Tropical Agricultural Machinery

Docteur Ingenieur (Science Agronomique), Institut National Agronomique, France

D.A.A. (Machinisme Agricole), Institut National Agronomique, France
M.S. (Mechanized Agriculture), North Dakota State University, U.S.A.
..() ()
Certificat de Specialisation en Machinism Agricole et Sciences Economics Connexes, France.
Cert. in Farm Mechanization in Rice Production for Small Farms, Republic of China.

..





1 1
2
2
3
5
6
7
9
4 11
2 13
21
26
28
28
30
32
34
37
2 40
41
42
45
52
59
68
74
78
79
80
82
82
 ()

83
84
3 87
88
89
89
99
102
102
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103
105
109
114
114
4 119
120
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124
126
127
138
144
145
147
149
150
5 151
152
155
 ()

155
158
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160
162
163
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167
1 167
4 168
168
169
169
172
6 175
176
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7 184
185
185
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 ()

191
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194
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198
199
203
8 212
213
213
214
215
216
217
218
218
219
9 223
224
226


1.1 . 2
1.2 3
1.3 4
1.4 4
1.5 5
1.6 5
1.7 6
1.8 4 12
1.9 2 14
1.10 16
1.11 () 16
1.12 18
1.13 18
1.14 19
1.15 21
1.16 22
1.17 23
1.18 24
1.19 24
1.20 25
1.21 26
1.22 27
1.23 28
1.24 29
1.25 29
1.26 30
1.27 31
1.28 32
1.29 33
1.30 33
 ()

1.31 3 34
1.32 35
2.1 41
2.2 43
2.3 () () () () 43
2.4 ( ) ( ) ( )
44
2.5 45
2.6 46
2.7 46
2.8 47
2.9 48
2.10 50
2.11 51
2.12 Suction 51
2.13 53
2.14 54
2.15 54
2.16 55
2.17 56
2.18 56
2.19 57
2.20 57
2.21 61
2.22 62
2.23 63
2.24 64
2.25 65
2.26 66
2.27 67
2.28 68
2.29 70
 ()

2.30 70
2.31 71
2.32 72
2.33 72
2.34 73
2.35 74
2.36 75
2.37 76
2.38 2 76
2.39 77
2.40 78
2.41 78
2.42 79
2.43 80
2.44 80
2.45 81
2.46 2 81
2.47 82
2.48 82
2.49 83
2.50 83
2.51 ) ) ) 85
3.1 88
3.2 89
3.3 90
3.4 90
3.5 92
3.6 93
3.7 93
3.8 94
3.9 94
3.10 95
 ()

3.11 97
3.12 99
3.13 100
3.14 103
3.15 103
3.16 104
3.17 105
3.18 106
3.19 106
3.20 107
3.21 107
3.22 110
3.23 111
3.24 111
3.25 113
3.26 113
3.27 114
3.28 116
3.29 117
4.1 121
4.2 124
4.3 126
4.4 126
4.5 127
4.6 128
4.7 128
4.8 129
4.9 129
4.10 129
4.11 3 130
4.12 130
4.13 131
 ()

4.14 131
4.15 132
4.16 132
4.17 133
4.18 135
4.19 137
4.20 138
4.21 138
4.22 139
4.23 141
4.24 () 142
4.25 143
4.26 () 143
4.27 144
4.28 145
4.29 146
4.30 147
4.31 150
4.32 150
5.1 155
5.2 156
5.3 158
5.4 158
5.5 159
5.6 159
5.7 160
5.8 161
5.9 161
5.10 162
5.11 163
5.12 164
5.13 164
 ()

5.14 165
5.15 1 167
5.16 4 168
5.17 168
5.18 170
5.19 170
5.20 171
5.21 172
5.22 173
5.23 174
6.1 178
6.2 179
6.3 180
6.4 182
6.5 182
6.6 183
7.1 186
7.2 () 187
7.3 2 189
7.4 192
7.5 193
7.6 195
7.7 195
7.8 196
7.9 ) ) ) 197
7.10 198
7.11 200
7.12 200
7.13 201
7.14 201
7.15 202
7.16 205
 ()

7.17 206
7.18 () 207


1.1 11
1.2 27
2.1 52
2.2 58
8.1 215
8.2 216
8.3 218
8.4 221
8.5 () 221
 1

1
(Tractor)
 2

( 1.1)


2
1.

2.

1.1

(1
= 746 1 = 1000 )
3 (2.238 ) 300 (223.8 )

1.

2.

 3

3.
4.

