MN HC

HA L 1
(physical chemistry 1)

ThS. NGUYN HU SN 1
NI DUNG 30 tit

Chng 1. Nhit ha hc
Chng 2. Chiu v gii hn ca qu trnh
Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
Chng 4. L thuyt cn bng pha
Chng 5. Cn bng pha trong h mt cu t
Chng 6. Dung dch, cn bng lng - hi
Chng 7. Cn bng lng rn
Chng 8. Ha keo

2
CHNG 1

NHIT HA HC
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

3
MC TIU CA NHIT NG HC

Nghin cu cc quy lut v s bin chuyn tng

h ca ha nng v cc dng nng lng khc
trong cc qu trnh ha hc.

Nghin cu cc iu kin t din bin (phn ng

ha hc) v cc iu kin bn vng (trng thi cn
bng) ca cc h ha hc.

4
1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

Systems and Surroundings (H

thng v mi trng)

System (H): part of the universe

we are interested in.

Surroundings(mi trng ): the rest

of the universe.

5
1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

a. H:
l lng nht nh ca mt hay nhiu cht iu kin
nhit , p sut v nng nht nh

- H m
- h kn
- h c lp
- h on nhit
- H ng th, d th,

6
1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

b. Trng thi
tp hp tt c cc tnh cht v m ca h

- Thng s trng thi: T, P, V, m, C, d, Cp,

- Thng s cng : T, P, C, d,..
- Thng s dung : V, m, U,..
- Hm trng thi
U = f(T,P,n,)
7
1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

c. Qu trnh
Con ng m h chuyn t TT ny sang TT khc
- Qu trnh m
- Qu trnh kn (chu trnh)
- Qu trnh c V, P, T, q = const
- Hm qu trnh

d. Pha
tp hp nhng phn ng th ca h c cng tnh cht
l ha
8
2. NHIT V CNG
Nng lng l thc o vn ng ca vt cht.
ng vi nhng hnh thi vn ng khc nhau ca
vt cht chng ta c nhng hnh thi nng lng
khc nhau nh th nng, ng nng, ni nng

Hai dng th hin ca nng lng ha hc l:

NHIT (Q) v CNG (W)

Lu : khng c gi tr nng lng bng 0 tuyt

i m ch c nng lng bng 0 ng vi mt h
quy chiu chun no .
9
Nhit
Nhit (q) l thc o s chuyn ng hn lon (chuyn
ng nhit) ca cc tiu phn to nn cht hay h.

Cng
Cng (w) l thc o s chuyn ng c trt t v c
hng ca cc tiu phn theo hng ca trng lc

Ni nng (U)
Ni nng (U) l nng lng c sn, n du bn trong h

10
Quy c v du
Theo qui c v du ca nhit ng hc:

Nu h ta nhit th nhit c tr s m, q < 0.

Nu h thu nhit th nhit c tr s dng, q > 0.
Nu h nhn cng th cng c tr s m, W < 0.
Nu h sinh cng th cng c tr s dng, W > 0.

11
3. NGUYN L I NHIT NG HC
BIU THC TON HC
Nu qi v wi l nhit v cng trao i gia h vi mi
trng ngoi theo ng qu trnh i th qi v wi ring r
thay i theo ng qu trnh nhng tng s qi + wi lun
lun l mt hng s khng ty thuc ng qu trnh m
ch ty thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h
m thi
U = Q+ A
Do quy c v du nn biu thc nguyn l 1 c vit li
nh sau:

U = Q - A
12
NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH

a. Qu trnh ng tch
V= hng s, dV=0

QV = U

b. Qu trnh ng p

P = hng s, dP=0

Qp = H
Nu h l kh l tng th pV=nRT
Wp = nRT
Up = Qp nRT
13
NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH

c. Qu trnh gin n ng nhit KLT

nh lut Joule: ni nng ca kh l tng ch
ph thuc vo nhit

UT = 0

14
4. NH LUT HESS
Ni dung nh lut Hess

Trong qu trnh ng p hay ng tch, nhit phn

ng ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi
cui m khng ph thuc vo trng thi trung gian
ca qu trnh

QV = U v Qp = H
i vi cc qu trnh ca kh l tng:

H = U + RTn.

H = U + PV ( enthalpy) hm trng thi

15
4. NH LUT HESS
H qu nh lut Hess

Hnghch = - Hthun

Hphn ng = Hssp Hstc

Hphn ng = Hctc Hcsp

Hs : nhit sinh, nhit to thnh

Hc : nhit chy, thiu nhit

16
H1 = H2 + H3
17
MI QUAN H GIA ENTANPI V NI NNG

i vi nhng qu trnh c cht phn ng hay sn phm

phn ng th kh th H v U c th khc xa nhau.
Vi cht kh:
PV = nRT
Trong n l hiu s phn t gam ca cc sn phm kh
vi s phn t gam ca cc cht kh tham gia phn ng.
Nh vy:
= U + nRT

Khi n = 0 th H = U , nhng khi n 0 th H U

18
5. NHIT DUNG (C)
Nhit dung: Nhit dung ring ca mt cht bt k
l nhit lng cn cung cp cho mt n v khi
lng cht lm tng nhit thm 1o
- Nhit dung ring Q
c=
dT

