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Three tests are needed to determine the parameters in an induction machine model.
Detailed testing is quite involved and is specified in IEEE Standard 112.
1. DC Resistance Test
2. No-Load Test (Corresponds to Open circuit test in Transformer)
3. Block Rotor Test (Corresponds to Short circuit test in Transformer)
V0
A
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Problem: A 4ooV, 6pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz star connected induction motor running at
rated voltage takes 7.5 Amp with a power input of 700Watts.
With the rotor blocked and 150 V applied to the stator the input current is 35Amp and
The power input is 4000Watts the stator and the rotor copper losses are
equal under this condition. The standstill leakage reactance of the stator and the rotor
as seen from the stator are estimated to be in the ratio of 1: 0.5
Compute the parameters of equivalent circuit of Induction Motor.
4000
X= 2 2
Given Stator and rotor copper losses are equal here
So 1 + 2 = 1.09
Wound rotor
When starting on load is necessary, a wound rotor induction motor must be used.
This is because maximum torque at starting can be obtained by adding external
resistance to the rotor circuit via slip rings. A face-plate type starter is used, and as
the resistance is gradually reduced, the machine characteristics at each stage will
be similar to Q, S, R and P. At each resistance step, the motor operation will
transfer from one characteristic to the next so that the overall starting
characteristic will be as shown by the bold line in Figure below.
For very large induction motors, very gradual and smooth starting is
achieved by a liquid type resistance.
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Advantages of squirrel-cage
induction motors
The advantages of squirrel-cage motors compared with the wound rotor
type are that they:
Double cage
induction motor
The advantages of squirrel-cage and wound rotor induction motors are combined in
the double cage induction motor. This type of induction motor is specially
constructed with the rotor having two cages, one inside the other. The outer cage
has high resistance conductors so that maximum torque is achieved at or near
starting. The inner cage has normal low resistance copper conductors but high
reactance since it is embedded deep in the iron core. The torque-speed
characteristic of the inner cage is that of a normal induction motor, as shown in
Figure below. At starting, the outer cage produces the torque, but when running the
inner cage produces the torque. The combined characteristic of inner and outer
cages is shown in Figure below. The double cage induction motor is highly efcient
when running.
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The winding used normally in the stator of the single-phase induction motor (IM)
is a distributed one.
The rotor is of squirrel cage type, which is a cheap one, as the rating of this type of
motor is low, unlike that for a three-phase IM. As the stator winding is fed from a
single-phase supply, the flux in the air gap is alternating only, not a synchronously
rotating one produced by a poly-phase (may be two- or three-) winding in the
stator of IM.
This type of alternating field cannot produce a torque ( (T0)st=0.0), if the rotor is
stationery ( r=0.0 ). So, a single-phase IM is not self-starting, unlike a three-phase
one. However, as shown later, if the rotor is initially given some torque in either
direction (r0.0), then immediately a torque is produced in the motor. The motor
then accelerates to its final speed, which is lower than its synchronous speed. This
is now explained using double field revolving theory.
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A typical shaded-pole motor with a cage rotor is shown in Fig. above. This is a single-
phase induction motor, with main winding in the stator. A small portion of each pole
is covered with a short-circuited, single-turn copper coil called the shading coil. The
sinusoidally varying flux created by ac (single-phase) excitation of the main winding
induces emf in the shading coil. As a result, induced currents flow in the shading coil
producing their own flux in the shaded portion of the pole.
A phasor diagram shown in previous slide, illustrates the method of determining the
counter EMF which is obtained from the phasor equation;
The phase angle between the terminal voltage VT and the excitation voltage Ef in
is usually termed the torque angle. The torque angle is also called the load angle or
power angle.
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