S = x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c S1 =

x21 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c

S1 < 0 (x1 , y1 )
S1 > 0 (x1 , y1 )
S1 = 0 (x1 , y1 )
P (, )
S = 0 !
S = 0 C1 , C 2 A B
P A P B = S1 (, ) = constant

(x1 , y1 ) T =0
r
2 2 2
x +y =a
T xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1 ) + f (y + y1 ) + c
(a, b)
r
2 2
(x a) + (y b) = r2 x +y =a

(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) !
y = mx a 1 + m2
(x x1 ) (x x2 ) + (y y1 ) (y y2 ) = 0
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 y = mx + c
(g, f ) = |c|
! =a
g2 + f 2 c 1 + m2

a=b h=0 "= 0 |c|

<a
1 + m2
(xi , yi ) i = 1, 2, 3 |c|
" 2 " >a
" x + y2 x y 1 " 1 + m2
" 2 "
" x1 + y12 x1 y1 1 "
" 2 "=0
" x2 + y22 x2 y2 1 "
" 2 " ! !
" x3 + y32 x3 y3 1 " y = mx + mg f g 2 + f 2 c 1 + m2

(x1 + r , y1 + r ) (x1 , y1 ) S1
(x1 , y1 ) r
T 2 = SS1
g2 + f 2 c > 0
T =
g2 + f 2 c = 0 0

g2 + f 2 c < 0

! ! x
axis 2 g 2 c y axis 2 f2 c x y
=
x1 y1
g2 = c f2 = c T x2 = xx1 y 2 = yy1 2x = x + x1
2y = y + y1
g2 = f 2 = c a
a
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0 S1 (x, y) (x1 , y1 )
 x x1 y y1
=
x1 + g y1 + f P Q
(x1 , y1 )
S1
(x1 , y1 )
T =0 P
(x1 , y1 ) O P

T = S1 P Q OP OQ =
2
(radius)

x2 + y 2 = 2a2
d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 + r2 |
y = mx + c C1 C2
r1 : r2
x + my = k
k d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 r2 |
C1 C 2
r1 : r2

d (C1 , C2 ) > r1 + r2
P (x1 , y1 )
d (C1 , C2 ) = r1 + r2
P

(x1 , y1 )
T =0 S S! = 0 S=0
!
P (x1 , y1 ) S =0
T =0 d (C1 , C2 ) < r1 + r2
ax + by + c = 0

d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 r2 |
(x1 , y1 )
P (x1 , y1 ) S S! = 0
Q (x2 , y2 ) Q
P d (C1 , C2 ) < |r1 r2 |

= "0 "
" a h g "
" "
" h b f "
"
" g f c "
" S=0 S! = 0
!
x x1 y y1 SS = 0
=
ax1 + hy1 + g hx1 + by1 + f x2
P PA PB A
B
P A P B = P T 2 = S1
S +S ! = 0
(x1 , y1 ) "= 1

! (x + g)2 + (y + f )2 =
2 g2 + f 2 c
 S=0 L=0
S + L = 0

(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )
" "
" x y 1 "
" "
(x x1 ) (x x2 )+(y y1 ) (y y2 )+ "" x1 y1 1 "=0
"
" x2 y2 1 "

ax + by + c = 0 (x0 , y0 )
2 2
(x x0 ) + (y y0 ) + (ax + by + c) = 0
S=0
S! = 0 " 2 "
" r + r22 d2 "
() = "" 1 "
"
2r1 r2

d = d (C1 , C2 )
#
= g 2 + f 2 + g12 + f12 2gg1 2f f1

2 (gg1 + f f1 ) = c + c1

S =0 S! = 0

S S! = 0

P
!
S1 = P A P B
P (x1 , y1 )

S = S ! = S !! = 0
 x2 + y 2 + x + y = 0 x2 + y 2 +
xy =0
x2 + y 2 = a2 x2 + y 2 + 2a! x + c! = 0 2x2 +
2
x2 + y 2 = b2 x2 + y 2 = c 2 2y + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
a, b, c
x 2y + 1 = 0
x2 + y 2 = 25 P Q y = x. x2 + y 2
4x6y+10 = 0
P Q x2 +y 2 xy = 0
2 2
x + y = 25 (25, 50))

(h, k) x2 + y 2 = a 2 x2 +y 2 +2gx+
2f y + c = 0 2x2 + 2y 2 + 3x + 8y + 2c = 0
h2 + k 2 = 2a2 x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
x2 + y 2 = 1 g = 3/4 f =2
P 2x + y 4 =
0 x2 + y 2 = 1, x2 + y 2 8x + 15 = 0 x2 +
$ % y 2 + 10y + 24 = 0
1 1 P
,
4 2
(2, 5/2)
(4, 3) Ax + By + C = 0
x2 + y 2 = 9 x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0 P Q
192/25) A! x + B ! y + C ! = 0 x2 + y 2 +
a! x + b! y + c! = 0 R S
P, Q, R, S
" "
" a a! b b! c c! "
" "
x2 + y 2 + 2x + 8y 23 = 0 x2 + y 2 4x " A B C "" = 0
"
10y + 9 = 0 " A! B! C! "

(4, 3) x2 + y 2 = 1
2 2 x2 + y 2 3x 6y + 14 = 0 x2 +
x + y 8x 6y + 9 = 0 2
y x 4y + 8 = 0 x2 + y 2 + 2x 6y + 9 = 0
x2 + y 2 8x 6y 11 = 0
x2 +y 2 2x4y+1 =
0
x2 +y 2 +c2 = 2ax x2 +y 2 +c2 2by = 0

x2 +
x2 + y 2 = 1 2
y = 12
(4, 3) x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 5x + 3y 2 = 0
25 18
5 x 5 y +5=0
x2 + y 2 10x + 4y 20 = (6, 18/5))
2 2
0 x + y + 14x 6y + 22 = 0
2 2 2
(x a) + (y b)# = c2 (x b) +
2 2
(y a) = c2 4c2 2 (a b)
$ %
19 9
,
13 13
x2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x2 +y 2 2x6y+9 = 0 x2 +y 2 +6x2y+1 = x2 + y 2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0 A B
0 y = 4, 4x 3y = 0, 3x + 4y =
10, x = 0 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2x + 6y + 1 = 0
 (1, 1)
x2 +y 2 +13x3y = 0 2x2 +2y 2 +
4x7y25 = 0 4x2 +4y 2 +30x13y25 = 0

x+
y =1 x2 + y 2 = 9
2 2
x +y xy =8
C1 C2
(0, 0) (1, 0) C3

C1 C2
x axis
C1 C3
C2 3x y + 2 = 0)

3x y = 6 (1, 3)
y=x
10 2 4 10

x+y2 = 0 (1, 1)
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 5y 6 = 0

(6, 4))