Huong Dan Su Dung Phan Mem Sas Phan Tich So Lieu Thi Nghiem

PGS. TS.
L QUANG HNG
NG DNG SAS
PHN TCH S LIU TH NGHIM
2009
Li m u
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) p dng ngn ng lp trnh phn tch s liu.
Ring SAS/STAT bao gm trn 60 phng thc phn tch s liu p dng cho phn tch
phng sai, hi qui, phn tch tng hp, v phn tch a bin.
0
D liu lp trnh trn word x l thng k ca SAS ngn gn, khong 9 hng vi 24
t, c thit k trc v s liu c chuyn trc tip t file word, excel, l dng lu tr s
liu thng k ph bin nht. Ngoi ra c th s dng s liu lu tr t file text, file ca SAS
phn tch thng k. Cch sp xp bng s liu excel theo ct hay hng, m ha bng s hay tn
ging cy trng, tn phng php, x l nhiu ch tiu rt thun tin trong file mu word.
Sau khi lp trnh y s liu to file mu (sample), x l bng lnh RUN vi thi
gian rt nhanh, ch mt vi giy cho tt c cc cch x l 1 ln nh: phn tch phng sai, xp
nhm cc nghim thc ca cc yu t, tnh ma trn tng tc cc yu t, v th Kt qu
phn tch c gii thch rt r rng v so snh cc nghim thc v xp nhm (grouping) theo
k t A, B cho yu t c hai nghim thc v A, B, C, D, E cho yu t c nhiu nghim thc.
Cc gi tr xc sut cho cc yu t n v t hp u th hin r trong bng ANOVA.
Quyn sch ny trnh by mt s phng php x l s liu th nghim thng dng trong
ngnh nng sinh hc lin quan n khoa hc cy trng, cn c trn cc bi tp mu bao gm
cc phng thc x l ANOVA, tng quan, hi qui thc hin cho th nghim ph bin nht.
Cc bi tp mu thng k v cc lnh vc khc nh y hc, ha hc, x hi, c hc c th
tham kho trong chng trnh ca phn mm SAS (phn Help > Using this windows > Sample
SAS Programs and Applications). Ngoi ra SAS c th x l s liu vi nhiu lnh, bt u t
thanh cng c vi lnh Solutions > Analysis > Analyst > Open vi file Excel, file SAS>
Statistics > ANOVA.
Rt mong c s gp quyn sch c s dng thun tin hn.
Cc gp xin gi v: PGS.TS L Quang Hng
Khoa Nng hc, i hc Nng Lm TP HCM. Lin h E-mail: lqlqhung@yahoo.com
Trn trng,
Tc gi
Update: 29-7-09, 86 tr.
Mc lc
Chng 1
PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA), XP NHM (GROUPING)
NGHIM THC V SO SNH TNG TC (INTERACTION)
1.1. Mc tiu 3
1.2. Ngun s liu theo di th nghim 3
1
1.3. To file word mu (sample) 4
1.4. X l s liu vi SAS 6
1.5. Gii thch kt qu 8
1.6. Trnh by kt qu 9
1.7. Phng thc to file mu cho th nghim hai yu t 10
1.8. ngha cc t v chuyn i gi tr 17
1.9. c s (plot size) v lp li (replications) 18
Chng 2
TH NGHIM B TR HON TON NGU NHIN
(Completely Randomized Design, CRD)
2.1. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t 18
2.2. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin hai yu t 22
Chng 3
TH NGHIM KHI Y NGU NHIN
(Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD)
3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t 24

3.2. Kiu vung la tinh 26
3.3. Khi y ngu nhin hai yu t 28
3.4. Th nghim l ph 34
3.5. Th nghim l sc 47
3.6. Th nghim ba yu t 51
3.7. Cc lnh (SAS Code) x l s liu tnh phng sai (ANOVA) thng dng 59
Chng 4
TNH GI TR TRUNG BNH, T-TEST, CHI- BNH PHNG
TNG QUAN V HI QUI
4.1. Tnh gi tr trung bnh 64
4.2. T- test 66
4.3. Chi-bnh phng 67
4.4. Ma trn tng quan 68
4.5. Hi qui tuyn tnh n bin 71
4.6. Hi qui tuyn tnh a bin 72
4.7. Hi qui a bin bc hai 75
4.8. Ti u ha v xc nh im 77
4.9. th hnh li chiu mt phng ba chiu 80
Ti liu tham kho 86
Chng 1
PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA), XP NHM (GROUPING)

NGHIM THC V SO SNH TNG TC (INTERACTION)
1.1. Mc tiu:
2
Mc tiu ca phn tch ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) l xc nh cc nghim thc c
ngha khi gi tr tnh F nh hn mc xc sut (probability) p < 0,05 hay p < 0,01 l mc
thng dng trong nng nghip, sinh hc. Sau cc nghim thc c xp nhm (grouping,
SAS, 2004; homogeneous grouping: nhm tng ng (NRCS, 2007) vi cc k t A, B cho
hai nghim thc v A, B, C, D, E cho nhiu nghim thc l so snh sai khc v chn c
nghim thc ph hp ca th nghim. i vi th nghim nhiu yu t, cn c so snh tng
tc (interaction) ca cc yu t. Cc mu bi tp c to ra t file excel v word d s
dng v lu s liu dng .doc, .xls, .sas.
1.2. Ngun s liu theo di th nghim:
S liu c thu thp, x l v lu t file excel ty theo kiu b tr th nghim. Th d so
snh nng sut (kg/ 20 m2) nm ging ci ngt ln lt l G22, Z15, X31, K14, D25, c th
ghi bng s nghim thc l 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5; hoc ghi tn ging; c b tr th nghim kiu khi
y hon ton ngu nhin (Randomized Complete Block Design) bn khi (I, II, III, IV).
Nm nghim thc th nghim c ghi bng tn ging trong file excel, khi ghi trc, nghim
thc ghi sau.
S th nghim Chiu bin thin
Hng dc cao
I 1 3 2 5 4
9.00 7.00 10.28 14.94 11.86
II 2 1 5 4 3
14.59 8.00 14.63 11.99 6.00
III 3 4 2 1 5
8.23 11.77 15.15 7.00 13.81
IV 5 1 3 2 4
14.90 9.12 7.40 15.00 8.00
thp
Cch ghi s liu lu trong file excel

khoi nthuc nsuat
1 G22 9.00
1 Z15 10.28
1 X31 7.00
1 K14 11.86
1 D25 14.94
2 G22 8.00
2 Z15 14.59
2 X31 6.00
2 K14 11.99
2 D25 14.63
3 G22 7.00
3 Z15 15.15
3 X31 8.23
3 K14 11.77
3 D25 13.81
4 G22 9.12
4 Z15 15.00
4 X31 7.40
4 K14 8.00
4 D25 14.90
phn tch kt qu, cn thc hin:
3
- To file mu word
- X l vi chng trnh thng k SAS
- Ghi li bng ANOVA, nu khc bit ca nghim thc mc p < 0,05 hay p < 0,01 th
chn xp nhm cho ph hp. Ghi k t vo cc tr trung bnh ca nghim thc xp
nhm. Nu p > 0,05 cc nghim thc khng khc nhau (ns, non- significant).
- Ghi LSD (khc bit c ngha nh nht), xc sut p v CV%.
1.3. To file word mu (sample): file mu l file thng dng x l bng chng
trnh SAS vi cc lnh (command) ANOVA v xp nhm. File word mu c s dng v x
l cho nhiu file v nhiu ch tiu c th mt ln trong SAS. C th s dng file excel to
file mu. File word mu gm ba phn: (1) nhp lnh khai bin, (2) nhp s liu t excel (hoc
trc tip, t cc file khc) v (3) nhp lnh x l ANOVA v xp nhm.
Th nghim kiu khi y ngu nhin n yu t, theo di nng sut ca nm ging ci
ngt (kg/ 20 m2), trng trn bn khi. Tng s l 4 x 5 = 20 .
Cc lnh x l nh sau:
- DATA: tn file, ghi t mt n nhiu ch nh DATA; hay DATA CAI NGOT;
- INPUT: chn k hiu cho input, ch ghi mt k t hay mt t, ti a l tm k t. Nu nhiu
t cn c gch ni di, hoc xc nh di length$10 (mi k t). Nu dng bng hng
ngang c cc bin ni tip, ghi:
INPUT T Y@@;
Datalines; (thay cho cards;)
* Cch 1: K (Khi), T (nghim thc), Y (nng sut), c cch mt khong hoc du $ nh
INPUT K T Y; hay INPUT K $ T $ Y;
* Cch 2: ghi thng mt t cho mt bin s: INPUT KHOI NTHUC NSUAT;
- CARDS; lnh nhp s, kt thc bng du ;
- S liu excel vi cc s ghi du theo h ngn ng Anh M: 0.5 thay v 0,5 (ting Vit th
chng trnh khng x l c).
- PROC: PROCEDURE, cch x l, nh ANOVA, GLM, REG, SRREG (hi qui),
PROC ANOVA;
ring PROC GLM; c s dng kt hp tnh ANOVA v so snh tng tc cc yu t.
- CLASS: xp loi cc bin dng phn tch, gm c khi (K) v nghim thc (T),
CLASS K T;
- MODEL: m hnh phn tch nng sut (Y) = khi (K) v nghim thc (T)
MODEL Y = K T;
- MEANS: lit k cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc (T) MEANS T;
- LSD ALPHA = 0.01: xp nhm cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc mc alpha = 0.01. C
th chn DUNCAN khi trn nm gi tr trung bnh nghim thc. Alpha chn mc alpha =
0.05 hay alpha = 0.01. Nu ghi LSD; mc nh xp nhm mc p = 0.05. Nu mun chn c
hai, ghi ng thi: MEANS T / LSD ALPHA = 0.05;
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA = 0.01;
SAS x l c hai, khi xem trung bnh cc nghim thc bng xp nhm v chn mc c
ngha p<0,05 hay p<0,01.
- TITLE: ta khng cn ghi, nu ghi c th ghi nhiu ch, c du nu r ch tiu
theo di nh TITLE NANG SUAT;
- RUN; lnh x l (RUN, SUBMIT thanh cng c).
RUN;
4
Lu : sau mi lnh, kt thc bng du ;
Trnh t nhp s liu c s dng k t n gin v gii thch nh sau:
DATA; (DATA: tn d liu, ghi thm tn v kt thc bng du ;)
INPUT K $ T $ Y; (INPUT: nhp bin v c k t $ cch khong v du;)
CARDS; (CARDS: lnh nhp s liu, kt thc bng du;)
(Copy v paste ch c phn s t file excel trn)
1 G22 9.00
1 Z15 10.28
1 X31 7.00
1 K14 11.86
1 D25 14.94
2 G22 8.00
2 Z15 14.59
2 X31 6.00
2 K14 11.99
2 D25 14.63
3 G22 7.00
3 Z15 15.15
3 X31 8.23
3 K14 11.77
3 D25 13.81
4 G22 9.12
4 Z15 15.00
4 X31 7.40
4 K14 8.00
4 D25 14.90
; (du ; cho bit ghi xong s liu)
PROC ANOVA; (X l ANOVA)
CLASS K T; (Xp loi cc bin dng x l)
MODEL Y = K T; (M hnh bin ph thuc bng ANOVA)
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA=0.01; (Xp hng cc trung bnh theo alpha)
TITLE NANG SUAT; (t tn ca ch tiu theo di)
RUN; (Lnh x l)
Tm li cc lnh (command, code) phn tch thng k cho cch 1 nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT K $ T $ Y;
CARDS;
S liu t bng excel
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS K T;
MODEL Y = K T;
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA=0.05;
TITLE NANG SUAT;
RUN;
Input cch 2 nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT KHOI NTHUC NSUAT;
CARDS;
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS KHOI NTHUC;
MODEL NSUAT = KHOI NTHUC;
MEANS NTHUC / LSD ALPHA=0.05;
TITLE NANG SUAT;
RUN;
5
* Ghi ch v xp hng cc nghim thc:
- Th nghim t hai n nm nghim thc chn so snh Fishers LSD test, ghi:
MEANS NTHUC / LSD; kt qu xp nhm mc nh vi APHA = 0.05; Least Significant
Difference (sai bit nh nht c ngha). Xp nhm mc khc bit p = 0,01 nu ghi ALPHA =
0.01.
- Th nghim t su nghim thc tr ln chn Duncan test, ghi:
MEANS NTHUC / DUNCAN; kt qu xp nhm mc nh vi APHA = 0.05 (Trnh Cng
Thnh, 2003). Trc nghim a on Duncan (Duncans Multiple Range Test) xp nhm mc
khc bit p = 0,01 nu ghi ALPHA = 0.01. Duncans Multiple Range Test xp nhm ton th
nghim khi trn bn nghim thc.
1.4. X l s liu vi SAS

- M chng trnh (ex: SAS v.8, v.9), giao din c cc phn cho x l thng k nh
Program editor, Log, Ouput thanh bar pha di cng. Chn (click) phn Program
editor.
Hnh 1.1. Giao din ca SAS version 8
- Copy file word mu v patse vo phn Program editor.

- C th m trc tip dng file lu t .sas hoc word .txt.
6
Hnh 1.2. Program Editor chuyn s liu t file word mu
File word mu phn tch ANOVA, khi y ngu nhin, nm nghim thc, bn khi.
K hiu: K (Khi), T (nghim thc), Y (nng sut ci ngt kg/ 20 m2). Trnh t x l:
- Chuyn file mu (copy v paste) t DATA n RUN; vo Program Editor.
DATA;
INPUT K $ T $ Y;
CARDS;
1 G22 9.00
1 Z15 10.28
1 X31 7.00
1 K14 11.86
1 D25 14.94
2 G22 8.00
2 Z15 14.59
2 X31 6.00
2 K14 11.99
2 D25 14.63
3 G22 7.00
3 Z15 15.15
3 X31 8.23
3 K14 11.77
3 D25 13.81
4 G22 9.12
4 Z15 15.00
4 X31 7.40
4 K14 8.00
4 D25 14.90
;
PROC ANOVA;
CLASS K T;
7
MODEL Y = K T;
MEANS T / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
TITLE NANG SUAT THUC THU;
RUN;
Lu : C th dng mu ny x l nhiu ch tiu, ch cn
thay mc alpha=0.05 hay alpha=0.01 sau khi xem kt qu bng
ANOVA, v ta (title) khi nhp s cho cc ch tiu khc.
- Click vo hnh thanh cng c (task bar) x l s liu

(RunSubmit).
- Xem kt qu trong Ouput: lu bng Select all Copy, paste vo word, hoc save
.sas.
- Thi gian x l cpu time = 0.02 seconds.
NANG SUAT THUC THU
The ANOVA Procedure
Class Level Information
Class Levels Values
K 4 1234
T 5 D25 G22 K14 X31 Z15

Number of observations 20
NANG SUAT THUC THU
The ANOVA Procedure

Dependent Variable: Y
Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Model 7 170.8494350 24.4070621 8.88 0.0006
Error 12 32.9776200 2.7481350
Corrected Total 19 203.8270550
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y Mean
0.838208 15.16212 1.657750 10.93350

Source DF Anova SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F
K 3 0.9092550 0.3030850 0.11 0.9524

T 4 169.9401800 42.4850450 15.46 0.0001
NANG SUAT THUC THU

The ANOVA Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
NOTE: This test controls the Type I comparisonwise error rate, not the experimentwise error rate.
Alpha 0.01
Error Degrees of Freedom 12
Error Mean Square 2.748135
Critical Value of t 3.05454
Least Significant Difference 3.5806
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

t Grouping Mean N T
A 14.570 4 D25
A
B A 13.755 4 Z15
B
B C 10.905 4 K14
8
C
D C 8.280 4 G22
D
D 7.158 4 X31
1. 5. Gii thch kt qu: Xem bng ANOVA

The ANOVA Procedure
Sum of
Model 7 170.8494350 24.4070621 8.88 0.0006
Error 12 32.9776200 2.7481350

0.838208 15.16212 1.657750 10.93350
K 3 0.9092550 0.3030850 0.11 0.9524
T 4 169.9401800 42.4850450 15.46 0.0001
- Nghim thc T c F Value 15,46 vi Pr > F l <0,0001, cc nghim thc khc bit rt c
ngha mc p < 0,01.
- Xem xp nhm t grouping (t- test) mc p = 0,01 v cc nghim thc c xp bn nhm
theo k t l A, B, C, D; cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha (Means with the
same letter are not significantly different).
- Lu : xem Coeff Var = 15,16212 (h s bin thin CV% trong bng ANOVA) v Least
Significant Difference = 3,5806 (t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT).
1.6. Trnh by kt qu:

Bng 1.1. Nng sut thc thu ca nm ging ci ngt.
Ging Nng sut (kg/ 20m2 )
G22 8,280 cd
Z15 13,755 ab
X31 7,158 d
K14 10,905 bc
D25 14,570 a
LSD 3,5806
CV% 15,16
P 0,01
Ghi ch: Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha mc xc sut p< 0,01.
Gii thch: xp nhm theo k t c th chia nhm khc bit trung bnh cc nghim thc theo
th t t cao n thp bn nhm l A , B, C v D. Nng sut cao nht l ging D25, tip theo l
ging X15, thp nht l ging X31.
1.7. Phng thc to file mu cho th nghim hai yu t

Th nghim kho st nng sut u (kg/) vi hai lng phn ln (P1 = khng bn ln, P2 = 25
kg/ha) v ba khong cch hng (S1 = 45 cm, S2 = 90 cm, S3 = 135 cm). K hiu K (khi I, II,
III), P (ln), S (khong cch hng), Y (nng sut/), phng theo bi tp trang 86 (Petersen,
1994).
S th nghim
I S2 P1 S1 P1 S3 P2 S3 P1 S1 P2 S2 P2
60 65 66 59 56 62
9
S1 P2 S3 P1 S3 P2 S1 P1 S2 P2 S2 P1
II
45 55 57 58 50 59
III S1 P1 S3 P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S2 P2 S3 P2
55 51 43 54 45 50
Nhp s liu vi k hiu: K (khi), S (khong cch hng), P (lng phn ln), SP (yu t tng
tc khong cch hng v lng phn ln, nu khng c tng tc khng cn ghi ct ny v
khng xp nhm). So snh tng tc theo Dunnett test, xp nhm Duncan su gi tr trung bnh
nghim thc (tt c l 2 x 3 = 6 gi tr trung bnh nghim thc).
Trnh t phn tch: a. To file mu x l ANOVA v xp nhm nghim thc S v P.