- Nhit dung ng tch Qv

cv =
dT

Qp
- Nhit dung ng p cp =
dT
nh hng ca nhit n nhit dung

Cp = ao + a1.T + a2.T2 + ..
19
6. NHIT CHUYN PHA (cp)
Nhit chuyn pha l nhit lng cn thit cn cung cp cho
mt n v khi lng cht thc hin qu trnh chuyn pha
Qu trnh chuyn pha cc cht nguyn cht l ng nhit

- Nhit ha hi v nhit ngng t:

hh = - nt
- Nhit nng chy v nhit ng t:

nc = -
- Nhit thng hoa

th = nc + hh
20
7. nh hng ca nhit n hiu ng
nhit phn ng
nh lut Kirchhoff

HT = Ho + CpdT

Cng thc gn ng (trong khong nhit hp)

HT2 = H1 + Cp(T2 T1)

21
 CHNG 2

NGUYN L II
CHIU V GII HN
CA QU TRNH

1 Nguyen Huu Son

1. S bin i t nhin (spontaneous change)

L mt bin i xy ra c mt cch t nhin m khng cn

tc ng ca yu t bn ngoi.
Mt bin i t nhin khng nht thit phi xy ra nhanh.
Chiu ca bin i t nhin c th ph thuc vo nhit .
Xt v mt nng lng cc qu trnh ha hc c xu hng t
din ra khi c s gim enthalpy.

2 Nguyen Huu Son

1. S bin i t nhin (spontaneous change)

Tuy nhin, mt s qu trnh vn din ra khi enthalpy

bng 0 hoc ln hn 0.
Do , ch da vo s bin i ni nng (hay Enthalpy
H) th khng th tin on c chiu phn ng.

tin on chnh xc chiu hng ca phn ng ta

cn phi xem xt mt yu t na l MT TRT
T ca h (c th hin qua gi tr ENTROPY k hiu l
S)

3 Nguyen Huu Son

 Cc qu trnh thun nghch
Reversible Processes
Trong mt qu trnh thun nghch h
thng thay i theo cch h thng v
mi trng xung quanh c th tr li
trng thi ban u bi qu trnh thun
nghch
(In a reversible process the system
changes in such a way that the
system and surroundings can be put
back in their original states by
exactly reversing the process)
S thay i l rt nh qu trnh thun
nghch
(Changes are infinitesimally small in a
reversible process.)
4 Nguyen Huu Son
 Qu trnh bt thun nghch
Irreversible Processes

Qu trnh bt thun nghch khng th thc hin qu

trnh ngc li khi h thng thay i
(Irreversible processes cannot be undone by exactly
reversing the change to the system)
Tt c cc qu trnh t pht u l bt thun nghch
(All Spontaneous processes are irreversible)
Tt c cc qu trnh xy ra thc t l bt thun nghch
(All Real processes are irreversible )

5 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Entropy
Entropi (S) l thc o hn lon ca trng thi ca h
thng. Cc bin i xy ra t nhin th i km vi s tng
entropy

Entropy l mt hm trng thi

Cho 1 h thng: S = Scui - Su

Nu S > 0 h thng mt trt t hn

S < 0 h thng trt t hn

6 Nguyen Huu Son

 Tnh cht ca entropi
Mi cht c gi tr entropi ring ca mnh , phn t cng phc tp th
entropi cng ln.

Entropi ca mi cht 0K u bng 0 v chng ch cn mt trng

thi sp xp duy nht (W=1).

Entropi ca cc cht tng theo s tng ca nhit .

Entropi l mt hm trng thi do s tng entropi ca mt qu

trnh tnh theo cng thc:

Sor = nSsn phm - nStc cht

7 Nguyen Huu Son
 Entropy tiu chun

S 0
298
L gi tr Entropy ca 1 mol cht o iu kin iu kin tiu
chun c p sut 1 atm (760 mm Hg), v nhit bng 25oC
(298.15K)

n v tnh ca S0298 l cal/mol.K hoc J/mol.K

8 Nguyen Huu Son

 S bin i entropy
Entropy Changes
Nhn chung, entropy tng khi :
+Kh c to ra t dng lng v rn
+ Dung dch hoc cht ha tan c to
ra t cht rn
+ S lng phn t kh tng
+ S lng phn t tng
In general, entropy increases when
Gases are formed from liquids and
solids.
Liquids or solutions are formed from
solids.
The number of gas molecules
increases.
The number of moles increases.

9 Nguyen Huu Son

 nh lut 3 nhit ng hc
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy ca cht kt tinh hon ton nhit khng tuyt i
l bng khng
(The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero is
0).

10 Nguyen Huu Son

 Mt s quy tc dnh gi s bin thin ca
entropy S trong cc qu trnh ha hc:
So tng (So>0) khi cc cht chuyn t trng thi rn sang lng
hay kh.
V d: H2O (r) H2O (l) So>0

So tng (So>0) khi mt cht rn hay lng ha tan vo nc hay

dung mi.

So gim (So<0) khi mt cht kh ha tan vo nc hay dung

mi.

So tng khi M (khi lng phn t) tng.

V d: So(O2) < So(O3)
11 Nguyen Huu Son
 Mt s quy tc dnh gi s bin thin
ca entropy S trong cc qu trnh ha hc:

So gim cht rn mng lin kt cng ha tr, So tng khi lin

kt c mt phn tnh kim loi.
V d: So C(diamond) < So C(graphite)

So tng t l vi yu v mm ca lin kt gia cc

nguyn t.

So tng theo phc tp ca phn t.

