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Drying
Drying
MATERIALS
Definition of Drying
1) Tray Dryer
2) Vacuum shelf Indirect Dryers
3) Continuous Tunnel Dryers
4) Rotary Dryers
5) Drum Dryers
6) Spray Dryers
7) Freeze Dryers
Tray Dryers
1. In tray dryers, the food is spread out, generally quite
thinly, on trays in which the drying takes place.
2. Heating may be by an air current sweeping across
the trays, by conduction from heated trays or heated
shelves on which the trays lie, or by radiation from
heated surfaces.
3. Most tray dryers are heated by air, which also
removes the moist vapours.
4
Continuous Tunnel Dryers
1. Developments of the tray dryer : the trays on
trolleys move through a tunnel where the heat is
applied and the vapours removed.
2. In most cases, air is used in tunnel drying and the
material can move through the dryer either
parallel or counter current to the air flow.
3. Sometimes the dryers are compartmented, and
cross-flow may also be used.
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Roller or Drum Dryers
1. In these the food is spread over the surface of
a heated drum.
2. The drum rotates, with the food being
applied to the drum at one part of the cycle.
3. The food remains on the drum surface for
the greater part of the rotation, during which
time the drying takes place, and is then
scraped off.
4. Drum drying may be regarded as conduction
drying.
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Spray Dryers
1. Liquid or fine solid material in a slurry is sprayed in the form of a
fine droplet dispersion into a current of heated air.
2. Air and solids may move in parallel or counterflow.
3. Drying occurs very rapidly, so that this process is very useful for
materials that are damaged by exposure to heat for any
appreciable length of time.
4. The dryer body is large so that the particles can settle, as they dry,
without touching the walls on which they might otherwise stick.
5. Commercial dryers can be very large of the order of 10 m diameter
and 20 m high.
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DRYING PROCESS CONCEPT
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BASICS OF DRYING
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In most cases, drying is accomplished by vaporizing the
water that is contained in the solid, and to do this the latent
heat of vaporization must be supplied. Thus, two important
process-controlling factors that enter into the unit operation
of drying:
(a) transfer of heat to provide the necessary latent heat of
vaporization,
(b) movement of water or water vapor through the solid
material and then away from it to effect separation of water
from solid stuff.
Humidification transfer of water from the liquid into a
gaseous mixture of air and water vapor
PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER
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Pure water can exist in three states, solid, liquid and vapour. The state in
which it is at any time depends on the temperature and pressure conditions and it is
possible to illustrate this on a phase diagram.
Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of the water is equal to the
total pressure on the water surface. The boiling point at atmospheric
pressure is of course 100C.
At pressures above or below atmospheric, water boils at the
corresponding temperatures above or below 100C.
For example:
At 100C, vapor pressure of water is 101.3 kPa (1 atm), and
therefore it will boil at 1 atm pressure.
At 65.6C, from steam tables in Appendix A.2, the vapour
pressure of water is 25.7 kPa. Hence, at 25.7 kPa and 65.6C,
water will boil.
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kg H 2O pA kg mol H 2O 18.02 kg H 2O 1
H
kg dry air P p A kg mol air kg mol H 2O 28.97 kg air / kg mol air
18.02 p A
H
28.97 P p A
SATURATION HUMIDITY
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18.02 p AS
HS
28.97 P p AS
PERCENTAGE HUMIDITY
15
H
Percentage H P 100
Humidity HS
Percentage Relative pA
H R 100
Humidity p AS
DEW POINT
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3 3
vH (2.83x10 4.56x10 H )T K o m3/kg dry air
Figure 9.3-2. Humidity chart for mixtures of air and water vapor at a
total pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mm Hg).