b. Tnh xc sut p so snh tng tc hai yu t S*P theo Dunnett test.
c. Ghi kt qu phn tch vo bng.
1.7. 1. To file mu tnh tng tc, khng xp nhm cc nghim thc trung bnh ca S
v P.
Kt qu s cho bng phn tch phng sai, tnh tng tc S*P theo Dunnett test.
DATA;
INPUT K S P Y;
CARDS;
1 1 1 65
1 1 2 56
1 2 1 60
1 2 2 62
1 3 1 59
1 3 2 66
2 1 1 58
2 1 2 45
2 2 1 59
2 2 2 50
2 3 1 55
2 3 2 57
3 1 1 55
3 1 2 43
3 2 1 54
3 2 2 45
3 3 1 51
3 3 2 50
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K S P;
MODEL Y = K S P S*P;
MEAN S P / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
MEAN S*P / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS S*P / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE 2 YEU TO;
RUN;
1.7. 2. To file mu tnh tng tc, xp nhm cc nghim thc trung bnh ca S v P.
10
Ghi thm ct SP (yu t tng tc khong cch hng v lng phn ln xp nhm khi tng
tc S*P c ngha). Kt qu s cho bng phn tch phng sai, tnh tng tc S*P theo Dunnett
test, xp nhm cc trung bnh nghim thc ca cc yu t nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT K $ S $ P $ SP $ Y;
CARDS;
1 1 1 S1P1 65
1 1 2 S1P2 56
1 2 1 S2P1 60
1 2 2 S2P2 62
1 3 1 S3P1 59
1 3 2 S3P2 66
2 1 1 S1P1 58
2 1 2 S1P2 45
2 2 1 S2P1 59
2 2 2 S2P2 50
2 3 1 S3P1 55
2 3 2 S3P2 57
3 1 1 S1P1 55
3 1 2 S1P2 43
3 2 1 S2P1 54
3 2 2 S2P2 45
3 3 1 S3P1 51
3 3 2 S3P2 50
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K S P;
MODEL Y = K S P S*P;
MEAN S P / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
MEAN S*P / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS S*P / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE 2 YEU TO;
RUN;
PROC GLM;
CLASS K SP;
MODEL Y = K SP;
MEAN SP / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
RUN;
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
K 3 123
S 3 123
P 2 12
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure

Sum of
Model 7 684.6666667 97.8095238 14.53 0.0002
11
Error 10 67.3333333 6.7333333
0.910461 4.717940 2.594867 55.00000
Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F
K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

S 2 21.3333333 10.6666667 1.58 0.2526
P 1 98.0000000 98.0000000 14.55 0.0034
S*P 2 148.0000000 74.0000000 10.99 0.0030
Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001
S 2 21.3333333 10.6666667 1.58 0.2526
P 1 98.0000000 98.0000000 14.55 0.0034
S*P 2 148.0000000 74.0000000 10.99 0.0030
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N S
A 56.333 6 3
A
A 55.000 6 2
A
A 53.667 6 1
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N P
A 57.333 9 1
B 52.667 9 2
12
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Level of Level of --------------Y--------------

S P N Mean Std Dev
1 1 3 59.3333333 5.13160144
1 2 3 48.0000000 7.00000000
2 1 3 57.6666667 3.21455025
2 2 3 52.3333333 8.73689495
3 1 3 55.0000000 4.00000000
3 2 3 57.6666667 8.02080628
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Dunnett
H0:LSMean=
Control
S P Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
1 1 59.3333333
1 2 48.0000000 0.0013
2 1 57.6666667 0.8899
2 2 52.3333333 0.0301
3 1 55.0000000 0.2208
3 2 57.6666667 0.8899
Gii thch: s dng mc xc sut p-value so snh tng tc theo Dunnett test (Adjustment
for Multiple Comparisons: Dunnett), khi p < 0,05 th cc gi tr trung bnh bnh phng c nh
hng c lp khc nhau, nu p > 0,05 th cc gi tr ny nh hng nh nhau.
Phng php so snh Dunnett test cho thy: cc tng tc S1P1, S2P1, S3P1 v S3P2 c nh
hng nh nhau n nng sut (p t 0,2208 n 0,8899). Tng tc nh hng c lp l S1P2
(p = 0,0013) v S2P2 (p = 0,0301).
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
K 3 123
SP 6 S1P1 S1P2 S2P1 S2P2 S3P1 S3P2
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 7 684.6666667 97.8095238 14.53 0.0002
Error 10 67.3333333 6.7333333
0.910461 4.717940 2.594867 55.00000
K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

13
SP 5 267.3333333 53.4666667 7.94 0.0029
K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

SP 5 267.3333333 53.4666667 7.94 0.0029
2 YEU TO
The GLM Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for Y
Alpha 0.01
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6
Critical Range 6.714 6.997 7.175 7.298 7.387
Duncan Grouping Mean N SP
A 59.333 3 S1P1
A
A 57.667 3 S3P2
A
A 57.667 3 S2P1
A
A 55.000 3 S3P1
A
B A 52.333 3 S2P2
B
B 48.000 3 S1P2
Bng 1.2. Nng sut u (kg/) do nh hng khong cch hng v lng ln
Yu t ln Yu t khong cch hng Trung bnh yu t ln

S1 = 45 cm S2 = 90 cm S3 = 135 cm
P1= 0 kg/ha 59,33 a 57,67 a 55,00 a 57,33 A
P2 = 25kg/ha 48,00 b 52,33 ab 57,67 a 52,67 B
Trung bnh yu t 53,67 A 55,00 A 56,33 A
khong cch hng
* Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi yu t P: p < 0,01,
tng tc S*P : p<0,01; CV = 4,7%.
Gii thch kt qu:
- Kt qu t bng phng sai v xp nhm yu t khong cch hng khng khc bit (F =1,58
vi p = 0,2526), yu t ln c khc bit c ngha (F = 14,55 vi p = 0,0034). Xp nhm
Duncan cc gi tr trung bnh tng tc ln v khong cch hng cho thy c hai nhm theo k
t l A v B trong nng sut cao nht 59,33 kg/.
- C tng tc ca khong cch hng v ln S*P n nng sut (F = 10,99 vi p = 0,003). Nng
sut chu tc ng ca ln v khc bit c ngha hai lng ln.
- So snh gi tr xc sut p cc nghim thc trung bnh tng tc theo Dunnett cho thy tng
tc khong cch hng vi bn ln cho nng sut cao nht l 59,33 kg/ ca tng tc S1P1
(khong cch hng 45 cm v khng bn ln) c nh hng ging nh S2P1(khong cch hng
90 cm v khng bn ln) c p = 0,8899, ging nh S3P1 (khong cch hng 135 cm v khng
14
bn ln) vi p = 0,2208 v khong cch 135 cm vi lng ln 25 kg/ha (S3P2 vi p = 0,8899).
Tng tc nh hng c lp l bn ln vi khong cch hng 45 cm (S1P2 vi p = 0,0013) v
90 cm (S2P2 vi p = 0,0301).
Ghi ch: phn tch tng tc cc gi tr da trn s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht:
- Khc bit means v lsmeans:
S trung bnh (means) = tng s cc gi tr / s gi tr (theo s hc).
S trung bnh bnh phng nh nht (lsmeans) = tng s cc gi tr kt hp tuyn
tnh / s gi tr, c dng so snh tng tc A*B, A*B*C.
Nu s gi tr y trong b tr th nghim nhiu yu t, s trung bnh bng vi s
trung bnh bnh phng nh nht.
Nu thiu mt s gi tr, s trung bnh khc vi s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht.
Xem s liu bng sau:
S trung bnh s l:
S trung bnh bnh phng nh nht:
Nhng thiu 1 s nh bng sau:
S trung bnh = (4 + 6 + 2 + ....+ 4 + 2 + 3)/8 = 3,625.

Tri li, s trung bnh bnh phng nh nht = (4 + 4 + 3)/3 = 3,667.
- Nu quan tm n so snh nhiu gi tr c lp v khng quan tm n nhiu tng tc,

s dng t test lp li vi LSD.
- Nu quan tm n so snh tt c cc gi tr tng cp, p dng Tukey test hoc so snh
tt c gi tr vi mt gi tr i chng th s dng Dunnett test c tng tc r nht
(SAS, 2004).
- So snh gi tr p iu chnh gii thch tng tc ca A*B, cn c trn gi thit cn bn l

H0: LSMean(i) = LSMean(j) gi l gi thit null, c ngha l cc tr s ging nhau. Khi so snh
nhiu tr s vi nhau, gi tr p iu chnh (adjusted p-value) l gi tr mc sai s chung nh
nht (FWE, Familywise Error Rate) bc b gi thit trn (Westfall, 2008).
15
Gii thch so snh nhiu gi tr:
- Khi so snh, nu khng bc b gi thit null H0: cc tr s ging nhau.
- Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) s dng so snh t test cho nhiu gi tr trung bnh
vi trn bn gi tr. LSD p dng cho hai bin rt d dng v khng cn dng DMRT.
1.8. ngha cc t v chuyn i gi tr

- SD (Standard deviation, lch chun): mc bin ng ca dy A so vi dy B, mc d
hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai dy bng nhau.
- CV (Coefficience of variance, h s bin thin): so snh mc bin ng ca nhiu mu.
- SE (Standard error, sai s chun): sai s ca tng cc gi tr.
- Chia t: chia nh thnh t khi c s liu thu thp ln. p dng cng thc K = 5log n.
Ex: c 50 cy, K = 5log 50 = 8,49; chn tm t. Khong cch t C = (Xmax-Xmin)/K
T mt: 3- 4,4 ; t hai: 4,5-5,9 ; t ba: 6 -7,4 (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976).
Chuyn i gi tr (transformation) rt cn so snh khc bit cc gi tr trung bnh, v khng

chuyn gi tr, thng k khng khc bit vi LSD ln, nhng chuyn i gi tr th thng k c
khc bit c ngha v LSD nh (Clewer, 2001).
- S liu l n v s x t 1 n 35, chuyn sang yi = ln (xi), (Clewer, 2001).
- S liu l n v s c x = 0,02 cng 1 vo cc tr s v i sang yi = log (xi+1), lu phi

c gi tr gi nh ln hn 1 mi tnh log c. V c s 0 nn cn gi nh (assumption)
tnh s hp l (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976 v Clewer, 2001).
Trng lng kh ca la c (red rice) trong th nghim ba nghim thc t 0,08 n 32 g/m 2,
c i s liu sang log (x+1) trc khi thng k so snh LSD (Catala, 1993).
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 0 - 30 (sau khi cng thm 0,5 hoc 1 cho cc gi tr (Phm Ch

Thnh, 1976) v t 70 - 100, c th chuyn yi = % (Clewer, 2001).
Chuyn i s liu sang (x + 0,5) i vi ch s bnh t 1,05 n 2,98 theo th nghim ca
Taa v ctv (2002).
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 40 - 70% khng cn chuyn i v kt qu thng k khng khc

gia s nguyn v s liu chuyn i.
- s liu l % vi tr s x t 1 n 100, chuyn sang gc (angular) yi = arcsin%, thng gp

trong vic tnh t l ny mm, t l ra r vi tc ng ca cht iu ha sinh trng, t l nm
bnh.
Th nghim kho st t l ny mm ca ht Echinacea purpurea t 4 n 82% c chuyn
sang gc arcsin% (Qu v ctv, 2005).
Lu chuyn i trong excel:

- chuyn log: yi = LN(x)
- chuyn t l %: i p = 99 0.99SQRT(0.99) = x1ASIN(x1) = x2DEGREES(x2) =
gi tr ARCSIN% = yi
1.9. c s (plot size) v lp li (replications)

16
- c s cho cy nh: 20-40 cy, c ph: 4 cy, cy n qu nh: 10-20 cy, rau: 20-30 m 2,
thuc BVTV: 10 m2. Th nghim sn xut: 100 m2. Sai s (e) cho 1 m 2 = 19,6%, 10 m2 = 7,5%,
20 m2 = 2,9%, 50 m2 = 1,3% (Phm Ch Thnh, 1976).
- Lp li (n): bn ln l ph hp, ti thiu l ba ln, cn xc nh n = ((V%)/(e%)) 2. Th nghim

nm loi t cho nng sut ci c sai s chun (SE) ca tr s trung bnh vi ba ln lp li l
2,83; bn ln lp li l 2,45 v nm ln lp li l 2,20 (Petersen, 1994).
Chng 2
PHN TCH PHNG SAI TH NGHIM B TR

HON TON NGU NHIN
(Completely Randomized Design, CRD)
2.1. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t

p dng trong iu kin ng nht v mi trng, dc, nh sng, ph nhiu ca t, b
tr trong phng th nghim.
Tin li ca phng php ny l cc nghim thc c s ln lp li khc nhau, nhng hn ch l
t chnh xc khi n v th nghim trong nghim thc khng ng nht. khc phc iu ny,
cn tng nhiu s ln lp li v kch thc phi ln, do tn km hn (Clewer, 2001).
Th nghim dng vi khun nh hng hm lng m trn c xa trc tho.
Th nghim gm su nghim thc tim chng 6 nhm dng vi khun nh hng n hm

lng m (mg N) ca ging c xa trc tho (red clover), nm ln lp li. Nm nghim thc
u cho nm dng vi khun Rhizobium trifolii ring bit kt hp vi hn hp nm dng vi
khun Rhizobium meliloti. Nghim thc compos = hn hp nm dng vi khun Rhizobium
trifolii vi hn hp nm dng vi khun Rhizobium meliloti (phng theo bi tp 2, phng php
so snh nhiu cch xp hng, xp s theo hng ngang vi cch nhp s liu l datalines, SAS,
1999). Tng t, xp s liu theo hng dc cho kt qu x l nh nhau.
data;
input T $ N @@;
datalines;
3DOK1 19.4 3DOK1 32.6 3DOK1 27 3DOK1 32.1 3DOK1 33
3DOK5 17.7 3DOK5 24.8 3DOK5 27.9 3DOK5 25.2 3DOK5 24.3
3DOK4 17 3DOK4 19.4 3DOK4 9.1 3DOK4 11.9 3DOK4 15.8
3DOK7 20.7 3DOK7 21 3DOK7 20.5 3DOK7 18.8 3DOK7 18.6
3DOK13 14.3 3DOK13 14.4 3DOK13 11.8 3DOK13 11.6 3DOK13 14.2
COMPOS 17.3 COMPOS 19.4 COMPOS 19.1 COMPOS 16.9 COMPOS 20.8
;
proc anova;
class T;
model N = T;
means T / tukey;
means t / duncan waller;
means t / lsd;
title vi khuan;
run;
vi khuan
17
The ANOVA Procedure
Class Levels Values
T 6 3DOK1 3DOK13 3DOK4 3DOK5 3DOK7 COMPOS
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Dependent Variable: N
Sum of
Model 5 847.046667 169.409333 14.37 <.0001
Error 24 282.928000 11.788667
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE N Mean
0.749616 17.26515 3.433463 19.88667
T 5 847.0466667 169.4093333 14.37 <.0001
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test for N
NOTE: This test controls the Type I experimentwise error rate, but it generally has a higher Type
II error rate than REGWQ.
Alpha 0.05
Critical Value of Studentized Range 4.37265
Minimum Significant Difference 6.7142
Tukey Grouping Mean N T
A 28.820 5 3DOK1
A
B A 23.980 5 3DOK5
B
B C 19.920 5 3DOK7
B C
B C 18.700 5 COMPOS
C
C 14.640 5 3DOK4
C
C 13.260 5 3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Waller-Duncan K-ratio t Test for N
NOTE: This test minimizes the Bayes risk under additive loss and certain other assumptions.
18
Kratio 100
F Value 14.37
Minimum Significant Difference 4.1665
Waller Grouping Mean N T
A 28.820 5 3DOK1
B 23.980 5 3DOK5
B
C B 19.920 5 3DOK7
C
C D 18.700 5 COMPOS
D
E D 14.640 5 3DOK4
E
E 13.260 5 3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for N
Alpha 0.05
Critical Range 4.482 4.707 4.852 4.954 5.031
Duncan Grouping Mean N T
A 28.820 5 3DOK1
B 23.980 5 3DOK5
B
C B 19.920 5 3DOK7
C
C D 18.700 5 COMPOS
D
E D 14.640 5 3DOK4
E
E 13.260 5 3DOK13
vi khuan
The ANOVA Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for N
Alpha 0.05
19
t Grouping Mean N T
A 28.820 5 3DOK1
B 23.980 5 3DOK5
B
C B 19.920 5 3DOK7
C
C D 18.700 5 COMPOS
D
E D 14.640 5 3DOK4
E
E 13.260 5 3DOK13
Gii thch: s khc bit thay i khi so snh cc nghim thc vi cc so snh gi tr trung bnh
nh sau:
Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test for Nitrogen Minimum Significant Difference 6,7142
Waller-Duncan K-ratio t Test for Nitrogen Minimum Significant Difference 4,1665
t Tests (LSD) for Nitrogen Least Significant Difference 4,4818
Duncan grouping c gi tr so snh cp 2 trung bnh vi critical range l 4,482, nhng tng dn
khi c nhiu so snh cc nghim thc.
Gii thch: tng t do ca th nghim l 6 - 1 = 5, F tnh ca th nghim l 14,37 vi p <

0,0001. Hm lng m thay i v c khc bit thng k c chn mc p< 0,05 do tc
ng ca su dng vi khun. Xp nhm theo Tukey test khc vi cc cch khc. Xp nhm
theo Waller, Duncan v t test LSD nh nhau, xp nhm cc trung bnh chia thnh nm nhm
theo k t t cao n thp l A, B, C, D, v E. Xp nhm theo Duncan test cho thy hm
lng m tch ly do 3DOK1 cao nht, khc bit c ngha vi cc dng vi khun khc, thp
nht l 3DOK13.
Hin c trn 20 gi tr so snh khc bit cc nghim thc (Kuehl, 2000; Clewer, 2001),
nhng ph bin l cc cch trn. Xp nhm theo Duncan test c dng ph bin hin nay.
2.2. Th nghim hon ton ngu nhin hai yu t khng cn i

Bi tp th nghim hai yu t khng cn i (Unbalanced 2-by-2 Factorial, SAS, 1999), yu t
A v B c thit k theo s nh sau:
A
1 2
1 12 20
B 14 18
2 11 7
9
data;
input A $ B $ Y @@;
datalines;
A1 B1 12 A1 B1 14 A1 B2 11 A1 B2 9
20
A2 B1 20 A2 B1 18 A2 B2 17
;
proc glm;
class A B;
model Y=A B A*B;
means A/lsd;
title 2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI;
run;
2 YEU TO KHONG CAN DOI
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
A 2 A1 A2
B 2 B1 B2
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 3 91.71428571 30.57142857 15.29 0.0253
Error 3 6.00000000 2.00000000
0.938596 9.801480 1.414214 14.42857
A 1 80.04761905 80.04761905 40.02 0.0080

B 1 11.26666667 11.26666667 5.63 0.0982
A*B 1 0.40000000 0.40000000 0.20 0.6850
A 1 67.60000000 67.60000000 33.80 0.0101

B 1 10.00000000 10.00000000 5.00 0.1114
A*B 1 0.40000000 0.40000000 0.20 0.6850
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.05
Error Mean Square 2
Harmonic Mean of Cell Sizes 3.428571
21
NOTE: Cell sizes are not equal.
t Grouping Mean N A
A 18.333 3 A2
B 11.500 4 A1
Gii thch:
- Tng t do ca th nghim l n - 1 = 7 - 1 = 6. F test ton th nghim l 15,29 vi xc sut
p = 0,0253, chng t c khc bit trong 4 trung bnh nghim thc.
- Th nghim cn i cc th nghim thng c bng c lng Type I SS v Type III SS (SS
= Sum of Squares, tng bnh phng) bng nhau, nhng trong th nghim khng cn i ny,
s dng Type III SS l ph hp.
- So snh khc bit mc = 0,05 cho thy khng c tng tc A*B (p = 0,6850), chng t
nh hng ca yu t A khng l thuc vo yu t B v ngc li. Cn tnh khc bit tng yu
t, trong yu t B khng khc bit (p = 0,1114), yu t A c khc bit (p = 0,0101) mc p
< 0,05.
Chng 3
PHN TCH PHNG SAI TH NGHIM

