SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

SKEMA JAWABAN ESSEI

Skema Jawapan : ESSEI

1 (a) (i) Formula umum alkana ialan CnH2n+2 di mana n =1, 2, 3, .. 1

(ii) Nama ahli Formual molekul

Metana CH4 1
Etana C2H6 1
Propana C3H8 1
(iii) ciriciri siri homolog bagi ahliahlinya
perbezaan atomatom dalam molekul antara satu ahli dengan ahli
berikutnya ialah CH2 / jisim molekul relatif berbeza sebanyak 14 unit
mempunyai kumpulan berfungsi yang sama / semua atom dalam
moleku diikat dengan ikatan kovalen
takat lebur / takat didih / ketumpatan bertambah dengan
pertambahan bilangan atom karbon per molekul (jisim molekul)
* keadaan fizik berubah secara beransuansur / berubah dari gas ke
cecair ke pepejal dengan pertambahan bilangan atom karbon per
molekul (jisim molekul)
menunjukkan sifat kimia yang serupa 4

(iv) Dua sifat kimia

1 Alkana (atau metana) membakar dalam oksigen berlebihan 1
menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air

2 Alkana (atau metana) bertindak balas dengan klorin dalam 1

kehadiran cahaya matahari menghasilkan kloroalkana(atau
klorometana) dan hidrogen klorida atau persamaan seimbang

(b) Pertukaran alkohol kepada alkena secara pengdehidratan etanol 1

kepada etena

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

Senarai radas dan bahan kimia

1
Wul kaca, tabung didih/tabung uji, serpihan porselin, penunu bunsen,
bikar 500 cm3, kaki retort dan pengapit, air dan etanol

Prosedur
- Wul kaca yang telah basahkan dengan etanol diletak di dasar 1
tabung uji/ didih

-Bahagian tengah tabung kemudian dipenuhkan dengan serpihan 1

porselin/ aluminium oksida

- Mulanya bahagian tengah tabung uji dipanaskan dengan kuat dan 1

kemudian bahagian hujung tabung uji dihangat.

- Gas yang dibebaskan dapat dikumpulkan dalam tabung uji yang 1

ditelangkupkan melalui sesaran air ke bawah. /
Gas yang mulamula
keluar daripada hujung salu tidak dikumpulkan kerana gas itu adalah
udara

Mengenalkan gas
- Sedikit air bromin ditambahkan ke dalam tabung uji berisi gas dan 1
tabung uji digoncang

- Warna perang air bromin dinyahwarnakan.

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

2 (a)
1
1

Butan-1-ol Butan-2-ol

1
1

2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol
4
Choose any two structural formula and correct name.

(b)
Aspect P Q
Type of compound hydrocarbon Non-hydrocarbon 1
Homologous alkene Carboxylic acid
series
Type of atom Contains carbon Contains carbon 1
present atoms and atoms, hydrogen
hydrogen atoms atoms and oxygen
only atom 1
Solubility in water Insoluble in water Soluble in water
1
Functional group Carbon-carbon Carboxyl group
double bond 1
Reaction with Decolourises Does not change the
bromine water brown bromine brown colour of 1
water bromine water
Reaction with Decolourises Does not change the
acidified potassium purple colour of purple colour of
manganate(VII) potassium potassium 1
solution manganate(VII) manganate(VII)
solution solution
General formula CnH2n, n=2,3, CnH 2n+1COOH, n=0,1, 1

Max 6

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

(c) Apparatus : test tubes, dropper

Materials: bromine water // acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution, hexane, hexene 1

Procedure:
1. 2 cm3 of liquid in bottle X is poured into two separate test 1
tubes.
2. 2 to 3 drops of bromine water are added to two test 1
Tubes
3.The mixture is shaken. 1
4.Any observation is recorded. 1
5. Step 1 to 3 are repeated using liquid in bottle Y to 1
replace liquid in bottle X.