( 1.2)
25 (18.65 )
25 50 (18.65 37.3 )
50
(37.3 )

(50 ) (50 ) (25-50 ) ( 25 )

1.2

( 1.3)





 4

1.3

1.4

( 1.4) 2
4 2 4
4
2

3 (three points linkage)




 5

1.5

( 1.6)
3
()

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12

1.6
 6

1. (cylinder head)

2. (cylinder block)

3. (crank case)
(oil
pan)

4. (cylinder)

1.7
 7

5. (piston)


6. (connecting rod)


7. (crankshaft)

8. (camshaft)

9. (intake valve)

10. (exhaust valve )

11. (valve spring)
12. (injector)

13. (fly wheel)

4 2

(diesel engine)








 8

500
500-
1000
1000

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

 9

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

10 ..1893 " " (Rudolf C. Diesel : 1858 - 1913)
" "
3
1. (straight vegetable oil)



70oC

11-17


(slow/low volatility)



 10

2. (veggie / kero mix)

(cocodiesel)

10 % 90 % 40 %
60 % 20 % 80 %

3.

(transesterification process)



B5 5:95
B100 100 %
1-2

1.1
 11

1.1
Fuel Property Diesel Biodiesel
Fuel Standard ASTM D975 ASTM D6751
Lower Heating Value, Btu/gal --129,050 --118,170
Kinematic Viscosity.@ 40C 1.3-4.1 4.0-6.0
Specific Gravity kg/l @ 60F 0.85 0.88
Density, lb/gal@ 15C 7.079 7.328
Water and Sediment. vol% 0.05 max 0.05 max
Carbon. wt% 87 77
Hydrogen, wt% 13 12
Oxygen by dif. wt% 0 11
Sulfur. wt% 0.05 max 0.0 to 0.0024
Boiling Point. C 180 to 340 315 to 350
Flash Point. C 60 to 80 100 to 170
Cloud Point C -15 to 5 -3 to 12
Pour Point, C -35 to -15 -15 to 10
Cetane Number 40-55 48-65
Lubricity SLBOCLE, grams 2000-5000 >7000
Lubricity HFRR microns 300-600 <300

1. 50 C
100 C
2.
3.
particulate matter

4 (4 cycle diesel engine)

4
4
2



4
 12

1. (suction stroke)

2. (compression stroke)

1/16 550

3. (power stroke)


4. (exhaust stroke)

1.8 4
 13

2
2 (cycle diesel engine)
2 4

2
1.

2.
3.
4. (inlet port)

5. (exhaust port)

2
1.



2.






 14

1.9 2

(compression ratio)



18:1 22:1

 15

2
1.
2.
(air cooling system)




(liquid cooling system)

1. (radiator)

2. (water pump)

 16

1.10

1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.

1.11 ()

3. (water passage)

 17

4. (thermostat)





65
5. (fan)

30

10 40
50 140
2
1.
2.


(Dipper)



 18

1.12

1
2
3
4
5
6

1.13

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.





 19

(fuel system)

1. (delivery pump)

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

1.14
 20

2. (fuel strainer)



3. (injector pump)

(governor)
(Weight)

4. (injector)





4

1.
2.
3.

4.

(air cleaner)



(oil bath type) (pre-
cleaner)


 21

1.15

( 1.16)

 22

()

()

() 4

1.16
 23

.
1.17
 24

1.18

1.19

( 1.20)

 25

1.20

( 1.21)

 26

1.21
.
.

7.50 - 16


18.4/15-30 4 PR
18.4 15
30 4
1.2
 27

1.2
(/)

14 16 18 20 22 24 28
()
12.4/11-36 4 1348 1135 1440
6 1220 1301 1374

18.4/15-30 6 1965 2120

8 2268 2415
10 2554 2685 2815

1.22
 28

1.23

1.23

 29

3
1. ( 1.24)
()



2. ( 1.25)

1.24

1.25
 30

3. ( 1.26)

1.26

3

( 1.27)

( 1.28)

 31

1.27

()
()

 32

1.28

( 1.29)

 33

1.29

( 1.30) 3


3 (
1.31) 3

1.30
 34

1.31 3

9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
 35

8.
9.

1.32

(
) 1

2

 36

12 / 15 /
(0.85 / 1.05 /)
12 / 15 /
25 / (1.75 /)




9

120

700






2






 37

1.

2.

1.
2.

3. 3/4
4.
5.
6. 30
30

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
 38

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

30 20

1.
2.

 39

3.
4.
5.
 40

2
(Tillage Machinery)
 41

1 2 1+2

2.1

1.

2.
3.
4.
 42

5.
6.
2
(primary tillage machinery)

(secondary tillage machinery)
2.1
(rotary cultivator)

(subsoiler) (chisel plough) (tined cultivator)

(plough)
2 (moldboard plough)
() (disc plough)






1. ( 2.2)

2. ( 2.3)

 43

2.2
() () ()

2.3 () () () ()
() ()

4-5

 44

3.
( 2.4)

2.4 ( ) ( ) ( )

4.






5.




