SAB 2912-Water Treatment

4.0 WATER SOURCES AND QUANTITY

Water sources

- Water on the earth surface – 78%

- From 78%
o 97.2% sea water
o 2.5% ice water
o 0.65% surface water

- Water sources that commonly used:

o surface water; rivers and lakes
o groundwater
o sea water

Water Quantity

- The average daily per capita water consumption: 280 litre/person/day

- It depends on: place & time

- Factors affecting water usage:

o Economic level of consumer
o Water Tariff
o Efficiency of water supply system (quantity, pressure)
o Climate

- Volume of water commonly used:

o City (> 10 000 persons); 230 – 320 litre/person/day
o Suburban; 130 – 230 litre/person/day
o Urban; 135 – 180 litre/person/day
o Heavy Industries; 45 000 litre/ha/day
o Light industries; 22 000 litre/ha/day

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- Municipal water demand is commonly classified according to the nature of

the usage. The ordinary classifications are:
o Domestic
o Commercial and Industrial
o Public use
o Loss and waste
o Fire Demand

- Formula for estimating water consumption per capita in one area:

KAP = Q / P where

Q = volume of water supplied to that area

P = population in that area

Relation of Water Quantity and Population

- Since population is always a relevant factor in estimating future water use, it

is necessary to predict, in some manner, what the future population will be.
- The hypothesis of geometric method assumes that percentage of growth
population is constant
- Geometric Method:
-
r = (Pn / Po) 1/m – 1 where

r = the percentage of growth population and r is a constant (in decimal)

= 0.025 (for Malaysia)
m = period of the projection = n – 0
Po = the present population (year 0)
Pn = the population at some time in the future (year n) where n > 0

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- Basic formula for estimating future average daily water demand:

WDn = Pn x Cn x fn + WDT(n) where

WDn = total water demand at the end of year n

Pn = the population at the end of year n
Cn = daily water demand per capita at the end of year n
fn = service factors at the end of year n
WDT(n) = daily water demand for other uses (such as for industrial,
commercial etc.)

SERVICE FACTORS

State Urban Rural

1985 1993 2000 1985 2000 2008
Johor 0.92 0.99 0.99 0.61 0.78 0.85
Kedah 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.58 0.92 0.95
Kelantan 0.65 0.82 0.99 0.30 0.50 0.70
Melaka 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.82 0.85 0.95
N. Sembilan 0.89 0.99 0.99 0.75 0.86 0.95
Pahang 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.65 0.80 0.90
Perak 0.9 0.99 0.99 0.75 0.80 0.90
Perlis 0.93 0.99 0.99 0.50 0.93 0.95
P.Pinang 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.85 0.87 0.95
Sabah 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.38 0.55 075
Sarawak 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.33 0.40 0.70
Selangor 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.73 0.80 0.90
Terengganu 0.85 0.92 0.99 0.40 0.82 0.95

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Malaysia 0.93 0.99 0.99 0.58 0.74 0.86

Example 1

Population in the year 1960 = 33,300 persons

Population in the year 1990 = 67,300 persons
Heavy Industrial Area = 40ha.
Light Industrial Area = 75 ha.
Daily water demand per
capita at the end of year 2015 = 280 L/capita/day
Assume service factor = 0.99

Estimate the total average daily water demand in the year 2015

Solution:
1 1
P  m
 67.3  30
r   n  1     1  0.024
 Po   33.3 

P2015 = P1960 (1 + r)m = 33300 (1 + 0.024)55

= 122727  123,000 persons

WDn = Pn x Cn x fn + WDT(n)

WDT(n) = 40 x 45,000 + 75 x 22,000

= 3.45 x 106 L/day
WDn = 123,000 x 280 x 0.99 + 3.45 x 106
= 37.5 x 106 L/day = 38.4 MLD

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