" "

Calculus
-:
Function-:-- -- -
- -:
-1Functions Limits and Continuity
-2Derivatives
-3Integration
-4
-5()






100



: .
:
y1 = f ( x1 ) ; y2 = f ( x 2) ; y1 = y2 iff
So x1=x2

:DomainDom.f
()Codomain:
:()(
) Range .

.
1-X={a;b;c) ,Y={m;n;o;p) where f(a)={m;n} & f(b)=o & f( c ) =p
2-X={a;b;c;d) ,Y={m;n;o;p) where f(a)=m & f(b)=o & f( c ) =p
3-X={a;b;c;d) ,Y={m;n;o;p) where f(a)=m & f(b)=o & f( c ) =p & f(d) =n
4-X={a;b;c;d) ,Y={m;n;o;p) where f(a)=m & f(b)=m & f( c ) =m & f(d) = p
-:
- 1(
).
- 2(
).
-3 (-1 - 2
).
}={a;b;c;dDomain
}Co-domain = { m;n;o;p
}Range = {m;n;o.p
-4 (-1 - 2
)
.
}= {a;b;c;dDomain
}Co-domain = { m;n;o;p
}Range = {m;p
:Constant Function
:-
Y=f(x) = c = 3
Dom.f= R
Range.f = c
R () C
.
:Linear Function
:-
Y=f(x) =ax +b ; a 0
a
R

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5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
X 0 X 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 Dom.f= R
Range.f=c -3 Dom.f= R
-4 -4 Range.f=R
-5 c
-5
Y
Y
5
4
:Quadratic Function
3
Y=f(x) = ax +bx+c : a;b;c R ; a 0
2 2
1 2
X 0 Y=f(x) = x
-1 Y=f(x) = x2+1
Dom.f = R
-2 :
+
}Range.f=R +{0
-3
a
-4
-5
Y
Y
:Polynanid Function
f(x)n=a1xn+a2xn-1 + . +an-1
R

F(X ) X
}Dom. f R {0 - 1

Range . f R
-2
F(X ) 3 X
}Dom. f R {0

Range . f R 1
F(X)
X
1
OR; F(X)
X 2 1
1
OR; F(X)
X3 1

if f & g are two functions then
)(f+g)(x)=f(x)+f(g
if f & g are two functions then
)(f-g)(x)=f(x)-f(g
if f & g are two functions then
)(f*g)(x)=f(x)*f(g
if f & g are two functions then
(f/g)(x)=f(x)/f(g);f(g) 0
Composite Function
If f & g are real valued functions then the Composite Function
))fog (x) = f(g(x
()()x
yf(x)=y xy x
yx)g(x fg x)g(x


f(x) = x3 ; g(x)=3x3- 4
Find fog
-1 ) f(x x
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/02

 " "

x
-2 ) g(x33
-3
fog(x)=f(g(x))= (3 x3 4)3



:x
)Dom.(f+g) (x) = { x: x Dom.f (x :
} ) x Dom.g (x :
)Dom.(f-g) (x) = { x: x Dom.f (x :

} ) x Dom.g (x
:
)Dom.(f*g) (x) = { x: x Dom.f (x
} ) x Dom.g (x
)Dom.(f/g) (x) = { x: x Dom.f (x
} x Dom.g (x) g(x) 0


If f ( x ) x 1; g( x ) 4 x 2

Find Domain
) ( f g )( x ); ( f g )( x ); ( f * g )( x ); ( f / g )( x

) Dom.( f g )( x ) dom . f ( x ) dom . g( x
}dom . f ( x ) { x : x 1

}dom . g( x ) { x : 2 x 2
}Dom.( f g )( x ) { x : 1 x 2





2

)f(x
)F(x
note
a b ab
5-4-3-2-1- 0 1 2 3 4 5 a * b a*b
)g(x
a / b a / b; b 0
)g(x


)Find f (x); g(x
)if _ fog( x ) h( x ); h( x ) ( x 3)( x 2
) h(x

f ( x) x

)g( x ) ( x 3)( x 2 :
1-f(x)=2x-1
Dom.f(x)=R
Range f(x)=R
2
2-f(x)=x
Dom.f(x)=R
)Range f(x)=R+ U {0