 45

ABCD (
2.5) ABCD 45

AB
BC ( 10, 12 14 )
ABCD

0.4-0.9 /

1 25
30 5 /
25 30 2 = 1,500
1,500 0.6 = 900
5 / = 1.4 /
900 1.4= 1260 -/
1,260 75 = 16.8
50 %
16.8 2 = 33.6

2.5
 46

2.6

1.

2.7

2.7

2.

 47

( 2.8)

2.2.1 (general purpose)
2/3

2.2.2 (semi-digger)

2.2.3 (digger)

2.8
 48

2.9

3.



( 2.9)

3.1 (disk coulter)

3.2 (knife coulter)

3.3 (skim coulter)

1

4.

 49

5.

6.
7.

(link pin) (joint)

1.
1.1



1.2 ( 2.10)
1.2.1

A B

1.2.2

12.3
A

1.3 (pitch) (pitch angle)
( 2.11)

1.4 side suction 0.4-1 down suction
1-4 ( 2.12)
1.5
1.6

 50

2.10

2.
2.1 (draft control)
2.2

2.3

2.4
(position control)
 51

2.11

2.12 Suction
 52

1.

2.

3.
4.

2.1


609-660 .. 5-6.5 .. 8.5 . 10-30 .
(24-26 )
710 . 6.5-7.5 .. 8.5-10 . 10-35 .
(28 )
810 .. 8 .. 95-11.5 . 10-45 .
(72 )

( 2.13)
1.
2. ( 2.14)



 53

2.13

2.15

3.



4.
5. (Scraper)

 54

2.14

2.15

( 2.16)

 55

2.16

1.
1.1
2-3 56
3-4 60 4 64



1.2 (cross shaft)
( 2.17)
(ball and socket
joint)

1.3 4


1.4

1.5 (rear furrow wheel)

( 2.18)

 56

2.17

2.18

1.6 2 ( 2.19)
(disk angle) (tilt angle)

40 45

3 30
 57

2.2
17.
1
( 2.20)

2.19

2.20
 58

2.2


45 50 3 -20

43 -48 10 -25

40 -45 15 -30

2.
2.1
( 2.4)
3-4

2.2
( 2.3)

2.3

2.4
(1.5 ..)

2
1.

 59

2.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

1.
2.
3.

40

2



 60

2
1. (gathering)
1.1.1 ( 2.21)
1.1.1 1

2
1.1.2
1
2
1
3 4


2

1.2 ( 2.22)


1.2.1 1.1.1
1.2.2
1
2

 61

2.21
 62

2.22
 63

1.2.3 3
2

1.2.4 4



2. (casting) ( 2.23)
2.1
2.2

2.3 2 3

2.4

2.5

2.23
 64

2.24

1 2 3 4

2.24

 65

( 2.25)

( 2.25 ) 270


2.25


2.25
2.25

2.25

2.26



 66

2.26

2.26

2.26

2.27

 67

67
2.27
 68

2.28

 69

(rotor) 2.28


2.28 2.28

2-3
(cut) A 2.28 2.28


2.28


4 - 4 (10-12 .)

(erosion)

3 ( 2.29)
1.

2.

3. 2
2
3
( 2.30)
1.

 70

2.

3.

2.29

2.30

1.



2.


 71

3.

( 2.31)
4.
( 2.32)
5.

6.

7.

2.31

2.33
 72

2.32

2.33

2.34
 73

2.34

2.34

2.34

2.34

2.34

1.
2.
3.
4.

 74

(disc harrow)

2.35
 75

( 2.35)
3
1. (single acting) ( 2.36)
2



2. (double acting) ( 2.37)
2
( 2.38)

3. (offset) ( 2.39) 2



( 2.40)

400 700
1/4

2.36
 76

2.37

2.38 2

1.

 77

2. 2-
3



3.

2.39
 78

2.40

4.

(tined implement) ( 2.41)

2.41

 79

(subsoiler) (chisel plough) (tined cultivator)
(tined harrow) (spring tooth harrow)

( 2.42)

2.42

( 2.43)
40-70




60-85 2
1

 80

2.43

( 2.44)

8 30

20

2.44
 81

2.45

2.45 2.46
2

2.46 2
 82

( 2.47)



2.48

( 2.49)


20-30

2.47

2.48
 83

2.49

( 2.50)

2.50

1. (toolbar)
()
2.

3.

 84

4.



(toolbar)

(ridger) 2 (moldboard)
(disc) (convex board)
(concave board)
(
2.51 )
( 2.51 )

2

( 2.51 )

1. (toolbar)
(leveling box)

2.

3. (stabilizer fin)

 85

2.51 ) ) )

4. (board)

5. (share)

 86

1.

2. (stabilizer bar)

3.


4.

 87

3
(Planters)
 88

3.1

3
3.2
 89

3.2

3
1. (spacing drill)


2. (seed drill)

3.