12 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l II
Nguyn l II
Khng th c qu trnh t chuyn nng lng t vt th c cc
tiu phn chuyn ng trt t sang vt th c cc tiu phn
chuyn ng km trt t hn.
Hay
Trong iu kin nng lng khng i, h c khuynh hng
chuyn t trng thi c mt trt t thp sang trng thi c
mt trt t cao hn.

Nu h l c lp v qu trnh l TN:

Nu h l c lp v qu trnh l BTN:

13 Nguyen Huu Son

 Entropy l tiu chun xt chiu
trong h c lp

Nu: dS > 0 Qu trnh t xy ra

dS = 0 Qu trnh t cn bng

Nu xt chiu h khng c lp, ta c th c lp h bng cch

ghp thm mi trng vo h

Stc = Sh + Smi trng

14 Nguyen Huu Son

 3. Nguyn l II
Entropy h c lp chiu hng ca qu trnh

H c lp = h kho st + ngun nhit bn ngoi

Sh c lp = (Sh kho st + Sngun nhit) 0

Nu qu trnh din ra l thun nghch (CB) th

entropy ca h c lp l khng i:
Sh c lp = 0

Trong h c lp din ra qu trnh khng thun nghch th

nhng qu trnh ny lm cho entropy ca h c lp tng ln:
Sh c lp > 0
15 Nguyen Huu Son
2. Entropy mt s qu trnh
Q
Nu qu trnh thun nghch dS =
(TN) T TN

mt nhit xc nh

Khi h chuyn t TT1 sang

TT2

Nu qu trnh l bt thun
nghch (BTN) hay t xy ra

16 Nguyen Huu Son

 Entropy ca mt s qu trnh
thun nghch

Qu trnh ng p hoc ng tch

dS = C.(dT/T)
Qu trnh ng nhit

ST = QT/T
Nu h l KLT:

ST = nR.ln(V2/V1) = nR.ln(P1/P2)

17 Nguyen Huu Son

 nh hng ca mi trng

Stng cng = Sh + Smi trng

Smi trng t l thun vi lng nhit ta ra t h thng (-H)

v t l nghch vi nhit T.

Ti p sut khng i, ta c th vit :

Smi trng = -H/ T

tc l: Stng cng = Sh - H/ T

18 Nguyen Huu Son

 nh hng ca mi trng

V d:
Phn ng 2 Mg (r) + O2 (k) 2 MgO(r)
c Sor = -217 J.K-1.mol-1 <0
Tuy nhin phn ng vn xy ra v:
Hor<<0 (Hor=-1202 kJ.mol-1).
Ta c:
Stng cng = Sh thng - H/ T
= -217 J.K-1.mol-1+ 1202.103 J.mol-1/298 K
= 3.81.103 J.K-1.mol-1>0

19 Nguyen Huu Son

 S bin i Entropi ca qu trnh
chuyn pha

20 Nguyen Huu Son

 4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

Stng cng = Sh - H/ T
Hay: -T.Stng cng = H T.Sh

Biu din khi nim bin i ca entropy tng bng mt i lng

gi l nng lng t do Gibbs:
G = -TStng cng
Ta c: G = H - TS
Nh vy, thay v xem xt s bin i ca entropy tng cng cu c
h thng v mi trng xung quanh, nay ta ch xt s bin i ca
nng lng t do G ca bn thn h thng d on mt bin i
c xy ra t nhin hay khng.

21 Nguyen Huu Son

 4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

= Gibbs Free Energy

Cn bng ny tng t (Make this equation nicer)

22 Nguyen Huu Son

4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

1. Nu dG s m, phn ng l t
pht
(If DG is negative, the forward
reaction is spontaneous).
Nu dG bng 0 , h thng cn
bng
If DG is 0, the system is at
equilibrium.
3. Nu dG l s dng, phn ng
l t pht hng ngc li
(If G is positive, the reaction
is spontaneous in the reverse
direction).

23 Nguyen Huu Son

 Nng lng t do tiu chun

L bin thin nng lng t do ca qu trnh to

Go298 thnh 1 mol cht iu kin tiu chun (250C, 1
atm) xut pht t cc n cht bn.

n v ca G0 l Kcal/mol hoc KJ/mol

Cc n cht bn iu kin tiu chun c G0 = 0
Gi tr G0 ca cc cht c xc nh bng thc nghim.
C th tra cu cc i lng G0 trong cc s tay ha hc.

Nng lng t do ca phn ng ha hc

G = Gsn phm - Gtc cht

24 Nguyen Huu Son

 4. Nng lng t do G (Free Energy)

Nng lng t do tiu chun Go chnh l thc o bn

tng i ca mt hp cht so vi cc nguyn t to thnh n.

Nu Go <0 ti mt nhit xc nh th c ngha l cc

nguyn t c khuynh hng t nhin to thnh hp cht ti
nhit tc ti iu kin chun hp cht ny l bn hn
cc nguyn t to thnh nn n.

Cn nu Go >0 th iu ngc li s xy ra, hp cht c

khuynh hng t nhin l phn hy tr li thnh cc nguyn
t.

25 Nguyen Huu Son

 Mi quan h gia th ng p v HSCB K

iu kin bnh thng, Chng ta c th s dng DG

thay cho DG.
Under non-standard conditions, we need to use DG
instead of DG.

Q is the reaction quotiant from chapter 15.