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/20
/02

 " "

0*0

< Range f(x)= 0 x
}}Or range f(x) = {x:xR+ {0
3-f(x)=1/x
Dom.f(x)=R;x<>0
}Range f(x)=R-{0

4 f ( x) 2 x 3
Dom. f ( x) : x 3Range _ f ( x) : R
]or _ Dom. f ( x) : R (0 : 3
5 f ( x) 3 2 x 1
Dom. f ( x) : R
Range _ f ( x) : R
1 ()
6 f ( x)
x 1
2
xyyx :

1
f ( x)
x 1
2

1
y y( x 2 1) 1
x 1 2

1 1
x2 1 x2 1
y y
1 1
x 1 1 0
y y
1 y y
1 1 y
y y 1
7 solving
7 f ( x) 2 x 6
y 2 2 x 6 2 x 6 0 2 x 6 x 3


Even Function)f(x)=f(-x

Odd Function)f(x)=- f(x

:
2
1- f(x)=x
:-
)f(-x)=(-x)2=x2=f(x
2- f(x)=x3
)f(-x)=(-x)3=-(x)3=-f(x
2
)3- f(x)=(x -1
)f(-x)=(-x)2-1=x2-1=f(x
4- f(x)=x+1
)f(-x)= (-x)+1=-(x-1

5- f(x)=(x2+3)2
)f(-x)=((-x)2+3)2=(x2+3)2= f(x

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3
6 - f(x) x
x 1
3
f ( x ) x
x 1
3
f ( x ) x
x 1
) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x
notEVENnor ODD

()

/x-2 12()
2222
44 2
F(x)=x2-4/x-2
X )F(x x )F(x
1.9 3.9 2.1 4.1
1.99 3.99 2.01 4.01
1.999 3.999 2.001 4.001
1.9999 3.9999 2.0001 4.0001
1.99999 3.99999 2.00001 4.00001
1.99999 3.99999 2.000001 4.000001

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 " "

()
.
:
x2 1
y f(x)
x1 11 0 :
y f(1) unkown
11 0
}Dom.f {x : x R {1

:
What is the value of f(x) will approach when x approach 1

x2 1
f(x)
x1
x1
()
()()

X+ )F(x X- )F(x
1.00001 2.00001 0.99999 1.99999
1.0001 2.0001 0.9999 1.9999
1.001 2.001 0.999 1.999
1.01 2.01 0.99 1.99
1.1 2.1 0.9 1.9

21
122

15
5
14
13
12
4
11
10
9 3
8
7
6 2
5
4
3 1
2
1
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0
-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1 2 3 4
-2
-3
-4
-1
-5
-6
-7
-2
-8
-9
-10
-3
-11
-12
-13 -4
-14
-15
-5
-1 2
13 15 -1 1
12 12 -1 0

9
11 -9
6

10 3 -8
0

9 -3 -7
-6
-9

(
8 -6
-1 2
-1 5

00)
7 -5

6 -4

5 -3

4 -2

3 -1

2 0

)x neigh(0; x 0
1

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 " "

f(x)
1
;x 0 := X0
x :
:-1
()
-2-3
: :
-1-2-3

()
5.5
5

X- X+
4.5
4 )F(x )F(x
3.5
3 -0.33333 -3 0.333333 3
2.5
2
1.5
-0.5 -2 0.5 2
1
0.5
-1 -1 1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2
0
-1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 -0.5 2 0.5
-1
-1.5 -2.5 -0.4 2.5 0.4
-2
-2.5 -5 -0.2 5 0.2