5
( 3.3)
 90

1. (seed hopper) (fertilizer hopper)

2. (feed mechanism)

3. (tube)

3.3

3.4

4. (opener)

5.
 91

(seed plate) 3.4

(seed hole)

3.5

3.5


3.5 2

 92

3.5

1







( 3.6)


 93

3.6

3.7
 94

( 3.7)

3.8

1
2
3

3.8

3.9
 95

3.9 (full curved runner)

(stub runner)
(hoe-type)

(disk-type)

3.10

( 3.10)

1.


(drive sprocket)

2.

3.

4.

 96

5.

6.
6.1
6.2 ()
6.3
7.

8.

9.

1.
1.1 (drive wheel)
Q = L 1000
n W
Q = (/)
L = n
()
n =
W =
()
D =
() ( )
 97

1.2
Q = M 1000
VTW
Q= (/)
M=
()
T = ()
W = ()
V = (/)
2.

3.11

3.1 80
38 20
1.00

12 40
1 S = 2 r
= 0.8
= 2.50
= S

2.51
= = 12.55
0.20
= 12.55 = 0.33
38
 98

0.33 1
= =
1 3
= 3 : 1
N =
T =
T1 N 2
N2 = N3 =
T2
T N
N3 = 3 3
T4
N 3
1 =
N4 1
T 12
3 =
T4 40
T T N
N4 = 3 1 1
T4 T2
T 40 1 10
1
= =
T2 12 3 9
10 9
100 %

1
= 1,0000
0.2 1.0
= 50,000 /

( 3.12)

 99

3.12

(direct seeding)

(broadcasting) 3
1.

2.

3.

3-5

 100

(pre-germinated rice broadcaster)

3.13
 101

3 45

45

3 -

 102

(rice transplanting)


(rice transplanter)

3 (manual rice
transplanter) (walking type rice transplanter)
(riding type rice transplanter)

1.
20-25
4-6
11-34

3 (8 2
)
2.


4-8 2.5-3
(IRRI)


 103

3.14

3.15

4
1.


10-15 2
1.1-
1.5

2.

 104

3.

(mature seedling)





4.
4 1-2.5
2

2-6

.. 2522

3.16
 105

3.17

4-8 8 3 4
3
1.

.. 2521 3 3
3-5


8 -12
2
10 3
2-3
2


15-20
 106

3.18

2.


4-5

3.19
 107

3.20

3.21

3.
GPS
(Image Processing)

1.4 10
1-3
28 58 3
 108

4.3 4-5
2.5
2 1
2
10

20-30

5

3 2

1 70-80

3



3-5
 109

3-6

 110

3.22

1.


28 58 2.5
5

1.
2.
3. 1

4. 3 -5 .

5.
6.

7. 16-24

8.

(seedling machine) 3.23
 111

3.23

3.24

()
(
3.24)





2.

 112

1.
1
2.
3.
10
4. 2 1.40 8.40

5.

6.
7. 2.5 2.5 2
4 8
1.16

1.16 8 .0 ( 3.25 3.26)



8.
0.5

5
9. 50

10.

2.50 1.16 2
11.

 113

3.25

3.26

1.




2
2. 2 3

3. 2 5

4. 16 - 24 ( 3.27)
 114

3.27

28 58
1. 1 (
)

2.
3.
4. ()

5.

6.

(sugar cane planter)

2-4
2-5 .
 115

2




1.6-1.7
17,000-19,000 3 20,000-30,000
4
5.6-6.6

20
40-60 8-9

1.


5-15

90-140
30-50


3


2-3
5-8
45



 116

1.

2.



3. 1



2.




15-20

3.28
 117

3







3 5
(power transmission system) (stalk cutting box)
(soil furrowing system) (fertilizer applicator) (frame
structure)

3.29

(rug wheel) 2
(sprocket)

( 3.29) 2
54 2
1
30 .



 118

 119

4
(Pest Protection and Control Equipment)
 120

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.





 121

4.1
 122

3
4.1
(hydraulic sprayer)
(airblast sprayer) (pneumatic sprayer) (centrifugal
sprayer) (fog machine aerosol generator)
3

1. WDP WP

2. EC
emulsifier


3. SC, WSC, SCW LC
emulsifier

4. F FL



5. WSP SP

 123

6. ULV

3
(piston pump) (knapsack sprayer)

( 4.2)






5



 124

4.2

2
2

(compression sprayer) ( 4.3)

8-10
4-5
3-5




30 %

3
1.
2.
 125

3.


(polyethylene)




70 %

40-60

 126

4.3

( 4.4)


10-15 4-10

4.4
 127

4.5

( 4.5)









( 4.6 .)
( 4.6 .)

. ( 4.7)

 128

. ( 4.8)





550 / 10

4.6

4.7
 129

4.8

4.9

4.10
. ( 4.9)



5-200 / 7
. ( 4.10) 540
1000
20 140 / 20
 130

4.11 3

. ( 4.12)



10

4.12
 131

( 4.13)

4.13

.
. ( 4.14 )

. ( 4.14 .)


