10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Ch07HW
Due:11:59pmonTuesday,October14,2014
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy

WorkonaSlidingBox

Aboxofmassmisslidingalongahorizontalsurface.

PartA
Theboxleavespositionx = 0 withspeedv 0 .Theboxisslowedbyaconstantfrictionalforceuntilitcomestorestatpositionx = x1 .

FindFf ,themagnitudeoftheaveragefrictionalforcethatactsonthebox.(Sinceyoudon'tknowthecoefficientoffriction,don'tincludeitinyour
answer.)
Expressthefrictionalforceintermsofm,v 0 ,andx1 .

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Usetheworkenergytheorem.Asappliedtothispart,thetheoremstatesthattheworkdonebyfrictionisequaltothechangeinkineticenergyof
thebox:

W f = K = Kf Ki .

FindKi ,Kf ,andW f (whichwilldependonFf ),thensolveforFf .

Hint2.Findtheinitialkineticenergy
WhatisKi ,thekineticenergyoftheboxatpositionx = 0 ?

ANSWER:

1 2
Ki = mv0
2

Hint3.Findthefinalkineticenergy
WhatisKf ,thekineticenergyoftheboxwhenitreachespositionx = x1 ?

ANSWER:

Kf = 0

Hint4.Findtheworkdonebyfriction
FindW f ,theworkdonebyfrictiononthebox.Notethattheworkdonebyfrictionisalwaysnegative(i.e.,frictionalwaysdissipatesenergy).

ExpressyouranswerintermsofFf andothergivenvariables.

ANSWER:

Wf = F f x1

ANSWER:

2
mv0
Ff =
2x 1

Correct

PartB

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Aftertheboxcomestorestatpositionx1 ,apersonstartspushingthebox,givingitaspeedv 1 .

Whentheboxreachespositionx2 (wherex2 > x1 ),howmuchworkW p hasthepersondoneonthebox?

Assumethattheboxreachesx2 afterthepersonhasaccelerateditfromresttospeedv 1 .

Expresstheworkintermsofm,v 0 ,x1 ,x2 ,andv 1 .

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Again,usetheworkenergytheorem.Inthispartoftheproblem,boththepersonandfrictionaredoingworkonthebox:

W f + W p = K = Kf Ki .

Hint2.Findtheworkdonebyfriction
WhatisW f ,thetotalworkdonebyfrictionontheboxasthepersonpushesitfrompositionx1 topositionx2 ?

Answerintermsofgivenvariables.(YouranswershouldnotincludeFf .)

Hint1.Findingtheforceoffriction
ThenormalforceontheboxisunchangedfrompartA.Therefore,theforceoffrictionisthesameinthispartasinpartA.

ANSWER:

2
(m v0 )(x 2 x 1 )
Wf =
2x 1

Hint3.Findthechangeinkineticenergy
WhatisK ,thechangeinkineticenergyoftheboxfromthemomentitisatpositionx1 tothemomentitisatpositionx2 ?

ANSWER:

1
K = mv1
2
2

ANSWER:

2
1 mv0
Wp = ( )( x 2 x 1 ) +
1
mv1
2
2 x1 2

Correct

IntroductiontoPotentialEnergy

LearningGoal:
Understandthatconservativeforcescanberemovedfromtheworkintegralbyincorporatingthemintoanewformofenergycalledpotentialenergythat
mustbeaddedtothekineticenergytogetthetotalmechanicalenergy.

Thefirstpartofthisproblemcontainsshortanswerquestionsthatreviewtheworkenergytheorem.Inthesecondpartweintroducetheconceptofpotential
energy.Butfornow,pleaseanswerintermsoftheworkenergytheorem.

WorkEnergyTheorem
Theworkenergytheoremstates

Kf = Ki + W all ,

whereW all istheworkdonebyallforcesthatactontheobject,andKi andKf aretheinitialandfinalkineticenergies,respectively.

PartA
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthataforceactingonaparticleasitmovesovera______changesthe______energyoftheparticleiftheforcehasa
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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
componentparalleltothemotion.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblanksabove:

ANSWER:

distance/potential
distance/kinetic
verticaldisplacement/potential
noneoftheabove

Correct
Itisimportantthattheforcehaveacomponentactinginthedirectionofmotion.Forexample,ifaballisattachedtoastringandwhirledinuniform
circularmotion,thestringdoesapplyaforcetotheball,butsincethestring'sforceisalwaysperpendiculartothemotionitdoesnoworkand
cannotchangethekineticenergyoftheball.

PartB
Tocalculatethechangeinenergy,youmustknowtheforceasafunctionof_______.Theworkdonebytheforcecausestheenergychange.

Choosethebestanswertofillintheblankabove:
ANSWER:

acceleration
work
distance
potentialenergy

Correct

PartC
Toillustratetheworkenergyconcept,considerthecaseofastonefallingfromxi toxf undertheinfluenceofgravity.
Usingtheworkenergyconcept,wesaythatworkisdonebythegravitational_____,resultinginanincreaseofthe______energyofthestone.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblanksabove:

ANSWER:

force/kinetic
potentialenergy/potential
force/potential
potentialenergy/kinetic

Correct

PotentialEnergyYoushouldreadaboutpotentialenergyinyourtextbeforeansweringthefollowingquestions.

Potentialenergyisaconceptthatbuildsontheworkenergytheorem,enlargingtheconceptofenergyinthemostphysicallyusefulway.Thekeyaspectthat
allowsforpotentialenergyistheexistenceofconservativeforces,forcesforwhichtheworkdoneonanobjectdoesnotdependonthepathoftheobject,
onlytheinitialandfinalpositionsoftheobject.Thegravitationalforceisconservativethefrictionalforceisnot.

Thechangeinpotentialenergyisthenegativeoftheworkdonebyconservativeforces.Henceconsideringtheinitialandfinalpotentialenergiesis
equivalenttocalculatingtheworkdonebytheconservativeforces.Whenpotentialenergyisused,itreplacestheworkdonebytheassociatedconservative
force.Thenonlytheworkduetononconservativeforcesneedstobecalculated.

