
(
( ( (
( = =
( ( (
(
( ( (

(

V d. Cho ha ma trn
3 2
2 1
A
(
=
(

Gii
Gii phng trnh c trng ta tm c gi tr ring ca A l = -1.
Vi = -1 ta c vect ring
1
1
p
(
=
(

V khng gian ring ca ma trn A l khng gian 1 chiu nn A khng c hai
vect ring c lp tuyn tnh, do ma trn A khng cho ha c.
XIII. p dng tnh ly tha ca ma trn vung
Gi s A l ma trn cho ha c. Khi , tn ti ma trn P khng suy bin
sao cho
1
P AP
l ma trn ng cho. t
3 2 0
2 3 0
0 0 5
A
(
(
=
(
(

Thc s: V HONG

( )
1
1 1
1
m
m
m m
A PD P
D P AP A PDP
A PDP
=

= =
=

V d. Cho ma trn
3 1
1 3
A
(
(

= . Tnh A
10
?
Gii. V A l ma trn cho ha c nn tn ti ma trn
1 1
1 1
2 2
1
1 1 1 1
2 2
P P
(
(
(
(
(

= =

khong suy bien
Khi
10
10 10 1
10 10 10
10 10 10
10
1 1
3 1 1 1 4 0
2 2
1 1 1 3 1 1 0 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 4 0
2 2
1 1 0 2 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 4 0 4 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
4
1
D P AP
A PD P
(
( ( (
(
=
( ( (
(

(
| | ( (
(
=
|
( (
(
\ .

( (
( ( (
( (
= =
( ( (
( (

=
= =
=
10 10 10
10 10 10 10
2 4 2
2 2
4 2 4 2
2 2
( +
(
(
+ (
(

BI TP
1. Tm cc gi tr ring v vect ring ca cc ma trn sau :

1 2 1 0
) )
2 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 3 4
) 0 1 2 ) 4 7 8
0 0 1 6 7 7
1 1 2 2 1 2
) 4 0 4 ) 5 3 3
1 1 4 1 0 2
1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
) )
0 0 0 0 3 0 5 3
1 0 0 1 4 1 3 1
a e
b f
c g
d h
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

Thc s: V HONG

2. Cho nh x
3 3
: f xc nh bi :
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 3
, , 2 , 2 3 , 4 f x x x x x x x x x = + + (

Tm gi tr ring v vect ring ca nh x f.
3. Cho nh x
2 2
: f P P xc nh bi :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2 0 2
5 6 2 8 2 f a a x a x a a a a a x a a x + + = + + + +
a) Tm gi tr ring ca f.
b) Tm c s ca khng gian ring ca f.
4. Chng minh rng = 0 l gi tr ring ca ma trn A khi v ch khi A l ma trn
khng suy bin.
5. Chng minh rng cc ma trn sau khng cho ha c :

3 0 0 1 0 1
2 0 2 3
) ) ) 0 2 0 ) 1 3 0
1 2 1 1
0 1 2 4 13 0
a b c d
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

( (

6. Tm ma trn P lm cho ha A v xc nh P
-1
AP.

14 12
)
20 17
a A
(
(

1 0
)
6 1
b A
(
(

=

1 0 0
) 0 1 1
0 1 1
c A
(
(
(
(

=
2 0 2
) 0 3 0
2 0 3
d A
(
(
(
(

=
7. Cho
10
1 0
. ?
1 2
A A
(
(

= Tnh
8. Cho ma trn
5
1 2 5
0 1 1 . ?
1 3 0
B B
(
(
(
(

Tnh
9. Cho ma trn
1
0 1 0
4 4 0 .
2 2
A
(
(
(
(

=
Tnh f(A) bit rng :

7 6 5 4 3 2
6 12 6 12 10 1 x x x x x x x + + + + +
8
f(x) = x .
10. Cho ma trn
1
3
1 0
0 1 0 .
5 2
A
(
(
(
(

=
Tnh f(A) bit rng :

6 5 3
3 3 3 x x x x + +
8
f(x) = x .

Thc s: V HONG


MC LC
Chng I: MA TRN NH THC H PHNG TRNH ...... 1
Bi 1. MA TRN ................................................................................. 1
I.. MA TRN 1
II.. CC PHP TON TRN MA TRN 3
III. CC PHP BIN I S CP- MA TN BC THANG 7
BI 2. NH THC ............................................................................. 9
I. NH THC CA MA TRN VUNG 9
II. CC TNH CHT CA NH THC 11
III. TNH NH THC BNG CC PHP BIN I S CP 13
IV. HNG CA MA TRN 14
BI 3. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH ................................... 19
I. NH NGHA 19
II. IU KIN C NGHIM 21
III. PHNG PHP GII H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH 21
BI TP ............................................................................................. 33

Thc s: V HONG

Chng II: KHNG GIAN VECV ................................................ 38
Bi 1. KHNG GIAN VECV n CHIU .......................................... 38
I..VECV n CHIU KHNG GIAN VECV 38
II.. MI LIN H TUYN TNH 41
BI 2. C S- MA TRN CHUYN C S .................................. 46
I. C S CA KHNG GIAN 46
II. HNG CA H VECT 50
III. MA TRN CHUYN C S 52
Chng III: NH X TUYN TNH ............................................... 58
Bi 1. GI TR RING - VECV RING ........................................ 58
I..GI TR RING - VECV RING 58
II.. PHNG PHP TM GI TR RING - VECV RING 61
BI 2. CHO HO MA TRN VUNG .......................................... 46
I..CHO HA MA TRN 62
II. THUT TON CHO HA MA TRN 63
III. P DNG TNH LY THA MA TRN VUNG 64
BI TP 65

Toan Cao Cap A2

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Toan Cao Cap A2

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Thc s: V HONG

Bi ging: Ton Cao cp A2 (TVT)

< = khng tn ti.

theo th t t phng trnh di ln trn.

h phng trnh v nghim.

th h phng trnh c th v nghim hoc v s nghim.

h c nghim duy nht.

c nghim duy nht.

H c nghim duy nht.

h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.

h phng trnh c v s nghim.

h phng trnh v nghim.

< th S ph thuc tuyn tnh.

l ma trn vung nn c th gii bng cch khc :

v ph thuc tuyn tnh khi

= lagia trrieng boi cua A

lacac gia trrieng cua B

Tnh f(A) bit rng :

Tnh f(A) bit rng :

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