. ( 4.15)

. ( 4.16)

4.14
 132

4.15

4.16
( 4.17)
6 15

 133

4.17
4.18

40 100
5 25 50
75 40
250

.

540
( 2,000 /)

 134

5-7 /
2

)
 135

)
4.18

.
4.17
.
1
100

2
 136

1.



()
Q
(/) L () V
(/ ) V (/)

600 Q
V=
LV
12
40 / 4

600 40
V=
12 4
= 500 /
V
Q

(
) 100

360
V=
n
V /
n
2.
1/10 1,000

1,000

 137

9 111

1.



4.19
2 3

4.19

2.

4.20


2
2

 138

4.20

2



( 4.21)

1 2 3 4 5

4.21
 139

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.22

( 4.22)















 140

550 / 10
1,000-5,000 /

2 5 1 1 2
10 5 5

( 4.23)
 141

4.23

10,000-70,000 /
30-40 / 100-150 /

2
1. ( 4.24)


2 3
4.25
 142

4.24 ()
 143

4.25
2. ( 4.26)

50

4.26 ()
 144

2

(venturi) ( 4.27)



(air-shear)

4.27

( 4.28)
10-12

 145

6000 /
2
2

4.28

( 4.29)
ULV ULV Ultra Low Volume

70-120 m
ULV
10 %
 146

4.29
 147

( Fogging machine)
( 4.30)

( boiling point evaporating point )
100


( droplets ) 10- 60 ( micron )

4.30
..2537 Pan American Health Organization PAHO
(space spray)
5 -27

6-12


8 - 30 /

5 7- 8
15
 148

1.


2
2.
3. 3 / 4

91

4.
5.
6.
7.

1. 4-5
2.
3. 1- 2

4. 40
10-15

1.

2.
3.
4.

1.
-
-
 149

-

-

2.
-

3.
-
-
-
-

D



( 4.28)
( 4.31) 4.32

 150

4.31

4.32

G



(
3.13) ( 4.28)

 151

5
(Forage Harvesting Machinery)
 152

(hay)


75-85

10-15
15-18
12

80
15
3.25 75
2.4

 153

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. (cutting)
3-4

2. (curing)





2

50
3. (bale) 20



 154

1. (metabolic losses)


35 2-13

2. (shattering
losses)


5, 10 20 50, 35
20 5-15
3-8


3. (fermentation losses and
bleaching losses)


4. (leaching losses)
8-10

1. (mower)
1.1 (reciprocating knife mower)
1.2 (multi disc mower)
1.3 (drum mower)
1.4 (rotary mower or slasher)
1.5 (flail mower)
2. (hay conditioner)
 155

2.1 (conditioner)
2.2 (mower conditioner)
3. (rake)
3.1 (rotary or radial rake)
3.2 (finger wheel hay rake)
4. (baler)
4.1 (rectangular baler)
4.2 (round baler)

( 5.1)


(hay)

5.1
 156

1.5-2.7
(Safety mechanism)
(knife drive) (cutter bar assembly)

( 5.2)
1. (cutter bar)

2. (guards)
(ledger
plate)
(rock
guard) (regular guard)
3.

4. (knife)

5.2
5. (wearing plates)

 157

6. (knife clips)

7. (inner shoe)

8. (outer shoe)

1. 2


2.

3.


4. (knife clip)

5.


6. 5.3
1 (20
1 )
7.

 158

5.3
8. 5 //
2 11 /
9.
(bearing)

( 5.4)


2 2
2
1. (gear box)
2. (drum rotor)
3. (knife)

5.4
 159

( 5.5)

( 5.6) 2


2-6

5.5

5.6

7-15 1
 160

80
15
3 10 1

2 1-3

1.5 3.5

1. (gear box)
2. (rotor)
3. (blade)
( 5.7)
( 5.8)

5.7
2
(disc)

 161

5.8

( 5.9)

1. 540

2.

5.9
3.
(gear box)
4.

 162

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.

( 5.10)
(flail) ( 5.11)

(shear plate)
(spout)

(silage) (mulching)

5.10
 163

5.11



2.5-7.5

1.5-3.0 1.5
12-24 1
8
800
1200

 164

(crushing crimping)
(flailing)

1. 30
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
(
5.12)

5.12

( 5.13)

5.13
 165

5.14


1. (reel)

1.1 (pick up reel)

1.2 (bat reel)

5.14
1.3 (lean bar)

2. (mowing device)
3
2.1
2.2
2.3
3. (rolls)

3.1 (smooth roll) 2

 166

3.2 (crusher)

3.3 (crimper)

3.4 (flail type)

4. (windrow forming shields)






1.5 - 3 (crusher)


(tine or beater)

40


 167

2
1. (rotary or radial rake)
2. (finger wheel rake)

2-10
1-6

2
2
1 (one rotor type) 4 (four rotors type)

5.15 1

1
1 ( 5.15) 1

 168

5.16 4

4
4 ( 5.16)





6

5.17

(finger wheel rake) ( 5.17) 4-6


 169

8-15

1.
2.