Insummary,whenusingtheconceptofpotentialenergy,onlynonconservativeforcescontributetothework,whichnowchangesthetotalenergy:

Kf + U f = E f = W nc + E i = W nc + Ki + U i ,

whereU f andU i arethefinalandinitialpotentialenergies,andW nc istheworkdueonlytononconservativeforces.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Now,wewillrevisitthefallingstoneexampleusingtheconceptofpotentialenergy.

PartD
Ratherthanascribingtheincreasedkineticenergyofthestonetotheworkofgravity,wenow(whenusingpotentialenergyratherthanworkenergy)
saythattheincreasedkineticenergycomesfromthe______ofthe_______energy.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblanksabove:

ANSWER:

work/potential
force/kinetic
change/potential

Correct

PartE
Thisprocesshappensinsuchawaythattotalmechanicalenergy,equaltothe______ofthekineticandpotentialenergies,is_______.
Choosethebestanswertofillintheblanksabove:

ANSWER:

sum/conserved
sum/zero
sum/notconserved
difference/conserved

Correct

PotentialEnergyCalculations

LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtherelationshipbetweentheforceandthepotentialenergychangesassociatedwiththatforceandtobeabletocalculatethechangesin
potentialenergyasdefiniteintegrals.

Imaginethataconservativeforcefieldisdefinedinacertainregionofspace.Doesthissoundtooabstract?Well,thinkofagravitationalfield(theonethat
makesapplesfalldownandkeepstheplanetsorbiting)oranelectrostaticfieldexistingaroundanyelectricallychargedobject.

Ifaparticleismovinginsuchafield,itschangeinpotentialenergydoesnotdependontheparticle'spathandisdeterminedonlybytheparticle'sinitialand
finalpositions.Recallthat,ingeneral,thecomponentofthenetforceactingonaparticleequalsthenegativederivativeofthepotentialenergyfunction
alongthecorrespondingaxis:

dU (x)
Fx = .
dx
Therefore,thechangeinpotentialenergycanbefoundastheintegral
2

U = F d s ,
1

whereU isthechangeinpotentialenergyforaparticlemovingfrompoint1topoint2,F isthenetforceactingontheparticleatagivenpointofitspath,

andds isasmalldisplacementoftheparticlealongitspathfrom1to2.

Evaluatingsuchanintegralinageneralcasecanbeatediousandlengthytask.However,twocircumstancesmakeiteasier:

1. Becausetheresultispathindependent,itisalwayspossibletoconsiderthemoststraightforwardwaytoreachpoint2frompoint1.
2. Themostcommonrealworldfieldsarerathersimplydefined.

Inthisproblem,youwillpracticecalculatingthechangeinpotentialenergyforaparticlemovinginthreecommonforcefields.

Notethat,intheequationsfortheforces,^i istheunitvectorinthexdirection,^
j istheunitvectorintheydirection,and r
^ istheunitvectorintheradial

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
directionincaseofasphericallysymmetricalforcefield.

PartA
Considerauniformgravitationalfield(afairapproximationnearthesurfaceofaplanet).Find
yf

U (y ) U (y ) = F g d s ,
f 0 y
0

where

^
F g = mg j andds = dy ^
j.

Expressyouranswerintermsofm,g,y 0 ,andy f .

Hint1.RelativedirectionsofF g andds

NotethatF g andds areparallel,andtheirdotproductissimplytheproductoftheirmagnitudes.Thatis,

F g ds = mg dy .

ANSWER:

U (y
f
) U (y
0
) = mg(y
f
y
0
)

Correct

PartB
ConsidertheforceexertedbyaspringthatobeysHooke'slaw.Find
xf

U (x f ) U (x 0 ) = F s ds ,
x0

where

^
F s = kx i ,
^
ds = dx i ,
andthespringconstantkispositive.

Expressyouranswerintermsofk,x0 ,andxf .

Hint1.RelativedirectionsofF s andds

NotethatF s andds areparallel,andtheirdotproductissimplytheproductoftheirmagnitudes.Thatis,

F s ds = kx dx .

ANSWER:

U (xf ) U (x0 ) = .5k(xf

2
x0
2
)

Correct

PartC
Finally,considerthegravitationalforcegeneratedbyasphericallysymmetricalmassiveobject.Themagnitudeanddirectionofsuchaforcearegiven
byNewton'slawofgravity:
Gm 1 m 2

FG = ^,
r
r2

whereds = dr r
^ G,m 1 ,andm 2 areconstantsandr > 0 .Find

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 5/27
U( ) U( 0) =
f
d G
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
rf

U (rf ) U (r0 ) = F G ds .
r0

ExpressyouranswerintermsofG,m1 ,m2 ,r0 ,andrf .

Hint1.RelativedirectionsofF G andds

NotethatF G andds areparallel,andtheirdotproductissimplytheproductoftheirmagnitudes.Thatis,

Gm 1 m 2

F G ds = dr.
r2

Hint2.Integrating1/r2

Recallthat
dr 1

2
=
r
.
r

Carefullyaccountforallthenegativesignsinyourcalculations.

ANSWER:

1 1
U (rf ) U (r0 )= G m1 m2 (
rf

r0
)

Correct
Asyoucansee,thechangeinpotentialenergyoftheparticlecanbefoundbyintegratingtheforcealongtheparticle'spath.However,thismethod,
aswementionedbefore,doeshaveanimportantrestriction:Itcanonlybeappliedtoaconservativeforcefield.Forconservativeforcessuchas
gravityortensiontheworkdoneontheparticledoesnotdependontheparticle'spath,andthepotentialenergyisthefunctionoftheparticle's
position.

Incaseofanonconservativeforcesuchasafrictionalormagneticforcethepotentialenergycannolongerbedefinedasafunctionofthe
particle'sposition,andthemethodthatyouusedinthisproblemwouldnotbeapplicable.

PhETTutorial:EnergySkatePark

LearningGoal:
Tounderstandconservationofmechanicalenergyinvolvinggravitationalpotentialenergyandkineticenergy.
Forthisproblem,usethePhETsimulationEnergySkatePark.Thissimulationallowsyoutoexplorethemotionandenergeticsofaskaterridingalonga
track.

Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.Choosetorunoropenit.

Watchtheskaterskateupanddownthetrack.Youcanclickanddragtheskatertoanylocationandreleasetheskaterfromrest.

ClickontheEnergyvs.Positionbuttontoseeaplotofthekinetic,potential,thermal,andtotalenergiesasafunctionoftheskater'sposition.TryBar
Graphtoseethesameinformationasabargraph.

Forthistutorial,youshouldhavetheCoefficientofFriction(undertheTrackFrictionbuttonatlowerright)setto"None,"whichmeansnothermalenergy

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 6/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
isgenerated.YoushouldalsodeselecttheThermalenergychoiceatbottomrightfromtheEnergyvs.Positionplot.

Playaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clickontheResetbuttonbeforeansweringthequestions.

PartA
ClickontheEnergyvs.Positionbutton,anddeselectallformsofenergyexceptkineticenergy.

Whereonthetrackistheskater'skineticenergythegreatest?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
ThekineticenergyofanobjectisgivenbyK = (1/2)mv
2
,wheremisthemassoftheobjectandv isthespeedoftheobject.Thus,the
skaterismovingthefastestwheretheskater'skineticenergyisthegreatestandviceversa.

LookattheKineticEnergyvs.Positiongraph,andidentifythelocation(s)wheretheskater'skineticenergyreachesitsmaximumvalue.

ANSWER:

atitsmaximumvalueatthelowestpointofthetrack.
Theskater'skineticenergyis atitsmaximumvalueatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirection.
thesameeverywhere.

Correct
ThekineticenergyofanobjectisgivenbyK = (1/2)mv
2
,wherev isthespeedoftheobjectandmisthemassoftheobject.Thus,theskater's
kineticenergyisgreatestatthelowestpointofthetrack,wheretheskaterismovingthefastest.

PartB
ChangetheEnergyvs.Positiongraphtodisplayonlypotentialenergy.

Astheskaterisskatingbackandforth,wheredoestheskaterhavethemostpotentialenergy?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyofanobjectisgivenbyU = mgy ,wherey istheobject'sheightabovethepotentialenergyreference,which
iscurrentlytheground.Thus,theskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestwheretheskateristhehighestabovethereferenceline.

LookatthePotentialEnergyvs.Positiongraph,andidentifythelocation(s)wheretheskater'spotentialenergyreachesitsmaximumvalue.

ANSWER:

atitsmaximumvalueatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirection.
Theskater'spotentialenergyis thesameeverywhere.
atitsmaximumvalueatthelowestpointofthetrack.

Correct
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyofanobjectisgivenbyU = mgy ,wherey istheobject'sheightabovethepotentialenergyreference,whichis
currentlytheground.Thus,theskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnstogobackintheoppositedirection,
wheretheskateristhehighestabovethereferenceline.

Noticethattheskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestwherethekineticenergyisthelowest,andviceversa.

PartC
Becauseweareignoringfriction,nothermalenergyisgeneratedandthetotalenergyisthemechanicalenergy,thekineticenergyplusthepotential
energy:E = K + U .

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 7/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
DisplaythetotalenergyintheEnergyvs.Positiongraph.Astheskaterisskatingbackandforth,whichstatementbestdescribesthetotalenergy?

ANSWER:

Thetotalenergyis

greatestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirectionandsmallestatthelowestpointofthetrack.
thesameatalllocationsofthetrack.
smallestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnstogobackintheoppositedirectionandgreatestatthelowestpointofthetrack.

Correct
Themechanicalenergy(kineticpluspotential)isconserved.(Sincethereisnofriction,themechanicalenergyisequaltothetotalenergy.)When
thekineticenergyisrelativelysmall,thepotentialenergyisrelativelylarge,andviceversa.

PartD
Ignoringfriction,thetotalenergyoftheskaterisconserved.Thismeansthatthekineticpluspotentialenergyatonelocation,sayE 1 = K1 + U 1 ,
mustbeequaltothekineticpluspotentialenergyatadifferentlocation,sayE 2 = K2 + U 2 .Thisistheprincipleofconservationofenergyandcanbe
expressedasE 1 = E2 .Sincetheenergyisconserved,thechangeinthekineticenergyisequaltothenegativeofthechangeinthepotentialenergy:

K2 K1 = (U 2 U 1 ), or K1 = U 2 .

SelecttheShowGridoption.Then,pullthebottomofthetrackdownsuchthatitis1mabovetheground(clickanddragonthebluecircleonthe
bottomofthetrack).Confirmthatthemassoftheskaterissetto75.0kg(selectChooseSkatertoviewmass)andthattheaccelerationofgravityis
setat9.81N/kg.

Clearallplots,placetheskateronthetrack7mabovetheground,andlookattheresultingmotionandthegraphshowingtheenergetics.

Matchtheapproximatenumericalvaluesontheleftwiththeenergytypecategoriesontherighttocompletetheequations.

Dragtheappropriatenumericalvaluestotheirrespectivetargets.

ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 8/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Correct

PartE
Basedonthepreviousquestion,whichstatementistrue?
ANSWER:

equaltotheinitialpotentialenergy.
Thekineticenergyatthebottomoftherampis equaltothetotalenergy.
equaltotheamountofpotentialenergylossingoingfromtheinitiallocationtothebottom.

Correct
Becausethetotalenergyisconserved,thekineticenergyatthebottomofthehillplusthepotentialenergyatthebottomofthehillmustequalthe
initialpotentialenergy(sincetheinitialkineticenergyiszero):Kbottom + U bottom = U initial .Solvingforthekineticenergy,weget
Kbottom = U initial U bottom ,orKbottom = 5145 J 735 J = 4410 J .Moregenerally,thechangeinthekineticenergyisequaltothe
negativeofthechangeinthepotentialenergy.

PartF
Iftheskaterstartedfromrest4mabovetheground(insteadof7m),whatwouldbethekineticenergyatthebottomoftheramp(whichisstill1m
abovetheground)?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
UsetheEnergyvs.PositiongraphlikeyoudidinPartD.

ANSWER:

4410J
735J
2940J
2205J

Correct
Noticethattheskateronlydropsdown3m,ascomparedto6mforthecasewhentheskaterstarted7mabovetheground.Inthiscase,the
skaterloseshalfasmuchpotentialenergyasinthepreviouscase,sothekineticenergyatthebottomisonlyhalfasmuchasthepreviouscase.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

PartG
Onecommonapplicationofconservationofenergyinmechanicsistodeterminethespeedofanobject.Althoughthesimulationdoesntgivethe
skater'sspeed,youcancalculateitbecausetheskater'skineticenergyisknownatanylocationonthetrack.
Consideragainthecasewheretheskaterstarts7mabovethegroundandskatesdownthetrack.Whatistheskater'sspeedwhentheskaterisatthe
bottomofthetrack?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Findthekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrack
Whatisthekineticenergyoftheskateratthebottomofthetrack?
ANSWER:

4410J
5145J
735J
2205J

Hint2.Findthespeedatthebottomofthetrack

BecauseK = (1/2)mv
2
,thespeedisgivenby 2K/m .Whatisthespeedatthebottomofthetrack?

Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.

ANSWER:

11 m/s

ANSWER:

11 m/s

Correct
Fora75kgobjecthavingapproximately4410Jofenergy,thespeedmustberoughly11m/s.

PartH
Whentheskaterstarts7mabovetheground,howdoesthespeedoftheskateratthebottomofthetrackcomparetothespeedoftheskateratthe
bottomwhentheskaterstarts4mabovetheground?

Hint1.Findthekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrack
Howmuchmorekineticenergydoestheskaterhaveatthebottomofthetrack?

ANSWER:

fourtimesasmuch
thesameamount
twiceasmuch

Hint2.Findtheratioofthespeeds
Becausekineticenergyisproportionaltothesquareofthespeed,theratioofthekineticenergyisequaltotheratioofthespeedssquared:
2
K7m /K4m = (v 7m /v 4m ) .Whatistheratiov 7m /v 4m ofthespeeds?

Expressyouranswernumericallywithtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 10/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

v 7m /v 4m = 1.4

ANSWER:

twiceasfast.
fourtimesasfast.
Thespeedis
thesame.
higher,butlessthantwiceasfast.

Correct
Thepersonwillhavetwiceasmuchkineticenergy.Becausekineticenergyisproportionaltothespeedsquared,theratioofthespeedsisequalto
thesquarerootoftheratioofthekineticenergies.Inthiscase,sincetheratioofthekineticenergiesis2,theratioofthespeedsisequaltothe
squarerootof2,orroughly1.4.

PartI
Changethepotentialenergyreferencelinetobe7mabovetheground(selectthePotentialEnergyReferenceoption,andclickanddragonthe
dashedbluehorizontallinetothe7mgridline).Placetheskateronthetrack7mabovetheground,andlettheskatergo.

ANSWER:

greaterthanzero.
Thetotalenergyoftheskateris lessthanzero.
equaltozero.

Correct
Initially,thekineticenergyiszerobecausetheskaterisatrestandthepotentialenergyiszerobecausetheskaterisstartingatthepotential
energyreferenceline.Becauseenergyisconserved,theskater'stotalenergyremainszero.

PartJ
Atthebottomofthehill,howdoesthekineticenergycomparetothecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewasthegroundandtheskaterwas
released7mabovetheground?

ANSWER:

lessthanthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.
Thekineticenergyis greaterthanthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.
thesameasthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.

Correct
Thekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrackisequaltotheamountofpotentialenergylostingoingfromtheinitialpositiontothebottom.Even
thoughthetotalenergyandinitialpotentialenergyaredifferentfromwhenthereferencewastheground,theskaterstilllosesthesameamountof
potentialenergyingoingfrom7mdowntothebottomofthetrack.Thus,whenapplyingconservationofenergy,anypotentialenergyreference
canbeused!

PartK
ClickTracksintheupperleftcornerofthewindow,andselectDoubleWell(RollerCoaster).Then,clickanddragonthebluecirclestostretchand/or
bendthetracktomakeitlooklikethatshownbelow.

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 11/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Iftheskaterstartsfromrestatposition1,rank,inincreasingorderfromleasttogreatest,thekineticenergyoftheskateratthefivepositionsshown.
Rankfromsmallesttolargest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
ANSWER:

Correct

PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu

VideoTutor:ChinBasher?

First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.Then,closethevideowindow
andanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

PartA
SupposeourexperimenterrepeatshisexperimentonaplanetmoremassivethanEarth,wheretheaccelerationduetogravityisg = 30 m/s
2
.When
hereleasestheballfromchinheightwithoutgivingitapush,howwilltheball'sbehaviordifferfromitsbehavioronEarth?Ignorefrictionandair
resistance.(Selectallthatapply.)

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Toanswerthisquestion,youmustevaluatehowachangeingaffectsthependulumstrajectory(choicesAandB),period(choicesCandD),
andmass(choiceE).

Trajectory:Here,thekeyisenergyconservation.Thinkabouthowkineticandpotentialenergyinterchangeasapendulumswings.Forthe
pendulumtoreturntoapositionhigherthanitsstartingpoint,thesystemofthependulumandplanetwouldhavetogainmechanicalenergy.
Wherewouldthatenergycomefrom?(ThesameargumentappliestochoiceB.)

Period:Youcananswerthisquestionbyseeingwhethertheequationfortheperiodofapendulumincludesg.Oryoucanusereasoning.A
greaterdownwardaccelerationgwillcausethependulumtoreachthebottomofitsswingmorequickly.Whatdoesthatsayaboutthe
pendulumstotalperiod?

Mass:Thependulumwillweighmoreonthemassiveplanet.Willithavemoremass?

ANSWER:

Itwillsmashhisface.
Itsmasswillbegreater.
Itwilltakelesstimetoreturntothepointfromwhichitwasreleased.
Itwillstopwellshortofhisface.
Itwilltakemoretimetoreturntothepointfromwhichitwasreleased.

Correct
Thependulumwillswingbackandforthmorequickly(withashorterperiod)becauseitisoscillatinginastrongergravitationalfieldthanthaton
Earth.

Exercise7.32

Whilearooferisworkingonaroofthatslantsat37.0 abovethehorizontal,heaccidentallynudgeshis89.0Ntoolbox,causingittostartslidingdownward,
startingfromrest.

PartA
Ifitstarts4.10mfromtheloweredgeoftheroof,howfastwillthetoolboxbemovingjustasitreachestheedgeoftheroofifthekineticfrictionforceon
itis22.0N?

ANSWER:

v = 5.34 m/s

Correct

Exercise7.35

Aforceparalleltothexaxisactsonaparticlemovingalongthexaxis.ThisforceproducesapotentialenergyU (x) givenbyU (x) = x 4

where
=1.44J/m .
4

PartA
Whatistheforcewhentheparticleisatpositionx=0.810m?

ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=3094642 13/27
10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Fx = 3.06 N

Correct

EnergyRequiredtoLiftaHeavyBox

Asyouaretryingtomoveaheavyboxofmassm,yourealizethatitistooheavyforyoutoliftbyyourself.Thereisnoonearoundtohelp,soyouattachan
idealpulleytotheboxandamasslessropetotheceiling,whichyouwraparoundthepulley.Youpullupontheropetoliftthebox.

Usegforthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityandneglectfrictionforces.

PartA
Onceyouhavepulledhardenoughtostarttheboxmovingupward,whatisthemagnitudeF oftheupwardforceyoumustapplytotheropetostart
raisingtheboxwithconstantvelocity?
Expressthemagnitudeoftheforceintermsofm,themassofthebox.

Hint1.Whatforcemustbeappliedtotheboxtokeepitmovingataconstantspeed?
Onceyouhavepulledhardenoughtostarttheboxmovingupward,whatisthemagnitudeoftheforcethatthepulleymustexertontheboxso
thatitmovesataconstantspeed?
Expressyouranswerintermsofthemassofthebox.
ANSWER:

Fp = mg

Hint2.Whatforcedoesthepulleyexertonthebox?
IfyoutakethetensionintheropetobeT ,whatisFp ,themagnitudeofthenetupwardforcethatthepulleyexertsonthebox?

ExpressyouranswerintermsofT .

ANSWER:

Fp = 2T

Hint3.Findthetensionintherope
FindthetensionintheropeintermsofF ,theforcewithwhichyouarepullingupward.

ANSWER:

T = F

Hint4.Puttingitalltogether

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Onyourownorusingtheprevioushints,youshouldhavefoundequationsforhefollowing:

1. theforceneededtolifttheboxatconstantvelocity,intermsofitsmass,
2. therelationshipbetweentheforceontheboxduetothepulleyandthetensionintherope,and
3. therelationshipbetweentheforceappliedtotheropeandthetensionintherope.

Usetwooftheseequationstoeliminatetheforceappliedbythepulleyandthetensionintherope.Youshouldthenbeabletoexpresstheforce
appliedontheropeintermsofthemassofthebox.

ANSWER:

F = 4.9m

Correct

PartB
Considerliftingaboxofmassmtoaheighthusingtwodifferentmethods:liftingtheboxdirectlyorliftingtheboxusingapulley(asintheprevious
part).

WhatisW d /W p ,theratiooftheworkdoneliftingtheboxdirectlytotheworkdoneliftingtheboxwithapulley?

Expresstherationumerically.

Hint1.Definitionofwork
Ineachcase,theamountofworkW youdoisequaltotheforceF youapplytimesthedistancedoverwhichyouapplytheforce:

W = Fd .

Hint2.Ratiooftheforces
Whatistheratiooftheforceneededtolifttheboxdirectlytotheforceneededtolifttheboxusingthepulley?

Expressyouranswernumerically.
ANSWER:

Fd
= 2
Fp

Hint3.Ratioofthedistances
Whatistheratioofthedistanceoverwhichforceisappliedwhenliftingtheboxdirectlytothedistanceoverwhichforceisappliedwhenlifting
theboxwiththepulley?
Expresstheratioofdistancesnumerically.

Hint1.Findthedistancewhenusingthepulley
FindDp ,thedistanceoverwhichyoumustapplyforcewhenliftingtheboxusingthepulley.

Expressyouranswerintermsofh,thetotalheightthattheboxislifted.

Hint1.Pullingtheropeashortdistance
Usingthepully,imaginethatyoupulltheendoftheropeashortdistancedxupward.Theboxwillactuallyriseadistancedx/2.
(Drawapictureifyouhavetroublevisualizingthis.)

ANSWER:

Dp = 2h

Hint2.Findthedistancewhenliftingdirectly
Dd h
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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Whenliftingtheboxdirectly,thedistanceoverwhichforceisapplied,Dd ,isequaltotheverticaldistancehthattheboxisraised.

ANSWER:

Dd
= 0.500
Dp

ANSWER:

Wd
= 1
Wp

Correct
Nomatterwhichmethodyouusetoliftthebox,itsgravitationalpotentialenergywillincreasebymgh.So,neglectingfriction,youwillalwaysneed
todoanamountofworkequaltomghtoliftit.

PotentialEnergyGraphsandMotion

LearningGoal:
Tobeabletointerpretpotentialenergydiagramsandpredictthecorrespondingmotionofaparticle.

Potentialenergydiagramsforaparticleareusefulinpredictingthemotionofthatparticle.Thesediagramsallowonetodeterminethedirectionoftheforce
actingontheparticleatanypoint,thepointsofstableandunstableequilibrium,theparticle'skineticenergy,etc.
Considerthepotentialenergydiagramshown.Thecurverepresentsthevalueofpotentialenergy
U asafunctionoftheparticle'scoordinatex.Thehorizontallineabovethecurverepresentsthe

constantvalueofthetotalenergyoftheparticleE .ThetotalenergyE isthesumofkinetic(K )

andpotential(U )energiesoftheparticle.

Thekeyideaininterpretingthegraphcanbeexpressedintheequation

dU (x)
Fx (x) = ,
dx
whereFx (x) isthexcomponentofthenetforceasfunctionoftheparticle'scoordinatex.Note
thenegativesign:Itmeansthatthexcomponentofthenetforceisnegativewhenthederivative
ispositiveandviceversa.Forinstance,iftheparticleismovingtotheright,anditspotential
energyisincreasing,thenetforcewouldbepullingtheparticletotheleft.

Ifyouarestillhavingtroublevisualizingthis,considerthefollowing:Ifamassiveparticleis
increasingitsgravitationalpotentialenergy(thatis,movingupward),theforceofgravityispulling
intheoppositedirection(thatis,downward).

Ifthexcomponentofthenetforceiszero,theparticleissaidtobeinequilibrium.Therearetwokindsofequilibrium:

Stableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethatacceleratestheparticlebacktowardthe
equilibriumpoint(thinkofaballrollingbetweentwohills).
Unstableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethatacceleratestheparticlefurtherawayfrom
theequilibriumpoint(thinkofaballontopofahill).