KHI Y NGU NHIN
(Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD)
3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t

y l kiu b tr ph bin nht trong nghin cu nng nghip. p dng cho vic so snh
cc ging, loi phn bn trong iu kin t ai, ngoi cnh tng i t ng nht. Thng c
chiu bin thin ca hng dc hoc hng nh sng, ph t, pH, cn iu chnh ph hp
v kch thc, chiu di . Kiu RCBD gim sai s th nghim, nhng chu nh hng ca
khi.
Th nghim so snh nng sut ti (kg/ 36m2) ca 6 ging u H Lan trong 4 khi, s
dng k t thay tn ging (Barnard, 1994).
B tr th nghim theo khi y hon ton ngu nhin, bn ln lp li, su nghim thc.
Tng s = 4x6 = 24 (k = khi; t = nghim thc, tn ging; y = nng sut). S th
nghim nh sau:
Hng dc cao
I f d c e b a
II e f c b a d
III c d e a b f
IV e d c a f b
Thp
data;
input k $ t $ y;
cards;
1 f 9
1 d 14.6
22
1 c 18.3
1 e 14.1
1 b 21.9
1 a 22.4
2 e 14.2
2 f 14.1
2 c 17.4
2 b 25.6
2 a 23.9
2 d 19.2
3 c 12.7
3 d 15.8
3 e 11.5
3 a 21.1
3 b 23.7
3 f 6.4
4 e 12.1
4 d 16.1
4 c 15.9
4 a 19.6
4 f 12.3
4 b 18.3
;
proc anova;
class k t;
model y = k t;
means t /duncan alpha=0.01;
title 'Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD';
run;
Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD
The ANOVA Procedure
Class Levels Values
k 4 1234
t 6 abcdef
The ANOVA Procedure
Dependent Variable: y
Sum of
Model 8 497.3300000 62.1662500 16.42 <.0001
Error 15 56.7950000 3.7863333
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE y Mean
0.897505 11.66927 1.945850 16.67500
23
k 3 52.8950000 17.6316667 4.66 0.0171

t 5 444.4350000 88.8870000 23.48 <.0001
The ANOVA Procedure

Duncan's Multiple Range Test for y
Alpha 0.01
Critical Range 4.054 4.229 4.342 4.424 4.485
Duncan Grouping Mean N t
A 22.375 4 b
A
A 21.750 4 a
B 16.425 4 d
B
B 16.075 4 c
B
C B 12.975 4 e
C
C 10.450 4 f
Gii thch: kt qu cho thy cc nghim thc khc bit rt c ngha mc p < 0,01, xp nhm
theo k t chia lm ba nhm l A, B v C v khng khc bit trong cng nhm vi nhau.
Nghim thc b cho nng sut cao nht, khng khc bit vi nghim thc a v thp nht l
nghim thc f.
3.2. Kiu vung la tinh (Latin square)
p dng khi c bin thin hai chiu ca cc nghim thc v cn c kho st theo hai hng,
thng l b tr theo hng v ct. Bi tp: th nghim kho st tng gim chiu cao la m theo
tiu chun do my gt trn su l. Th t (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) trn cc khu vc A, B, C, D, E,
F (Barnard, 1994). Chiu cao chi so snh vi chiu cao thc s (cm).
Khu vc
I f b a d c e
II b f d a e c
III c e f b d a
IV d c b e a f
V e a c f b d
VI a d e c f b
D liu c sp xp nh sau: hng (H), ct (C), nghim thc (T) v chiu cao (Y).
DATA;
INPUTHCT$Y;
CARDS;
24
1 1 f 3.5
1 2 b 4.2
1 3 a 6.7
1 4 d 6.6
1 5 c 4.1
1 6 e 3.8
2 1 b 8.9
2 2 f 1.9
2 3 d 5.8
2 4 a 4.5
2 5 e 2.4
2 6 c 5.8
3 1 c 9.6
3 2 e 3.7
3 3 f -2.7
3 4 b 3.7
3 5 d 6
3 6 a 7
4 1 d 10.5
4 2 c 10.2
4 3 b 4.6
4 4 e 3.7
4 5 a 5.1
4 6 f 3.8
5 1 e 3.1
5 2 a 7.2
5 3 c 4
5 4 f -3.3
5 5 b 3.5
5 6 d 5
6 1 a 5.9
6 2 d 7.6
6 3 e -0.7
6 4 c 3
6 5 f 4
6 6 b 8.6
;
PROCANOVA;
CLASSHCT;
MODELY=HCT;
MEANST/DUNCANALPHA=0.01;
TITLE CHIEU CAO LUA MI;
RUN;
CHIEU CAO LUA MI
The ANOVA Procedure
Class Levels Values
H 6 123456
C 6 123456
T 6 abcdef
25
CHIEU CAO LUA MI
The ANOVA Procedure
Sum of
Model 15 263.0641667 17.5376111 5.27 0.0004
Error 20 66.5633333 3.3281667

0.798065 38.33961 1.824326 4.758333

H 5 28.5991667 5.7198333 1.72 0.1763

C 5 78.8691667 15.7738333 4.74 0.0051
T 5 155.5958333 31.1191667 9.35 0.0001
CHIEU CAO LUA MI

The ANOVA Procedure
Alpha 0.01
Critical Range 2.997 3.126 3.211 3.273 3.321
Duncan Grouping Mean N T
A 6.917 6 d
A
A 6.117 6 c
A
A 6.067 6 a
A
B A 5.583 6 b
B
B C 2.667 6 e
C
C 1.200 6 f
Gii thch:
Kt qu xp nhm cho thy c ba nhm theo k t l A , B v C. Chiu cao gt la thay i do
th t , cc nghim thc khc bit rt c ngha mc p<0,01; cao nht l nghim thc d, thp
nht l nghim thc f.
3.3. Khi y ngu nhin hai yu t c tng tc (interaction)

Kiu th nghim cn bn ny thc hin tm tc ng ng thi ca hai yu t cn kho st.
Th nghim hai yu t, yu t A c ba nghim thc, yu t B c nm nghim thc
Th nghim b tr trn ba khi y ngu nhin, kho st nng sut ci du Y (kg/) do nh
hng ba nng cht iu ha sinh trng (S1, S2, S3) v nm lng m (D1, D2, D3, D4,
D5), s liu trch dn t trang 168 ca Clewer (2001).
C hai bc: (1) x l ANOVA bng PROC GLM (General Linear Model), xp nhm cc
nghim thc ca yu t S, D. So snh tng tc LSMEAN bng: LSMEANS S*D/PDIFF
26
ADJUST=DUNNETT; (2) tnh khc bit tng tc ca yu t S*D da trn so snh gi tr xc sut
iu chnh (adjust p-values) ca PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT.
File mu x l ANOVA v xp nhm cc nghim thc ca yu t S v D m ha bng s.
* Lu s dng du $ cch cc bin s. M ha bng ch vi khi (K), nng cht iu
ha sinh trng (S) v lng m (D), nng sut ci du Y (kg/).
DATA;
INPUT K $ S $ D $ SD $ Y;
CARDS;
1 1 1 S1D1 0.9
1 1 2 S1D2 1.2 ;
PROC GLM;
1 1 3 S1D3 1.3
CLASS K S D;
1 1 4 S1D4 1.8 MODEL Y = K S D S*D;
1 1 5 S1D5 1.1 MEAN S/LSD;
1 2 1 S2D1 0.9 MEAN D/LSD ALPHA=0.01;
1 2 2 S2D2 1.1 MEAN S*D/ DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
1 2 3 S2D3 1.3 LSMEANS S*D / PDIFF ADJUST=DUNNETT
1 2 4 S2D4 1.6 ALPHA=0.01;
1 2 5 S2D5 1.9 RUN;
1 3 1 S3D1 0.9
PROC GLM;
1 3 2 S3D2 1.4 CLASS K SD;
1 3 3 S3D3 1.3 MODEL Y = K SD;
1 3 4 S3D4 1.4 MEAN SD / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.01;
1 3 5 S3D5 1.2 RUN;
2 1 1 S1D1 0.9 The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
2 1 2 S1D2 1.3 Class Level Information
2 1 3 S1D3 1.5 Class Levels Values
2 1 4 S1D4 1.9
K 3 123
2 1 5 S1D5 1.4
2 2 1 S2D1 0.8 S 3 123
2 2 2 S2D2 0.9
D 5 12345
2 2 3 S2D3 1.5
2 2 4 S2D4 1.3 Number of observations 45
The SAS System
2 2 5 S2D5 1.6
The GLM Procedure
2 3 1 S3D1 1 Dependent Variable: Y
2 3 2 S3D2 1.2 Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F
2 3 3 S3D3 1.4 Value Pr > F
2 3 4 S3D4 1.5
2 3 5 S3D5 1.1 Model 16 3.73866667 0.23366667
11.91 <.0001
3 1 1 S1D1 1
3 1 2 S1D2 1.2 Error 28 0.54933333 0.01961905
3 1 3 S1D3 1.4
3 1 4 S1D4 2.1
3 1 5 S1D5 1.2 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y
Mean
3 2 1 S2D1 0.8
3 2 2 S2D2 0.9 0.871891 11.11651 0.140068
3 2 3 S2D3 1.1 1.260000
3 2 4 S2D4 1.1 Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F
3 2 5 S2D5 1.5 Value Pr > F
3 3 1 S3D1 0.7
K 2 0.06400000 0.03200000
3 3 2 S3D2 1 1.63 0.2138
3 3 3 S3D3 1.4 S 2 0.16933333 0.08466667
3 3 4 S3D4 1.4 4.32 0.0232
D 4 2.49022222 0.62255556
3 3 5 S3D5 1.3 31.73 <.0001
27
S*D 8 1.01511111 0.12688889 6.47 <.0001
K 2 0.06400000 0.03200000 1.63 0.2138

S 2 0.16933333 0.08466667 4.32 0.0232
D 4 2.49022222 0.62255556 31.73 <.0001
S*D 8 1.01511111 0.12688889 6.47 <.0001
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure

t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.05

t Grouping Mean N S
A 1.34667 15 1
B 1.22000 15 2
B
B 1.21333 15 3
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y

Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N D
A 1.56667 9 4
B 1.36667 9 5
B
B 1.35556 9 3
C 1.13333 9 2
D 0.87778 9 1
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
S D Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
1 1 0.93333333
1 2 1.23333333 0.1146
1 3 1.40000000 0.0037
1 4 1.93333333 <.0001
1 5 1.23333333 0.1146
2 1 0.83333333 0.9844
2 2 0.96666667 1.0000
2 3 1.30000000 0.0321
2 4 1.33333333 0.0161
2 5 1.66666667 <.0001
3 1 0.86666667 0.9996
3 2 1.20000000 0.2017
3 3 1.36666667 0.0078
3 4 1.43333333 0.0017
28
3 5 1.20000000 0.2017
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
K 3 123
SD 15 S1D1 S1D2 S1D3 S1D4 S1D5 S2D1 S2D2 S2D3 S2D4 S2D5 S3D1 S3D2 S3D3 S3D4 S3D5
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 16 3.73866667 0.23366667 11.91 <.0001
Error 28 0.54933333 0.01961905
0.871891 11.11651 0.140068 1.260000
K 2 0.06400000 0.03200000 1.63 0.2138

SD 14 3.67466667 0.26247619 13.38 <.0001
K 2 0.06400000 0.03200000 1.63 0.2138

SD 14 3.67466667 0.26247619 13.38 <.0001
The SAS System
The GLM Procedure
Alpha 0.01
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Critical Range .3160 .3296 .3387 .3453 .3505 .3547 .3582
Number of Means 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Critical Range .3611 .3636 .3658 .3678 .3695 .3710 .3723
Duncan Grouping Mean N SD
A 1.9333 3 S1D4
A
29
B A 1.6667 3 S2D5
B
B C 1.4333 3 S3D4
B C
B C 1.4000 3 S1D3
B C
B C 1.3667 3 S3D3
B C
B C 1.3333 3 S2D4
C
D C 1.3000 3 S2D3
D C
D C E 1.2333 3 S1D5
D C E
D C E 1.2333 3 S1D2
D C E
D F C E 1.2000 3 S3D5
D F C E
D F C E 1.2000 3 S3D2
D F E
D F G E 0.9667 3 S2D2
F G E
F G E 0.9333 3 S1D1
F G
F G 0.8667 3 S3D1
G
G 0.8333 3 S2D1
Bng 3.1. nh hng ca nng cht iu ha sinh trng v m n nng sut ci du

(kg/)
Nng cht Trung bnh nng
iu ha Lng m (D) cht iu ha
sinh trng (S) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 sinh trng (S)
S1 0,93 efg 1,23 cde 1,40 bc 1,93 a 1,23 cde 1,35 A
S2 0,83 g 0,97 defg 1,30 dc 1,33 bc 1,67 ab 1,22 B
S3 0,87 fg 1,20 cdef 1,37 bc 1,43 bc 1,20 cdef 1,21 B
Trung bnh 0,88 D 1,13 C 1,36 B 1,57 A 1,37 B
lng m (D)
* Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi nng cht iu
ha sinh trng: p<0,05; lng m: p<0,01; tng tc nng cht iu ha sinh trng v lng
m: p<0,01; CV = 11,12%.
Gii thch:
- Kt qu xp nhm c th chia cc gi tr trung bnh t cao n thp ca yu t tng tc SD
lm by nhm theo k t A, B, G; trong gi tr trung bnh cao nht l 1,93 kg/ ca
tng tc S1D4, thp nht l 0,83 kg/ ca tng tc S2D1.
- Tng tc ca hai yu t nng cht iu ha sinh trng v lng m S*D (F = 6,47 vi

p < 0,0001) nh hng rt c ngha n nng sut ci du. Bng so snh gi tr xc sut p cc
trung bnh tng tc Dunnett cho thy tng tc cht iu ha sinh trng v lng m nh
hng c lp ln nht n nng sut ci du l tng tc S1D4 (p < 0,0001), tip theo l
S2D5 (p < 0,0001), S3D4 (p = 0,0017), v cc tng tc S1D3, S3D3, S2D4 v S2D3. Cc
tng tc c nh hng nh nhau ( p > 0,05) v nng sut thp l tng tc S3D2, S3D5,
S1D2, S1D5, S3D1, S1D1, S2D1, S2D2.
3.4. Th nghim l ph (Split plot) c tng tc (interaction)

Th nghim kt hp cc nghim thc thnh nhm trong mt yu t l chnh gi l kiu th
30
nghim l ph (split plot design). Ty cch chn yu t no l chnh hay ph, nhng p dng
ph bin nht vi yu t A thng l l chnh (main plot factor) hay l l ln (large plots) nh
cy t, ti nc; l ph B (subplot factor) hay l l nh (small plots) nh phn bn, ging
(Clewer, 2001). Yu t B c xp theo l ph c xem nh l yu t kho st so vi cc
gi tr trung bnh trong nh hng ca tng tc khi vi yu t A (K*A), tnh tng tc ca
tt c cc l. Tng tc ca l ph c so snh vi sai s th nghim residual (SAS, 1999).
Phi c test gi thit: TEST H = A E = K*A; (gi thit null, khng khc nhau).
S th nghim chung nh sau:

Khi I Khi II Khi III
D2 D1 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D3 D2
V2 V1 V1 V4 V2 V4 V1 V4 V3
V3 V4 V3 V1 V3 V1 V3 V3 V1
V1 V2 V4 V3 V1 V2 V2 V1 V2
V4 V3 V2 V2 V4 V3 V4 V2 V4
Th nghim kho st nng sut c kg/ (Y) do yu t chu k xn c v ging c, xc sut thng
k c chn trc l p = 0,05 (NCRS 2007, trang 52).
Tn chu k xn c v ging c th s dng m ha bng s v nguyn tn ging.
Bi tp s dng m ha bng s nh sau:

Yu t D l chnh: ba nghim thc v chu k xn c l D1: 30 ngy, D2: 45 ngy, D3: 60 ngy
Yu t V l ph: bn ging l V1: Jackson, ging V2: Highlander, ging V3: San Macros,
ging V4: Medina.
Yu t DV: yu t tng tc ca hai yu t D v V.
B tr th nghim trn ba khi y , ngu nhin (K: 1, 2, 3).
Data;
Input K $ D $ V $ DV $ Y;
cards;
1 1 1 D1V1 6789
1 1 2 D1V2 6578
1 1 3 D1V3 6589
1 1 4 D1V4 6534
2 1 1 D1V1 6743
2 1 2 D1V2 6789
2 1 3 D1V3 6700
2 1 4 D1V4 6500
3 1 1 D1V1 6721
3 1 2 D1V2 7000
3 1 3 D1V3 6345
3 1 4 D1V4 6512
31
1 2 1 D2V1 8812
1 2 2 D2V2 9500
1 2 3 D2V3 7816
1 2 4 D2V4 6956
2 2 1 D2V1 8745
2 2 2 D2V2 9654
2 2 3 D2V3 8721
2 2 4 D2V4 6956
3 2 1 D2V1 8867
3 2 2 D2V2 9595
3 2 3 D2V3 9800
3 2 4 D2V4 7934
1 3 1 D3V1 11345
1 3 2 D3V2 11999
1 3 3 D3V3 10456
1 3 4 D3V4 10009
2 3 1 D3V1 11099
2 3 2 D3V2 11678
2 3 3 D3V3 10678
2 3 4 D3V4 10999
3 3 1 D3V1 11567
3 3 2 D3V2 11890
3 3 3 D3V3 10367
3 3 4 D3V4 11345
;
proc glm;
class K D V;
model Y = K D K*D V D*V;
test h=D e=K*D;
means D V D*V/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control adjust=dunnett;
titleSPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix;
run;
proc glm;
class K DV;
model Y = K DV;
means DV/Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
SPLIT PLOT P 52 statistix
The GLM Procedure

Class Levels Values
K 3 123
D 3 123
V 4 1234

The GLM Procedure
Sum of
32
Model 17 133707792.4 7865164.3 57.51 <.0001
Error 18 2461661.2 136759.0
0.981922 4.205193 369.8093 8794.111
K 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.20 0.0647

D 2 120440064.9 60220032.4 440.34 <.0001
K*D 4 627156.8 156789.2 1.15 0.3667
V 3 7223245.1 2407748.4 17.61 <.0001
D*V 6 4541992.2 756998.7 5.54 0.0021
K 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.20 0.0647

D 2 120440064.9 60220032.4 440.34 <.0001
K*D 4 627156.8 156789.2 1.15 0.3667
V 3 7223245.1 2407748.4 17.61 <.0001
D*V 6 4541992.2 756998.7 5.54 0.0021
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for K*D as an Error Term
D 2 120440064.9 60220032.4 384.08 <.0001

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.05
Error Mean Square 136759
t Grouping Mean N D
A 11119.3 12 3
B 8613.0 12 2
C 6650.0 12 1
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.05
33
t Grouping Mean N V
A 9409.2 9 2
B 8965.3 9 1
B
B 8608.0 9 3
C 8193.9 9 4
The GLM Procedure

D V N Mean Std Dev
1 1 3 6751.0000 34.698703
1 2 3 6789.0000 211.000000
1 3 3 6544.6667 181.604882
1 4 3 6515.3333 17.243356
2 1 3 8808.0000 61.098281
2 2 3 9583.0000 77.698134
2 3 3 8779.0000 993.270859
2 4 3 7282.0000 564.648563
3 1 3 11337.0000 234.102542
3 2 3 11855.6667 163.230920
3 3 3 10500.3333 160.169702
3 4 3 10784.3333 693.386857
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
D V Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
1 1 6751.0000
1 2 6789.0000 1.0000
1 3 6544.6667 0.9936
1 4 6515.3333 0.9836
2 1 8808.0000 <.0001
2 2 9583.0000 <.0001
2 3 8779.0000 <.0001
2 4 7282.0000 0.4654
3 1 11337.0000 <.0001
3 2 11855.6667 <.0001
3 3 10500.3333 <.0001
3 4 10784.3333 <.0001
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
K 3 123
DV 12 D1V1 D1V2 D1V3 D1V4 D2V1 D2V2 D2V3 D2V4 D3V1 D3V2 D3V3 D3V4
34
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 13 133080635.6 10236972.0 72.91 <.0001
Error 22 3088817.9 140400.8
0.977316 4.260817 374.7010 8794.111
K 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.12 0.0643

DV 11 132205302.2 12018663.8 85.60 <.0001
K 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.12 0.0643

DV 11 132205302.2 12018663.8 85.60 <.0001
The GLM Procedure
Alpha 0.05
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Critical Range 634.5 666.2 686.5 700.8 711.3 719.5 725.9 731.0 735.2 738.6 741.4
Duncan Grouping Mean N DV
A 11855.7 3 D3V2
A
B A 11337.0 3 D3V1
B
B C 10784.3 3 D3V4
C
C 10500.3 3 D3V3
D 9583.0 3 D2V2
E 8808.0 3 D2V1
E
E 8779.0 3 D2V3
F 7282.0 3 D2V4
F
G F 6789.0 3 D1V2
G F
G F 6751.0 3 D1V1
G
G 6544.7 3 D1V3
G
G 6515.3 3 D1V4
35
Gii thch:
- Kt qu xp nhm tng tc cc nghim thc ca yu t DV c th chia lm by nhm: A, B,

C, ... G (NCRS, 2007) trong nng sut cao nht 60 ngy xn c l V2 (Highlander), tip
theo l V1(Jackson), thp nht l 30 ngy xn c vi ging V3 (San Macros) v V4
(Medina).
- Khng c tng tc gia khi v chu k xn c (F = 1,15 vi p = 0,3367)
- Tng tc ca D*V rt c ngha (F = 5,54 vi p = 0,0021).
- Cn c vo bng so snh xc sut p cc trung bnh tng tc Dunnett, tng tc chu k xn
c D1(30 ngy) vi 4 ging c c nh hng nh nhau v c p > 0,05 cng nh tng tc
D2V4 (chu k xn c 45 ngy,ging Medina).
Tng tc chu k xn c D2 (45 ngy) vi cc ging Jackson, Highlander v San Macros nh

hng c lp cng nh chu k xn c D3 (chu k xn c 60 ngy) tng tc vi bn ging
c u c p < 0,0001 v trong nng sut cao nht l tng tc D3V2 (chu k xn c 60
ngy, ging Highlander) vi nng sut 11855,7 (kg/).
Trnh by kt qu nh sau:
Bng 3.2. nh hng ca chu k xn c v ging n nng sut c (kg/)
Ging (V)
Chu k xn c (D) V1 V2 V3 V4 Trung bnh
(Jackson) (Highlander) (San Macros) (Medina) chu k xn c
D1 (30 ngy) 6751,0 fg 6789,0 fg 6544,7 g 6515,3 g 6650,0 C
D2 (45 ngy) 8808,0 e 9583,0 d 8779,0 e 7282,0 f 8613,0 B
D3 (60 ngy) 11337,0 ab 11855,7 a 10500,3 c 10784,3 bc 11119,3 A
Trung bnh ging 8965,3 B 9409,2 A 8608,0 B 8193,9 C
Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi p < 0,05 cho yu t
D, yu t V, tng tc D*V; CV = 4,21%
Bi tp s dng tn ging v chu k xn c (NCRS 2007, trang 52), so snh tng

tc LSMEANS vi Tukey test.
Chu k xn c: 30da = 30 ngy, Jackson = ging c

Lu : GIONG$15. v XENCOGIONG$20. l ghi di tn nghim thc khi c s k t trn 8.
Kt qu ging nh phn m ha bng s, c rt gn cho cc phn xp nhm, so snh tng

tc Tukey test nh sau:
DATA;
INPUT KHOI XENCO $ GIONG$15. NSUAT XENCOGIONG$20.;
Cards;
1 30da Jackson 6789 30da Jackson
1 30da Highlander 6578 30da Highlander
1 30da San Macros 6589 30da San Macros
1 30da Medina 6534 30da Medina
36
;
proc glm;
class KHOI XENCO GIONG;
model NSUAT = KHOI XENCO KHOI*XENCO GIONG XENCO*GIONG;
test h=XENCO e=KHOI*XENCO;
means XENCO GIONG XENCO*GIONG/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans XENCO*GIONG /pdiff adjust=tukey;
run;
proc GLM;
class KHOI XENCOGIONG;
model NSUAT = KHOI XENCOGIONG;
means XENCOGIONG /Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
KHOI 3 123
XENCO 3 30da 45da 60da
37
GIONG 4 Highlander Jackson Medina San Macros
The GLM Procedure
Dependent Variable: NSUAT
Sum of
Model 17 133707792.4 7865164.3 57.51 <.0001
Error 18 2461661.2 136759.0
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE NSUAT Mean
0.981922 4.205193 369.8093 8794.111
KHOI 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.20 0.0647

XENCO 2120440064.9 60220032.4 440.34 <.0001
KHOI*XENCO 4 627156.8 156789.2 1.15 0.3667
GIONG 3 7223245.1 2407748.4 17.61 <.0001
XENCO*GIONG 6 4541992.2 756998.7 5.54 0.0021
KHOI 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.20 0.0647

XENCO 2120440064.9 60220032.4 440.34 <.0001
KHOI*XENCO 4 627156.8 156789.2 1.15 0.3667
GIONG 3 7223245.1 2407748.4 17.61 <.0001
XENCO*GIONG 6 4541992.2 756998.7 5.54 0.0021
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*XENCO as an Error Term
XENCO 2 120440064.9 60220032.4 384.08 <.0001
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT
Alpha 0.05
t Grouping Mean N XENCO
A 11119.3 12 60da
38
B 8613.0 12 45da
C 6650.0 12 30da
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for NSUAT
Alpha 0.05
t Grouping Mean N GIONG
A 9409.2 9 Highlander
B 8965.3 9 Jackson
B
B 8608.0 9 San Macros
C 8193.9 9 Medina
The GLM Procedure
Level of Level of ------------NSUAT------------

XENCO GIONG N Mean Std Dev
30da Highlander 3 6789.0000 211.000000

30da Jackson 3 6751.0000 34.698703
30da Medina 3 6515.3333 17.243356
30da San Macros 3 6544.6667 181.604882
45da Highlander 3 9583.0000 77.698134
45da Jackson 3 8808.0000 61.098281
45da Medina 3 7282.0000 564.648563
45da San Macros 3 8779.0000 993.270859
60da Highlander 3 11855.6667 163.230920
60da Jackson 3 11337.0000 234.102542
60da Medina 3 10784.3333 693.386857
60da San Macros 3 10500.3333 160.169702
The GLM Procedure

Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey
LSMEAN
XENCO GIONG NSUAT LSMEAN Number
30da Highlander 6789.0000 1

30da Jackson 6751.0000 2
30da Medina 6515.3333 3
30da San Macros 6544.6667 4
45da Jackson 8808.0000 6
45da Medina 7282.0000 7
45da San Macros 8779.0000 8
60da Jackson 11337.0000 10
60da Medina 10784.3333 11
39
60da San Macros 10500.3333 12
Least Squares Means for effect XENCO*GIONG

Pr > |t| for H0: LSMean(i)=LSMean(j)
i/j 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1.0000 0.9981 0.9993 <.0001 0.0001

2 1.0000 0.9995 0.9999 <.0001 0.0001
3 0.9981 0.9995 1.0000 <.0001 <.0001
4 0.9993 0.9999 1.0000 <.0001 <.0001
5 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.3624
6 0.0001 0.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.3624
7 0.8755 0.8196 0.3764 0.4280 <.0001 0.0034
8 0.0002 0.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.3162 1.0000
9 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
10 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0008 <.0001
11 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.0304 0.0002
12 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 0.1749 0.0011

i/j 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 0.8755 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001

2 0.8196 0.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
3 0.3764 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
4 0.4280 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
5 <.0001 0.3162 <.0001 0.0008 0.0304 0.1749
40
The GLM Procedure
Least Squares Means
Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey
i/j 7 8 9 10 11 12
6 0.0034 1.0000 <.0001 <.0001 0.0002 0.0011

7 0.0042 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
8 0.0042 <.0001 <.0001 0.0001 0.0009
9 <.0001 <.0001 0.8389 0.0700 0.0109
10 <.0001 <.0001 0.8389 0.7834 0.2690
11 <.0001 0.0001 0.0700 0.7834 0.9974
12 <.0001 0.0009 0.0109 0.2690 0.9974
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
KHOI 3 123
XENCOGIONG 12 30da Highlander 30da Jackson 30da Medina 30da San Macros 45da Highlander
45da Jackson 45da Medina 45da San Macros 60da Highlander 60da Jackson 60da
Medina 60da San Macros
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 13 133080635.6 10236972.0 72.91 <.0001
Error 22 3088817.9 140400.8
R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE NSUAT Mean
0.977316 4.260817 374.7010 8794.111
KHOI 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.12 0.0643

XENCOGIONG 11 132205302.2 12018663.8 85.60 <.0001
41
KHOI 2 875333.4 437666.7 3.12 0.0643
XENCOGIONG 11 132205302.2 12018663.8 85.60 <.0001
The GLM Procedure
Duncan's Multiple Range Test for NSUAT
Alpha 0.05
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Critical Range 634.5 666.2 686.5 700.8 711.3 719.5 725.9 731.0 735.2 738.6 741.4
Duncan Grouping Mean N XENCOGIONG
A 11855.7 3 60da Highlander

A
B A 11337.0 3 60da Jackson
B
B C 10784.3 3 60da Medina
C
C 10500.3 3 60da San Macros
D 9583.0 3 45da Highlander
E 8808.0 3 45da Jackson

E
E 8779.0 3 45da San Macros
F 7282.0 3 45da Medina

F
G F 6789.0 3 30da Highlander
G F
G F 6751.0 3 30da Jackson
G
G 6544.7 3 30da San Macros
G
G 6515.3 3 30da Medina
Kt qu cho thy s dng tn bng ch cho thy xp nhm Duncan grouping (nhm tng
ng, homogeneous groups (NRCS, 2007) ca yu t chu k xn c v ging, tng tc chu k
xn c*ging ghi r tn ging (Jackson) v xn c (30 ngy).
So snh tng tc ma trn Least Squares Means for effect chu k xn c*ging ca so snh a
tng tc Tukey test (Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey) v cho thy kt qu ging
nh so snh Dunnett test: tng tc chu k xn c 30 ngy vi ging Highlander, Jackson,
Medina, San Macros v chu k xn c 45 ngy v ging Medina nh hng tng tc nh
nhau n nng sut c, cn li cc tng tc khc u nh hng c lp n nng sut c (xc
sut ca tng tc p > 0,05 l c nh hng nh nhau; p < 0,05 l c nh hng c lp (SAS,
2004).
42
C nhiu phng php so snh tng tc a bin nh Bon, Dunnett, Tukey, Sidak Tuy nhin
trong x l thng k, ch chn mt cch so snh tng tc lsmeans chu k xn c*ging l
c, nh Dunnett test.
3.5. Th nghim l sc (strip plot)
Th nghim b tr c mt yu t gm mt dy cc c s trong mt khi theo mt hng trong

khi, v yu t th hai cng gm mt dy cc c theo mt hng khc trong khi.
Nh vy c mt yu t theo hng dc (vertical) v yu t th hai theo hng ngang

(horizontal). Cc c s trong khi c b tr ngu nhin. Strip plot vi b tr c bit cn
gi l split-block design. Th nghim p dng cho c s ln v lin tc, v c s nh kh
thc hin.
Cn trc nghim gi thit nh hng ca khi vi yu t A, nh hng ca khi vi yu t B.
test h=A e=KHOI*A;

test h=B e=KHOI*B;
Bi tp: th nghim b tr khi (KHOI) RCBD tnh nng sut la mch Y (kg/ c s) lm
thc n gia sc, bn phn kali (K) c ba nghim thc : K1 = 0 kg/ha, K2 = 25 kg/ha v K3 =
50 kg/ha. Phn ln (P) c hai nghim thc: P1 = 25 kg/ha, P2 = 50 kg/ha. Bn K chy dc ht
ba . Trn cc bn K, bn P chy dc theo gc thng (phng theo Petersen, 1994).
S th nghim nh sau:
K3 K1 K2 K1 K3 K2 K2 K1 K3
P1 56 32 49 P2 38 62 50 P2 54 44 51
P2 67 54 58 P1 52 72 64 P1 63 54 68
Khi 1 Khi 2 Khi 3
data;
input KHOI $ K $ P $ Y;
cards;
1 1 1 32
1 1 2 54
1 2 1 49
1 2 2 58
1 3 1 56
1 3 2 67
2 1 1 38
2 1 2 52
2 2 1 50
2 2 2 64
2 3 1 62
2 3 2 72
3 1 1 44
3 1 2 54
3 2 1 54
43
3 2 2 63
3 3 1 51
3 3 2 68
;
proc glm;
class KHOI K P;
model Y = KHOI K KHOI*K P KHOI*P K*P;
test h=K e=KHOI*K;
test h=P e=KHOI*P;
means K P K*P/lsd alpha=0.01;
lsmeans K/pdiff adjust=dunnett alpha=0.01;
titleSTRIP PLOT P 142;
run;
STRIP PLOT P 142
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
KHOI 3 123
K 3 123
P 2 12
STRIP PLOT P 142
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 13 1776.888889 136.683761 9.61 0.0209
Error 4 56.888889 14.222222
0.968977 6.870673 3.771236 54.88889
KHOI 2 45.7777778 22.8888889 1.61 0.3070

K 2 885.7777778 442.8888889 31.14 0.0036
KHOI*K 4 78.2222222 19.5555556 1.38 0.3826
P 1 747.5555556 747.5555556 52.56 0.0019
KHOI*P 2 3.1111111 1.5555556 0.11 0.8990
K*P 2 16.4444444 8.2222222 0.58 0.6018
KHOI 2 45.7777778 22.8888889 1.61 0.3070

K 2 885.7777778 442.8888889 31.14 0.0036
KHOI*K 4 78.2222222 19.5555556 1.38 0.3826
P 1 747.5555556 747.5555556 52.56 0.0019
KHOI*P 2 3.1111111 1.5555556 0.11 0.8990
K*P 2 16.4444444 8.2222222 0.58 0.6018
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*K as an Error Term
44
K 2 885.7777778 442.8888889 22.65 0.0066
Tests of Hypotheses Using the Type III MS for KHOI*P as an Error Term
P 1 747.5555556 747.5555556 480.57 0.0021
STRIP PLOT P 142

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y

Alpha 0.01

t Grouping Mean N K
A 62.667 6 3
A
A 56.333 6 2
B 45.667 6 1
STRIP PLOT P 142
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N P
A 61.333 9 2
B 48.444 9 1
STRIP PLOT P 142
The GLM Procedure

K P N Mean Std Dev
1 1 3 38.0000000 6.00000000
1 2 3 53.3333333 1.15470054
2 1 3 51.0000000 2.64575131
2 2 3 61.6666667 3.21455025
3 1 3 56.3333333 5.50757055
3 2 3 69.0000000 2.64575131
STRIP PLOT P 142
The GLM Procedure

Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
K Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
45
1 45.6666667
2 56.3333333 0.0138
3 62.6666667 0.0025
Bng 3.3. nh hng ca phn K v P n nng sut la mch (kg/)

Phn K
Phn P K1 K2 K3 Trung bnh
(0 kg/ha) (25 kg/ha) (50 kg/ha) phn P
P1 (25 kg/ha) 38,00 51,00 56,33 48,44 B
P2 (50 kg/ha) 53,33 61,67 69,00 61,33 A
Trung bnh phn K 45,67 B 56,33 A 62,67 A
Cc trung bnh cng k t khng khc bit c ngha thng k mc xc sut vi p < 0,01; CV=6,87%.
Gii thch: v khng c tng tc K v P, cn gii thch tng tc trong yu t K v P.

- Xp nhm yu t lng ln (P) vi hai trung bnh theo k t c hai nhm l A v B. Xp
nhm yu t lng K vi ba trung bnh theo k t c hai nhm l A v B.
- Khng c nh hng khi n yu t lng K (F = 1,38 vi p = 0,3826) v lng P(F = 0,11
vi p = 0,899). Lng phn K v P khng c nh hng tng tc n nng sut (F = 0,58 vi
p = 0,6018).
- So snh tng tc cc trung bnh yu t lng K theo gi tr xc sut p cc trung bnh nghim
thc cho thy K1 (0 kg/ha) nh hng c lp vi K2 (25 kg/ha) (p = 0,0138) v K3 (p =
0,0025), trong nghim thc K3(50 kg/ha) nh hng tng tc ln nht n nng sut la
mch (62,67 kg/ha).
- Nghim thc lng ln P2 (50 kg/ha) cho nng sut 61,33 kg/ha, khc bit c ngha vi
P1(25 kg/ha).
3.6. Th nghim ba yu t (3 factors=23)
Th nghim thc hin so snh tng tc ng thi nhiu yu t nh ging, lng phn bn,
ho cht phun, khong cch gieo trng gim chi ph v thi gian kho st, nhng cn din
tch ln. Th nghim ba yu t l th nghim cn bn kho st tng tc ca ba yu t.
Bi tp so snh cc gi tr trung bnh v tng tc ba yu t (phng theo Clewer, 2001).
Th nghim gm bn khi (KH), hai lng m N (N1= khng bn m, N2 = bn m), hai
ging la m V (V1, V2), hai lng phn K (K1 = khng bn K, K2 = bn K) nh hng nng
sut (Y, tn/ha).
S b tr th nghim vi T1 = N1V1K1, ....T8 = N2V2K2 nh sau:
Khi N1V1K1 N2V1K2 N1V2K1 N2V2K1 Khi T1 T6 T3 T7
1 N1V1K2 N2V1K1 N2V2K2 N1V2K2 1 T2 T5 T8 T4



46
Tm nghim thc c th b tr nh sau:

T1: N1 V1 K1, khng bn phn cho ging V1
T2: N1 V1 K2, bn phn K cho ging V1
T3: N1 V2 K1, khng bn phn cho ging V2
T4: N1 V2 K2, bn phn K cho ging V2
T5: N2 V1 K1, bn phn N cho ging V1
T6: N2 V1 K2, bn phn K v N cho ging V1
T7: N2 V2 K1, bn phn N cho ging V2
T8: N2 V2 K2, bn phn K v N cho ging V2
* Lu : Kt qu x l bng phn tch phng sai yu t NVK vi tm gi tr trung bnh t T1
n T8 (yu t N = 2 x yu t V = 2 x yu t K = 2 c tm trung bnh tng tc) xp nhm,
s c t do (df) v tng bnh phng (SS, Sum of Squares) bng tng df v SS ca yu t
N, yu t V, yu t K, tng tc N*V, N*K, V*K v N*V*K cng li (Clewer, 2001).
DATA;
input KH N V K NVK $ Y;
CARDS;
1 1 1 1 N1V1K1 4
1 1 1 2 N1V1K2 4.5
1 1 2 1 N1V2K1 5.2
1 1 2 2 N1V2K2 6.4
1 2 1 1 N2V1K1 4.8
1 2 1 2 N2V1K2 5.8
1 2 2 1 N2V2K1 5.3
1 2 2 2 N2V2K2 7
2 1 1 1 N1V1K1 3.9
2 1 1 2 N1V1K2 4.9
2 1 2 1 N1V2K1 5.4
2 1 2 2 N1V2K2 8
2 2 1 1 N2V1K1 5.2
2 2 1 2 N2V1K2 5
2 2 2 1 N2V2K1 6.1
2 2 2 2 N2V2K2 7.4
3 1 1 1 N1V1K1 5
3 1 1 2 N1V1K2 4.3
3 1 2 1 N1V2K1 4.4
3 1 2 2 N1V2K2 7.8
3 2 1 1 N2V1K1 5.2
3 2 1 2 N2V1K2 6.6
3 2 2 1 N2V2K1 7.6
3 2 2 2 N2V2K2 7.8
4 1 1 1 N1V1K1 4.3
4 1 1 2 N1V1K2 5.1
4 1 2 1 N1V2K1 4.2
4 1 2 2 N1V2K2 7.4
4 2 1 1 N2V1K1 5.6
4 2 1 2 N2V1K2 5.8
4 2 2 1 N2V2K1 6.6
47
4 2 2 2 N2V2K2 7.4
;
PROC GLM;
CLASS KH N V K;
MODEL Y = KH N|V|K;
MEANS N|V|K / LSD ALPHA=0.01;
LSMEANS V*K / PDIFF=CONTROL ADJUST=DUNNETT;
LSMEANS N*V*K / PDIFF=CONTROL ADJUST=DUNNETT;
TITLE NANG SUAT LUA MI;
RUN;
PROC GLM;
CLASS KH NVK;
MODEL Y = KH NVK;
MEANS NVK / DUNCAN ALPHA=0.05;
RUN;
(Ghi: N|V|K tng ng vi N V K N*V N*K V*K N*V*K)
- X l thng k ANOVA trc, sau xp nhm v tnh tng tc khi cc bin s v tng
tc c ngha vi p < 0,05. Sau khi xem kt qu xp nhm cc trung bnh ca nghim thc
N,V, K, tnh tng tc LSMEANS ca V*K v N*V*K.
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
KH 4 1234
N 2 12
V 2 12
K 2 12
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure

Sum of
Model 10 43.17750000 4.31775000 14.30 <.0001
Error 21 6.34250000 0.30202381
0.871920 9.557686 0.549567 5.750000

KH 3 2.05750000 0.68583333 2.27 0.1099
N 1 6.48000000 6.48000000 21.46 0.0001
V 1 18.00000000 18.00000000 59.60 <.0001
N*V 1 0.08000000 0.08000000 0.26 0.6122
K 1 10.58000000 10.58000000 35.03 <.0001
N*K 1 0.98000000 0.98000000 3.24 0.0860
V*K 1 3.38000000 3.38000000 11.19 0.0031
48
N*V*K 1 1.62000000 1.62000000 5.36 0.0308
KH 3 2.05750000 0.68583333 2.27 0.1099

N 1 6.48000000 6.48000000 21.46 0.0001
V 1 18.00000000 18.00000000 59.60 <.0001
N*V 1 0.08000000 0.08000000 0.26 0.6122
K 1 10.58000000 10.58000000 35.03 <.0001
N*K 1 0.98000000 0.98000000 3.24 0.0860
V*K 1 3.38000000 3.38000000 11.19 0.0031
N*V*K 1 1.62000000 1.62000000 5.36 0.0308
NANG SUAT LUA MI

The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N N
A 6.2000 16 2
B 5.3000 16 1
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N V
A 6.5000 16 2
B 5.0000 16 1
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure

N V N Mean Std Dev
1 1 8 4.50000000 0.45669621
1 2 8 6.10000000 1.51563282
2 1 8 5.50000000 0.57569833
2 2 8 6.90000000 0.85356396
49
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
t Tests (LSD) for Y
Alpha 0.01
t Grouping Mean N K
A 6.3250 16 2
B 5.1750 16 1
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure

N K N Mean Std Dev
1 1 8 4.55000000 0.57071384
1 2 8 6.05000000 1.53529895
2 1 8 5.80000000 0.92427578
2 2 8 6.60000000 0.97979590

V K N Mean Std Dev
1 1 8 4.75000000 0.61875451
1 2 8 5.25000000 0.76531973
2 1 8 5.60000000 1.13010745
2 2 8 7.40000000 0.51269596
Level of Level of Level of --------------Y--------------

N V K N Mean Std Dev
1 1 1 4 4.30000000 0.49665548
1 1 2 4 4.70000000 0.36514837
1 2 1 4 4.80000000 0.58878406
1 2 2 4 7.40000000 0.71180522
2 1 1 4 5.20000000 0.32659863
2 1 2 4 5.80000000 0.65319726
2 2 1 4 6.40000000 0.96263527
2 2 2 4 7.40000000 0.32659863
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure

Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
V K Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
1 1 4.75000000
1 2 5.25000000 0.1956
2 1 5.60000000 0.0148
2 2 7.40000000 <.0001
50
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure

Least Squares Means
H0:LSMean=
Control
N V K Y LSMEAN Pr > |t|
1 1 1 4.30000000
1 1 2 4.70000000 0.8364
1 2 1 4.80000000 0.6705
1 2 2 7.40000000 <.0001
2 1 1 5.20000000 0.1428
2 1 2 5.80000000 0.0053
2 2 1 6.40000000 0.0001
2 2 2 7.40000000 <.0001
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
Class Levels Values
KH 4 1234
NVK 8 N1V1K1 N1V1K2 N1V2K1 N1V2K2 N2V1K1 N2V1K2 N2V2K1 N2V2K2
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
Sum of
Model 10 43.17750000 4.31775000 14.30 <.0001
Error 21 6.34250000 0.30202381
0.871920 9.557686 0.549567 5.750000
KH 3 2.05750000 0.68583333 2.27 0.1099

NVK 7 41.12000000 5.87428571 19.45 <.0001
KH 3 2.05750000 0.68583333 2.27 0.1099

NVK 7 41.12000000 5.87428571 19.45 <.0001
NANG SUAT LUA MI
The GLM Procedure
Alpha 0.05
51
Number of Means 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Critical Range .8081 .8484 .8741 .8921 .9054 .9156 .9236
Duncan Grouping Mean N NVK
A 7.4000 4 N1V2K2
A
A 7.4000 4 N2V2K2
B 6.4000 4 N2V2K1
B
C B 5.8000 4 N2V1K2
C
C D 5.2000 4 N2V1K1
D
E D 4.8000 4 N1V2K1
E D
E D 4.7000 4 N1V1K2
E
E 4.3000 4 N1V1K1
Cch trnh by vi b tr th nghim nhiu yu t, cn gii thch cn c vo so snh tng tc

LSmeans Multiple Comparison Dunnett (hoc Tukey) phn trn v trnh by kt qu nh
sau:
Bng 3.4. Nng sut la m (tn/ha) nh hng bi bn N v K

Ging la (V)
V1 V2
N1 (khng N) N2 (bn N) N1 (khng N) N2 (bn N) Trung bnh K
K1(khng K) 4,3 e 5,2 cd 4,8 de 6,4 b 5,18 B
K2 (bn K) 4,7 de 5,8 bc 7,4 a 7,4 a 6,33 A
Trung bnh N 5,3 B 6,2 A
Trung bnh V V1 V2
5,0 B 6,5 A
Ghi ch: cc tr c cng k t khng khc bit c ngha mc xc sut vi yu t N: p<0,01,
yu t V: p<0,01, yu t K: p<0,01; tng tc V*K: p<0,01, tng tc N*V*K: p<0,05;
CV = 9,56%.
Gii thch: - Xp nhm cc gi tr trung bnh nghim thc tng tc ca yu t NVK mc p

< 0,05 chia lm nm nhm l A, B , C, D v E, trong cho thy nng sut la t cao nht
l 7,4 tn/ha v thp nht l 4,3 tn/ha.
- Tng tc N*V*K c ngha (F = 5,36 vi p = 0,0308), tng tc V*K rt c ngha
(F = 11,19 vi p = 0,0031). Khng c tng tc N*K (F = 3,24 vi p = 0,086) v N*V (F =
0,26 vi p = 0,6122). Khng c nh hng ca khi (F = 2,27 vi p = 0,1099).
- Tng tc N*V*K vi so snh gi tr p cc trung bnh tng tc theo Dunnett cho
thy tng tc N1V1K1 (c nng sut thp nht l 4,3 tn/ha) nh hng nh nhau vi cc
tng tc N1V1K2 (p = 0,8364), N1V2K1 (p = 0,6705) v N2V1K1 (p = 0,1428).
- Tng tc c nh hng nng sut cao v c lp l N2V2K2 (ging V2 bn N v
K) vi nng sut 7,4 tn/ha (p < 0,001), N1V2K2 (ging V2 bn K) nng sut 7,4 tn/ha (p <
0,001) v N2V2K1 (ging V2 bn N) nng sut 6,4 tn/ha (p = 0,001).
52
- Tng tc V*K vi so snh gi tr p cc trung bnh theo Dunnett vi V1K1 (ging
V1 khng bn K) c nng sut thp nht l 4,75 kg/ha, nh hng ging nh tng tc V1K2
(ging V1 khng bn K) nng sut 5,25 tn/ha (p = 0,1956). Tng tc c nh hng r nht
v c lp n nng sut cao nht (7,4 tn/ha) l tng tc V2K2 (ging V2 bn K) vi p <
0,001 v V2K1 (V2 khng bn K) nng sut 5,6 tn/ha (p = 0,0148).
Trong mt s trng hp, bng tng tc ca tm trung bnh nghim thc ca th
nghim ba yu t c trnh by theo biu nh sau (theo Clewer, 2001)
Biu 3.1. Nng sut hai ging la m do nh hng ca lng m (N) v kali (K)
3.7. Cc lnh (SAS Code) x l s liu tnh phng sai (ANOVA) thng dng
y l phn lit k mt s cch x l tnh phng sai thng dng, vi k t v ch
d s dng. Tuy nhin SAS c th dng tn di hn v ty th nghim c th thay i rt
linh ng cc ch ny, ngay c tn cc nghim thc c nhp vo trong hng, c th
sa i ty .
- Ghi ch k t v ch cho d lp trnh, khng cng nhc v SAS hiu v x l c cc t.
Ghi bin s phn Input v

Gii thch ni dung
x l Proc
A,B,C,... Yu t th nghim: yu t A, yu t C
A*B, A*B*C Tng tc gia hai yu t A v B, ba yu t A vi B v C
Y Ch tiu theo di nh nng sut, chiu cao cy
T Nghim thc p dng cho th nghim mt yu t
K Khi
Rep Lp li nu khng b tr theo khi
Hang, Cot Hng v ct (kiu vung La tin)
Ddiem a im, ni thc hin th nghim
- Phn tch phng sai c th p dng cch x l nh PROC ANOVA, nhng khi mun
so snh cc l thiu hoc so snh tng tc cc yu t, thng s dng PROC GLM,
hoc PROC MIXED. Cc lnh y nhp bin, nhp s liu, x l ANOVA, xp
hng cc trung bnh ca kiu RCBD v tnh tng tc nh sau (bng s liu c rt
gn):
53
RCBD mt yu t, so snh cc trung bnh RCBD l ph, so snh tng tc cc trung bnh
data; Data;
input K $ T $ Y; Input K $ D $ V $ DV $ Y;
cards; cards;
1 A 9 1 1 1 D1V1 6789
2 B 14.6 1 1 2 D1V2 6578
3 C 18.3 1 1 3 D1V3 6589
... 1 1 4 D1V4 6534
; ...
proc anova; ;
class K T; proc glm;
model Y = K T; class K D V;
means T /duncan alpha=0.01; model Y = K D K*V V D*V;
title 'Thi nghiem 1 yeu to RCBD'; test h=D e=K*V;
run; means D V D*V/lsd alpha=0.05;
lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control
adjust=dunnett;
run;
proc glm;
class K DV;
model Y = K DV;
means DV/Duncan alpha=0.05;
run;
Ghi ch:
- Phn lnh nhp s liu phi c trc khi nhp s liu nh:
data;
input K $ T $ Y;
cards;
- Chuyn s liu t file excel vo.
- Ty theo kt qu ca bng phn tch ANOVA, cc cch xp nhm means vi LSD,
Duncan, alpha = 0,05 hay 0,01 v so snh tng tc nh lsmeans D*V/pdiff=control
adjust=dunnett; c b sung vo phn lnh x l, trc hng run;
Cc cch x l ANOVA (phng theo Schabenberger, 2000) nh sau :
3.7. 1. Kiu hon ton ngu nhin: Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
CRD khng ly mu CRD ba yu t c tng

CRD ctcly
ccmu
yu t
proc anova; proc glm; proc glm;
class T; class A B C; class Rep T;
model Y = T; model Y = A B C A*B model
A*C B*CY =A*B*C;
Rep(T) T;
means T; test
means A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C; h=T e=Rep(T);
run; run; means T;
run;
hoc s dng thanh ng A | B | C;
CRD hai yu t
= A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
proc glm; proc glm;
class A B; class A B C;
model Y =54A | B | C;
means A | B | C;
run;
model Y=A B A*B;
means A B A*B;
run;
3.7. 2. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin: Randomized Complete Block Designs
(RCBD) vi nh hng khi c nh
GLM MIXED
proc glm; proc mixed;
class K T; class K T;
model Y = K T; model Y = K T;
means T; means T;
run; run;
RCBD kho st nh hng ca khi ngu nhin
GLM MIXED
proc mixed;
proc glm;
class K T;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
model Y = K T;
lsmeans T / pdiff stderr;
lsmeans T / pdiff stderr;
random K;
run;
run;
Ghi ch: stderr (standard error), sai s chun; pdiff: khc bit xc sut p.
Cc th nghim b tr nhiu a im (Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 2000)
proc glm;
class ddiem K T;
model Y = ddiem ddiem(K) T T*ddiem ;
test h = ddiem e = ddiem(K);
means T;
run;
Cc th nghim b tr vi nhiu thi gian

55
proc glm;
class tgian K T;
model Y = tgian tgian(K) T T* tgian ;
test h = tgian e = tgian(K);
means T;
run;
Khi khng y vi khi c nh: Incomplete Block Designs (IBD)
proc glm;
class K T;
model Y = K T;
lsmeans T/ pdiff stderr;
run;
Kiu vung La tin: Latin Square Designs
proc glm;
class Hang Cot T;
model Y = Hang Cot T;
means T;
run;
Kiu l ph c khi c nh, l chnh A, Split-Plot Designs (SPD)
GLM MIXED
proc mixed;
proc glm;
class K A B;
class K A B;
model Y = K A K*A B A*B/
model Y = K A K*A B A*B;
ddfm=satterth;
test h=A e=K*A;
random K*A;
means A B A*B;
means A B A*B;
run;
run;
Ghi ch: MODEL ca MIXED tnh t do (degrees of freedom) theo phng php
Satterthwaite.
Kiu l sc c nh ln lp li, Split-Block (Strip-Plot) (SBD)
GLM MIXED
class K A B; class K A B;
model y = K A K*A B K*B A*B; model y = K A B A*B
test h = A e=K*A; /ddfm=satterth ;
56
test h = B e=K*B; random K*A K*B;
means A B A*B; means A B A*B;
run; run;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD ba yu t c tng tc cc yu t

proc glm;
class K A B C;
model Y = K A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
means A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
run;
hoc s dng thanh ng A | B | C; = A B C A*B A*C A*B*C;
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model Y = K A | B | C;
means A | B | C;
run;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD 3 yu t b tr l ph (three way factorial

one split,khng phi split plit plot), l chnh A*B, l ph C.
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model Y = K A B A*B K*A*B C A*C B*C A*B*C;
test h= a e= K*A*B;
test h= b e= Ki*A*B;
test h=a*b e= K*A*B;
means A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
run;
Kiu khi y ngu nhin RCBD ba yu t b tr l ph (three way

factorial one split,khng phi split plit plot),l chnh A, l ph
B*C.
proc glm;
class K A B C;
model y = K A K*A B A*B C A*C B*C A*B*C;
test h=A e=K*A;
means A B C A*B A*C B*C A*B*C;
run;
Kiu l ph ca l ph: Split-Split-Plot Design (SSPD)
GLM MIXED
class K A B C; class K A B C;
57
model y = K A K*A
model y = K A
B A*B K*A*B
B A*B
C A*C B*C
C A*C B*C A*B*C ;
A*B*C;
random K*A K*A*B;
test h=A e=K*A;
test h=B e=K*A*B;
run;
test h=A*B e=K*A*B;
run;
Kiu Strip Split Plot (Barnard, 1994)
(ghi ch: soil: loi t, fert: phn bn, ca: calcium: vi)
proc anova;
class rep soil fert ca;
model y = rep fert fert*rep ca ca*fert rep*fert*ca soil rep*soil fert*soil rep*fert*soil
soil*ca soil*fert*ca;
test h=fert e=rep*fert;
test h=ca fert*ca e=rep*fert*ca;
test h=soil e=rep*soil;
test h=fert*soil e=rep*fert*soil;
means fert ca soil ca*fert;
run;
58
Chng 4
TNH GI TR TRUNG BNH, T-TEST, CHI-BNH PHNG

TNG QUAN V HI QUI
4.1. Tnh gi tr trung bnh v lch chun

Bi tp ch : thng k m t tnh gi tr trung bnh (MEAN) v lch chun (SD, STD,
standard deviation) ca th nghim khi y ngu nhin, ba khi ca 13 ging c k hiu l
4405, 4366... Kho st ba ch tiu l t l ny mm % (TLNMAM), im cng lc (vigor,
CLUC) v im kh nng sn xut ht (SXHAT). Lu : K l khi, gi tr ny ch ghi theo
khi, khng dng phn tch m t (phng theo bi tp thng k m t, NRCS, 2007).
data A;
input K GIONG $ TLNMAM CLUC SXHAT;
cards;
1 4405 39 6 6
1 4366 100 7 6
1 4356 90 6 5
1 4414 100 5 5
1 2275 56 7 5
1 4386 100 7 6
1 4432 98 5 6
1 4361 100 5 4
1 4365 75 7 5
1 4456 100 4 5
1 4430 88 6 6
1 4376 100 5 6
1 1261 100 6 7
2 4405 56 5 6
2 4366 98 7 5
2 4356 100 5 7
2 4414 100 6 6
2 2275 89 4 4
2 4386 98 7 6
2 4432 89 8 8
2 4361 100 4 5
2 4365 85 5 7
2 4456 95 5 3
2 4430 90 6 5
2 4376 100 9 4
2 1261 100 7 6
3 4405 65 6 4
3 4366 90 5 5
3 4356 100 4 6
3 4414 100 8 4
3 2275 85 7 5
3 4386 93 6 3
3 4432 88 4 5
3 4361 100 4 6
3 4365 88 8 7
3 4456 100 8 4
3 4430 93 5 7
3 4376 100 5 8
64
3 1261 98 6 9
;
proc sort;
by GIONG;
proc means data=A noprint;
var TLNMAM CLUC SXHAT;
by GIONG;
output out=newA;
proc print data=newA;
run;
The SAS System
Obs GIONG _TYPE_ _FREQ_ _STAT_ TLNMAM CLUC SXHAT
1 1261 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000

