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Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Cell Organisation: Focus Practice 2.2 (Page 35)
Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Cell Organisation: Focus Practice 2.2 (Page 35)
1. Why is the use of the electron microscope important in the study of cell biology ?
Living organisms are made of basic units forming the building blocks of all living organisms.
A tissue is a group of specialised cells with a common structure and function, where as an organ is formed
by two or more types of tissues working together to perform particular functions.
5. Name the systems that are involved in regulating the concentrations of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the bloodstream.
The systems that are involved in regulating the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
bloodstream are cirulatory system and respiration system.
Focus Practice 2.3 (page 35)
1. List all the different types of tissues that make up the connective tissue. Briefly describe the
function of each type of tissue named.
2. What are the different tissues that make up a leaf? Give the function of each type tissue in the
leaf.
Prediction :
- The apparatus functions as a processing, packaging and transporting centre of carbohydrates, proteins
phospholipids and glycoproteins cannot occur.
2. State the factors that affect the internal environment of an organism. Explain using an example.
2 factors that affect the internal environment physical factors and chemical compositions
Physical factors example : temperature, blood pressure, osmotic pressure
Chemical factor example : salt, sugar content, pH
- The metabolism of the body is affected by the changes in the chemical factors such as glucose and
oxygen levels and physical factors such as temperature and osmotic pressure.
The ability of organisms to maintain a stable environment enables them to live in a wider range of habitat.
For example, mammals have highly developed internal mechanisms to keep the body temperature around
37C despite considerable variations in the external temperature.
SECTION B
Amoeba sp. Moves with the help of pseudopodium (false-foot). Pseudopodium is an extension of the
cytoplasm. The rest of the cytoplasm slowly flows into this extension, hence moving the organism along.
Pseudopodium can be extended out in any directions.
- contains the heredity factors responsible for the traits of the animals and plants
Amoeba sp. feeds by a process called phagocytosis. It simply move round the food particles and enclose
the food which is then packaged in a food vacuole. The fod vacuole fuses with a lysosome and the food is
digested by hydrolytic enzyme called lysozyme. The resulting nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm.
(refer figure 2.3, page 23)
Amoeba sp. reproduce by binary fission. Its nucleus divides to form daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm
then divide and 2 daughter amoeba are form.
( ii ) Draw diagrams to show the reproduction process of the organism and label
them
e) Explain why the structure of the unicellular organism is more complex than the cells in the human body.
Unicellular organisms carry out all vital functions within a single cell. It feed, respire, excrete, move,
respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow within its cell. Their survival depends largely on its cellular
components which include the organelles. It does not have organ or system so the structure of the
unicellular organism is more complex than cells in human body.
Use the letters P, Q, R and S to match the following functions to the organelles.
(a)
Function Organelle
The site where cellular respiration occurs and energy is P
generated.
The organelle that captures light energy to make food S
The organelle that functions as the processing, packaging and R
transporting centre of carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids
and glycoproteins.
A\series of membranes in the cytoplasm through which Q
substances can be transported
(b) What organelles are present in plant cells but not in animal cells ?
(c) Why is organelle P present in large numbers in the sperm cells of humans and flight muscle cells of
birds ?
Sperm cells of human and flight muscle of birds have large number of mitochondria because the sperm
cells require energy to propel through the uterus towards the fallopian tubes so that fertilization can take
place, the flight muscle cells of birds contract and relax to enable movement and flight.
SECTION C
(a) Which is a plant cell? Give one reason for your answer.
B is a plant cell.
Reason:
-cell B have cell wall but cell A do not/
-cell B have fixed shape but cell A do not/
-cell B have chloroplast but cell A do not/
-cell B have large central vacuole but cell A do not have or small vacuole
i) Obtain a scale leaf from an onion bulb as shown in figure 2.1 (a) (Refer pg 9).
ii) Using a pair of forceps, peel off the transparent epidermis from the inner surface of the onion scale leaf.
iii) Put a drop of water onto the middle of the slide and place the epidermis on the drop of water (figure 2.1
(b) ). (Refer pg 9)
iv) With the help of a mounting needle, cover the specimen with a cover slip at a 45 angle (figure 2.1 (c) )
(Refer pf 9)
v) Add a drop of iodine solution onto one side of the cover slip. Place a filter paper at the opposite end of
the cover slip to allow the iodine solution to spread through the epidermis (figure 2.1 (d) ) (Refer pg 9)
vi) Use a piece of filter paper to absorb the excess iodine solution.
vii) Examine the slide under a light microscope using the low power objective lens and then the high power
objective lens.
viii) Draw the epidermis and label the cell structures which can be observed. Record the magnification used.
(c) By giving appropriate examples, describes how different organelles work together to enable the cell to
function in an orderly manner.
i) Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes, takes place in the ribosomes. Ribosomes use information carried
by the chromosomes to make these proteins.
ii) The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports protein made by the ribosomes. Proteins that depart from
the rough endoplasmic reticulum are enclosed in vesicles. These proteins can be transported from one
part of the cell to another.
iii) These protein are modified as they pass through the Golgi apparatus. The golgi apparatus will then sort
these products and package them into vesicles.
iv) Vesicles containing these products bud off from the Golgi membrane and travel to other parts of the cell
or to the plasma membrane. These vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane before releasing
their contents outside the cell.
Figure 4 (a) shows cells found on the lining of the trachea and figure 4 (b) shows a type of vascular tissue
found in plants.
Cells ------> tissues ------> organs ------> system ------> multicellular organism
The epithelial tissue that live the trachea consists of elongated cells with hair like projection called cilia.
They also screate mucus. The mucus traps dust particles while the cilia sweep the impurities away from
the lungs.
The phloem consist of sieve tube and companion cells. The sieve tube have pores of both end, so that it
can transport organic nutrients from the leaves to storage organs or growing parts of the plants.
(c)
An organ is made up of many types of tissues. The function of an organ is therefore related to the
types of tissues that make up the organ.