Inansweringthefollowingquestions,wewillassumethatthereisasinglevaryingforceF actingontheparticlealongthexaxis.Therefore,wewillusethe
termforceinsteadofthecumbersomexcomponentofthenetforce.

PartA
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointAis__________.

Hint1.Signofthederivative
Ifafunctionincreases(asxincreases)inacertainregion,thenthederivativeofthefunctioninthatregionispositive.

Hint2.Signofthecomponent

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Ifxincreasestotheright,asinthegraphshown,thena(onedimensional)vectorwithapositivexcomponentpointstotheright,andviceversa.

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct
ConsiderthegraphintheregionofpointA.Iftheparticleismovingtotheright,itwouldbe"climbingthehill,"andtheforcewould"pullitdown,"
thatis,pulltheparticlebacktotheleft.Another,moreabstractwayofthinkingaboutthisistosaythattheslopeofthegraphatpointAispositive
therefore,thedirectionofF isnegative.

PartB
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointCis__________.

Hint1.Signofthederivative
Ifafunctionincreases(asxincreases)inacertainregion,thenthederivativeofthefunctioninthatregionispositive,andviceversa.

Hint2.Signofthecomponent
Ifxincreasestotheright,asinthegraphshown,thena(onedimensional)vectorwithapositivexcomponentpointstotheright,andviceversa.

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct

PartC
TheforceactingontheparticleatpointBis__________.

Hint1.Derivativeofafunctionatalocalmaximum
Atalocalmaximum,thederivativeofafunctionisequaltozero.

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct

Theslopeofthegraphiszerotherefore,thederivativedU /dx = 0 ,and|F | = 0 .

PartD
TheaccelerationoftheparticleatpointBis__________.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Hint1.Relationbetweenaccelerationandforce
TherelationbetweenaccelerationandforceisgivenbyNewton's2ndlaw,
F = ma .

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct
Ifthenetforceiszero,soistheacceleration.Theparticleissaidtobeinastateofequilibrium.

PartE
IftheparticleislocatedslightlytotheleftofpointB,itsaccelerationis__________.

Hint1.Theforceonsuchaparticle
TotheleftofB,U (x) isanincreasingfunctionandsoitsderivativeispositive.Thisimpliesthatthexcomponentoftheforceonaparticleatthis
locationisnegative,orthattheforceisdirectedtotheleft,justlikeatA.Whatcanyousaynowabouttheacceleration?

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct

PartF
IftheparticleislocatedslightlytotherightofpointB,itsaccelerationis__________.

Hint1.Theforceonsuchaparticle
TotherightofB,U (x) isadecreasingfunctionandsoitsderivativeisnegative.Thisimpliesthatthexcomponentoftheforceonaparticleat
thislocationispositive,orthattheforceisdirectedtotheright,justlikeatC.Whatcanyounowsayabouttheacceleration?

ANSWER:

directedtotheright
directedtotheleft
equaltozero

Correct
Asyoucansee,smalldeviationsfromequilibriumatpointBcauseaforcethatacceleratestheparticlefurtherawayhencetheparticleisin
unstableequilibrium.

PartG
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphcorrespondingtounstableequilibrium.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Listyourchoicesalphabetically,withnocommasorspacesforinstance,ifyouchoosepointsB,D,andE,typeyouranswerasBDE.

Hint1.Definitionofunstableequilibrium
Unstableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethatacceleratestheparticlefurtherawayfromthe
equilibriumpoint(thinkofaballontopofahill).

ANSWER:

BF

Correct

PartH
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphcorrespondingtostableequilibrium.
Listyourchoicesalphabetically,withnocommasorspacesforinstance,ifyouchoosepointsB,D,andE,typeyouranswerasBDE.

Hint1.Definitionofstableequilibrium
Stableequilibriummeansthatsmalldeviationsfromtheequilibriumpointcreateanetforcethatacceleratestheparticlebacktowardthe
equilibriumpoint.(Thinkofaballrollingbetweentwohills.)

ANSWER:

DH

Correct

PartI
Namealllabeledpointsonthegraphwheretheaccelerationoftheparticleiszero.
Listyourchoicesalphabetically,withnocommasorspacesforinstance,ifyouchoosepointsB,D,andE,typeyouranswerasBDE.

Hint1.Relationbetweenaccelerationandforce
TherelationbetweenaccelerationandforceisgivenbyNewton's2ndlaw,
F = ma .

ANSWER:

BDFH

Correct
Youranswer,ofcourse,includesthelocationsofbothstableandunstableequilibrium.

PartJ
Namealllabeledpointssuchthatwhenaparticleisreleasedfromrestthere,itwouldacceleratetotheleft.

Listyourchoicesalphabetically,withnocommasorspacesforinstance,ifyouchoosepointsB,D,andE,typeyouranswerasBDE.

Hint1.Determinethesignofthexcomponentofforce
Iftheaccelerationistotheleft,soistheforce.Thismeansthatthexcomponentoftheforceis__________.
ANSWER:

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

positive
negative

Hint2.WhatisthebehaviorofU (x) ?

Ifthexcomponentoftheforceatapointisnegative,thenthederivativeofU (x) atthatpointispositive.Thismeansthatintheregionaround

thepointU (x) is__________.

ANSWER:

increasing
decreasing

ANSWER:

AE

Correct

PartK
ConsiderpointsA,E,andG.Ofthesethreepoints,whichonecorrespondstothegreatestmagnitudeofaccelerationoftheparticle?

Hint1.Accelerationandforce
Thegreatestaccelerationcorrespondstothegreatestmagnitudeofthenetforce,representedonthegraphbythemagnitudeoftheslope.

ANSWER:

A
E
G

Correct

Kineticenergy
IfthetotalenergyE oftheparticleisknown,onecanalsousethegraphofU (t) todrawconclusionsaboutthekineticenergyoftheparticlesince

K = E U .

Asareminder,onthisgraph,thetotalenergyE isshownbythehorizontalline.

PartL
Whatpointonthegraphcorrespondstothemaximumkineticenergyofthemovingparticle?

Hint1.K ,U ,andE

Sincethetotalenergydoesnotchange,themaximumkineticenergycorrespondstotheminimumpotentialenergy.

