PREPARED BY:

PN. NUR SHAFIEZA AZIZAN

Faculty of Civil Engineering
UiTM Pulau Pinang

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Estimate water demand by population, commercial , public and industrial activities and fire fighting requirement.

Identify and
apply method for
population Able to estimate the
estimation. changes in rate of
water demand.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 5 METHODS:

DECLINING
GEOMETRIC
ARITHMETIC GROWTH
GROWTH
METHOD RATE
METHOD
METHOD

CURVILINEAR RATIO
METHOD METHOD

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 ARITHMETIC METHOD

This method is based on the assumption that

the population increases at a constant rate.
This method is most applicable to large and
established cities.

Pt= P0+Kat Ka = ( P2 P1 )/t

P0 =present population
Pt =population at some time in the future
t =period of projection
Ka =rate of change of population (constant)
P1 & P2 =recorded past population with t as time interval
of the two population

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Given that the population of a city in table below.
Estimate the year of 2000 population.

Year 1980 1985 1990

Population 100 000 200 000 350 000

(persons)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
 (2100 1985)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 GEOMETRIC GROWTH METHOD

This method is based on the assumption that

percentage growth rate is constant.

lnPt= lnP0+Kpt Kp = ( lnP2 lnP1 )/t

This method must be used with caution, for

when applied it may produce too large results
for rapidly grown cities in comparatively short
time. This would apply to cities with unlimited
scope of expansion. As cities grow large, there is
a tendency to decrease in the rate of growth.
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Given that the population of small city in table
below. Estimate the year of 2000 population.

Year 1980 1985 1990

Population 100 000 200 000 350 000

(persons)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 DECLINING GROWTH RATE METHOD

This method s applicable when the population of

a city has reached the saturation limit and
growth of population is now restricted.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

By assuming the town will retard its growth by
500000 persons. Find the year of 1995
population by using the data below.

Year 1980 1985

Population 100 000 200 000

(persons)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

CURVILINEAR METHOD

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

CURVILINEAR METHOD

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

RATIO METHOD

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Factors affecting water demand :

Industry & Commercial

Size of the city
commerce consumption

Characteristics
Metering of Poor water
of the
water quality
population

High pressure Maintenance

in system program

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Domestic 135 200 lcd
Industrial
Commercial 45 180 lcd
Institutional
Public + Fire protection 30 70 lcd
Losses 15 50 lcd

Q = p x q x 365 days
p = person or capita for population
q = average daily demand (in lcd)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Average Daily rate = p x q
p = person or capita for population
q = average daily demand (in lcd)

Max. Daily Demand = 180% of Average Daily

Demand

Max. Daily Rate = 180% of Average Daily

Rate

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Max. Hourly Demand = 150% of Maximum
Daily Demand

Max. Hourly Rate = 150% of Maximum

Daily Rate

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Max. Water Demand = Max. Daily Demand
+ Fire Flow

Q = 18 x c xA
Q = required flow in gal/min
c = coefficient related to the type of construction
A = total floor area in square feet excluding basement

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Types of construction Coefficient, c
Timber 1.5

Non-combustible construction 0.8

Conventional construction 1.0

Fire resistive construction 0.6

Required fire flow (l/min) Duration (hour)

<3780 4

3780 4725 5

4725 5670 6

5670 6615 7

6605 7560 8

7560 8505 9

8505 10

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

A town used an average daily water demand of 569 lcd from PWD
treatment plant. Determine the maximum hourly and daily usage
requirement (excluding the fire flow demands).

Given : Avg. daily demand, q = 569 lcd

Therefore;

Max. daily demand = 180% x 569

= 1024.2 lcd

Max. hourly demand = 150% x 1024.2

= 1536.3 lcd

REMEMBER!!! Usage = demand = consumption = flow

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

The present population of town is 35,000 persons.
Its total water consumption is 3.20x10 liters.
Calculate;
a)Annual water demand
b)Average daily usage & Average daily rate
c) Maximum daily flow
d)Maximum hourly consumption

REMEMBER!!! Usage = demand = consumption = flow

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Arau has a population of 20,000 with average daily
usage of 500 lcd. It also have 2 blocks of building
of 4 storey with ordinary construction. Each floor
has an area of 1200m. By applying a suitable
coefficient, limitation and 8hours fire flow
duration, find the maximum water demand for
Arau.

REMEMBER!!! 1 gal/min = 5443 ld = 3.78 l/min

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

A town with population 55 000 has an average
consumption of 300lcd. It also has a fire flow
dictated by a 5 storey building of ordinary
construction. The floor area for each level is
1000m. Determine the total consumption for the
town by assuming that maximum domestic flow is
1.8 times the average flow in liter/day.

REMEMBER!!! 1 gal/min = 5443 ld = 3.78 l/min

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM