[CLASSROOM} FLUOROSCOPY SCENARIOS AND EQUATIONS

1. While using a image intensifier with a 10/7/5 diameters, which size is best for contrast
resolution and why? Which one is best for spatial resolution and why? Which one has
the largest field of view?
-5 has the largest special resolution because it has a smaller field of view to increase
magnification and narrow focus and more technical factor. Having said that then 10
would have the largest contrast resolution.

2. Describe minification gain and the relationship with increasing input phosphor size, kVp,
mA, output phosphor size, and tube voltage.
-kVp and tube voltage have a direct relationship with minification. They affect electron
production and input phosphor size in negligible.

3. Describe what occurs when the image intensifier is operated in the magnification mode
as it relates to contrast resolution, spatial resolution, patient dose, the relationship of
the focal point between the input phosphor and the output phosphor.
-Input screen, the smaller it is the lower the contrast resolution is and the higher the
special resolution and the higher the patient dose equal to the focal point is closer to
input phosphor.

Equations used in fluoroscopy :

Flux gain = number of output light photons
Number of input x-ray photons

Brightness gain = Minification gain x Flux gain or use the conversion factor equation.

Minification on gain = (dinput)2

(doutput)2

Conversion factor = output phosphor illumination (cd/m2)

Input exposure rate (mGya/sec.)

Magnification factor = mode 2 in multifield Image Intensifier

Mode 1

New ESD = Original input screen size X Entrance Skin Dose

New input screen size
 [CLASSROOM} FLUOROSCOPY SCENARIOS AND EQUATIONS

4. What is the brightness gain for a 17- cm image intensifier tube with a flux gain of 120
and a 2.5 cm output phosphor?

172/2.52=46.24 46.24*120=5,548.8 is the brightness gain.

5. A 23/15/10 image intensifier is used in the 10cm mode. How much higher is the patient
dose using this mode compared to using the 23 cm mode?

Principal: when using the magnification mode, the minification gain is reduced, so fewer
photoelectrons are hitting the output phosphor. This creates a dimmer image. To
compensate for the magnification mode (maintain the same amount of brightness), the
tube mA is increased.
The increase in dose to the patient when changing from 23 cm to 10 cm is equal to the
ratio of the input phosphor diameter to the diameter used in magnification mode.

23/10 2.3x higher

6. What is the change is dose (how much higher) when switching from a 23cm FOV to a
17cm FOV?
Use same principal as in question 5

23/17 1.35x higher

7. A photofluoroscopic image is obtaining using the technical factors of 80 kVp in the 15cm
mode without a grid. He measured entrance skin dose (ESD) is 0.5 mGyt. What ESD
would be expected if the 25cm mode were used?
Original input screen size X ESD = New ESD
New input screen size

X ESD= New ESD 15/25 X0.5 0.3mGy ESD in 25cm mode.

8. A 23cm image intensifier has an output phosphor size of 2.5cm and a flux gain of 75.
What is the brightness gain?

232/2.52= 84.64 84.64*75=6,348 is the brightness gain.

9. Create a scenario using one of the equations above with the specific factors required. Be
sure to show your work and include the answer.
-A 21cm image intensifier has an output phosphor size of 4.3cm and a flux gain of 60.
What is the brightness gain?

212/4.32=23.85 23.85*60=1,431.04 is the brightness gain.