-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5
:
-5.5

1
f(x) ;x 0
x
1
lim f(x)
x
x 1
1
lim f(x)
x
x 1
1 1 1
) ( )lim f(x) ( ) lim f(x So _ lim f(x) Doesnot _ exist
x x x
x 1 x 1 x1

find; lim f(x) x sloving
x0
lim f(x) exist
x 0
lim f(x) doesnot , exist
_x 0
lim f(x) doesnot , exist
x0
Definition
Let l be a real number and f(x) is defined on an open set (a,b) containing the point x o we
say that f(x) has a limit at x o and written as:
lim f(x) l; l
x xo
If whenever x gets close from x o from either sides with x x o ; f(x) gets close to l

lim f(x) l; l iff ; 0 0; x x o f ( x ) l and ; small & 0

x xo
(
Prove: ) that
x2 1
lim f(x) 2
Prove that: x1
x1


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xo=0(xo=)0

f(x) 8 )f(x
8

4

x

x
0 4
-10 -6 -2 2 6 10

-4

-8 -10 -6 -20 2 6 10 14
1
5.5
5
0. 5
4.5
4 0

3.5 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3 - 0. 5

2.5
-1
2
1.5
- 1. 5
1
0.5 -2

0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 2. 5

-1
-3
-1.5
-2 - 3. 5
-2.5
-3 -4

-3.5
- 4. 5
-4
-4.5
-5
-5
-5.5 - 5. 5

Theory 1
)Let L be a real number; L < ; f(x) is real valued function defined on the interval (a,b
containing the point xo then:

lim f(x) l lim f(x) lim f(x) ; l

x xo x xo

x xo

Examples:
find x2 1 x
4 x 2 lim f(x) ; lim f(x)
; lim f(x) x lim f(x) ; x1 x
x x1 x0
x0 x 0

x 0
1 lim f(x) lim f(x) 0 )(x 1)(x 1

x0
x 0
x0 3 lim )f(x
)(x 1
x1
lim f(x) 0 lim f(x) 0
lim f(x) x 1 2
x 0 x0 x1


)( 4 x 2)( 4 x 2 x
2 lim f(x) 4 lim f(x) 1
x 0 x ( 4 x 2 ) x
x0
)( 4 x 4
lim f(x) lim f(x)
x
1
) x 0 x ( 4 x 2 x0 x

lim f(x)
1

1

1 lim f(x) doesnotExi st
4 x 2 2 0 2 4 x0
x 0

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 " "

Theory 2
If p(x)=a1xn+a2xn-1 + . +an-1 is a polynamd of degree n then
) lim p(x) a 1 x n a 2 x n-1 . a n-1 ; x o dom. p( x
x xo
=n2 =

find

lim f(x) 1; lim f(x) 2 x 1; lim f(x) x 2 2 x 1
x5 x5 x5

lim f(x) 1

x5
lim f(x) 2 * 5 1 11
x5
lim f(x) 5 2 2 * 5 1 36
x5
Theory 3
If c is real number and f(x) ; g(x) are real valued functions such as

lim f(x) l1; lim g(x) l 2; l1 & l 2

x xo x xo
Then

)1 lim f(x) c lim f(x

x xo x xo


) 2 lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] lim f ( x ) lim g( x
x xo x xo x xo


) 3 lim [ f ( x ) * g( x )] lim f ( x ) * lim g( x
x xo x xo x xo
n

4 lim [ f ( x )]n lim f ( x )
x xo x x o
) lim f ( x
f ( x) x xo
5 lim ; lim g ( x ) 0
x x o g( x ) lim g( x ) x x o
x xo

find ) ( limits at infinity
x2 2x 1 x2 2x 1
lim f(x) 2 2
x x2 1 lim f(x) x 2 x
2
x
x x 1
2
2 (- -)
x x
2 1
1 2
lim f(x) x x
1
x 1 2
x

1 0 0
lim f(x) 1
0
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/02

x
 ""

If we let f(x) a real valued function and f(x)=g(x)/h(x) ; as x then f(x) will approach l where
1- l < if the largest power of h(x) = the largest power of g(x)
2- l =0 if the largest power of h(x) < the largest power of g(x)
3- l= if the largest power of h(x) > the largest power of g(x)

find
find
x3 2x 1
lim f(x) lim f(x)
x2 2x 1
x 2
1
x x 2 x 1
3

x 2x 1
3
3 3
x3 2x 1 lim f(x) x 3 x x
2 2 x 1
x 2
x x x 3
lim f(x) 2 x 3
x
x x 1
1 2 1
x2 x2 2 3

