_

_

2016

1
1




o
o
o

o )(Product
o )(Process
o )(Service
o )(Business Model

o
o
o
o
o

)(2016-2015

2
2


.



. .2021

_ : Creativity

/ .

3
3
_ : Creativity
Unconventional "
" "Thinking outside the box or the square "
Innovation
.
:

.1 )
.(Highly Creative
.2
.
.3
.
.4 .

_ : Creativity
.New or Original Ideas and Concepts

: Thinking .Producing
Knowledge Creativity

.


.
.

Innovation

.
4
4

.

Invention Ideas Made Manifest
.Ideas Applied Successfully
.

.


"" Pioneers
.

)Researching (R
) Developing (D

) Commercializing (C .

Innovation



.

:

.

5
5


.

:
- - -
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
- .

6
6
 :
.

:

.
.
.
.

.

.

.

:


.

:


.

7
7
 :


.

.
.

.

.

.

. :

.

.
:

8
8
 ):(Product

. ) (Digital Camera
.

):(Process


.

):(Service
.

.

):(Business Model

.
.

.

.

9
9


.

( 1964 ) conant :
) (
.
.





.





.

10
10



.

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

.




.
30



.

11
11

2021 .

.

%1
.

.





.

12
12
 14
.

16

% 1

.

21

.

13
13



.

:
.

.




.

14
14
 7
:



.






.

7



:

.





.

15
15

160

21

21
.


4 :


4

.

BHMS


21 .



.

Nemo
.

21
.

16
16



.

2021

)
(
:

-1
.

:
- ) ( .
- )
(.
- ) (.
-
.
- ) (.
-
" " .
-
.

17
17
 - " "

.

-2 .
:
- .
- )

-
- -
- .( ....
-
) - -
-

-

-
- -
-
.( ........
-
.2000
-
)
- (


.
18
18
 -

:




.
-
2014



.

-
" "

.

-3 .

19
19
 -4 .

: -
-

- .





)




(.



.



.

20
20
 -5 .

"
" 2002

.
.
.


.
.
.


.


.

.



.

21
21

.




.
% 14

.

250
. 7
2015

.
% 40
%25 .
%13 :


.





.

.
22
22

.



.


250,000
.



.

450
% 7
%2 .



.

23
23
 .
.

.

.
141 79.

)( )
(.



.

2015
.
.
.
2016 128
82.

2016
.

.

- -
2016
15 2016

24
24
 41
47 .2015
128
82

.

134 86
137 53

9.3 11.3
.

.

:2016
- 66.28 63.57
61.93 61.40
59.90

6
(2+) 57 .(10+) 67
25
25



.

.


.


.

.
.

26
26

)(1
2016

) 1 ( 2015-2014 1

)(2 2

)(3 3

)(4 4

)(5 5

)(6 6

)(7 7

)(8 8

)(9 9

) ( 10 10

)(8 10
Source: The Global Innovation Index 2015 - Effective Innovation Policies for Development

27
27
 )(2
2015

) 1 ( 2014 1

)(2 2

)(3 3

)(5 4

)(6 5

)(4 6

)(7 7

) ( 11 8

)(9 9

)(8 10
Source: The Global Innovation Index 2015 - Effective Innovation Policies for Development

28
28







2021 .

_ ) .(2007
.

_ ) .(2004 - -
.

_ ) .(1999 .

_ The Global Innovation Index 2015 - Effective Innovation Policies for

29
29