( 5.18)
360
x 460 x 900 15-25
4 -10
80 - 220

( 5.19)
1. (pick up reel)
(tine)
(stripper plate)

 170

5.18
2. (feeder auger)
(packer arm) (bale chamber)

3. (packer arm )

5.19
 171

4. (ram)




5. (tying mechanism)
(needle)
2 2

5.20
5.1 (twine knotter) ( 5.20)
(twine holder) (bill hook)






5.2 (wire twister) ( 5.21)


(twister hook)

 172

5.21

15-20


(tension bars)

( 5.22)
0.9
1.2 1.8 1.5 110-
120 0.2-0.5

 173

5.22




2
2.1 (fixed chamber)

(roller)
(chain and slate) (belt)

2.2 (variable chamber baler)

1. (pick up mechanism)
2. (twine assembly)
3. (compressing mechanism)
 174

5.23








 175

6
(Fertilizer Applicator)
 176

1.

0.5% N 0.25% P2O5
0.5% K2O

30-40 . 15-15-15 1-1.5
1,000
1.5

3-4
3-4



 177

2.

2

N P K

20% N 13% N 46% K2O

N P K







(bulk blending)






2
1. (manure spreader)
2. (fertilizer applicator)
 178

( 6.1)

6.1

2
1. (fertilized distributor)
2.
 179

( 6.2) (hopper)
(spinning disc)
5-10

6.2

(overlap)

1. (adjustable
slide)
2.

3.

(texture)

3

( 6.3)
 180

6.3

540

1.

2. 50

3.
4.

15

5.
6.5-8
6. 0.04
404.64
()
 181

7.
25 10

0.04

125.5 / = 5.2
251 / = 10.4
376.5 / = 15.6
502 / = 20.4
627.5 / = 20.6

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

2
1. (band fertilizer applicator)
2. (full width fertilizer distributor)

2
 182

(full width fertilizer distributor)

2.5-3.5
2
(metering device)
(CaCO3) [Ca Mg (CO3)2] (marl)

( 6.4)

6.4

6.5
 183

(edge-cell vertical rotor)

( 6.5)

6.6

(auger type)
( 6.6)

(agitator)


 184

7
(Rice combine harvester)
 185

3-13

28-
30



 186

2 (
7.1)

3-5

5-7

7.1



2 1

 187

(Reaper) (Binder)

( 7.2)






1.2 1.6 1-3

60-120 . 30
20-25
1
10

7.2 ()

1. (divider and pickup device)


 188

2. (cutting device)

3. (conveying device)

8 - 40

1.
2. 45
.

3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
10-15

8.
75 .

9. 20-25%

10. 3 3 .

 189

11.

12.

( 7.3)
10

30-60

85
0.5 1
55 -120

3.9

7.3 2
 190

1. (power train)


2. (locomotion unit) 2


3
3. (divider and pickup device)

4. (cutting device)

(pitman)

1
5. (conveying unit)



6. (binding device)

3 (rubbing)
(impact) (stripping)

 191

1 60

4,500 ././


 192

( 7.4)


2



300 1


50-80 /.

7.4

(axial flow
rice thresher) ( 7.5)




 193

1.

2.
3.
4.

7.5

 194

7.1

0.06 /./
0.17 /./ 2
2 2 /./
5 /./
1-3 /./

(rice stripper harvester)

( 7.6)
2
4

( 7.7)
(Polyurethane)
5-6
120 .
15 40 %


1.

2.
3.
4.
, 10%

 195

7.6

7.7

 196

1.



2.
3. ( 7.8)

4

7.8

(rice combine harvester)







 197

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

3
) 2

) 2

7.9

7.9 ) ) )
 198

( 7.10)
1. (cutting unit or header)

(reel) (cutter bar)
2 (fix
bat reel) (pick up reel)

7.10

(guard)

400
 199

(pulley)
(pitman)
2. (feeding unit)



(auger)
3. (threshing unit)
(concave)
(spike-tooth cylinder)

4. (separating unit)


(straw rack)

5. (cleaning unit)
(chaffer)


(grain auger)
6. (grain handing unit)

( 7.11)
1. (locomotion unit)
 200

( 7.12)

(sprocket drive)

7.11

7.12
 201

2. ( 7.13) (cutting unit or header)

(divider) (pick-up mechanism) (cutter
bar) ( 7.14)

7.13

7.14
4. ( 7.15) (threshing and
separating unit)

)

) 1 4

 202

7.15
) (separating and cleaning unit)

) (grain auger)

) (tailing auger)

5. (grain and straw handling unit)

6. (monitor and control system)


) (direction control of travel)

) (cutting height control)

 203

electro-hydraulic mechanical hydraulic

) (threshing depth control)

) (forward speed control)

hydro-static-transmission
7. (power consumption)
10-15 %
35-40% 45-50%



1.