ANSWER:

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Correct
Itmakessensethatthekineticenergyoftheparticleismaximumatoneofthe(force)equilibriumpoints.Forexample,thinkofapendulum(which
hasonlyoneforceequilibriumpointattheverybottom).

PartM
Atwhatpointonthegraphdoestheparticlehavethelowestspeed?
ANSWER:

Correct
Asyoucansee,manydifferentconclusionscanbemadeabouttheparticle'smotionmerelybylookingatthegraph.Itishelpfultounderstandthe
characterofmotionqualitativelybeforeyouattemptquantitativeproblems.Thisproblemshouldproveusefulinimprovingsuchanunderstanding.

LooptheLoop

Arollercoastercarmaybeapproximatedbyablockofmassm.Thecar,whichstartsfromrest,
isreleasedataheighthabovethegroundandslidesalongafrictionlesstrack.Thecar
encountersaloopofradiusR,asshown.Assumethattheinitialheighthisgreatenoughsothat
thecarneverlosescontactwiththetrack.

PartA
Findanexpressionforthekineticenergyofthecaratthetopoftheloop.
Expressthekineticenergyintermsofm,g,h,andR.

Hint1.Findthepotentialenergyatthetopoftheloop
Whatisthepotentialenergyofthecarwhenitisatthetopoftheloop?Definethegravitationalpotentialenergytobezeroath = 0 .

ExpressyouranswerintermsofRandothergivenquantities.

ANSWER:

U top = mg(2R)

ANSWER:

K = mg(h 2R)

Correct

PartB
h
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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Findtheminimuminitialheighthatwhichthecarcanbereleasedthatstillallowsthecartostayincontactwiththetrackatthetopoftheloop.

ExpresstheminimumheightintermsofR.

Hint1.Howtoapproachthispart
Meaningof"stayincontact"

Forthecartojuststayincontactthroughtheloop,withoutfalling,thenormalforcethatactsonthecarwhenit'satthetopoftheloopmustbe
zero(i.e.,N = 0 ).

Findthevelocityatthetopsuchthattheremainingforceonthecari.e.itsweightprovidesthenecessarycentripetalacceleration.Ifthevelocity
wereanygreater,youwouldadditionallyrequiresomeforcefromthetracktoprovidethenecessarycentripetalacceleration.Ifthevelocitywere
anyless,thecarwouldfalloffthetrack.

Usetheabovedescribedconditiontofindthevelocityandthentheresultfromtheaboveparttofindtherequiredheight.

Hint2.Accelerationatthetopoftheloop
Assumingthatthespeedofthecaratthetopoftheloopisv top ,andthatthecarstaysonthetrack,findtheaccelerationofthecar.Takethe
positiveydirectiontobeupward.

Expressyouranswerintermsofv top andanyotherquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

ANSWER:

2
vtop
atop =
R

Hint3.Normalforceatthetopoftheloop
Supposethecarstaysonthetrackandhasspeedv top atthetopoftheloop.UseNewton's2ndlawtofindanexpressionforN ,themagnitude
ofthenormalforcethattheloopexertsonthecarwhenthecarisatthetopoftheloop.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm,g,R,andv top .

Hint1.Findthesumofforcesatthetopoftheloop
Findthesumoftheforcesactingonthecaratthetopoftheloop.Rememberthatthepositiveydirectionisupward.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofN ,m,andg.

ANSWER:

F top = N mg

ANSWER:

2
vtop
N = m( g)
R

Hint4.Solvingforh

Therequirementtostayincontactresultsinanexpressionforv 2top intermsofRandg.Substitutethisintoyourexpressionforkineticenergy,

foundinPartA,todeterminearelationbetweenhandR.

ANSWER:

hmin = 2.5R

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Correct
Forh > 2.5 R thecarwillstillcompletetheloop,thoughitwillrequiresomenormalreactionevenattheverytop.

Forh < R thecarwilljustoscillate.Doyouseethis?

ForR < h < 2.5 R ,thecartwilllosecontactwiththetrackatsomeearlierpoint.Thatiswhyrollercoastersmusthavealotofsafetyfeatures.If

2 h
youlike,youcancheckthattheangleatwhichthecartlosescontactwiththetrackisgivenby = arcsin( ( 1)).Whereistheangle
3 R

measuredcounterclockwisefromthehorizontalpositivexaxis,wheretheoriginofthexaxisisatthecenteroftheloop.

DragonaSkydiver

Askydiverofmassmjumpsfromahotairballoonandfallsadistancedbeforereachingaterminalvelocityofmagnitudev .Assumethatthemagnitudeof
theaccelerationduetogravityisg.

PartA
WhatistheworkW d doneontheskydiver,overthedistanced,bythedragforceoftheair?

Expresstheworkintermsofd,v ,m,andthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityg.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Ifnononconservativeforceswereacting,thenthetotalmechanicalenergy(kineticpluspotential)oftheskydiveruponleavingtheplanewould
beequaltothetotalmechanicalenergyoftheskydiverafterfallingadistanced.

Nowconsiderthedragforce,whichisnonconservative.Thedragforceopposesthemotionoftheskydiver,whichmeansthatitdoesnegative
workontheskydiver.Thus,thefinalmechanicalenergyoftheskydiverwillbesmallerthantheinitialmechanicalenergybyanamountequalto
theworkdonebythedragforce.

Hint2.Findthechangeinpotentialenergy
Findthechangeintheskydiver'sgravitationalpotentialenergy,afterfallingadistanced.

Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.
ANSWER:

U g = mgd

Hint3.Findthechangeinkineticenergy
Findthechangeintheskydiver'skineticenergy,afterfallingadistanced.

Expressyouranswerintermsofgivenquantities.

ANSWER:

1
K = mv
2
2

ANSWER:

2
Wd = mv
mgd
2

Correct

PartB
FindthepowerPd suppliedbythedragforceaftertheskydiverhasreachedterminalvelocityv .

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW
Expressthepowerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Onewaytoapproachthisproblemwouldbetoapplythedefinitionofpowerasthetimederivativeoftheworkdone.Asimplermethodthatworks
forthisproblemistousetheformulaforthepowerdeliveredbyaforceF actingonanobjectmovingwithvelocityv :

P = F v .