2 1 lim f(x) x x x

x 2 1
x x x 1 3
lim f(x) x
1
x 1 2 000
x lim f(x) 0
00 1 0
x
lim f(x)
x
1 0 lim f(x) 0
x
lim f(x) doesnotEXI ST
x

xn an xn an n n m
lim f(x) na n1 ; lim f(x) m a
xa x a m
m
xa xa

ex .

x 5 243 x 5 35 5 5 3 45
lim f(x) lim f(x) 3 3 15
x 3 27 x 33 3 3
x3 x3
x


Continuity
A function f(x) is defined and continuos at that point if it has garf moves unbroken through that
point

find
lim f ( x ) x ; lim f ( x ) x
x 2 x 2.5

lim f ( x ) 1 lim f ( x ) 2 doesnotEXI ST

x 2 x 2

lim f ( x ) 2 lim f ( x ) 2 lim f ( x ) 2

x 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5

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 ""

Find if this function is continuos at x = 2 (right ones are continuos)

f(x) 8 f(x)
8

4
x

x
0 4
-10 -6 -2 2 6 10

-4

-8 -10 -6 -20 2 6 10 14
1
0.5 5.5
5
0 4.5
4
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -0.5 0
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 3.5
3
-1 2.5
2
-1.5 1.5
1
-2 0.5
0

-2.5 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6

-3 -1.5
-2

-3.5 -2.5
-3

-4 -3.5
-4

-4.5 -4.5
-5

-5 -5.5

-5.5

Definition
Let f(x) be a real valued function defined for every point ;x (a,b) the function f(x) is
cts(continuos) at xo (a,b) if
1- f(xo) is defined
lim exist
2- x x
o

3- f(xo) = lim
x xo
Ex.
Show that f(x)= x2 is cts at x=0
1- f(0)=0
2- lim(x2)=0
3- 1=2
1
1 f ( x) notCTS :
is _ f ( x )cts ? 11 3 f ( x ) 0(1)

1 f ( x)
1
;x 1 2 f ( x)
1 1
(1) lim 0
x 0
x 1 31 2
2 f ( x)
1
;x 3
1 1
( 2)
lim notEXIST
x 1 lim
x3 31 2
x 0

notCTS
3 f ( x) x; 0 lim f ( x ) f ( x )CTS
x3

Theory
If p(x)=a1xn+a2xn-1 + . +an-1 is a polynamd function of degree n and
lim p(x) a 1 x n a 2 x n-1 . a n-1 ; x o dom. p( x )
x xo

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/02

 ""

Then p(x) is cts at every real number and lim p(x) p(x)
x xo

If r(x) is a retional function ; r(x)= p(x)/q(x) then r(x) Is cts at every point x oR
such that q(x)0
ex .
x5 3 x 3 4 x x5 3 x 3 4 x
p(x)
x2 5 x 6 ( x 3)( x 2)
x3
It means p(x) CTS on R- {2;3}

Definition
A function f(x) is cts over or in the open interval (a;b) if f(x) is cts at every point xo (a,b)
Definition
A function f(x) is cts over or in the close interval (a;b) if f(x) is cts at every point xo [a,b] if
1-f(x) is cts in (a;b)
2- f(a);f(b) exist
3- lim f(x)=f(a);lim f(x)=f(b)

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/02

 ""

()
:0
let f(x) be a real valued function defined in open interval (a,b) then the rate of change in y (

y f ( x x ) f ( x )
lim
x x 0 x
W.R.T. ) with respect to
y f ( x x ) f ( x )
findx y lim x
x 0
1 f ( x) 2 x 32