Observation:
Liquid in bottle X Liquid in bottle Y
Brown bromine water No visible change.
decolourises // purple 1+1
acidified potassium
manganate (VII) solution
decolourises

Liquid in bottle X is hexene 1

Liquid in bottle Y is hexane 1
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T0TAL 20

Question No.

Explanation

Mark

Mark

3(a)

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

1. Hexene is a unsaturated hydrocarbon while hexane

is a saturated hydrocarbon

2. Hexene has a double bond between carbon and

carbon atoms

3. Undergoes addition reaction when it reacts with

bromine water

4. Hexane has single bond between carbon and

carbon atoms

5. Cannot react with bromine water

6. % of C in C6H14 = 6(12) x 100%

86

7. = 83.72%

8. % of C in C6H12 = 6(12) x 100%

84

9. = 85.71%

10. The percentage of carbon atoms in C6H12 is higher than C6H14

Total marks

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

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Homologous General Functional
Member
series formula group
Alkene CnH2n Carbon Ethene
carbon
double bonds 10
(or C = C)
Alcohol CnH2n+1OH Hydroxyl Ethanol
group
(b)
(or OH )
Carboxylic CnH2n+1COOH Carboxyl Ethanoic
acid group acid
(or COOH)

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

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4(a) Aim
To prepare two different types of ester using the same carboxylic acid with different
alcohols and describe their scents.

(b) Hypothesis
Different alcohol produces different ester.

(c) Substances
Methanol, ethanol, butanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid.
Apparatus
Measuring cylinder, test tubes, beakers, round bottom flask, Bunsen burner, dropper,
retort stand, test tube holder, condenser Liebig

(d) Procedure
1. Using a measuring cylinder, 25 cm3 of methanol and 50 cm3 of butanoic acid is
separately measured and poured into a round bottom flask.
2. The mixture is then stirred.
3. Using a dropper, 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added and the
apparatus is set up for reflux.
4. The mixture is then heated under reflux.
5. Ester is collected in a conical flask, smelled and its scent recorded.
6. Step 1 to step 5 is repeated by replacing methanol with ethanol while butanoic acid
is used in both experiments.

(e) Tabulation of data

Alcohol Carboxylic acid Scent

[17 marks]

5
(a) Aim of experiment

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

To compare the elasticity of vulcanized and unvulcanized rubber.

(b) All the variables

Manipulated variable: Vulcanized rubber and unvulcanized rubber
Responding variable: Change in length of rubber strip
Fixed variable : Length (size) of rubber strip, mass of weight

(c) Statement of the hypothesis

Vulcanized rubber is more elastic than vulcanized rubber.

(d) Substances
Vulcanized rubber strip, unvulcanized rubber strip

Apparatus
Retort stand and clamps, Bulldog clips, metre rule, 50 g weight

(e) Procedure
[Please refer to Practical chemistry book page 63 for complete diagram and procedure.]

(f) Tabulation of data

Length with weight Length after removal

Initial length / cm
/cm of weight / cm
Vulcanized
rubber
Unvulcanized
rubber

6 (i)
Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber
Soft Hard
Less resistant to heat Resistant to heat
Less elastic Very elastic

3
(ii) Bacteria in latex produces acid (H+ions)

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SOLAF CHEMISTRY SPM 2014 CARBON COMPOUND

Hydrogen ions in acid neutralise the negative charges on

the particles (protein membrane) of rubber.
This will enable the rubber particles to come closer, collide
each other resulting in breakage of protein membrane 4
Rubber molecules combine with one another and entangled
then the latex coagulate.

(iii) -Hydroxide ions, OH- from the aqueous ammonia solution neutralise the
lactic acids produced by the bacteria in the latex. 4
-the negatively charged on the membrane of the colloidal particles remain.
-the repelling forces between the particles keep them apart.
-no coagulation of latex occurs
(iv) - Positively charged H+ ions from the acids neutralise the negatively
charged membranes of the colloidal particles.
- Repelling forces between
colloidal particles disappear.
-collisions of these neutral particles cause their membranes to break up,
rubber polymers are set free.

-The free rubber polymers combine together to form large lumps. 4

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