Note: at equilibrium: G = 0.
away from equil, sign of G tells which way rxn goes
spontaneously.
26 Nguyen Huu Son
 Mi quan h gia th ng p v HSCB K

Ta c: Gr = Gor + RT lnK
Ti cn bng: 0 = Gor + RT lnK
hay Gor= RT lnK
V d: Tnh Kp ti 25oC cho cn bng sau
N2O4 (k) 2 NO2 (k)
Ta c: Gor = 2 Gor (NO2,k) - Gor(N2O4,k)
= 2 51.31 97.89 kJ.mol-1
= +4.73 kJ.mol-1
M ln Kp = -Gor / RT
= -(4.73 kJ.mol-1/ 2.4790 kJ.mol-1) = -1.91
Suy ra Kp = 0.15
27 Nguyen Huu Son
 Chuyn i n v o lng
1J = 1 N.m= 1 Pa.m3 = 1 kg. m2. s-2
1 erg = 10-7 J
1 cal = 4,184 J
1 eV = 1,6021892 x 10-19 J
L.atm = 101,325 J
cm-1 = 1,986477 x 10-23 J

1 Pa = 1 N.m-2 = 1 kg. m-1. s-1 R = 8,31441 J.K-1mol-1

1 bar = 105 Pa = 1,987 cal. K-1mol-1
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 0,0831441 L.bar. K-1.mol-1
1 atm = 760 torr = 0,0820568 L.atm.K-1.mol-1
1 psi = 6897, 7572 Pa

28 Nguyen Huu Son

CN BNG HO HC

http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chemeq/
1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

Phn ng thun nghch

G

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

dG=0

Cn bng ha hc Cn bng (K )
cb

L trng thi m ti nng cc cht trong

phn ng khng i theo thi gian

2 Nguyen Huu Son

1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

dC
=0 Vt

dt
Vcb

Vn

t
0 tcb

3 Nguyen Huu Son

1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

4 Nguyen Huu Son

1. Khi nim v cn bng ha hc

Tom lai:
Can bang co tnh chat ong, ngha la luc can bang ve
mat thc te thanh phan cac hp chat khong thay oi
nhng thc te phan ng van xay ra vi vthuan = vnghch
.
Khuynh hng t nhien cua mot phan ng hoa hoc
la luon hng ti can bang.
Can bang se at c khi G=0, luc nay can bang
hoa hoc la s can bang gia hai yeu to anh hng len
phan ng la nhiet va entropy.

5 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
Xt phn ng

H2 + I2 2HI

a) Nu ta bt u bng mt hn hp I2 v H2 (t l bt
k), phn ng s t ti cn bng tng ng vi
nng khng i ca H2, I2 v HI.
b) Tuy nhin nu ban u ta ch c HI v khng I2 hay
H2, phn ng vn xy ra. I2 v H2 c to thnh
cho ti khi cc nng t ti cn bng

6 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

7 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
D thnh phn tc cht ban u v thnh phn sn
phm ra sao, cc nng lun t ti mt t l nh
nhau ti cn bng
Cho mt phn ng bt k
aA + bB(g) pP + qQ

Biu thc ca hng s cn bng l

Kc =
[P] [Q]
p q
vi Kc l hng s cn bng
[A] [B]
a b

8 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc
Cc dng hng s cn bng

9 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

10 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

Mi quan h gia HSCB v nng lng nhit ng

Gor= RT lnKcb

iu kin
V= const ,T= const

P= const ,T= const

11 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

ln ca hng s cn bng
Hng s cn bng, K, l t l ca sn phm trn tc cht.
Do :
K cng ln th ti cn bng nng sn phm cng ln.
Ngc li, K cng nh th ti cn bng nng tc cht
cng ln
Nu K >> 1, cc sn phm chim u th ti cn bng v
cn bng chuyn sang phi
Nu K << 1, cc tc cht chim u th ti cn bng v cn
bng chuyn sang tri

12 Nguyen Huu Son

2. Hng s cn bng ha hc

13 Nguyen Huu Son

ng dung cua hang so can bang trong hoa hoc

Xt chiu ca phn ng
We define Q, the reaction quotient, for a general reaction

as
aA + bB(g) pP + qQ

Q=
[P ] p [Q]q
[A]a [B]b
where [A], [B], [P], and [Q] are molarities at any time.

Q = K only at equilibrium.

14 Nguyen Huu Son

ng dung cua hang so can bang trong hoa hoc
Predicting the Direction of Reaction

If Q > K then the reverse reaction must occur to

reach equilibrium (i.e., products are consumed,
reactants are formed, the numerator in the
equilibrium constant expression decreases and Q
decreases until it equals K).

If Q < K then the forward reaction must occur to

reach equilibrium.

15 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier

Contents of this page

What is the le Chtelier Principle and why is it important?

How do changes in temperature affect equilibria?

How do changes in pressure affect equilibria?

The le Chtelier Principle and physiology

Henri le Chtelier (1850-1936)

16 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Xt phn ng
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
As the pressure increases, the amount of ammonia
present at equilibrium increases.
As the temperature decreases, the amount of ammonia at
equilibrium increases.
Can this be predicted?
Nguyn l Le Chatelier: Trong mt phn ng cn
bng, nu thay i mt yu t lm xo trn mc cn
bng s lm cn bng di i theo chiu chng li
s thay i y.
17 Nguyen Huu Son
3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier

18 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations

The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled with the new
N2 and H2 feed gas.
The equilibrium amount of ammonia is optimized because the
product (NH3) is continually removed and the reactants (N2 and
H2) are continually being added.
Effects of Volume and Pressure
As volume is decreased pressure increases.
Le Chateliers Principle: if pressure is increased the system will
shift to counteract the increase.