( 8-10 )

2.

3. 3-4

4.

5.

.. 2530
 204

5
1. (prime mover)




70-80%
100-200

2. (under carriage)



)
(bush )




80 . 250

 205

)


)
2-3
)
7-8 2-4

7.16
3. (transmission and steering system)
2

) (direct drive)

) (hydrostatic drive)





 206

7.17

4.

5.

7.18

(1) (2)
(reel) (3) (divider) (4)

(cutter bar) (5)
(header platform) (6) (7)
(8)

 207

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)
(7) (8) (9)
(10) (11) (12)
(13) (14) (15)
(16) (17) (18)
(19, 20) (21) (22)

7.18 ()

(9)
(10)

(axial flow)

(tangential flow) (11) (12)

(13) (14)

(15)

 208

(16)


(17)



(18)

(19, 20) (21)
(22)

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
(deflector)

 209

1.
2.

3.
4.
(awn)
5.
6.

7.

8.
9.

10.



2550 67,677
30.3 201,338

30% 30.3
9.2 61,152.4





 210

25 - 30
23 %
30


 212

8
(Farm Machinery Management)
 213

(farm machinery management)

(effective field capacity)

(capacity of farm machinery)

2
(effective field capacity)
(theoretical field capacity)

(100%)

(/
/)

(W) (S)
(TFC)

TFC (/.) = W x S (. /.) 8.25

 214

(effective operating time)

1.

( )
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.
4. (
)
5.
6.

8.1
(EFC)
EFC (/.) = S (/.) x W () x FE () 8.25
EFC (/.) = S (. /.) X W () x FE () 10
 215

(field efficiency FE)

100
100 %

(driving pattern of field operation)

8.1
(./.)
(disk plow) 5.6 8.0
(mould board plow) 5.6 8.0
(disk harrow) 5.6 9.7
(rotary hoe) 8.0 17.7
(spring tooth harrow) 5.6 9.7
(spike tooth harrow) 5.6 9.7
(rain drill) 4.0 8.0
(broadcaster) 6.4 10.5
(corn planter) 5.6 9.7
(corn picker) 4.0 5.6
(cotton picker) 2.4 4.8
(mower) 5.6 8.9
(winnower) 5.6 8.0

(headland)
(turning pattern)

 216

8.2

8.2

(%)
75 85
77 90
77 90
65 80
75 80
60 75
45 80
65 80
65 70
75 85
55 70
60 75
55 65

(implement size)
(total cost)



(fixed cost)

()

 217

(power)

(match)

1. (drawbar horsepower) DB hp

DB hp () = D () x S (/.) 375
DB kW () = D () x S (. /.) 367
(Draft D) (drawbar)
3
2. (power take off horsepower) PTO hp

PTO hp () = (-) x N (/) 5252

T =
N =
PTO hp () = (.-.) x N (/) 976
3. (hydraulic horsepower) Hydraulic hp

(F) (P)
Hydraulic hp () = F (/) x P (/) 1714
Hydraulic hp () = F (/) x P (. /.) 611
 218

8.3

(/) (./.)
850 12.69
() 280 4.18
() 250 3.73
110 1.64
105 1.57
180 2.69
100 1.49
130 1.94
650 9.70

(cost of using farm machinery)

2 ( fixed or ownership cost)
(variable or operating cost)

1. (depreciation)

(straight-line method)

PS
D =
L
D =
P =
S = (salvage cost) = 10% P
L = (salvage cost)
 219

2. (interest on investment)


7%
( ) (I)
P+S
I = i
2
i =
3. (insurance)

0.25
%
4. (housing)

1%
5.
50 /

1.
(D)

D (/.) = 0.044 x PTO hp ()
D (/.) = 0.124 x PTO hp ()

2.

8.4
 220

3.



= x

(accumulated repair cost)

8.5

4. (labor)


10% 10%

 221

8.4

0.5
() 0.5
() 1.0
() 0.4
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.7

8.5 ()


50 1.0 1.2 1.4 100 .04
100 2.4 3.1 3.7 200 0.3
200 6.0 8.2 9.8 600 1.3
400 14.8 21.6 25.9 1000 2.9
600 25.1 38.0 45.7 2000 8.2
800 36.4 56.2 68.3 3000 15.0
1000 44.7 77.2 93.4 4000 23.1
1200 61.7 100.3 120.4 5000 32.3
1400 75.4 6000 42.3
1600 89.7 7000 53.5
1800 104.5 8000 65.3
2000 119.8 9000 77.9
10000 91.3
11000 105.3
12000 120.0
 222

8.5 () ()

() ( ( (

() ) ) )


50 .4 .6 .5 .3
100 .9 1.5 1.2 .9
200 2.4 4.0 3.2 2.3
400 6.4 10.5 8.4 6.2
600 11.2 18.6 14.9 10.9
800 16.8 27.8 22.2 16.3
1000 23.0 38.0 30.4 22.2
1200 29.6 40.1 39.2 28.7
1400 36.7 60.9 48.6 35.6
1600 44.3 73.4 85.6 42.9
1800 52.3 86.6 69.1 50.6
2000 60.6 100.3 80.1 58.6
2200 67.0
2400 75.6
 223

9
(Farm Safety)
 224

1. 15


2.