2 1261 0 3 MIN 98.000 6.00000 6.00000
3 1261 0 3 MAX 100.000 7.00000 9.00000
4 1261 0 3 MEAN 99.333 6.33333 7.33333
5 1261 0 3 STD 1.155 0.57735 1.52753
6 2275 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
7 2275 0 3 MIN 56.000 4.00000 4.00000
8 2275 0 3 MAX 89.000 7.00000 5.00000
9 2275 0 3 MEAN 76.667 6.00000 4.66667
10 2275 0 3 STD 18.009 1.73205 0.57735
11 4356 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
12 4356 0 3 MIN 90.000 4.00000 5.00000
13 4356 0 3 MAX 100.000 6.00000 7.00000
14 4356 0 3 MEAN 96.667 5.00000 6.00000
15 4356 0 3 STD 5.774 1.00000 1.00000
16 4361 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
17 4361 0 3 MIN 100.000 4.00000 4.00000
18 4361 0 3 MAX 100.000 5.00000 6.00000
19 4361 0 3 MEAN 100.000 4.33333 5.00000
20 4361 0 3 STD 0.000 0.57735 1.00000
21 4365 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
22 4365 0 3 MIN 75.000 5.00000 5.00000
23 4365 0 3 MAX 88.000 8.00000 7.00000
24 4365 0 3 MEAN 82.667 6.66667 6.33333
25 4365 0 3 STD 6.807 1.52753 1.15470
26 4366 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
27 4366 0 3 MIN 90.000 5.00000 5.00000
28 4366 0 3 MAX 100.000 7.00000 6.00000
29 4366 0 3 MEAN 96.000 6.33333 5.33333
30 4366 0 3 STD 5.292 1.15470 0.57735
31 4376 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
32 4376 0 3 MIN 100.000 5.00000 4.00000
33 4376 0 3 MAX 100.000 9.00000 8.00000
34 4376 0 3 MEAN 100.000 6.33333 6.00000
35 4376 0 3 STD 0.000 2.30940 2.00000
36 4386 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
37 4386 0 3 MIN 93.000 6.00000 3.00000
38 4386 0 3 MAX 100.000 7.00000 6.00000
39 4386 0 3 MEAN 97.000 6.66667 5.00000
40 4386 0 3 STD 3.606 0.57735 1.73205
41 4405 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
42 4405 0 3 MIN 39.000 5.00000 4.00000
43 4405 0 3 MAX 65.000 6.00000 6.00000
44 4405 0 3 MEAN 53.333 5.66667 5.33333
45 4405 0 3 STD 13.204 0.57735 1.15470
46 4414 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
47 4414 0 3 MIN 100.000 5.00000 4.00000
48 4414 0 3 MAX 100.000 8.00000 6.00000
49 4414 0 3 MEAN 100.000 6.33333 5.00000
50 4414 0 3 STD 0.000 1.52753 1.00000
51 4430 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
52 4430 0 3 MIN 88.000 5.00000 5.00000
53 4430 0 3 MAX 93.000 6.00000 7.00000
54 4430 0 3 MEAN 90.333 5.66667 6.00000
55 4430 0 3 STD 2.517 0.57735 1.00000
56 4432 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
57 4432 0 3 MIN 88.000 4.00000 5.00000
65
58 4432 0 3 MAX 98.000 8.00000 8.00000
59 4432 0 3 MEAN 91.667 5.66667 6.33333
60 4432 0 3 STD 5.508 2.08167 1.52753
61 4456 0 3 N 3.000 3.00000 3.00000
62 4456 0 3 MIN 95.000 4.00000 3.00000
63 4456 0 3 MAX 100.000 8.00000 5.00000
64 4456 0 3 MEAN 98.333 5.66667 4.00000
65 4456 0 3 STD 2.887 2.08167 1.00000
Gii thch: N l s ln lp li, MAX v MIN l gi tr cao nht v thp nht. MEAN l gi tr
trung bnh, STD l standard deviation: lch chun. Kt qu i vi ging c 4456 c gi tr
t l ny mm trung bnh l 98,33 vi STD l 2,89; im cng lc trung bnh l 5,67 v STD
l 2,08; im kh nng sn xut ht l 4 vi STD l 1.
4.2. T test: so snh khc bit trung bnh hai mu
p dng trong trng hp iu tra chn mu hai l i chng v tc ng k thut nh phun

thuc tng n hoa, u qu, bn phn v khng bn, xt thuc dit c v khng xt thuc. So
snh hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai bin, cng cn c trn xc sut p. Nu p > 0,05 th hai bin
s khng khc nhau c ngha. p dng cho chn mu c s im chn bng nhau. Nu b tr
cc theo di v tr ging nhau ca hai nhm mu, gi l bt cp (paired comparison), nu
b tr cc theo di v tr khc nhau ca hai mu, gi l khng bt cp (unpaired
comparison).
Th nghim s dng cht iu ha sinh trng Z cho ging ci du (B) v ging i chng (A)
khng x l, kt qu nng sut (tn/ha) nh sau (phng theo Clewer, 2001):
data;
input S A B;
diff=B-A;
cards;
1 3.5 5.5
2 4.6 4.1
3 4.0 4.5
4 4.3 6.1
5 4.0 4.6
6 4.6 5.3
7 5.0 5.4
8 3.9 3.9
9 3.5 4.4
10 4.8 6.1
;
proc means mean stderr t prt;
var diff;
title 'SO SANH T TEST';
run;
SO SANH T TEST
The MEANS Procedure
Analysis Variable : diff
66
Mean Std Error t Value Pr > |t|

0.7700000 0.2431506 3.17 0.0114

Gii thch:
Gi tr Pr > |t| = 0,0114 cho thy ging ci du B c s dng cht iu ho sinh trng Z c
khc bit nng sut vi ging A khng x l mc p < 0,05.
4.3. Chi-bnh phng (Chi-square) so snh tnh c lp ca hai yu t
Trc nghim tnh c lp cn c vo vn t ra l gi thit H0 l cc bin php p dng u

c nh hng nh nhau. S dng xc sut ca Chi-bnh phng tnh, nu p < 0,05 l bc b
gi thit trn, k thut p dng c nh hng, nu p > 0,05 th chp nhn gi thit trn, k thut
p dng nh nhau. Thng p dng cho vic p dng cc bin php k thut xc nh nh
hng n sinh trng ca cy, cy bnh hay khng bnh.
iu tra sau phun thuc nh hng sinh trng cy vi hai yu t l: (1) phun thuc v khng
phun, (2) cy tt v cy bnh. S lng cy c m trong tng s 1000 cy. Gi thit H0 l
chp nhn phun thuc v cy bnh khng nh hng nhau.
data Dieutra;
input Xitthuoc $ Struong $ Soluong @@;
datalines;
phun benh 10
phun tot 190
khong benh 96
khong tot 704
;
proc freq data=Dieutra order=data;
weight Soluong;
tables Xitthuoc*Struong / chisq expected cellchi2 norow nocol;
output out=ChiSqData pchi lrchi n nmiss;
title 'Chi-Square Tests Xitthuoc';
run;
Chi-Square Tests Xitthuoc
The FREQ Procedure
Table of Xitthuoc by Struong
Xitthuoc Struong
Frequency
Expected
Cell Chi-Square
Percent benh tot Total

phun 10 190 200
21.2 178.8
5.917 0.7016
1.00 19.00 20.00

67
khong 96 704 800
84.8 715.2
1.4792 0.1754
9.60 70.40 80.00

Total 106 894 1000
10.60 89.40 100.00
Statistics for Table of Xitthuoc by Struong
Statistic DF Value Prob

Chi-Square 1 8.2732 0.0040
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 9.6535 0.0019
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 7.5510 0.0060
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 8.2649 0.0040
Phi Coefficient -0.0910
Contingency Coefficient 0.0906
Cramer's V -0.0910
Fisher's Exact Test

Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 10
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.0017
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.9994
Table Probability (P) 0.0011

Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0030
Sample Size = 1000
Gii thch:
Kt qu cho thy gi tr ca Chi-Square l 8,273 vi p = 0,004 < 0,05 c ngha l bc b gi
thit trn, xt thuc hn ch cy bnh.
4.4. Ma trn tng quan (correlation matrix)
Xc nh ma trn tng quan hai chiu cc bin s ng nht p dng i vi nng sut cy l
tm yu t no nh hng ln nht n nng sut cy, t xut bin php ci thin nng
sut hp l. S dng gi tr h s tng quan r v xc sut p. Nu r > 0,7 l tng quan cht,
nu p < 0,05 th kt lun c khc bit gia hai bin s. Nu p > 0,05 th hai bin s khng khc
nhau c ngha.
Kho st tng quan nng sut cy c ph (kg/cy), k hiu l NSUATCAY vi t l ht trn

(%) (HATTRON), t l nhn/qu (%) (NHANQUA), cp ht R1 (%) l t l ht c gi li
trn sng ry 6,3 mm, v trng lng 100 qu (g) (TL100QUA). Tng quan ny c kho
st t th nghim bn phn m kt hp thch cao.
DATA;
INPUT NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA;
CARDS;
1.83 22.8 15.6 40.8 103.7
1.82 18.0 16.2 41.3 112.6
1.82 21.1 15.7 42.4 106.6
1.83 20.9 15.5 41.2 105.9
1.84 14.9 16.6 43.7 112.5
1.86 12.8 16.9 44.9 124.4
1.90 12.8 17.1 42.4 118.6
68
1.93 11.9 17 69.6 134.2
1.85 12.4 17.2 43.9 118.6
1.96 11.9 17.2 70.7 128.7
2.08 11.5 17.4 80.4 142.3
2.01 12.5 17.0 70.4 134.6
;
PROC CORR OUTP=P;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=P;
RUN;
The SAS System
The CORR Procedure
5 Variables: NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA
Simple Statistics
Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum
NSUATCAY 12 1.89417 0.08469 22.73000 1.82000 2.08000

HATTRON 12 15.29167 4.21048 183.50000 11.50000 22.80000
NHANQUA 12 1.66167 0.06873 19.94000 1.55000 1.74000
R1 12 52.64167 15.15205 631.70000 40.80000 80.40000
TL100QUA 12 120.22500 12.66894 1443 103.70000 142.30000
Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 12

Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0
NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA
NSUATCAY 1.00000 -0.66965 0.69682 0.93389 0.90831

0.0172 0.0118 <.0001 <.0001
HATTRON -0.66965 1.00000 -0.98192 -0.63167 -0.85691

0.0172 <.0001 0.0276 0.0004
NHANQUA 0.69682 -0.98192 1.00000 0.63218 0.84715

0.0118 <.0001 0.0274 0.0005
R1 0.93389 -0.63167 0.63218 1.00000 0.90515

<.0001 0.0276 0.0274 <.0001
TL100QUA 0.90831 -0.85691 0.84715 0.90515 1.00000

<.0001 0.0004 0.0005 <.0001
The SAS System
Obs _TYPE_ _NAME_ NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA
1 MEAN 1.8942 15.2917 1.6617 52.6417 120.225

2 STD 0.0847 4.2105 0.0687 15.1520 12.669
3 N 12.0000 12.0000 12.0000 12.0000 12.000
4 CORR NSUATCAY 1.0000 -0.6697 0.6968 0.9339 0.908
5 CORR HATTRON -0.6697 1.0000 -0.9819 -0.6317 -0.857
6 CORR NHANQUA 0.6968 -0.9819 1.0000 0.6322 0.847
7 CORR R1 0.9339 -0.6317 0.6322 1.0000 0.905
8 CORR TL100QUA 0.9083 -0.8569 0.8472 0.9052 1.000
Pearson Correlation Coefficients l h s tng quan, thng gi l r. H s tng quan r cht

khi t 0,7 tr ln. Prob > |r| l xc xut c ngha ca h s r.
Trnh by tng quan ca nng sut vi cc ch tiu nh sau (phng theo trnh by ca Filippi,
1997):
69
Bng 4.1. Tng quan ca nng sut cy (kg/cy) v cc ch tiu theo di
NSUATCAY HATTRON NHANQUA R1 TL100QUA
NSUATCAY 1.00000 -0.66965 0.69682 0.93389 0.90831

0.0172 0.0118 <.0001 <.0001
HATTRON -0.66965 1.00000 -0.98192 -0.63167 -0.85691

0.0172 <.0001 0.0276 0.0004
NHANQUA 0.69682 -0.98192 1.00000 0.63218 0.84715

0.0118 <.0001 0.0274 0.0005
R1 0.93389 -0.63167 0.63218 1.00000 0.90515

<.0001 0.0276 0.0274 <.0001
TL100QUA 0.90831 -0.85691 0.84715 0.90515 1.00000

<.0001 0.0004 0.0005 <.0001
Ch thch: hng trn l h s tng quan r (Pearson Correlation Coefficients), s mu quan

st = 12, hng di l xc sut p.
Gii thch: nng sut cy c tng quan vi cc ch tiu: cp ht R1 vi h s tng quan r =

0,93389 v trng lng 100 qu vi h s tng quan r = 0,90831 (xc sut u l p < 0,0001).
Nng sut cy tng quan nghch vi t l ht trn, khi t l ht trn thp th nng sut cao, vi
h s tng quan r = - 0,66965.
4.5. Hi qui tuyn tnh n bin (simple regression)
Xc nh phng trnh y = ax + b ca hai ch tiu th hin vi phng trnh hi qui c ngha.

Kho st phng trnh hi qui ca trng lng kh X (g) v din tch l Y (cm 2) ca cy c
thc n gia sc do bn phn nh sau (Clewer, 2001):
DATA A;
INPUT TLKHO DTLA;
CARDS;
0.29 144
0.43 180
0.21 60
0.53 226
0.27 105
0.33 111
0.47 217
0.40 221
0.48 218
0.30 137
0.37 153
0.30 105
;
PROC REG DATA=A;
MODEL DTLA = TLKHO;
RUN;
PLOT R.*P.;
RUN;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure

70
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: DTLA
Analysis of Variance
Sum of Mean
Source DF Squares Square F Value Pr > F
Model 1 29416 29416 61.22 <.0001

Error 10 4805.16144 480.51614
Corrected Total 11 34221
Root MSE 21.92068 R-Square 0.8596

Dependent Mean 156.41667 Adj R-Sq 0.8455
Coeff Var 14.01429
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|
Intercept 1 -36.49953 25.45564 -1.43 0.1821

TLKHO 1 528.53751 67.55225 7.82 <.0001
Gii thch: phng trnh hi qui c ngha mc p < 0,01, gi tr X ca phng trnh c
xc sut p < 0,01 nn chp nhn l rt c ngha, phng trnh c ghi nh sau:
Din tch l = 528,54 Trng lng kh 36,50.
DT L A = - 36. 5 +5 2 8 . 5 4 T L K H O
50 N
12
Rs q
40 0. 8596
Adj Rs q
0. 8455
30 R MS E
21. 921
20
10
- 10
- 20
- 30
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Pr edi ct ed Va l ue
Hnh 4.1. Phng trnh tng quan v sai s ca din tch l v trng lng kh c.
4.6. Hi qui tuyn tnh a bin (multiple regression)
Th nghim tnh hi qui nng sut vi cp ht R1 v trng lng 100 qu c ph.
Xc nh phng trnh hi qui a bin y = ax 1 + bx2 + cx3 tm ra cc bin s x no c p <

0,05 l chp nhn c nh hng n y. Trc ht xc nh phng trnh hi qui v xem xc
sut p ca tng bin, sau chn cc bin c gi tr p < 0,05 xc nh phng trnh hi qui
a bin c ngha.
T kt qu ma trn tng quan ca nng sut c ph (kg/cy) tng quan rt cht vi cp ht

R1 v trng lng 100 qu l tng quan n. tnh hi qui tuyn tnh a bin, lp bng
71
tnh sau y xc nh tng quan a bin v hai bin s ny c nh hng n nng sut c
ngha hay khng.
data HOIQUI;
input NSUATCAY R1 TL100QUA;
cards;
1.83 40.8 103.7
1.82 41.3 112.6
1.82 42.4 106.6
1.83 41.2 105.9
1.84 43.7 112.5
1.86 44.9 124.4
1.9 42.4 118.6
1.93 69.6 134.2
1.85 43.9 118.6
1.96 70.7 128.7
2.08 80.4 142.3
2.01 70.4 134.6
;
proc reg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCAY=R1 TL100QUA;
run;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: NSUATCAY
Sum of Mean
Model 2 0.07054 0.03527 38.00 <.0001

Error 9 0.00835 0.00092820

Coeff Var 1.60844
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Intercept 1 1.43207 0.14105 10.15 <.0001

R1 1 0.00346 0.00143 2.42 0.0384
TL100QUA 1 0.00233 0.00171 1.37 0.2050
Gii thch: t kt qu c tnh ca hi qui a bin cho thy ch c cp ht R1 l c xc sut c

ngha vi nng sut (p = 0,0384) cn trng lng 100 qu khng c ngha (p = 0,205). Kt
lun phng trnh hi qui nng sut vi cp ht R1 c ngha mc p < 0,05 v cn lp phng
trnh tng quan n bin cho hai ch tiu ny. Phng trnh hi qui ca nng sut cy v cp
ht R1 nh sau:
72
data HOIQUI;
input NSUATCAY R1;
cards;
1.83 40.8
1.82 41.3
1.82 42.4
1.83 41.2
1.84 43.7
1.86 44.9
1.9 42.4
1.93 69.6
1.85 43.9
1.96 70.7
2.08 80.4
2.01 70.4
;
proc reg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCAY=R1;
run;
PLOT R.*P.;
RUN;
The SAS System
The REG Procedure

Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: NSUATCAY
Sum of Mean
Model 1 0.06881 0.06881 68.22 <.0001

Error 10 0.01009 0.00101

Coeff Var 1.67668
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Intercept 1 1.61939 0.03451 46.93 <.0001

R1 1 0.00522 0.00063197 8.26 <.0001
Gii thch:
Phng trnh hi qui nng sut v cp ht R1 c vit l:
Nng sut cy = 0,0052 R1 + 1,6194 vi R2 = 0,8721
73
NS UA T C A Y = 1. 6194 +0 . 0 0 5 2 R 1
0. 06 N
12
Rs q
0. 8721
0. 04 Adj Rs q
0. 8594
R MS E
0. 0318
0. 02
0. 00
- 0. 02
- 0. 04
- 0. 06
1. 825 1. 850 1. 875 1. 900 1. 925 1. 950 1. 975 2. 000 2. 025 2. 050
Pr edi c t ed Val ue
Hnh 4.2. Phng trnh tng quan v sai s ca nng sut v cp ht R1 c ph.
4.7. Hi qui a bin bc hai
i vi mt s th nghim, cn xc nh phng trnh hi qui ca quan h nng sut v cc

nghim thc nh phn bn thng c gii hn khi tng lng phn bn cao, lc nng sut
gim khi lng phn bn cao, ng biu din khng phi l tuyn tnh m l ng cong
thuc phng trnh bc hai.
Th nghim v lng phn m N (lbs/acre) n nng sut c (tn/ha) biu th bng ng biu
din ca phng trnh bc hai y = ax2 + bx + c (NRCS, 2007). Phng trnh hi qui c xc
nh nh sau:
data HOIQUI;
input N NSUATCO;
cards;
0 2.30545
120 3.5875
240 4.862
360 4.899
480 5.179
0 2.8665
120 3.544
240 4.042
360 5.479
480 5.3125
0 2.3125
120 3.207
240 4.5475
360 4.6585
480 4.5945
;
proc rsreg data=HOIQUI;
model NSUATCO=N/lackfit;
run;
74
The RSREG Procedure
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
N 240.000000 240.000000
Response Surface for Variable NSUATCO
Response Mean 4.093130

Root MSE 0.342317
R-Square 0.9111
Coefficient of Variation 8.3632
Type I Sum
Regression DF of Squares R-Square F Value Pr > F
Linear 1 13.201793 0.8345 112.66 <.0001

Quadratic 1 1.212814 0.0767 10.35 0.0074
Crossproduct 0 0 0.0000 . .
Total Model 2 14.414607 0.9111 61.51 <.0001
Sum of
Residual DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Lack of Fit 2 0.122413 0.061207 0.48 0.6342

Pure Error 10 1.283757 0.128376
Total Error 12 1.406171 0.117181
Parameter
Estimate
Standard from Coded
Parameter DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t| Data
Intercept 1 2.426528 0.186001 13.05 <.0001 4.432992

N 1 0.011192 0.001836 6.10 <.0001 1.326740
N*N 1 -0.000011801 0.000003668 -3.22 0.0074 -0.679724
Sum of
Factor DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
N 2 14.414607 7.207303 61.51 <.0001
06:19 Wednesday, June 16, 1993 7
The RSREG Procedure
Canonical Analysis of Response Surface Based on Coded Data
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded
N 0.975941 474.225722
Predicted value at stationary point: 5.080402
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues N
-0.679724 1.000000
Stationary point is a maximum.
Gii thch:
- Gi tr xc sut ca N l p < 0,0001 v N*N l p = 0,0074, do hai gi tr ny rt c ngha
trong phng trnh hi qui bc hai.
75
- Phng trnh c vit l: Nng sut c (tn/ha) = - 0,0000118N 2 + 0,0112N + 2,4265 vi h
s tng quan a bin l R2 = 0,9111.
- Xc nh im ti a nng sut c lng m:

Nng sut c Y t ti a khi X = - (1/2 2) = - 0,01192/(2(- 0,0000118)) = 474,2 lbs N/acre.
- Tng t theo kt qu x l, yu t m N c Critical Value Uncoded l 474,2 v y l im
ti a cho nng sut c ti u.
4.8. Ti u ha v xc nh im (simple optimum)

p ng mt phng: Saddle-Surface Response Using Ridge Analysis
Bi tp tnh hiu sut % Mercaptobenzothiazole do nh hng ca thi gian v nhit .
ng ng mc xc nh im ti u.
ngun: t Myers, Response Surface Methodology 1976 (SAS,2004).
data d;
input Thgian Nhietdo MBT;
label Thgian = "Thoi gian phan ung(gio)"
Nhietdo = "Nhiet do (do C)"
MBT = "Hieu suat (%)Mercaptobenzothiazole";
datalines;
4.0 250 83.8
20.0 250 81.7
12.0 250 82.4
12.0 250 82.9
12.0 220 84.7
12.0 280 57.9
12.0 250 81.2
6.3 229 81.3
6.3 271 83.1
17.7 229 85.3
17.7 271 72.7
4.0 250 82.0
;
proc sort;
by Thgian Nhietdo;
run;
proc rsreg;
model MBT=Thgian Nhietdo / lackfit;
ridge max;
run;
/* Plot contours of predicted response */

data b;
set d;
flag=1;
MBT=.;
do Thgian=0 to 20 by 1;
do Nhietdo=220 to 280 by 5;
output;
end;
end;
data c;
set d b;
run;
76
proc rsreg data=c out=e noprint;
model MBT=Thgian Nhietdo / predict;
id flag;
run;
data f;
set e;
if flag=1;
data annote;
length function color style $8 text $8;
retain hsys ysys xsys '2' size 1 function 'label'
color 'black' style 'swissl' position '5';
x=255; y=10 ; text='80.3'; output;
x=245; y=11 ; text='82.9'; output;
x=227; y= 7 ; text='80.3'; output;
x=235; y= 8 ; text='82.9'; output;
x=235; y=14.5; text='85.5'; output;
x=230; y=18 ; text='88.1'; output;
x=250; y= 3 ; text='85.5'; output;
run;
axis1 label=(angle=90) minor=none;
axis2 order=(220 to 280 by 20) minor=none;
proc gcontour data=f annotate=annote;

plot Thgian*Nhietdo=MBT
/ nlevels=12 vaxis=axis1 haxis=axis2 nolegend;
run;
The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure
Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables
Factor Subtracted off Divided by
Thgian 12.000000 8.000000

Nhietdo 250.000000 30.000000
Response Surface for Variable MBT: Hieu suat (%%)Mercaptobenzothiazole
Response Mean 79.916667

Root MSE 4.615964
R-Square 0.8003
Coefficient of Variation 5.7760
Type I Sum
Regression DF of Squares R-Square F Value Pr > F
Linear 2 313.585803 0.4899 7.36 0.0243

Quadratic 2 146.768144 0.2293 3.44 0.1009
Crossproduct 1 51.840000 0.0810 2.43 0.1698
Total Model 5 512.193947 0.8003 4.81 0.0410
Sum of
Residual DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Lack of Fit 3 124.696053 41.565351 39.63 0.0065

Pure Error 3 3.146667 1.048889
Total Error 6 127.842720 21.307120
Parameter
Estimate
Standard from Coded
77
Parameter DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t| Data
Intercept 1 -545.867976 277.145373 -1.97 0.0964 82.173110

Thgian 1 6.872863 5.004928 1.37 0.2188 -1.014287
Nhietdo 1 4.989743 2.165839 2.30 0.0608 -8.676768
Thgian*Thgian 1 0.021631 0.056784 0.38 0.7164 1.384394
Nhietdo*Thgian 1 -0.030075 0.019281 -1.56 0.1698 -7.218045
Nhietdo*Nhietdo 1 -0.009836 0.004304 -2.29 0.0623 -8.852519
The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure
Sum of
Factor DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Label
Thgian 3 61.290957 20.430319 0.96 0.4704 Thoi gian phan ung(gio)

Nhietdo 3 461.250925 153.750308 7.22 0.0205 Nhiet do (do C)
The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure

Canonical Analysis of Response Surface Based on Coded Data
Critical Value
Factor Coded Uncoded Label
Thgian -0.441758 8.465935 Thoi gian phan ung(gio)

Nhietdo -0.309976 240.700718 Nhiet do (do C)
Predicted value at stationary point: 83.741940
Eigenvectors
Eigenvalues Thgian Nhietdo
2.528816 0.953223 -0.302267

-9.996940 0.302267 0.953223
Stationary point is a saddle point.
The SAS System
The RSREG Procedure
Estimated Ridge of Maximum Response for Variable MBT: Hieu suat (%%)Mercaptobenzothiazole
Coded Estimated Standard Uncoded Factor Values

Radius Response Error Thgian Nhietdo
0.0 82.173110 2.665023 12.000000 250.000000

0.1 82.952909 2.648671 11.964493 247.002956
0.2 83.558260 2.602270 12.142790 244.023941
0.3 84.037098 2.533296 12.704153 241.396084
0.4 84.470454 2.457836 13.517555 239.435227
0.5 84.914099 2.404616 14.370977 237.919138
0.6 85.390012 2.410981 15.212247 236.624811
0.7 85.906767 2.516619 16.037822 235.449230
0.8 86.468277 2.752355 16.850813 234.344204
0.9 87.076587 3.130961 17.654321 233.284652
78
1.0 87.732874 3.648568 18.450682 232.256238
20
15
10
220 240 260 280
Nh i e t do ( do C)
Hnh 4.3. Hiu sut % Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) do nh hng ca thi gian phn ng v nhit
theo mt phng ng mc.
4.9. th hnh li chiu mt phng ba chiu: ca nh hng nhit ( C) v nng