19 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier

Effects of Volume and Pressure

That is, the system shifts to remove gases and decrease

pressure.
An increase in pressure favors the direction that has fewer
moles of gas.
In a reaction with the same number of product and reactant
moles of gas, pressure has no effect.
Consider

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

20 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effects of Volume and Pressure

An increase in pressure (by decreasing the volume) favors the

formation of colorless N2O4.
The instant the pressure increases, the system is not at
equilibrium and the concentration of both gases has increased.
The system moves to reduce the number moles of gas (i.e. the
forward reaction is favored).
A new equilibrium is established in which the mixture is lighter
because colorless N2O4 is favored.

21 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

The equilibrium constant is temperature dependent.

For an endothermic reaction, H > 0 and heat can be considered
as a reactant.
For an exothermic reaction, H < 0 and heat can be considered
as a product.
Adding heat (i.e. heating the vessel) favors away from the
increase:
if H > 0, adding heat favors the forward reaction,
if H < 0, adding heat favors the reverse reaction.

22 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

Removing heat (i.e. cooling the vessel), favors towards the

decrease:
if H > 0, cooling favors the reverse reaction,
if H < 0, cooling favors the forward reaction.
Consider
Cr(H2O)6(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

for which DH > 0.

Co(H2O)62+ is pale pink and CoCl42- is blue.

23 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

24 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
Effect of Temperature Changes

Cr(H2O)6(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)

If a light purple room temperature equilibrium mixture is

placed in a beaker of warm water, the mixture turns deep
blue.
Since H > 0 (endothermic), adding heat favors the forward
reaction, i.e. the formation of blue CoCl42-.
If the room temperature equilibrium mixture is placed in a
beaker of ice water, the mixture turns bright pink.
Since H > 0, removing heat favors the reverse reaction
which is the formation of pink Co(H2O)62+.

25 Nguyen Huu Son

3. Nguyn l Le Chatelier
The Effect of Catalysts

A catalyst lowers the activation energy barrier for the reaction.

Therefore, a catalyst will decrease the time taken to reach
equilibrium.
A catalyst does not effect the composition of the equilibrium
mixture.

26 Nguyen Huu Son

CHNG 4

C S L THUYT CA
QU TRNH CN BNG PHA
1. MT S KHI NiM C BN

Pha
L tp hp cc phn ng th tn ti ca h. Chng
phi c thnh phn ha hc, tnh cht ha l mi im
l nh nhau.
Pha thng k hiu l f.
S hp phn
Hay cn gi l hp phn l tng s cc cht c mt
trong h. K hiu l r.
S cu t
L s ti thiu hp phn to ra h.
K hiu l k
1. MT S KHI NiM C BN

S cu t
Trong mt h c th tn ti nhiu cu t (hp phn) tuy nhin
to thnh h khng nht thit phi c mt y cc cu
t m ch cn mt trong s cu t l c th to nn h.
Vy
k = r q. Trong q l s cc phng trnh quan h v nng
ca cc cu t ti im cn bng
t do
Hay cn gi l bc t do, l s thng s nhit ng c lp
xc nh h ti in cn bng. K hiu l c.
H c c = 0 gi l h v bin.
H c c = 1 gi l h nht bin.
H c c = 2 gi l h nh bin.
2. iU KiN CN BNG PHA

H d th bao gm k cu t v f pha nm cn
bng nhau.
3 iu kin cn bng pha nh sau:

= =...=
Nhit 1 1 1
T =T =...=T


= =...=
2 2 2

= =...=
p sut 3 3 3

P =P =...=P
----------

= =...=
Ha hc k k k
3. QUI TC PHA GIBBS

Vi n thng s bn ngoi tc ng v h
c=kf+n
Nu T v P l hng s
c=kf
Nu T l hng s hoc P l hng s
c=kf+1

V d: Tnh t do cho h gm nc lng cn bng

vi hi nc.
H2O (l) = H2O (h).
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.1. Cch biu din cc thng s nhit ng trn

gin pha.
i vi cc thng s nhit , th tch hay p sut
Biu din trn trc s
Bin ln
Nghch o
logarit
Biu din thnh phn ca h 2 cu t
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

Biu din thnh phn ca h 3 cu t

xA + xB + xC = 1

hay yA + yB + yC = 100%.

h h h
%A = A ,%B = B v%C = C
h h h
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

Vi cch biu din nh trn, ta c nhn xt

Nhng im nm trn cng mt ng thng song song

vi cnh ca tam gic th tt c im y u c cng
thnh phn ca cu t i din vi cnh .
Nhng im nm trn ng thng i qua mt nh ca
tan gic th biu din nhng h c cng t l thnh phn
ca 2 cu t ng vi hai nh kia.
Khi tng lng tng i ca mt cu t th im h
chung s di chuyn v gn vi cu t trn ng thng
i qua nh .
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha

Qui tc lin tc

cc ng hoc cc mt trn gin pha biu din s ph

thuc gia cc thng s nhit ng ca h s lin tc nu trong
h khng xy s thay i s pha hoc dng cc pha
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha

Qui tc n by

Nu c ba im h lin hp M, N v H th lng tng i ca

chng c tnh theo qui tc n by nh sau
4. GiN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha

Qui tc khi tm
nu mt h gm n h con th im biu din ca n phi nm
khi tm vt l ca a gic c nh l cc im biu din ca n
h con

V d: H H gm ba h con l H1, H2 v H3 vy H phi nm khi tm vt

l ca tam gic H1H2H3.
4. GIN PHA V QUY TC PHA

4.2. Cc qui tc ca gin pha

Qui tc khi tm

V d: H H gm ba h con l H1, H2 v H3 vy H phi nm khi tm vt

l ca tam gic H1H2H3.
Gin pha ca nc
Chng 5

CN BNG PHA TRONG

H MT CU T
1. c im ca qu trnh chuyn pha trong h mt
cu t

Trong cc h mt cu t, cc pha ring bit u

l cng mt cht cc trng thi tp hp khc
nhau nh rn, lng v kh
trng thi rn th c nhiu dng th hnh khc
nhau th mi dng th hnh l mt pha
C hai phng php kho st cc h, nhit
ng:
Phng php gii tch
phng php gin trng thi
2. Phng trnh Clapeyron

A () A ()

dp L
=
dT VT

L: l nhit qu trnh pha hoc nhit chuyn pha

V = V() - V()
3. p dng phng trnh Clapeyron cho cc
trng hp chuyn pha

3.1. H rn - lng
dT T(Vl Vr )
=
dp L nc
Qu trnh nng chy hu ht cc cht u km theo tng th tch ca
chng, c ngha l Vl - Vr >0

dT
>0
dp
3. p dng phng trnh Clapeyron cho cc
trng hp chuyn pha

3.2. H rn -hi

dT L
Phng trnh Clapeyron =
dp TV

H = H nc + H
th hh

Phng trnh Clausius dp L

=
dT TV
h
dlnp H
=
dT RT 2
4. Mt s gin pha c bn

4.1. Gin pha ca nc

ng OK: ng ha hi

nhng nhit T > TK s chuyn pha

t lng sang hi l lin tc khng c
gii hn phn chia pha

ng OA l ng thng hoa

ng OB l ng nng chy

ng OC l ng qu lnh
4. Mt s gin pha c bn

4.2. Gin pha ca Lu hunh

im O l im ba khng bn ng vi
cn bng khng bn ca lu hunh lng
qu lnh, tinh th qu nng v hi lu
hunh qu bo ha trn tinh th rn
4. Mt s gin pha c bn

4.3. Gin pha ca Cacbon

Chng 6

DUNG DCH V CN BNG

LNG - HI
1. MT S KHI NiM
1.1. Dung dch
Dung dch l 1 hn hp ng nht ca mt hay nhiu
cht, cc cht phn tn u nhau, dung dch l h 1 pha

1.2. Dung mi & Cht tan

Dung mi
Cht tan

1.3. S to thnh dung dch

Dung dch l 1 h vt l va l h ha hc
Dung dch bo ha
2. CCH BiU DiN THNH PHN
Nng %

Nng phn t gam (CM)

Nng ng lng gam (CN)

Nng Molan (Cm)

Nng phn mol (Ni)

3. PHN LOI DUNG DCH
3.1. Dung dch l tng
Dung dch m ha th ca mi cu t i mi nng
u tun theo phng trnh:
=0 (T,P)+RTlnxi
Lc tng tc gia cc phn t cng loi v
khc loi ging nhau
Tnh cht ca dung dch ch ph thuc vo thnh
phn ca cc cht
Khi to thnh dung dch khng km theo hiu
ng nhit v s thay i th tch (U=0, H=0,
V=0)
3. PHN LOI DUNG DCH
3.2. Dung dch v cng long

Xem nh dd l tng

3.3. Dung dch thc

Lc tng tc gia cc phn t khc nhau

Lun km theo cc hiu ng khi ha tan
4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG
L qu trnh hp th
ha tan ca cht kh trong cht lng ph
thuc vo
Bn cht ca dung mi v cht tan
Cc tp cht c trong dung mi (cht in ly)
Nhit

nh hng ca p sut
nh lut Henry (kh l tng):

Xi = KH. Pi
4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG

nh hng ca nhit
p dng phng trnh ng nhit Vant-
Hoff cho cn bng
lnK x H
=
T p RT
2

Qu trnh ha tan ca kh vo trong lng

= ngng t v pha long
Hht = nt + Hpl
4. S HA TAN KH TRONG LNG

nh hng ca nhit
Phng trnh Sreder: dung dch l tng th Hpl
=0
lnx i i i 1 1
= lnxi = - - 0
T p RT RT T
2

Trong :

xi: l tan ca kh trong dung dch.