Hint2.Magnitudeofthedragforce
FindthemagnitudeFd ofthedragforceaftertheskydiverhasreachedterminalvelocity.

Expressyouranswerintermsoftheskydiver'smassmandothergivenquantities.

Hint1.Definitionofterminalvelocity
Onceterminalvelocityisreached,theskydiver'saccelerationgoestozero.(Thedragforceexactlybalancesthedownwardacceleration
duetogravity.)

ANSWER:

Fd = mg

Hint3.Relativedirectionofthedragforceandvelocity

WhenyoufindFd v ,rememberthatthedirectionofthedragforceisoppositetothedirectionoftheskydiver'svelocity.

ANSWER:

Pd = mgv

Correct

CirclingBall

AballofmassmisattachedtoastringoflengthL.Itisbeingswunginaverticalcirclewithenoughspeedsothatthestringremainstautthroughoutthe
ball'smotion.Assumethattheballtravelsfreelyinthisverticalcirclewithnegligiblelossoftotal
mechanicalenergy.Atthetopandbottomoftheverticalcircle,theball'sspeedsarev t andv b ,
andthecorrespondingtensionsinthestringareT t andT b .T t andT b havemagnitudesTt and
Tb .

PartA
FindTb Tt ,thedifferencebetweenthemagnitudeofthetensioninthestringatthebottomrelativetothatatthetopofthecircle.

Expressthedifferenceintensionintermsofmandg.Thequantitiesv t andv b shouldnotappearinyourfinalanswer.

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Hint1.Howtoapproachthisproblem
Identifytheforcesthatactontheballasitmovesalongthecircularpath.Then,writeequationsforthesumoftheforcesontheballatthetop
andthebottomofthepath.Next,useNewton'ssecondlawtorelatethesenetforcestotheaccelerationoftheball.Noticethattheballdoesnot
movewithuniformspeedsotheaccelerationoftheballatthetopofthecircleisdifferentfromtheaccelerationatthebottomofthecircle.
Tofinishtheproblem,youmaywanttouseenergyconservationtorelatethespeedoftheballatthebottomofthecircletothespeedatthetop.

Hint2.Findthesumofforcesatthebottomofthecircle
Whatisthemagnitudeofthenetforceintheydirectionactingontheballatthebottomofthecircle?

Expressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesgivenintheproblem.Youmayusegtorepresenttheaccelerationofgravity,9.8m/s2 .

ANSWER:

| F y(bottom) | = Tb mg

Hint3.Findtheaccelerationatthebottomofthecircle
Findab ,themagnitudeoftheverticalaccelerationoftheballatthebottomofitscircle.

Expressyouranswerintermsofv b andpossiblyothergivenquantities.

ANSWER:

2
vb
ab =
L

Hint4.Findthetensionatthebottomofthecircle
FindthemagnitudeofthetensionTb inthestringwhentheballisatthebottomofthecircle.

Expressyouranswerintermsofm,g,L,andthespeedv b oftheballatthebottomofthecircle.

Hint1.Whatphysicalprincipletouse
ApplyNewton's2ndlawintheydirectiontoobtainTb .

ANSWER:

2
(v )
=
b
Tb m(g + )
L

Hint5.Findthesumofforcesatthetopofthecircle
Whatisthemagnitudeofthenetforceintheydirectionactingontheballatthetopofitscircle?

Expressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesgivenintheproblem.Youmayusegtorepresenttheaccelerationofgravity,9.8m/s2 .

ANSWER:

| F y(top) | = Tt + mg

Hint6.Findtheaccelerationatthetopofthecircle
Findat ,themagnitudeoftheverticalaccelerationoftheballatthetopofitscircle.

Expressyouranswerintermsofv t andpossiblyothergivenquantities.

ANSWER:

2
vt
at =
L

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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

Hint7.Findthetensionatthetopofthecircle
FindthemagnitudeofthetensionTt inthestringwhentheballisatthetopofthecircle.

Expressyouranswerintermsofm,g,L,andthespeedv t oftheballatthetopofthecircle.

Hint1.RelationshiptosolutionforT b

FollowthesamestepsyouusedtofindTb (seeHint3),notingcarefullywherevariousdirections(signs)arereversed.

ANSWER:

2
(vt )
Tt = m( g)
L

Hint8.Findtherelationshipbetweenvt andvb

Thetotalmechanicalenergyofthesystemisthesamewhentheballisatthetopandbottomoftheverticalcircle.Useconservationofenergyto
writeanexpressionforv 2t intermsofv 2b .

Youranswermayalsoincludem,g,andL.

ANSWER:

v
2
t
= vb
2
4gL

ANSWER:

Tb Tt = 6mg

Correct
Themethodoutlinedinthehintsisreallytheonlypracticalwaytodothisproblem.Ifdoneproperly,findingthedifferencebetweenthetensions,
Tb Tt ,canbeaccomplishedfairlysimplyandelegantly.

Problem7.72

Ifafishisattachedtoaverticalspringandslowlyloweredtoitsequilibriumposition,itisfoundtostretchthespringbyanamountd.

PartA
Ifthesamefishisattachedtotheendoftheunstretchedspringandthenallowedtofallfromrest,throughwhatmaximumdistancedoesitstretchthe
spring?(Hint:Calculatetheforceconstantofthespringintermsofthedistancedandthemassmofthefish.)

Expressyouranswerintermsofd.

ANSWER:

y = 2d

Correct

Problem7.65

Inatruckloadingstationatapostoffice,asmall0.200kgpackageisreleasedfromrestatpointAonatrackthatisonequarterofacirclewithradius1.60
m(thefigure).Thesizeofthepackageismuchlessthan1.60m,sothepackagecanbetreatedasaparticle.ItslidesdownthetrackandreachespointB

withaspeedof4.10m/s.FrompointB,itslidesonalevelsurfaceadistanceof3.00mtopointC ,whereitcomestorest.
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10/14/2014 Ch 07 HW

PartA
Whatisthecoefficientofkineticfrictiononthehorizontalsurface?
ANSWER:

= 0.286

Correct

PartB
HowmuchworkisdoneonthepackagebyfrictionasitslidesdownthecirculararcfromAtoB?

ANSWER:

W = 1.46 J

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis100%.
Youreceived14outofapossibletotalof14points.

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