y 2 [2 x ]1 0 4 x if 2 y f ( x ) c; c(cons tan at )
2 f ( x ) ( 2 x 2 3) 2 prove y 0
y 2[2 x 2 3]1 4 x 2 6 8 x c(cons tan t ) f ( x x ) f ( x )
f ( x x ) f ( x )
3 f ( x) 2 x 2 3 y lim
x 0 x
1
y .( 4 x ) cc 0
2 2x2 3 y lim y lim 0 y 0
x 0 x x 0 x
x 1
4 f ( x) 2 if 3 y f ( x ) e x prove y e x
x 3
f ( x x ) f ( x )
( x 1).[2 x ] ( x 2 3).[1] y lim
y x 0 x
( x 2 3) 2
e x x e x
2x 2x x 3 x 2x 3
2 2 2 y lim
y x 0 x
( x 2 3) 2 ( x 2 3) 2
e x (e x 1)
5 f ( x ) e ln(2 x 1)
x y lim
x 0 x
y e x .[ln(2 x 1).2] ln(2 x 1).[e x ] x ( x ) 2 ( x ) 3
e x 1 ... 1
I think y 3e x ln(2 x 1) 1 2 3
x4 3 x ( x ) 2 ( x ) 3
6 f ( x) e x x (1 ...)
x y lim 1 2 3
1 x 0 x
x [4 x 3 ] ( x 4 3).
x ( x ) 2 ( x ) 3
y x y lim e x (1 ...)
( x )2 x 0 1 2 3
7 f ( x ) ln e ( 5 x 3 x 1)
2
x 0 y lim e x (1 0 0 0 0...) y e x
x 0
1
y ( 5 x 2 3 x 1) .( e ( 5 x 3 x 1) ).(10 x 3)
2

e
y (10 x 3)
8 f ( x) x x
1 1
y .(1 )
2 x x 2 x
x2 4 2
1
9 f ( x) ( )
x 1
1 x 2 4 2 1 ( x 1).[2 x ] ( x 2 4)[1]
1
y .( ) .( )
2 x 1 ( x 1) 2 -28- 22:88:260226
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/02

1 x2 4 2 x2 2x 4
1
y .( ) .(
2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
 ""

Ex.

Very important definition

Let f(x) ; g(x) be two real valued functions over the open interval ( a, b) and let c be a constant
then
if _ y f ( x ); x x x y y y
f ( x ) f ( x x )
y ( y y ) y f ( x x ) f ( x )

x ( x x ) x x
asx 0
y f ( x x ) f ( x )
lim
x x 0 x
note
y y 2 y 3
if y , 2 y , 3 y
x x x
1 y f ( x) x 2
prove
y 2 x
f ( x x ) f ( x )
y lim
x 0 x
( x 2 2 x x ( x ) 2 ) x 2
y lim
x 0 x
2 x x ( x ) 2
y lim
x 0 x
( 2 x x )( x )
y lim
x 0 x
y lim ( 2 x x )
x 0

x 0
y 2 x
= -1
= -2
= -3
+= -4

1
if 4 y f ( x ) x prove y
2 x
f ( x x ) f ( x ) ( x x x)
y lim y lim
x 0 x x 0 x
( x x x )( x x x )
y lim
x 0 x ( x x x )
x x x 1
y lim y x 0
x 0 x ( x x x) ( x x x)
1 1
y
( x 0 x) 2 x

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 ""

1 y ( u( x ) n ) n( u( x )) n1 . y u( x )
1
2 y ( u( x ) ) . y u( x )
2 u( x )
3 y (e u ( x ) ) e u( x ) . y u( x )
4 y (a u( x ) ) a u( x ) ln a . y u( x )
1
5 y (ln u( x )) . y u( x )
u( x )
1 y (c ) 0
2 y (cf ( x )) cy f ( x )
3 y [ f ( x ) f ( g )] y f ( x ) y f ( g )
4 y [ f ( x ). f ( g )] f ( x ). y f ( g ) f ( g ). y f ( x )
f ( x) f ( x ). y f ( g ) f ( g ). y f ( x )
5 y [ ]
f ( g) ( f ( g )) 2
()=()- 5
:

d
prove ( e 2 x ) 2e x
2

dx
dy f ( x x ) f ( x )
lim
dx x 0 x
2 ( x x )
dy (e ) f (e 2 x )
lim
dx x 0 x
2 x
dy 2x
(e )(e 1)
lim
dx x 0 x
x ( x ) 2 ( x ) 3
(e 2 x )(1 2 2 2 ...) 1)
dy 1 2! 3!
lim
dx x 0 x
2( x ) 3 1 y ( c ) 0
(e 2 x )(1 2x 2( x ) 2 ... 1)
dy 3 ! 2 y ( x ) 1
lim
dx x 0 x
3 y ( x n ) nx n 1
2( x ) 3
(e 2 x )( 2x 2( x ) 2 ...) 1
dy
lim 3 ! 4 y ( x )
dx x 0 x 2 x
2( x )2 5 y (e x ) e x
(e 2 x ).2x (1 ( x ) ...)
dy
lim 3! 6 y (a x ) a x ln a
dx x 0 x 1
dy 2( x )2 7 y (ln x )
lim( e 2 x ).2x (1 ( x ) ...) x
dx x 0 3!
dy
x 0 2(e 2 x )(1 0 0 0 ...)
dx

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 " "

d 2x
prove (e ) 2e x
2

dx
dy
e 2 x ln e 2 x .2
dx
ln e 1
dy
e 2 x .(1) 2 x .2 2e 2 x
dx

d
find )( x 2 )( x 2 3
dx
dy
] ( x 2 )[2 x ] ( x 2 3)[2 x
dx
dy
) (2 x 3 ) (2 x 3 6 x
dx
dy
) (4 x 3 6 x
dx
1
d 1
find ( ) ( 2x2 3) 2
dx 2 x 2 3
1
dy 1
( 2 x 2 3 ) 2 .[4 x ]
dx
:

d d 2
( y 2 x 3 2 yx ) ) ( dy
dx dx x find if x 3 y 3 6 xy 4
dy dy 2 dx
y 2 [3 x 2 ] x 3 [2( )] 2( y )[1]( x )[1. ] 2 dy dy
dx dx x x 3 3 y 2 ( ) 3 x 2 y 3 6 x4 y 3 ( ) 6 y 4
dy 3 2 dx dx
] ( x 2 y 2 x ) 2 y 2 [3 x 2 dy dy
dx x x 3 3 y 2 ( ) 6 x4 y 3 ( ) 3 x 2 y 3 6 y 4
2 dx dx
3 y2 3x2 dy
dy 2
( )( x 3 3 y 2 6 x 4 y 3 ) 3 x 2 y 3 6 y 4
x 3
dx )( x 2 y 2 x dx
dy 3x2 y3 6 y4
( ) 3 2
dx ) ( x 3 y 6 x4 y 3

x
ln y = x ln x y=x
=
Chain Role
Consider y = f(x) ; x=g(t) find dy/dt
If Y has an indirect relation with t via (through) x then dy/dt = dy/dx*dx/dt
)Note: we can get this result by multiply (dx/dx
x could be more than one factor
we use the chain role to find the effect of each factor on the dependent
variable

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 " "

().

Ex. If y = 7x + 10 ; x = 3t 6 find dy/dt

:
1. by substitution y = 7(3t-6) + 10
y= 21t-42+10=21t-32
y^=21
2. by chain role dy/dt = dt/dx * dx/dt
:
dy/dt = (7).(3) = 21

Ex .
5x2 1 dy
if y ; x e 5 t ... find
x 1
3
dt
dy dy dx
) ( ( )
dt dx dt
dy ] ( x 1)[10 x ] (5 x 2 1)[3 x 2
3
( ) ) (5e 5 t
dt )( x 1
3 2

then .... substitute

2 2
dy ) (5e 15t 1)(50e 5 t ) ( 25e 5 t 1)(15e 5 t
( ) ) (5e 5 t
dt )(5e 1
15t 2

Ex. If y = 5x2+1/x3-1 x = e5t find dy/dt

Increasing and decreasing function
()
The function y = f(X) which is defined on [a,b] is said to be:
()- :
)Increasing if wherever a x1x2b ( dy/dx >0 plus+

()
)decreasing if wherever a x1x2b ( dy/dx <0minus-

Ex .
5x2 1 dy
if y 3 ; x e 5 t ... find
x 1 dt
dy dy dx
) ( ( )
dt dx dt
dy ] ( x 1)[10 x ] (5 x 2 1)[3 x 2
3
( ) ) (5e 5 t
dt )( x 1
3 2

then .... substitute

2 2
dy ) (5e 15t 1)(50e 5 t ) ( 25e 5 t 1)(15e 5 t
( ) ) (5e 5 t
dt )(5e 1
15t 2

()
the critical points
Let f (x) be a real valued function defined on the interval [ a , b ] and let xo is an
element ; xo ( a , b ) then xo called a critical point of f(x) if dy/dx =0 or dy/dx
does not exist and
:

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 " "

if ( dy/dx =0) then it is a quiet point ( could be a critical or inflection

)point
()()
()
)Maximum ;Minimum And Inflection Points ( First Method
watch this diagram for the function y = f(x) and notice
()
-:
points a;b;c;d;e;f is a quiet point (dy/dx=0)critical or inflection points
a;b;c;d;e;f
if after a quiet point dy/dx >0 and before it dy/dx <0 then it is a
) minimum point ( a , c , f
()()
) ( a , c , f
if after a quiet point dy/dx <0 and before it dy/dx >0 then it is a
) maximum point ( b , e
()()
) ( b , e
if after a quiet point or before it dy/dx is going to the same trend then it
) is an inflection point ( d
()
( .) d

)f(x
e

b d f

a
x

)Ex. (Find critical points and determine there nature by the first derivative
Let y = f(x) = x3+3x2-9x-10 for what values of x is this function increasing and
decreasing
:
::::(
):

.
) dy/dx = 3x2+6x+9 .. ( 1
) 0 = 3x2+6x-9 ... ( 2
0 = 3( x2+2x-3) .. .
0 = ( x+3) (x-1) .. .
( x+3)=0 or (x-1) = 0 ..
) x=-3 or x=1 ..( 3

-6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
) from this diagram we note that the function has 3 periods . ( 4
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 " "

X < -3 ; X > 1 and -3 < x < 1 and the value of dy/dx is explained in the
next table
3 3

X+3 X-1 :
X values X + 3 sign X 1 sign Dy/dx sign F(x) status
X < -3 If x<-3 then x+3 sign is - If x<-3 then x-1 sign is - (-)(-)=+ Increasing
X = -3 0 If x=-3 then x-1 sign is - 0 Critical point
< -3 < x If 3 < x <1 then x+3 If 3<x<1 then x-1 sign is (+)(-)=- Decreasing
1 sign is + -

X=1 0If x=1 then x+3 sign is - 0 Critical point

X>1 If x >1 then x-1 sign is +If x>1 then x+3 sign is + (+)(+)=+ Increasing

:
X=-3
X=1
.
)Maximum ;Minimum And Inflection Points ( Second Method
A function f(x) on the interval (a,b) such that xo ( a , b ) has :-
) 1- local maximum point if ( a- dy/dx(xo) = 0 , b- dy2/dx(xo) <0
) 2- local minimum point if ( a- dy/dx(xo) = 0 , b- dy2/dx(xo) >0
3- Inflection point ( could be) if ( a- dy/dx(xo) = 0 , b- dy2/dx(xo) = 0 or does
) not exist
()
()
- 1(-=00
)
- 2( - =0
0)
- 3( -=0=0
)
Ex. Find critical points and determine there nature by the second
derivative
Y=x4-8x2
: : : : :
: :
( .. )

) dy/dx = 4x3-16x .( 1
)dy/dx = 4x(x2-4
)dy/dx = 4x(x-2)(x+2
)0 = 4x(x-2)(x+2
) x = 0 or x = -2 or x = -2 ( 2
) dy2/dx = 12x2-16 ( 3
)dy2/dx (0 ) = 12 ( 0 ) 2 16 = -16 so dy2/dx (0 ) is maximum point . ( 4-1
)dy2/dx ( -2 ) = 12 ( -2 )2 16 = 32 so dy2/dx (0 ) is minimum point. ( 4-2
)dy2/dx ( +2 ) = 12 ( 2 ) 2 16 = 32 so dy2/dx (0 ) is minimum point. ( 4-3
Y=x4-8x2
Y(0) =0-0 = 0
Y( -2 ) =( -2 )4 8 ( -2 )2 = -16
Y( 2 ) =( 2 ) 4 8 ( 2 )2 = -16

