Water demand and

sources
SANA RASOOL
Course outline Assessment system
Week Topic
Relative grading
1 Introduction to PHE
Theoretical 70%
2 Water demand and sources
Assignments 05%
3 Water pollution
4 Measurement of water quality Quizzes 10%
5 Water supply and distribution network OHT Exams 20%
6 Water treatment systems Projects 05%
7 Wastewater collection
End semester exam 30%
8 Wastewater treatment
9 Solid waste management Practical 30%
10 Reuse, recycling and resource recovery
11 Hazardous waste Textbook:
12 Meteorology and air pollution • Water Supply and Sewerage by E. W. Steel, McGraw Hill
13 Air pollution control
14 Noise pollution Reference Material:
15 Environmental impact assessment • Environmental Engineering (4th Edition) by Ruth F. Weiner
16 Project and Robin Mattews
• Handouts
Contents
Estimating population demand

Estimating water demand

Water sources

Water stress index

Water availability and related problems in Pakistan

Estimating Population
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
 Rate of growth is assumed constant
 Low estimate
 Adopted for forecasting populations for larger cities ( already achieved saturation )
Validity: Only if approximately equal incremental increases have occurred between recent
censuses.
Problem
Present population of a city is 100,000. Past populations are given below. Compute expected population after
three decades by arithmetic increase method.
Solution
Increase in population between 1988 and 1998 = Year Population
90,500 – 86,500 = 4,000 1988 86,500
Increase in population between 1998 and 2008 = 1998 90,500
95,000 – 90,500 = 4500 2008 95,000
Increase in population between 2008 and 2018 = 2018 100,000
100,000 – 95,000 = 5000
Average increase/ decade = [4000 + 4500 + 5000] /3 = 4500
Population after 3 decades = 100,000 +(4500)(3) = 113,500
3. Geometric Increase method
This method assumes that the percentage of increase in population from decade to decade is
constant. This method gives high results, as the percentage increase gradually drops when the
growth of the cities reach the saturation point. This method is useful for cities which have
unlimited scope fro expansion and where a constant rate of growth is anticipated. The formula
of this estimation is
Problem
Present population of a city is 100,000. Past populations are given below. Compute expected population after
three decades by geometric increase method.
Solution
Percentage increase in population between 1988 and 1998 = Year Population
[(90,500 – 86,500)/86,500]*100 = 4.62% 1988 86,000
Increase in population between 1998 and 2008 = 1998 90,500
[(95,000 – 90,500(/90,500]*100 = 4.17% 2008 95,000
Increase in population between 2008 and 2018 = 2018 100,000
[(100,500 – 95,000)/95,000]*100 = 5.26%
Average increase/ decade = [4.62 + 4.17 + 5.26] /3 = 4.87%
Population after 3 decades = 100,000(1 + 4.87/100)^3= 115,333
2. Curvilinear method
This method involves graphical projection of past
population. Continuing historic growth trends that
the data indicates. It includes comparison of
projected growth to recorded growth of other
large cities with similar characteristics.
Estimating Water Demand
Variations in water consumption
Variations in water consumption- weekly
Variations in water consumption- hourly
Definitions
Water Production takes place at water treatment facilities. It normally has a constant rate that
depends on the purification capacity of the treatment plant;
Water consumption is the quantity directly utilized by the consumers;
Water Leakage is the amount of water physically lost from the system;
Water Demand = Water consumption + leakage;
Unaccounted flow for water is the leakage that appears due to improper maintenance of
network
 Factor affecting water consumption
1)Size of the City
2)Industry and Commerce
3)Characteristics of the Population
4)Metering
5)Availability of Water
6)Miscellaneous factors include
•Quality,
•Climate,
•Pressure,
•System maintenance
•Conservation programs
 Water Demand Calculation
Domestic
2 - Kanal 80 GPCD
1- Kanal 60GPCD
10 - Marla 50 GPCD
8 - Marla 40GPCD
5 - Marla 40 GPCD
Apartment 40 GPCD
Mosque
For 20% population @ 3GPCD
Commercial
10 Gallons per 1000 Square ft
Water Demand Calculation
Parks & Open Spaces
5 GPD per 1000 Square feet
School and educational institutions
For 15% population 8 GPCD; or
@ 10 GPD per boarder; and
@ 5 GPD per day scholar
Institutional/Offices
@ 15 GPD for each office
Hospital @100 GPD per bed
Un-accounted Flow
@ 10% of Average Flow
Design flow
 Water Consumption
Average Daily Consumption

Maximum Daily Consumption

Peak Hourly Consumption

 
Fire demand
F = required flow in gal/min
C = coefficient related to the type of construction,
C = 1.5 for wood frame construction
C = 1.0 for ordinary construction
C = 0.8 for noncombustible construction
C = 0.6 for fire resistive construction
A = total floor area in square feet
25% of the average daily demand
Design Flow
 
Storage Requirement
 
Assignment 1 (a)
The population of a town as per the census records are Year Population
given below for the years 1945-2005. Assuming that the 1945 40185
scheme of water will commence to function from 2005, 1955 44522
it is required to estimate the population for thirty years
after 2005. 1965 60395
1975 75614
Use either: 1985 98886
1995 124230
a) Arithmetic Increase method
b) Geometric Increase method 2005 158790

Due Thursday 1 March 2018

1100 hours
Assignment 1 (b)
Residential
2 kanal 50 plots
Calculate
1 kanal 100 plots 1)Average daily demand
10 marla 120 plots 2)Maximum daily demand
8 marla 100 plots 3)Tube well requirement
5 marla 25 plots 4)Storage requirement
Apartment 100no.
Religious
Mosque 1 No. Note
Commercial 1 kanal= 4500 square feet
Commercial 5 kanal Average discharge of TW= 5000GPH
Institutional
School 1 no.
Hospital
Offices
50 beds
5 no.
Due Thursday 1 March 2018
Parks & open spaces
Parks 50 kanal
1100 hours
Water sources
 Water sources in Pakistan

Other
River/stream 4%
6%

Dug well
7%

Tap in house
22% Hand pump
61%
Uses of Water Resources in Pakistan

Domestic
Industry 2%
5%

Agriculture
93%
Water Stress Index
32
Pakistan’s Water Availability (cubic meters/year)
Water availability and
related problems in
Pakistan
 270,000 ?
Pakistan Population Explosion
170,000 ?

Independence

2010 2050
Declining Water Availability (m3/capita/year) in Pakistan
Source: World Bank (2006)
 Water required in future

Year Water required Water available Shortage

Surface +
Ground

. MAF MAF MAF

2000 149 109 40

2013 215 107 108

2025 277 126 151

 Pakistan Water Challenges
•Trans boundary Management of Water Extremes
•Frequent Floods Triggered by Climate Shifts
•Water Scarcity and High Stress
• Growing Population and Accelerated Demand
• Inefficiencies in Water allocation
• Spatial and Temporal Variability
• Climate Change Impacts on Supply and Demand
•Problems of Governance and Institutional arrangement