3.

4.

5.
 225

6.
7.

8.

9.

10.


11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

25 10

16.

17.

18.

19.
 226

20.

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

nd
Anonymous. 1989. Application Techniques for Plant Protection in Field Crops. 2
Edition. Ciba-Geigy Ltd.
Aubineau M. et Saitthit, B. 1982. Les Reponses de IInstitut National Agronomique a
Trois Questions sur IAxial-Flow. Pleins Champs, No. 30 : 20 -21
Bearger, Liljedanl, Carleton, and Mchibben. 1966. Tractors and Their Power Units.
nd
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2 Edition.
Baton, W.N. 1963. Mechanization of Tropical Crops. Temple Press Book Ltd., Russell
Square, London.
Boshoff, W.H. 1968. Using Field Machinery. Oxford University Press, London.
nd
Candelon, P. 1973. Les Machines Agricoles. 2 Edition, J-B BAILLTERE, Paris.
Chakraverty, A. 2003. Handbook of post harvest technology: cereals, fruits, vegetables,
tea, and spices. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 884 pages.
th
Culpin, Claude. 1972. Farm Machinery. 9 Edition, Stripes Publishing Company,
Champaign Illinois.
Doane. 1972. Facts & Figures for Farmers. Doane Agricultural Service, Inc., Missouri.
Howkin, J.C. 1971. Tractor Ploughing. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Elliott Bros. and Yeoman Ltd., Liverpool.
Hunt, Donnell. 1973. Farm Power and Machinery Management. Sixth Edition. Iowa.
rd
John, F.R. 1952. Farm Gas Engines and Tractors. 3 Edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York.
Guo Peiyu and Han Lujia. 2002. Machinery and equipment for utilization of crop
residues as feed. Animal production and health paper 149. FAO. Rome.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y1936E/y1936e0b.htm
Kalsirisilp, R and G. Singh. 2000. Adoption of a Stripper Header for a Thai-made Rice
Combine Harvester. Agricultural & Aquatic Systems and Engineering Program,
School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Kepner, Bainer, and Barger. 1972. Principle of Farm Machinery. The AVI Publishing
nd
Company, Inc., Westport, Connecticut. 2 Edition.
Mathew, G.A. 1979. Pesticide Application Methods. Longman, London, England.
Mc colly and Martin. 1955. Introduction to Agricultural Engineering. McGraw- Hill, New
York.
Micron. 2008. The Micronair CS-14 compression sprayer. Available at:
http://www.micron.co.uk
rd
Sahay, J. 1992. Element of Agricultural Engineering. 3 Edition. Agro Book Agency.
New Chitragupta Nagar.
nd
Shippen, J.M. and Turner, J.G. 1973. Basic Farm Machinery. 2 Edition. Pergamon
Press, London.
Smith, Harris. 1965. Farm Machinery and Equipment. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York.
Stewardship Community. 2009. Nozzle selection and their optimized use. Available at:
http://www.stewardshipcommunity.com/resource-centre/downloads.html
nd
Stone, A.A. and Gulvin, H.E. 1966. Machines for Power Farming. 2 Edition,
Chichester, John wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Veillat et al. 1975. Le Machinisme en 700 Mots. La Ducumentation agricole BP No.
Special. Societe Francaise des Petroles, Coubevoie, Paris.
Water J.F.et al. 1976. Lexique Methodiq Illustre du Machinisme Agricole. CHEEMA,
Parc de Tourvoir, Antony, FRANCE.
Yanmer Diesel Engine; Instruction Book 5: Agricultural Machinery. Yanmar Diesel
Engine Co., Ltd.
. . URL:
http://as.doa.go.th/fieldcrops/cane/mac/005.HTM
. 2548.
.
. 2523

. 2527. .
35 41
. 2536. : .

. 2523. .
. 2520. . . 12 (3) : 51 56
. 2521. . . 13 (3) : 15 17
. 2521. . . 13(4) :21 22
 . 2543. . URL:
http://www.doae.go.th/Library/html/detail/pesti/index.html

. 2525. 1.

. 2551.

. 2551.. . 384
. 2528. : .

. 2550. .

. 2540. .

. 2540. . .
247