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 3500 " "
0 1000 -1000 -500 500
3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-500

-1000

-1500

()

9 8


3X2
(
)

3
X +C

:
F(0)=0

F(X)= X 3

Let K Constant
Kdx Kx c
xr
x r 1dx c
r
1
dx ln x c
x
e x dx e x c
ax
a dx
x
c
ln a
Kf ( x )dx K K ( x )dx
[ f ( x ) g ( x )]dx f ( x )dx g ( x )dx
-1=()
-2=
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 " "

-3=+
-4 :

f ( x )n 1r
[ f ( x )n f ( x )]dx c
n1
1
[ . f ( x )]dx ln f ( x ) c
)f ( x
[e f ( x ) . f ( x )]dx e f ( x ) c
x
dx Let 5 x 2 3 u
5x 3 2

x 1 10 x )1 f ( u 1 1
dx dx du ln u c ln 5 x 2 c
u 10 u 10 u 10 10

Integrate Find
3 1 x 1 2 x 3 3
([ 2 6 x ]dx 3 [ 2 2 x ]dx 3
2 2
) 2x3 c
x x 1 3 x
2
x
2 xdxThat Pr ossesThrou gh( 2,7) 2 c x2 c
2
x 2; f ( x ) 7 2 c 7 c 3 f ( x ) x 2 3
2

32t
:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4( v ts
ds
v 32t ds 32tdt s 16t 2 c
dt
at 0timeWas 0d 0 16(0) 2 c s 16( t ) 2 After 5 Seconds _ s 16(5) 2 400 feet

find
11 3 411
11 11
3 3
x 9x 3
1 3 x 3 dx 3 x 3 dx 3 c c
14 / 3 14
1 1 (1 2 x ) 3 (1 2 x ) 3
2 (1 2 x ) 2 dx [(1 2 x ) 2 ]( 2)dx c c
2 2 3 6
12 9 20

1 (1 t 2 ) 9 (1 t 2 ) 9
12 12 9
1
3 (1 t 2 ) 9 tdt [(1 t 2 ) 9 ( 2t )]dt c9 c
2 2 20 40
9
23
:

f ( x )n 1r
[ f ( x )n f ( x )]dx c
n 1
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 " "

- 1()
- 2
()

x
dx Let x 1 u
x 1
x 11 x 1 1 u 1 1
dx dx dx 1 dx 1 ln u c 1 ln( x 1) c
u u u u u u




- 3
u
v:()
du=dx ln

udv uv vdu
xe x dx
let u x , e x dx dv
TheRole udv uv vdu
xe x e x dx xe x e x c ( x 1)e x c

ln xdx
1
ln x u dx dv dx x
x
TheRole udv uv vdu
1
x ln x vdu. x ( )dx
x
x ln x x c

x 2 e x dx
let u x 2 , e x dx dv
TheRole udv uv vdu
x 2 e x 2 xe x dx c x 2 e x 2 xe x c ( x 2 2 x )e x c
TheRole udv uv vdu
( x 2 2 x )e x ( 2 x 2)e x dx x c ( x 2 2 x )e x ( 2 x 2)e x x c ( x 2 2)e x x c

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 " "

1 1 1 2 x 2 3
f ( xe 2 x 3
)dx u e 2 x 3
xudx u( 4 x )dx uc c
2 2
e
4 4 4

a
b ) f ( x )dx F (a ) F (b
)(a,b

a
b ) dx (a b
a
b ) cdx c(a b
a
b f ( x )dx 0
a
b ) f ( x )dx ac f ( x )dx bc f ( x )dx; c (a , b
a
b f ( x )dx ab f ( x )dx


13 y=x2+1

- 1
- 2
- 3(13)

y x2 1
A 31 ( x 2 1)dx
x3
A xc
3
) b f ( x )dx F ( a ) F ( b
a

3
1 ) ( x 2 1)dx F ( 3) F (1
x3
3
1 [ ( x 2 1)dx x c ]13
3
33 13
( 1 ( x 1)dx ) 3 c) ( 1 c
3 2

3 3
1
1 ( x 1)dx (12 c 1 ) c
3 2

3
4 2
A 12 10
3 3

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