T0: nhit ngng t hay nhit si ca kh khi
nguyn cht.
5. CN BNG LNG-HI

5.1. Dung dch l tng tan ln v hn

a) p sut hi L Raoult
Pi = kR.xli
p sut hi dung mi ca dd v cng long
Pi = Poi.xli

b) Gin p sut thnh phn

5. CN BNG LNG-HI
b) Gin p sut thnh phn
Trong trng hp ny ta ch xt h gm 2 cht
lng tan ln v hn vo nhau
5. CN BNG LNG-HI
c) Thnh phn pha hi
nh lut Konovalop 1

Xt dung dch gm 2 cu t A - B cn bng nhau vi pha hi ca

chng. Theo nh lut Dalton

xBh nBh PB
= =
x hA nhA PA

p dng nh lut Raoult ta c

xBh PB0 xBl xl B PB0
= 0 . l = l = 0
h
x A PA xA xA PA
5. CN BNG LNG-HI
d) Gin thnh phn lng - hi

xBh PB0 xBl xl B

h
= 0 . l = l
x A PA xA xA

.x l
xBh = B
1+ ( -1) xBl
5. CN BNG LNG-HI
e) Gin nhit - thnh phn
nh lut Konovalop 2

1. ng TSAlTSB l ng
si hay gi l ng
lng.
2. ng TSAhTSB l ng
hi hay cn gi l
ng sng.
CHNG 7

CN BNG LNG RN

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

nh hng ca nng cht tan (khng bay

hi) i vi tnh cht ca dung dch

Gim p sut hi
Tng nhit si v gim nhit kt tinh
Xut hin p sut thm thu

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.1. S gim p sut hi

p sut hi ca dung dch cha cht tan khng
bay hi
P = P1 = P01 . x1 = P01. (1-x).

Suy ra P = P0 P0 x
1 1
P0 P P
1 = =x
P0 P0
1 1

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.2. S tng im si & h im ng

T = K . Cm

T = T0 T .
Cm l nng mplan ca dung dch.
K l hng s nghim ng K hoc
hng s nghim si Ks.

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.2. S tng im si & h im ng

Solvent Tb(oC) Kb Tf(oC) Kf
acetic acid 118.2 2.93 17 3.90

chloroform 61.2 3.63

naphthalene 80 6.8

water 100 0.52 0 1.86

camphor 179 40

carbon tetrachloride 76.6 5.03

ethanol 78.6 1.22

n-octane 125.7 4.02

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 1. TNH CHT DUNG DCH LONG

1.3. p sut thm thu

= CRT

: l p sut thm thu.

C: l nng , mol/l.
R: hng s kh l tng.
T: nhit tuyt i.

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 2. NH HNG CA NHIT N S HA TAN

Phng trnh Sreder

i(rn) = i (dung dch, xi) + Hht

xi (d )
Kx =
xi (r )

H ht = nc + H phl = nc = i
i
d ln K x i
= xi = k .e RT 2
dT RT 2

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.1. Gin nhit - thnh phn

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.2. Gin a nhit

Tnh ton lng tng i
ca cc pha trong h

H Q2 = lng l2 + rn r2
mrB l2Q2
=
ml 2 Q2 r2
H H = pha lng e + h rn
chung Rc

me HRC mR A RB RC
= =
mRC eH mRB RA RC

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.3. Hn hp Eutecti

p sut khng i, hn hp eutecti s kt tinh nhit khng

i theo ng thnh phn ca n (ph hp vi t do c = 0)

Khi c s tc ng ca c nhit v p sut bn ngoi:

c=k-f+2=2-3+2=1

iu ny chng t rng nu thay i p sut th khng nhng

nhit kt tinh ca dung dch eutecti thay i m c thnh phn
ca hn hp eutecti cng thay i theo

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 3. S KT TINH DUNG DCH HAI CU T

3.4. Qu trnh kt tinh ng nhit

mr lm
=
ml mr

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 4. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN
LN V HN
Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X)

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 5. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN
LN GII HN
Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X) c Eutecti

C cc h nh NaNO3-KNO3,
Pb-Sn, Cu-Ag

P l dung dch rn ca Sn
tan trong Pb v S l dung
dch rn ca Pb tan trong Sn

ng aeb l ng lng,
biu din nhit bt u kt
tinh ca cc dung dch rn P
v S nm cn bng vi nhau

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
 5. H HAI CU T TO THNH DUNG RN TAN
LN GII HN
Gin nhit - thnh phn (T-X) c Peritecti

P l dung dch rn ca Ag tan

trong Pt v A l dung dch rn ca
Pt tan trong Ag

ng apb l ng lng
ng ar1 v br2 l nhng ng rn
ng r1x v r2y l nhng ng rn

ThS. NGUYN HU SN
CHNG 8

HA KEO

ThS. NGUYEN HUU SON

 1. MT S KHI NiM
1.1. H phn tn

Cht phn tn
Mi trng phn tn
Ngi ta chia h phn tn lm 2 loi
H ng th
H vi d th
phn tn
1
D=
a
 1. MT S KHI NiM
1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

a. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc

pha
Nu mi trng phn tn l rn: Xerosol
R/R: b tng
L/R: t bo, tri cy
K/R :bng gn
Nu mi trng phn tn l lng (L): Liosol
R/L huyn ph
L/L nh tng
K/L soda,nc ngt
 1. MT S KHI NiM
1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

a. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc

pha
Nu mi trng phn tn l kh ( K): Aserosol
R/K bi
L/K sng m
K/K khi, hng thm trong khng kh
b. Phn loi da trn mc lin kt gia pha
phn tn v mi trng phn tn
H keo u lu: fA-S > fA-A, fS-S
H keo ght lu: fA-S < fA-A, fS-S
 1. MT S KHI NiM
1.2. Phn loi h phn tn

c. Phn loi da trn trng thi tp hp ca cc

pha
H phn tn th: > 10-5 cm
H keo:10-5n 10-7 cm
Dung dch: < 10-7 cm
d. Phn loi theo s ng nht
H n phn tn: ng u
H a phn tn: khng ng u
 2. H KEO