cht xc tc (g) n nng sut sinh khi (g) ca vi khun (bi tp rt gn t
TSPLINE, SAS, 1999).
data VIKHUAN;
input nhiet nongdo nsuat @@;
datalines;
60 0 6.8389 64 0 7.3874 68 0 7.6236 72 0 7.5902 76 0 7.3299
60 0.002 7.1584 64 0.002 7.7366 68 0.002 7.9968 72 0.002 7.9817 76 0.002 7.7339
60 0.004 7.4337 64 0.004 8.0436 68 0.004 8.3297 72 0.004 8.3348 76 0.004 8.1016
60 0.006 7.6658 64 0.006 8.3092 68 0.006 8.6232 72 0.006 8.6504 76 0.006 8.4337
60 0.008 7.8556 64 0.008 8.5345 68 0.008 8.8783 72 0.008 8.9296 76 0.008 8.7313
60 0.01 8.004 64 0.01 8.7204 68 0.01 9.0959 72 0.01 9.1733 76 0.01 8.9953
60 0.012 8.1121 64 0.012 8.8678 68 0.012 9.277 72 0.012 9.3824 76 0.012 9.2267
60 0.014 8.1807 64 0.014 8.9778 68 0.014 9.4226 72 0.014 9.5579 76 0.014 9.4265
60 0.016 8.2109 64 0.016 9.0512 68 0.016 9.5336 72 0.016 9.7008 76 0.016 9.5955
60 0.018 8.2035 64 0.018 9.089 68 0.018 9.6109 72 0.018 9.8119 76 0.018 9.7347
60 0.02 8.1595 64 0.02 9.0922 68 0.02 9.6555 72 0.02 9.8923 76 0.02 9.8451
60 0.022 8.08 64 0.022 9.0617 68 0.022 9.6684 72 0.022 9.9428 76 0.022 9.9277
60 0.024 7.9657 64 0.024 8.9985 68 0.024 9.6505 72 0.024 9.9646 76 0.024 9.9834
60 0.026 7.8178 64 0.026 8.9035 68 0.026 9.6028 72 0.026 9.9584 76 0.026 10.0131
60 0.028 7.6371 64 0.028 8.7777 68 0.028 9.5262 72 0.028 9.9253 76 0.028 10.0178
60 0.03 7.4245 64 0.03 8.622 68 0.03 9.4217 72 0.03 9.8662 76 0.03 9.9984
60 0.032 7.1812 64 0.032 8.4375 68 0.032 9.2902 72 0.032 9.7821 76 0.032 9.956
60 0.034 6.9079 64 0.034 8.2249 68 0.034 9.1327 72 0.034 9.6739 76 0.034 9.8914
60 0.036 6.6057 64 0.036 7.9854 68 0.036 8.9501 72 0.036 9.5426 76 0.036 9.8057
79
60 0.038 6.2755 64 0.038 7.7198 68 0.038 8.7434 72 0.038 9.3891 76 0.038 9.6997
60 0.04 5.9183 64 0.04 7.4291 68 0.04 8.5135 72 0.04 9.2144 76 0.04 9.5744
60 0.042 5.5349 64 0.042 7.1142 68 0.042 8.2615 72 0.042 9.0194 76 0.042 9.4308
60 0.044 5.1265 64 0.044 6.7762 68 0.044 7.9882 72 0.044 8.8051 76 0.044 9.2699
60 0.046 4.6939 64 0.046 6.4159 68 0.046 7.6946 72 0.046 8.5725 76 0.046 9.0925
60 0.048 4.238 64 0.048 6.0344 68 0.048 7.3816 72 0.048 8.3225 76 0.048 8.8997
60 0.05 3.7599 64 0.05 5.6325 68 0.05 7.0503 72 0.05 8.056 76 0.05 8.6923
60 0.052 3.2604 64 0.052 5.2112 68 0.052 6.7015 72 0.052 7.774 76 0.052 8.4714
60 0.054 2.7406 64 0.054 4.7716 68 0.054 6.3362 72 0.054 7.4774 76 0.054 8.2379
60 0.056 2.2014 64 0.056 4.3144 68 0.056 5.9554 72 0.056 7.1673 76 0.056 7.9927
60 0.058 1.6438 64 0.058 3.8407 68 0.058 5.5601 72 0.058 6.8445 76 0.058 7.7369
60 0.06 1.0686 64 0.06 3.3515 68 0.06 5.1511 72 0.06 6.5101 76 0.06 7.4713
60 0.062 0.4769 64 0.062 2.8476 68 0.062 4.7294 72 0.062 6.1649 76 0.062 7.1969
60 0.064 0 64 0.064 2.3302 68 0.064 4.2961 72 0.064 5.81 76 0.064 6.9146
60 0.066 0 64 0.066 1.7999 68 0.066 3.8519 72 0.066 5.4462 76 0.066 6.6255
60 0.068 0 64 0.068 1.258 68 0.068 3.398 72 0.068 5.0745 76 0.068 6.3305
60 0.07 0 64 0.07 0.7053 68 0.07 2.9352 72 0.07 4.696 76 0.07 6.0305
60 0.072 0 64 0.072 0.1427 68 0.072 2.4645 72 0.072 4.3115 76 0.072 5.7264
60 0.074 0 64 0.074 0 68 0.074 1.9868 72 0.074 3.9219 76 0.074 5.4193
60 0.076 0 64 0.076 0 68 0.076 1.5032 72 0.076 3.5283 76 0.076 5.1101
60 0.078 0 64 0.078 0 68 0.078 1.0145 72 0.078 3.1316 76 0.078 4.7997
60 0.08 0 64 0.08 0 68 0.08 0.5217 72 0.08 2.7328 76 0.08 4.4891
62 0 7.1549 66 0 7.5419 70 0 7.6379 74 0 7.4857 78 0 7.128
62 0.002 7.49 66 0.002 7.9038 70 0.002 8.021 74 0.002 7.8842 78 0.002 7.5362
62 0.004 7.7818 66 0.004 8.2244 70 0.004 8.3647 74 0.004 8.2453 78 0.004 7.909
62 0.006 8.0314 66 0.006 8.5047 70 0.006 8.67 74 0.006 8.5699 78 0.006 8.2472
62 0.008 8.2396 66 0.008 8.7456 70 0.008 8.9378 74 0.008 8.859 78 0.008 8.5519
62 0.01 8.4075 66 0.01 8.9481 70 0.01 9.1692 74 0.01 9.1136 78 0.01 8.824
62 0.012 8.536 66 0.012 9.1131 70 0.012 9.365 74 0.012 9.3345 78 0.012 9.0644
62 0.014 8.626 66 0.014 9.2416 70 0.014 9.5263 74 0.014 9.5229 78 0.014 9.2741
62 0.016 8.6784 66 0.016 9.3345 70 0.016 9.6539 74 0.016 9.6795 78 0.016 9.454
62 0.018 8.6944 66 0.018 9.3927 70 0.018 9.7488 74 0.018 9.8054 78 0.018 9.6052
62 0.02 8.6747 66 0.02 9.4174 70 0.02 9.8121 74 0.02 9.9015 78 0.02 9.7285
62 0.022 8.6204 66 0.022 9.4093 70 0.022 9.8445 74 0.022 9.9688 78 0.022 9.8249
62 0.024 8.5324 66 0.024 9.3694 70 0.024 9.8471 74 0.024 10.0082 78 0.024 9.8954
62 0.026 8.4116 66 0.026 9.2988 70 0.026 9.8209 74 0.026 10.0207 78 0.026 9.9409
62 0.028 8.2591 66 0.028 9.1983 70 0.028 9.7668 74 0.028 10.0072 78 0.028 9.9624
62 0.03 8.0757 66 0.03 9.0689 70 0.03 9.6857 74 0.03 9.9687 78 0.03 9.9608
62 0.032 7.8624 66 0.032 8.9116 70 0.032 9.5786 74 0.032 9.9062 78 0.032 9.937
62 0.034 7.6202 66 0.034 8.7273 70 0.034 9.4464 74 0.034 9.8205 78 0.034 9.8921
62 0.036 7.3501 66 0.036 8.5169 70 0.036 9.2902 74 0.036 9.7127 78 0.036 9.827
62 0.038 7.0529 66 0.038 8.2815 70 0.038 9.1108 74 0.038 9.5836 78 0.038 9.7427
62 0.04 6.7296 66 0.04 8.0219 70 0.04 8.9092 74 0.04 9.4344 78 0.04 9.64
62 0.042 6.3813 66 0.042 7.7392 70 0.042 8.6864 74 0.042 9.2658 78 0.042 9.52
62 0.044 6.0087 66 0.044 7.4342 70 0.044 8.4434 74 0.044 9.0789 78 0.044 9.3835
62 0.046 5.613 66 0.046 7.108 70 0.046 8.1809 74 0.046 8.8746 78 0.046 9.2316
62 0.048 5.195 66 0.048 6.7615 70 0.048 7.9002 74 0.048 8.6538 78 0.048 9.0653
62 0.05 4.7557 66 0.05 6.3956 70 0.05 7.602 74 0.05 8.4176 78 0.05 8.8853
62 0.052 4.2961 66 0.052 6.0113 70 0.052 7.2873 74 0.052 8.1669 78 0.052 8.6928
62 0.054 3.817 66 0.054 5.6095 70 0.054 6.9571 74 0.054 7.9026 78 0.054 8.4887
62 0.056 3.3196 66 0.056 5.1912 70 0.056 6.6123 74 0.056 7.6256 78 0.056 8.2739
62 0.058 2.8046 66 0.058 4.7574 70 0.058 6.254 74 0.058 7.337 78 0.058 8.0493
62 0.06 2.2731 66 0.06 4.309 70 0.06 5.883 74 0.06 7.0377 78 0.06 7.816
62 0.062 1.7261 66 0.062 3.847 70 0.062 5.5003 74 0.062 6.7287 78 0.062 7.5749
80
62 0.064 1.1644 66 0.064 3.3723 70 0.064 5.1068 74 0.064 6.4108 78 0.064 7.3269
62 0.066 0.589 66 0.066 2.8858 70 0.066 4.7036 74 0.066 6.085 78 0.066 7.0729
62 0.068 0.0009 66 0.068 2.3886 70 0.068 4.2915 74 0.068 5.7524 78 0.068 6.8141
62 0.07 0 66 0.07 1.8815 70 0.07 3.8715 74 0.07 5.4138 78 0.07 6.5512
62 0.072 0 66 0.072 1.3656 70 0.072 3.4446 74 0.072 5.0703 78 0.072 6.2852
62 0.074 0 66 0.074 0.8417 70 0.074 3.0117 74 0.074 4.7227 78 0.074 6.0172
62 0.076 0 66 0.076 0.3109 70 0.076 2.5738 74 0.076 4.372 78 0.076 5.748
62 0.078 0 66 0.078 0 70 0.078 2.1319 74 0.078 4.0191 78 0.078 5.4787
62 0.08 0 66 0.08 0 70 0.08 1.6868 74 0.08 3.6651 78 0.08 5.2101
80 0 6.8855 84 0 6.2997 88 0 5.6152 92 0 4.8749 100 0 3.3975
80 0.002 7.2964 84 0.002 6.7118 88 0.002 6.0229 92 0.002 5.2723 100 0.002 3.7574
80 0.004 7.6729 84 0.004 7.0914 88 0.004 6.3999 92 0.004 5.6411 100 0.004 4.0926
80 0.006 8.0158 84 0.006 7.4394 88 0.006 6.7472 92 0.006 5.9821 100 0.006 4.4038
80 0.008 8.3261 84 0.008 7.7567 88 0.008 7.0659 92 0.008 6.2963 100 0.008 4.6922
80 0.01 8.6048 84 0.01 8.0443 88 0.01 7.3567 92 0.01 6.5847 100 0.01 4.9586
80 0.012 8.8528 84 0.012 8.3032 88 0.012 7.6208 92 0.012 6.8483 100 0.012 5.204
80 0.014 9.071 84 0.014 8.5343 88 0.014 7.859 92 0.014 7.088 100 0.014 5.4294
80 0.016 9.2605 84 0.016 8.7385 88 0.016 8.0723 92 0.016 7.3046 100 0.016 5.6358
80 0.018 9.4221 84 0.018 8.9169 88 0.018 8.2617 92 0.018 7.4993 100 0.018 5.824
80 0.02 9.5569 84 0.02 9.0703 88 0.02 8.4281 92 0.02 7.6729 100 0.02 5.995
80 0.022 9.6657 84 0.022 9.1997 88 0.022 8.5724 92 0.022 7.8264 100 0.022 6.1498
80 0.024 9.7496 84 0.024 9.3061 88 0.024 8.6956 92 0.024 7.9608 100 0.024 6.2893
80 0.026 9.8095 84 0.026 9.3905 88 0.026 8.7987 92 0.026 8.077 100 0.026 6.4145
80 0.028 9.8463 84 0.028 9.4537 88 0.028 8.8827 92 0.028 8.1759 100 0.028 6.5264
80 0.03 9.861 84 0.03 9.4968 88 0.03 8.9484 92 0.03 8.2586 100 0.03 6.6258
80 0.032 9.8546 84 0.032 9.5206 88 0.032 8.9968 92 0.032 8.3259 100 0.032 6.7138
80 0.034 9.8279 84 0.034 9.5262 88 0.034 9.0289 92 0.034 8.3788 100 0.034 6.7914
80 0.036 9.7821 84 0.036 9.5145 88 0.036 9.0457 92 0.036 8.4184 100 0.036 6.8593
80 0.038 9.7179 84 0.038 9.4864 88 0.038 9.048 92 0.038 8.4454 100 0.038 6.9187
80 0.04 9.6364 84 0.04 9.4429 88 0.04 9.0369 92 0.04 8.4609 100 0.04 6.9704
80 0.042 9.5384 84 0.042 9.385 88 0.042 9.0132 92 0.042 8.4659 100 0.042 7.0154
80 0.044 9.4251 84 0.044 9.3136 88 0.044 8.978 92 0.044 8.4612 100 0.044 7.0548
80 0.046 9.2973 84 0.046 9.2296 88 0.046 8.9323 92 0.046 8.4479 100 0.046 7.0893
80 0.048 9.156 84 0.048 9.1341 88 0.048 8.8768 92 0.048 8.4269 100 0.048 7.12
80 0.05 9.0021 84 0.05 9.028 88 0.05 8.8127 92 0.05 8.3991 100 0.05 7.1478
80 0.052 8.8365 84 0.052 8.9121 88 0.052 8.7409 92 0.052 8.3656 100 0.052 7.1737
80 0.054 8.6603 84 0.054 8.7875 88 0.054 8.6622 92 0.054 8.3272 100 0.054 7.1987
80 0.056 8.4744 84 0.056 8.6552 88 0.056 8.5778 92 0.056 8.2849 100 0.056 7.2236
80 0.058 8.2798 84 0.058 8.5161 88 0.058 8.4884 92 0.058 8.2396 100 0.058 7.2495
80 0.06 8.0773 84 0.06 8.3711 88 0.06 8.3952 92 0.06 8.1924 100 0.06 7.2773
80 0.062 7.868 84 0.062 8.2211 88 0.062 8.2989 92 0.062 8.1442 100 0.062 7.3079
80 0.064 7.6528 84 0.064 8.0672 88 0.064 8.2007 92 0.064 8.0958 100 0.064 7.3423
80 0.066 7.4327 84 0.066 7.9104 88 0.066 8.1014 92 0.066 8.0484 100 0.066 7.3815
80 0.068 7.2085 84 0.068 7.7514 88 0.068 8.0019 92 0.068 8.0028 100 0.068 7.4264
80 0.07 6.9814 84 0.07 7.5914 88 0.07 7.9033 92 0.07 7.9599 100 0.07 7.478
80 0.072 6.7521 84 0.072 7.4312 88 0.072 7.8066 92 0.072 7.9208 100 0.072 7.5371
80 0.074 6.5217 84 0.074 7.2719 88 0.074 7.7125 92 0.074 7.8864 100 0.074 7.6049
80 0.076 6.2912 84 0.076 7.1143 88 0.076 7.6222 92 0.076 7.8577 100 0.076 7.6822
80 0.078 6.0614 84 0.078 6.9594 88 0.078 7.5365 92 0.078 7.8355 100 0.078 7.7699
80 0.08 5.8333 84 0.08 6.8082 88 0.08 7.4565 92 0.08 7.8209 100 0.08 7.8691
82 0 6.6076 86 0 5.9671 90 0 5.2494 94 0 4.4971 98 0 3.7531
82 0.002 7.0198 86 0.002 6.3777 90 0.002 5.6526 94 0.002 4.8873 98 0.002 4.1245
82 0.004 7.3986 86 0.004 6.7567 90 0.004 6.0262 94 0.004 5.2498 98 0.004 4.4702
82 0.006 7.7447 86 0.006 7.1051 90 0.006 6.3711 94 0.006 5.5855 98 0.006 4.791
81
82 0.008 8.0593 86 0.008 7.4238 90 0.008 6.6883 94 0.008 5.8954 98 0.008 5.088
82 0.01 8.3431 86 0.01 7.7137 90 0.01 6.9786 94 0.01 6.1805 98 0.01 5.3621
82 0.012 8.5973 86 0.012 7.9759 90 0.012 7.2431 94 0.012 6.4416 98 0.012 5.6142
82 0.014 8.8226 86 0.014 8.2113 90 0.014 7.4828 94 0.014 6.6799 98 0.014 5.8453
82 0.016 9.0202 86 0.016 8.4208 90 0.016 7.6985 94 0.016 6.8961 98 0.016 6.0563
82 0.018 9.1909 86 0.018 8.6053 90 0.018 7.8912 94 0.018 7.0913 98 0.018 6.2483
82 0.02 9.3357 86 0.02 8.766 90 0.02 8.0619 94 0.02 7.2664 98 0.02 6.4221
82 0.022 9.4556 86 0.022 8.9035 90 0.022 8.2116 94 0.022 7.4224 98 0.022 6.5787
82 0.024 9.5514 86 0.024 9.0191 90 0.024 8.3411 94 0.024 7.5602 98 0.024 6.7191
82 0.026 9.6243 86 0.026 9.1135 90 0.026 8.4514 94 0.026 7.6807 98 0.026 6.8442
82 0.028 9.675 86 0.028 9.1878 90 0.028 8.5436 94 0.028 7.785 98 0.028 6.9549
82 0.03 9.7046 86 0.03 9.2429 90 0.03 8.6185 94 0.03 7.874 98 0.03 7.0523
82 0.032 9.714 86 0.032 9.2797 90 0.032 8.6771 94 0.032 7.9487 98 0.032 7.1373
82 0.034 9.7042 86 0.034 9.2993 90 0.034 8.7203 94 0.034 8.0099 98 0.034 7.2108
82 0.036 9.6761 86 0.036 9.3025 90 0.036 8.7491 94 0.036 8.0586 98 0.036 7.2738
82 0.038 9.6307 86 0.038 9.2904 90 0.038 8.7645 94 0.038 8.0959 98 0.038 7.3272
82 0.04 9.5689 86 0.04 9.2638 90 0.04 8.7675 94 0.04 8.1226 98 0.04 7.372
82 0.042 9.4917 86 0.042 9.2237 90 0.042 8.7588 94 0.042 8.1397 98 0.042 7.4092
82 0.044 9.4 86 0.044 9.1712 90 0.044 8.7396 94 0.044 8.1482 98 0.044 7.4396
82 0.046 9.2949 86 0.046 9.107 90 0.046 8.7108 94 0.046 8.149 98 0.046 7.4643
82 0.048 9.1771 86 0.048 9.0322 90 0.048 8.6733 94 0.048 8.143 98 0.048 7.4842
82 0.05 9.0478 86 0.05 8.9478 90 0.05 8.6281 94 0.05 8.1313 98 0.05 7.5003
82 0.052 8.9078 86 0.052 8.8547 90 0.052 8.5761 94 0.052 8.1148 98 0.052 7.5135
82 0.054 8.7582 86 0.054 8.7538 90 0.054 8.5183 94 0.054 8.0943 98 0.054 7.5247
82 0.056 8.5998 86 0.056 8.6461 90 0.056 8.4556 94 0.056 8.071 98 0.056 7.535
82 0.058 8.4336 86 0.058 8.5326 90 0.058 8.389 94 0.058 8.0457 98 0.058 7.5452
82 0.06 8.2606 86 0.06 8.4141 90 0.06 8.3195 94 0.06 8.0193 98 0.06 7.5564
82 0.062 8.0817 86 0.062 8.2918 90 0.062 8.2479 94 0.062 7.9929 98 0.062 7.5694
82 0.064 7.8978 86 0.064 8.1664 90 0.064 8.1754 94 0.064 7.9674 98 0.064 7.5853
82 0.066 7.71 86 0.066 8.039 90 0.066 8.1027 94 0.066 7.9438 98 0.066 7.605
82 0.068 7.5192 86 0.068 7.9106 90 0.068 8.0309 94 0.068 7.9229 98 0.068 7.6294
82 0.07 7.3263 86 0.07 7.782 90 0.07 7.9609 94 0.07 7.9058 98 0.07 7.6595
82 0.072 7.1323 86 0.072 7.6542 90 0.072 7.8937 94 0.072 7.8934 98 0.072 7.6962
82 0.074 6.9382 86 0.074 7.5282 90 0.074 7.8301 94 0.074 7.8867 98 0.074 7.7406
82 0.076 6.7448 86 0.076 7.405 90 0.076 7.7713 94 0.076 7.8866 98 0.076 7.7935
82 0.078 6.5532 86 0.078 7.2854 90 0.078 7.7181 94 0.078 7.894 98 0.078 7.8559
82 0.08 6.3643 86 0.08 7.1705 90 0.08 7.6715 94 0.08 7.91 98 0.08 7.9288
;
%let nlevels=8;
%let colors='black vibg cyan green lime gold orange red';
proc means data= VIKHUAN noprint min max;
var nhiet nongdo nsuat;
output out=range
min=nhietmin nongdomin nsuatmin
max=nhietmax nongdomax nsuatmax;
run;
data _null_;
set range;
call symput('nhietmin', nhietmin);
call symput('nhietmax', nhietmax);
call symput('nongdomin', nongdomin);
call symput('nongdomax', nongdomax);
call symput('nsuatmin', nsuatmin);
call symput('nsuatmax', nsuatmax);
call symput('floor', int(nsuatmin-4));
call symput('ceil', int(nsuatmax+2));
82
call symput('step', (nsuatmax- nsuatmin)/&nlevels);
run;
proc sort data= VIKHUAN;
by nhiet nongdo;
run;
data plane1 surf1;
length function color $ 8;
retain xsys ysys zsys '2';
drop nongdo nhiet nsuat ncol;
set VIKHUAN;
by nhiet;
x=nhiet; y=nongdo; z=&floor;
if first.nhiet then function='move';
else
do;
function='draw';
ncol=min(&nlevels,int(1+(nsuat-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol);
end;
output plane1;
z=nsuat; output surf1;
run;
proc sort data= VIKHUAN;

by nongdo nhiet;
run;
data plane2 surf2;
drop nongdo nhiet nsuat ncol;
set VIKHUAN;
by nongdo;
x=nhiet; y=nongdo; z=&floor;
if first.nongdo then function='move';
else
do;
function='draw';
ncol=min(&nlevels,int(1+(nsuat-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol);
end;
output plane2;
z=nsuat; output surf2;
run;
data legend;
drop legend ncol;
do legend=&nsuatmin to (&nsuatmax-&step) by &step;
x=&nhietmin; y=&nongdomax; z=legend;
function='poly'; style='solid';
ncol=min(&nlevels, int(1+(legend+(&step/2)-&nsuatmin)/&step));
color=scan(&colors,ncol); output;
z=legend+&step;
function='polycont'; output;
x=&nhietmin+(&nhietmax-&nhietmin)*.05; output;
z=legend; output;
end;
run;
data annoall;
set surf1 surf2 plane1 plane2 legend;
run;
83
data plotdata;
nhiet=&nhietmin; nongdo=&nongdomin; nsuat=&floor; output;
nhiet=&nhietmax; nongdo=&nongdomax; output;
run;
proc g3d data=plotdata;
scatter nongdo*nhiet=nsuat/rotate=40 xticknum=5 yticknum=5 zticknum=5
shape='point' zmin=&floor zmax=&ceil annotate=annoall;
label nongdo='Chat xuc tac(g)'
nhiet ='Nhiet do (do C)'
nsuat ='Nang suat sinh khoi(g)';
run;
quit;
Na n g s uat si nh khoi ( g)
12
- 4
0. 08
100
0. 06
90
0. 04 80
Chat xuc t ac( g) 0. 02 70 Nh i e t do ( do C)
0. 00 60
Hnh 4.4. Tng quan ba chiu v mt phng nng sut sinh khi ca vi khun vi nng cht
xc tc v nhit .
Ti liu tham kho
Ting Anh
Barnard, J., 1994. Computer Analysis of Standard Experimental Designs (with GENSTAT,
MINITAB, S, and SAS). New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 115 pp.
84
Catala, M., 1993. Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Control In Rice Fields With The Puddling
Technique. Cahiers Options Mditerranennes, vol. 15, no. 4, 143-146.
Clewer, A. G. and D. H. Scarisbrick, 2001. Practical Statistics and Experimental Design for
Plant and Crop Science. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 331 pp.
Filippi, M. C. and A. S. Prabhu, 1997. Integrated Effect of Host Plant Resistance and
Fungicidal Seed Treatment on Rice Blast Control in Brazil. Plant Disease, April 1997, 351.
Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez , 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd
ed. Wiley, New York, 590-601.
Hasanuzzaman, M., 2008. Data analysis with MSTAT-C. AGRO 516 Lecture Sheet# 09. 4 pp.
Kuehl, R. O., 2000. Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles of Research Design and
Analysis. 2nd ed. 666 pp.
MSTAT Development Team, 1993. MSTATC, Computer Program for the Design, Management
and Analysis of Agromomic Research Experiment. Michigan State University, 152 pp.
NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service, USDA), 2007. Statistix 8 User Guide for the
Plant Materials Program, version 2.0, 80 pp.
Petersen, R.G., 1994. Agricultural Field Experiment. Marcel Dekker, Inc. USA, 409 pp.
Qu, L., X. Wang, Y. Chen, and R. Scalzo, 2005. Commercial Seed Lots Exhibit Reduced Seed
Dormancy in Comparison to Wild Seed Lots of Echinacea purpurea. Hort Science. October;
40(6): 18431845.
SAS. 2004. SAS/STAT Users Guide 9.1, 5123 pp.
SAS Institute, 1999. SAS version 8. Cary, NC, USA.
Schabenberger, O., 2000. SAS Code for Some Advanced Experimental Designs. UCLA
Academic Technological Services.
Statistix 9, 2008. Statistical software.
Taa, A.; Tanner and A. T. P. Bennie, 2002. Effects of Stubble Management, Tillage and
Cropping Sequence on the Severity of Take-all and Eyespot Diseases of Wheat. African Crop
Science Journal, Vol. 10. No. 1, 67-79.
Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center , 2000. A Field Guide to Experimental Designs.
Washington State University.
Westfall, P. H., 2008. A Course in Multiple Comparisons and Multiple Tests. Texas Tech
University.
Ting Vit
Bi Vit Hi, 2001. Phng php nghin cu khoa hc v x l s liu thc nghim. H Nng
Lm TP HCM, 135 tr.
Ng ng Phong, Hunh Th Thy Trang, Nguyn Duy Nng, 2003. Hng dn s dng phn
mm MSTATC trong phng php th nghim nng nghip, 90 tr.
Phm Ch Thnh, 1976. Phng php th nghim ng rung. XN in H Ni, 264 tr.
Trnh Cng Thnh, 2003. ng dng SAS trong phn tch s liu. H Nng Lm TP HCM,
304 tr.
85

Huong Dan Su Dung Phan Mem Sas Phan Tich So Lieu Thi Nghiem

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3.1. Khi y hon ton ngu nhin mt yu t 24

PHNG PHP PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA), XP NHM (GROUPING)

Cch ghi s liu lu trong file excel

1.4. X l s liu vi SAS

Hnh 1.1. Giao din ca SAS version 8

- Copy file word mu v patse vo phn Program editor.

- Click vo hnh thanh cng c (task bar) x l s liu

T 5 D25 G22 K14 X31 Z15

NANG SUAT THUC THU

The ANOVA Procedure

Model 7 170.8494350 24.4070621 8.88 0.0006

Error 12 32.9776200 2.7481350

Corrected Total 19 203.8270550

R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y Mean

0.838208 15.16212 1.657750 10.93350

K 3 0.9092550 0.3030850 0.11 0.9524

NANG SUAT THUC THU

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

1. 5. Gii thch kt qu: Xem bng ANOVA

R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y Mean

1.6. Trnh by kt qu:

1.7. Phng thc to file mu cho th nghim hai yu t

Trnh t phn tch: a. To file mu x l ANOVA v xp nhm nghim thc S v P.

The GLM Procedure

Model 7 684.6666667 97.8095238 14.53 0.0002

Corrected Total 17 752.0000000

R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y Mean

0.910461 4.717940 2.594867 55.00000

Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

The GLM Procedure

t Tests (LSD) for Y

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

The GLM Procedure

t Tests (LSD) for Y

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

The GLM Procedure

Level of Level of --------------Y--------------

Class Levels Values

SP 6 S1P1 S1P2 S2P1 S2P2 S3P1 S3P2

Model 7 684.6666667 97.8095238 14.53 0.0002

Error 10 67.3333333 6.7333333

Corrected Total 17 752.0000000

R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Y Mean

0.910461 4.717940 2.594867 55.00000

Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

K 2 417.3333333 208.6666667 30.99 <.0001

The GLM Procedure

Duncan's Multiple Range Test for Y

Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Duncan Grouping Mean N SP

Yu t ln Yu t khong cch hng Trung bnh yu t ln

Gii thch kt qu:

Xem s liu bng sau:

S trung bnh bnh phng nh nht:

Nhng thiu 1 s nh bng sau:

S trung bnh = (4 + 6 + 2 + ....+ 4 + 2 + 3)/8 = 3,625.

- Nu quan tm n so snh nhiu gi tr c lp v khng quan tm n nhiu tng tc,

- So snh gi tr p iu chnh gii thch tng tc ca A*B, cn c trn gi thit cn bn l