EXAMPLE 9.3-1
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a) Humidity, H
b) Saturation Humidity, HS
c) Percentage Humidity, HP
d) Percentage relative humidity, HR
EXAMPLE 9.3-1
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Solution :
a) pA = 2.76 kPa, P = 101.325 kPa,
H = (18.02/28.97)(pA /(P- pA)) = 0.01742 kg H2O/kg air
b) Refer steam table, at 26.7 0C, 101.325 kPa,
pAS (partial pressure of water vapor in saturated air) = 3.5 kPa
HS = (18.02/28.97)(pAS/(P-pAS)) = 0.02226 kg H2O/kg air
c) HP = 100H/Hs = 78.3%
d) HR = 100pA/pAS = 78.9%
EXAMPLE 9.3-2
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Solution :
The dew point of 26.7C is when the given mixture is at 100%
saturation.
a) Starting at 26.7C, drawing a vertical line until intersect the line
for 100% humidity. Humidity, H = 0.0225 kg H2O/kg air.
b) From humidity chart, at H = 0.0225 and T = 60C, percentage
humidity, Hp = 14%.
c) Humid heat, cs = 1.005 + 1.88H = 1.047 kJ/kg airK
d) Humid volume, H= (2.83 x 10-3 + 4.56 x 10-3H)T = 0.977 m3/kg
air
EXAMPLE 9.3-2
HP = 14%
H = 0.0225
H HS cS 1.005 1.88H
T TS S S
Read TS and HS on 100% saturation curve.
ADIABATIC SATURATION CURVE
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EXAMPLE 9.3-3
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An air stream at 87.8 0C having a humidity H = 0.03
kg H2O/kg dry air is contacted in an adiabatic
saturator with water. It is cooled and humidified to
90% saturation. Determine:
a) The final values of H and T
Answer : H = 0.05 kg H2O/kg dry air, T = 42.5C
b) For 100% saturation, what would be the values of
H and T
Answer : H = 0.05 kg H2O/kg dry air, T = 40.5C
EXAMPLE 9.3-3 (a)
Given T = 87.8C
Final T = 42.5C
EXAMPLE 9.3-3 (b)
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Answer :
The web bulb temperature of 29.5C can be assumed to
be the same as the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Following the adiabatic saturation curve of 29.5C until
reaches the dry bulb temperature of 60C, the
humidity is H = 0.0135 kg H2O/kg dry air
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Tw = 29.5C
Tdry bulb = 60C
PROBLEM 9.3-1
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The air entering a dryer has a temperature, of 65.6C (150F) and dew
point of 15.6C (60F). Using the humidity chart, determine the actual
humidity (H) and percentage humidity (Hp). Calculate the humid volume
of the mixture (H) and also calculate cs using SI and English units
Answer:
H = 0.0113 kg water vapor/kg dry air
Hp = 5.3%
H = 0.976 m3/kg dry air @ 15.65 ft3/Ibm dry air
cs = 1.026 kJ/kg dry air @ cs = 0.245 btu/Ibm dry air
PROBLEM 9.3-4
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Moisture content
The quantity of water contained in a material, such as rock, ceramics,
fruit, or wood.
Equilibrium moisture content
The moisture content at which the materials is neither gaining or
loosing moisture
Free moisture content
The moisture above the equilibrium moisture content
The moisture that can be removed by drying under the given percent
relative humidity
Critical moisture content
Condition where there is insufficient water on the surface to
maintain a continuous film of water
DRYING CURVE
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t1 = 1.28 h
t2 = 3.08 h
EXAMPLE 9.6-2
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Repeat Example 9.6-1 but use Eq. 9.6-2 and Fig. 9.5-
1b
Rc
From figure (9.5-1 b):
Ls/A = 21.5
Rc = 1.51 kg H2O/hm2
t
LS
X1 X 2 21.5
0.38 0.25 1.85h
ARC 1.51
LS X1dX
t
A X 2 R
Can be integrated by plotting 1/R versus X & determine the
area under curve, using GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION or
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION.
EXAMPLE 9.7-1
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LS X C X C 3990.195 0.195
t ln ln 4.39
ARC X 2 18.581.51 0.040
Total drying time
ttotal 2.63 4.39 7.02h
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