2.1. Khi nim

Cc ht c kch thc ln hn phn t v ion

nhng khng ln c th quan st c bng
knh hin vi quang hc c gi l cc ht keo

Ht keo l mt h phc tp to nn bi mt s
lng ln khong t 103 n 105 nguyn t, c
khi lng khong 104-109 vC

Mt h keo lun lun bao gm cc ht keo gi l

cht phn tn v mt cht lm mi trng phn tn
 2. H KEO

2.2. Phn loi h keo

Da trn trng thi vt l ca ht keo v mi trng phn tn
H Mi trng Cht phn Loi h
phn tn tn
Sng m Kh Lng aerosol lng
Khi Kh Rn aerosol rn
Sa Lng Lng Nh tng

Sn Lng Rn Dung dch keo

Hp kim Rn Rn Dung dch keo rn

Kem Lng Kh Bt

Da vo hnh dng ca ht keo: dng khng gian 3 chiu

ging nh qu bng, dng khng gian hai chiu ging nh tm
phim, dng khng gian mt chiu nh si ch
 2. H KEO

2.3. Cu to ht keo

Nhn keo: l tinh th ion rt nh, hoc mt nhm phn

t, hoc ch c th l mt phn t kch thc ln

Lp ion to th: lp ion hp ph trn nhn keo

Lp ion hp ph: lp ion nghch

Lp ion khuch tn
 2. H KEO

2.3. Cu to ht keo

m
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1): nhan
(2): lp ion quyet nh the hieu
(3): lp ion nghch hap phu
(4): lp ion nghch khuech tan
 2. H KEO

2.3. Cu to ht keo

Kho st qu trnh hnh thnh keo AgI bng cch ngi ta

cho t t KI vo dung dch AgNO3:
AgNO3 + KI KNO3 + Ag I
Khi thiu KI: Lc ny ht keo tch in dng.
 2. H KEO

2.3. Cu to ht keo

Khi tha KI: Lc ny ht keo tch in m

-
m I. K+ K+
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1): nhan
(2): lp ion quyet nh the hieu
(3): lp ion nghch hap phu
(4): lp ion nghch khuech tan
 3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

iu kin hnh thnh h keo:

- Cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn khng tan vo nhau hay tan
rt t
- Ht keo phi c mt lp hp ph v c cht n nh gi cho h
keo khng b tch pha gy nn s keo t. Cht n nh thng s
dng l cht hot ng b mt hay bng phn ng ha hc to ra
cht n nh

Cc phng php iu ch:

Phng php phn tn

Phng php ngng t

 3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.1. Phng php phn tn

Phng php c hc

Phng php siu m: Ngi dng nhng bc sng cc ngn

c tn s 20.000 50.000 Hz bn b nhng ht to thnh
nhng ht nh hn

Phng php h quang: Dng mt dng in c hiu in th

ln ha hi cht phn tn

Phng php keo tn: y l mt qu trnh ngc vi qu trnh

keo t, tc l ngi ta dng mt nhn t no phn tn khi
keo t tr li mi trng phn tn

Bin php ra gii

Bng cht in ly
 3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.2. Phng php ngng t

L qu trnh ngng t h keo l qu trnh kt tinh t dung dch qu

bo ha. Qu trnh ny gm 2 giai on:
Cq Cb
- Giai on to mm tinh th V1 = k1x
Cb
DS
- Giai on pht trin mm =V2 (Cq C b )

Nu V1 > V2: H n phn tn.

Nu V1 < V2 : H a phn tn.

 3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.2. Phng php ngng t

a. Phng php vt l

- Ngng t trc tip: khi thay i cc thng s trng thi ca h

- S thay th dung mi: Cng nh trn khi thay i thng s
trng thi

b. Phng php ha hc

Nhm phng php ha hc ny cng da trn nguyn tc

to tng mi bng cch ngng t cc cht t dung dch qu
bo ha

AgNO3 + KI AgI + KNO3

 3. PHNG PHP IU CH H KEO

3.3. Tinh ch h keo

a. Phng php thm tch

b. Phng php in thm tch

Phng php in thm tch dng mt phng tin thc

y qu trnh trao i cht nhanh hn bng in trng

c. Phng php siu lc

 4. S KEO T

4.1. Keo t bi yu t vt l
Tc ng c hc

S thay i nhit

4.2. Keo t bi cht in ly

-Ngng keo t: l nng ti thiu ca cht in ly cn thit
gy ra s keo t vi mt tc n nh, n v ca n l
mMol/l

- Ion cht in ly gy ra s keo t l ion tri du vi ion quy

nh th hiu

- Trong cng mt in tch ion no c bn knh cng ln tit din

b mt cng cao th s tng tc vi ion quy nh th hiu cng
mnh
 5. TNH CHT H KEO

5.1. Tnh cht in hc

Tnh cht in di

Tnh in thm

Tnh sa lng

Tnh chy

5.2. Tnh cht quang hc

a. Tnh phn tn nh sng

Trng hp phn x nh sng

Trng hp tn x nh sng
b. Tnh hp th nh sng

IL=I0.e-kd
 5. TNH CHT H KEO

5.3. Tnh cht ng hc

Tnh chuyn ng nhit

Tnh khuch tn

Tnh thm thu